For those people who live in a country house and do not have the means and opportunities for arranging a centralized sewerage system, a number of difficulties with water disposal will have to be solved. It is necessary to look for a place where human waste will be dumped.

Basically, people use the services of a sewage truck, which is not very cheap. However, an alternative to a cesspool is a septic tank that works on the basis of microorganisms. These are modern bioenzyme preparations. They speed up the process of decomposition of organic waste. Waste water is treated and discharged into the environment without harm.

The essence of the method of cleaning domestic wastewater

In any domestic wastewater treatment system, the work is based on a system of natural waste decay. Complex substances are decomposed by simple bacteria. It turns out water, carbon dioxide, nitrates and other elements. Biological bacteria are used for septic tanks. This is a "dry squeeze" from natural ingredients.

If active microorganisms are artificially introduced into the septic tank, then the process of decay of organic substances can be regulated. During the course of chemical reactions, there is practically no smell left.

There are many factors that significantly influence the behavior of microorganisms in the wastewater system:

• The presence of organic compounds;
• Temperature range from 4 to 60 degrees;
• supply of oxygen;
• Effluent acidity level;
• No toxic substances.

Preparations that are made on the basis of natural bacteria perform a number of tasks:

• Removal of grease and plaque on the walls of the septic tank;
• Dissolution of the sediment, which is deposited at the bottom of the tank;
• Removal of blockages;
• Removal of odors;
• No harm to plants after draining water;
• Do not pollute the soil.

Septic tanks are divided into aerobic and anaerobic. It all depends on the type of microorganisms used.

Aerobic bacteria

Aerobic bacteria are microorganisms that require free oxygen to survive. Such bacteria are widely used in many industries. They produce enzymes, organic acids, and bio-based antibiotics.

The scheme of the septic tank on aerobic bacteria

Anaerobic bacteria are used for deep biological treatment systems. Air is supplied to the septic tank by means of a compressor, which reacts with existing drains. There is oxygen in the air. Thanks to him, aerobic bacteria begin to multiply very quickly.

As a result, an oxidative reaction occurs, during which carbon dioxide and heat are released. Beneficial bacteria are not removed from the septic tank along with the water.

They remain at the bottom of the tank and on its walls. There is a finely fluffy fabric called textile shields. They also continue to live bacteria for further work.

Aerobic septic tanks have a number of advantages:

• The water is purified to a high degree and does not require further treatment.
• The sediment that remains at the bottom of the tank (silt) can be used as fertilizer in the garden or in the garden.
• A small amount of silt is formed.
• During the reaction, methane is not released, respectively, there is no unpleasant odor.
• The septic tank is often cleaned, which avoids the accumulation of a large amount of sludge.

Anaerobic bacteria are microorganisms whose vital activity is possible even in the absence of oxygen in the environment.

The scheme of operation of a septic tank based on anaerobic bacteria

When sewage enters the tank, it liquefies. Their volume is getting smaller. Some sediment falls to the bottom. It is there that the interaction of anaerobic bacteria occurs.

In the process of exposure to anaerobic microorganisms, biochemical wastewater treatment occurs.

However, it is noted that this method of purification has several disadvantages:

• Effluent is treated by 60 percent on average. This means that it is necessary to additionally purify the water in the filtration fields;
• Solid sediments may contain substances that are harmful to humans and the environment;
• The reaction releases methane, which creates an unpleasant odor;
• The septic tank needs to be cleaned frequently, as a large amount of sludge is formed.

Combined cleaning method

For a greater degree of wastewater treatment, a combined method is used. This means that aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be used simultaneously.

Primary cleaning is carried out by means of anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria complete the wastewater treatment process.

Features of the choice of biological products

In order to choose one or another type of biological product, you need to know what problem will be solved. Today on the market you can find a large number of biological preparations that are designed to treat wastewater in septic tanks. It should be said right away that you do not need to buy drugs that have inscriptions: unique, special, the latest development, and the like. This is a lie.

All bacteria are living microorganisms, and no one has yet invented new ones, and nature has not given rise to new species. When a drug is bought, preference should be given to those brands that have already been previously tested. This is the only way to get the maximum amount of effect when creating active bacteria in a septic tank. The most common drug is Dr. Robik.

Delivery types

Bacteria are sold in dry or liquid form. You can find both tablets and plastic jars of liquid with a volume of 250 milligrams. You can buy a small package, the size of a tea bag.

The amount of biological additive depends on the volume of the septic tank. For example, for one cubic meter of a septic tank, 250 grams of the substance is enough. You can buy the domestic drug "Septi Treat". It contains 12 types of microorganisms. The drug is able to destroy up to 80 percent of the waste in the tank. There is practically no smell left. The number of pathogenic microbes is reduced.

There is another septic tank cleaner called BIOFORCE Septic. For one cubic meter in a septic tank, 400 milligrams of the product is needed. To maintain the activity of the drug in the septic tank, it is necessary to add 100 grams of the drug every month.

Biological cleaner for septic tanks "Septic Comfort" is sold in bags of 12 grams. For the first 4 days, you need to download 1 package. This amount is enough for 4 cubic meters of a septic tank. If the septic tank has a larger volume, then it is necessary to increase the dose to 2 sachets. Thus, 12 or 24 sachets of the product are used per month.

The cost of bioactivators

The value of the drug on the market depends on the purpose of the drug. An important role is played by the volume of packaging and the degree of efficiency.

Name	Series	Weight (gram)	Price, rub)
Septic 250	Basic	250	450
Septic 500	Basic	500	650
Septic Comfort	Comfort	672 (12 bags x 56)	1750

The use of biopreparations in winter

If it is necessary to preserve the septic tank for the winter, for example, after the end of the summer season, then it is worth using drugs that reduce their activity in the cold season and increase in the warm season. The ideal drug for such purposes would be " UNIBAC Winter" (Russia).

Mandatory requirements when using bacteria

Aggressive environments, such as chlorine, washing powder, phenol, alkalis, have a detrimental effect on aerobic and anaerobic agents.

In order for the septic tank to work efficiently, and for all microorganisms to perform their functions, it is necessary to regularly add biological preparations to the reservoir or directly to the sewerage system of the house.

Once every three years, it is necessary to clean the tank, in particular its walls from clogging and sludge. After cleaning, the tank must be filled with clean water.

For normal operation of the filters, it is necessary to wash them once every six months with a solution of potassium permanganate. However, potassium permanganate can lead to the destruction of a large number of bacteria in the septic tank. After cleaning, it must be taken into account that a large volume of water can immediately destroy the population of microorganisms. Don't overfill your septic tank.

Recommended flush drain pipes with pressurized water so as not to harm bacteria with chemicals. It can be concluded that it is best to use biological additives based on natural ingredients. This way you can create an efficient environment for recycling faeces in the sewer system.

Before using any type of biological additive for a septic tank on the site, it is necessary to consult with specialists. It is worth noting that a properly constructed septic tank can operate with a high degree of efficiency and without additional additives.

To date, there are a large number of preparations of biological additives that can not only speed up the processing of organic waste, but are also able to clean the structure as a whole.

Necessary give preference only to proven products that will not harm the environment when used. It is important to follow all instructions for the use of a particular supplement. Otherwise, it will be impossible to achieve a positive effect when using the drug.

To date, there are a large number of products on the market that vary in price and quality. It is best to buy only those that are based on natural ingredients.

In order to carry out normal maintenance of a septic tank using anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, it is necessary to contact specialists who will help you choose the best products for your septic tank. Only professionals can advise on the best way to deal with organic waste recycling.

In order for the sewer system to function without failures, it is necessary to carefully treat its use. There is no need to pour various products into the sewer drains that can harm the microorganisms that process faeces in the septic tank. It is necessary to carefully monitor that foreign objects, such as rags and other debris, do not get into the sewer.

Anaerobes are bacteria that appeared on planet Earth before other living organisms.

They play an important role in the ecosystem, are responsible for the vital activity of living beings, participate in the process of fermentation and decomposition.

At the same time, anaerobes cause the development of dangerous diseases and inflammatory processes.

What are anaerobes

Under anaerobes, it is customary to understand micro- and macro-organisms that are able to live in the absence of oxygen. They receive energy as a result of the process of substrate phosphorylation.

The development and reproduction of anaerobes occurs in purulent-inflammatory foci, affecting people with weak immunity.

Classification of anaerobes

There are two types of these bacteria:

• Facultative, which are able to live, develop and reproduce in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments. Such microorganisms include staphylococci, Escherichia coli, streptococci, shigella;
• Obligate live only in an environment where there is no oxygen. If this element appears in the environment, then obligate anaerobes die.

In turn, obligate anaerobes are divided into two groups:

• Clostridia are bacteria that form spores; excite the development of infections - butulism, wound, tetanus.
• Non-clostridial - bacteria that are not able to form spores. They live in the microflora of people and animals, are not dangerous to living beings. These bacteria include eubacteria, peillonella, peptococci, bacterioids.

Often, non-clostridial anaerobes cause purulent and inflammatory processes, including peritonitis, pneumonia, sepsis, otitis media, etc. All infections caused by this type of bacteria occur under the influence of internal causes. The main factor in the development of infections is a decrease in immunity and body resistance to pathogenic microbes. This usually happens after operations, injuries, hypothermia.

Examples of anaerobes

Prokaryotes and protozoa. Mushrooms. Seaweed. Plants. Helminths are flukes, tapeworms and roundworms. Infections - intra-abdominal, intracranial, pulmonary, wound, abscesses, in the neck and head, soft tissues, cerebrospinal fluid. Aspiration pneumonia. Periodontitis.

Infections that are provoked by anaerobic bacteria cause the development of necrosis, the formation of an abscess, sepsis and gas formation. A lot of anaerobes create enzymes in tissues that produce paralytic toxins.

Anaerobic bacteria cause the development of the following diseases: Infections of the oral cavity. Sinusitis. Acne. Inflammation of the middle ear. Gangrene. Botulism. Tetanus. In addition to the dangers, anaerobes are beneficial to humans. In particular, they convert harmful toxic sugars into beneficial enzymes in the colon.

Differences between anaerobes and aerobes

Anaerobes mainly live in an environment where there is no oxygen, while aerobes are able to live, develop and multiply only in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobes include birds, fungi, several types of fungi, and animals. Oxygen in anaerobes takes part in all life processes, which contributes to the formation and production of energy.

Recently, scientists from the Netherlands discovered that anaerobes living at the bottom of water bodies can oxidize methane. In this case, the reduction of nitrates and nitrites, which release molecular nitrogen. Archaeobacteria and eubacteria take part in the formation of this substance.

Microbiologists are engaged in the cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms. This process requires a specific microflora and a certain degree of concentration of metabolites.

Anaerobes are grown on nutrients - glucose, sodium sulfate, casein.

Anaerobes have a different metabolism, which allows us to distinguish several subgroups of bacteria on this basis. These are organisms that use anaerobic respiration, solar radiation energy, catabolism of macromolecular compounds.

Anaerobic processes are used to decompose and decontaminate sewage sludge, to ferment sugars to produce ethyl alcohol.

conclusions

Anaerobes can bring both benefit and harm to humans, animals and plants. If conditions are formed for the development of pathogenic processes, then anaerobes will provoke infections and diseases that can be fatal. In industry and microbiology, scientists are trying to use the anaerobic properties of bacteria in order to obtain useful enzymes, purify water and soil.

All living organisms are divided into aerobes and anaerobes, including bacteria. Therefore, there are two types of bacteria in the human body and in nature in general - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobes need to get oxygen to live while it is not needed at all or not required. Both types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic waste. But among the anaerobes, there are many species that can cause health problems in humans and animals.

Humans and animals, as well as most fungi, etc. are all obligatory aerobes that need to breathe and inhale oxygen in order to survive.

Anaerobic bacteria, in turn, are divided into:

• optional (conditional) - need oxygen for more efficient development, but can do without it;
• obligate (mandatory) - oxygen is deadly for them and kills after a while (it depends on the species).

Anaerobic bacteria are able to live in places where there is little oxygen, such as the human mouth, intestines. Many of them cause disease in those areas of the human body where there is less oxygen - the throat, mouth, intestines, middle ear, wounds (gangrene and abscesses), inside acne, etc. In addition, there are also useful species that help digestion.

Aerobic bacteria, compared to anaerobic bacteria, use O2 for cellular respiration. Anaerobic respiration means an energy cycle with less efficiency for energy production. Aerobic respiration is the energy released in a complex process where O2 and glucose are metabolized together inside the cell's mitochondria.

With strong physical exertion, the human body may experience oxygen starvation. This causes a switch to anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle, during which lactic acid crystals are produced in the muscles, since carbohydrates are not completely broken down. After that, the muscles later start to hurt (krepatura) and are treated by massaging the area to speed up the dissolution of the crystals and washing them out naturally in the bloodstream over time.

Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria develop and multiply during fermentation - in the process of decomposition of organic substances with the help of enzymes. At the same time, aerobic bacteria use the oxygen present in the air for energy metabolism, compared to anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen from the air for this.

This can be understood by doing an experiment to identify the type by growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in liquid culture. Aerobic bacteria will congregate at the top to take in more oxygen and survive, while anaerobic bacteria tend to congregate at the bottom to avoid oxygen.

Nearly all animals and humans are obligatory aerobes that require oxygen for respiration, while staphylococci in the mouth are an example of facultative anaerobes. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available.

Brief comparison of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

1. Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to stay alive.
   Anaerobic bacteria need minimal or even die in its presence (depending on the species) and therefore avoid O2.
2. Many species among those and other types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic matter - they are decomposers. But mushrooms are more important in this regard.
3. Anaerobic bacteria are the cause of a variety of illnesses ranging from sore throats to botulism, tetanus, and more.
4. But among the anaerobic bacteria, there are also those that are beneficial, for example, they break down vegetable sugars that are harmful to humans in the intestines.

Bacteria appeared over 3.5 billion years ago and were the first living organisms on our planet. It is thanks to aerobic and anaerobic species of bacteria that life originated on Earth.

Today they are one of the most species-diverse and widespread group of prokaryotic (non-nuclear) organisms. Different respiration made it possible to subdivide them into aerobic and anaerobic, and nutrition - into heterotrophic and autotrophic prokaryotes.

The species diversity of these non-nuclear single-celled organisms is enormous: science has described only 10,000 species, and there are supposedly more than a million species of bacteria. Their classification is extremely complex and is carried out based on the commonality of the following features and properties:

• morphological - form, mode of movement, ability to sporulate, and others);
• physiological - breathing with oxygen (aerobic) or an anoxic variant (anaerobic bacteria), according to the nature of metabolic products, and others;
• biochemical;
• similarity of genetic characteristics.

For example, the morphological classification by appearance subdivides all bacteria as:

• rod-shaped;
• winding;
• spherical.

The physiological classification in relation to oxygen divides all prokaryotes into:

• anaerobic - microorganisms whose respiration does not require the presence of free oxygen;
• aerobic - microorganisms that need oxygen for their life.

Anaerobic prokaryotes

Anaerobic microorganisms fully correspond to their name - the prefix an-denies the meaning of the word, aero is air and b-life. It turns out - airless life, organisms whose breathing does not need free oxygen.

Anoxic microorganisms are divided into two groups:

• facultative anaerobic - able to exist both in an environment containing oxygen, and in its absence;
• obligate microorganisms - dying in the presence of free oxygen in the environment.

The classification of anaerobic bacteria subdivides the obligate group according to the possibility of sporulation into the following:

• spore-forming clostridia - gram-positive bacteria, most of which are mobile, characterized by intensive metabolism and high variability;
• non-clostridial anaerobes are gram-positive and negative bacteria that are part of the human microflora.

Clostridia properties

Spore-forming anaerobic bacteria are found in large numbers in the soil and in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. Among them, more than 10 species are known that are toxic to humans. These bacteria produce highly active exotoxins specific to each species.

Although one type of anaerobic microorganisms can be an infectious agent, intoxication by various microbial associations is more typical:

• several types of anaerobic bacteria;
• anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms (most often clostridia and staphylococci).

Bacterial culture

It is quite natural in the oxygen environment familiar to us that in order to obtain obligate aerobes, it is necessary to use special equipment and microbiological media. In fact, the cultivation of anoxic microorganisms is reduced to the creation of conditions under which the access of air to the media where the cultivation of prokaryotes is performed is completely blocked.

In the case of microbiological analysis for obligate anaerobes, the methods of sampling and the method of transporting the sample to the laboratory are extremely important. Since obligate microorganisms will immediately die under the influence of air, the sample must be stored either in a sealed syringe or in specialized media designed for such transportation.

Aerophilic microorganisms

Aerobes are called microorganisms whose respiration is impossible without free oxygen in the air, and their cultivation takes place on the surface of nutrient media.

According to the degree of dependence on oxygen, all aerobes are divided into:

• obligate (aerophiles) - able to develop only at a high concentration of oxygen in the air;
• facultative aerobic microorganisms that develop even with a reduced amount of oxygen.

Properties and features of aerobes

Aerobic bacteria live in soil, water and air and are actively involved in the cycle of substances. The respiration of bacteria, which are aerobes, is carried out by direct oxidation of methane (CH 4), hydrogen (H 2), nitrogen (N 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), iron (Fe).

Obligate aerobic microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans include tubercle bacillus, tularemia pathogens, and vibrio cholerae. All of them require high levels of oxygen to survive. Facultative aerobic bacteria, such as salmonella, are capable of respiration with very little oxygen.

Aerobic microorganisms that carry out their respiration in an oxygen atmosphere are able to exist in a very wide range at a partial pressure of 0.1 to 20 atm.

Growing Aerobes

The cultivation of aerobes involves the use of a suitable nutrient medium. The necessary conditions are also the quantitative control of the oxygen atmosphere and the creation of optimal temperatures.

The respiration and growth of aerobes is manifested as the formation of turbidity in liquid media or, in the case of dense media, as the formation of colonies. On average, it takes about 18 to 24 hours to grow aerobes under thermostatic conditions.

General properties for aerobes and anaerobes

1. All these prokaryotes do not have a pronounced nucleus.
2. They reproduce either by budding or division.
3. Carrying out respiration, as a result of the oxidative process, both aerobic and anaerobic organisms decompose huge masses of organic residues.
4. Bacteria are the only living things whose respiration binds molecular nitrogen into an organic compound.
5. Aerobic organisms and anaerobes are capable of respiration over a wide range of temperatures. There is a classification according to which nuclear-free unicellular organisms are divided into:

• psychrophilic - living conditions in the region of 0 ° C;
• mesophilic - vital temperature from 20 to 40 ° C;
• thermophilic - growth and respiration occurs at 50-75 ° C.

Bacteria are present everywhere in our world. They are everywhere and everywhere, and the number of their varieties is simply amazing.

Depending on the need for the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium for the implementation of vital activity, microorganisms are classified into the following types.

• Obligate aerobic bacteria, which are collected in the upper part of the nutrient medium, the flora contained the maximum amount of oxygen.
• Obligate anaerobic bacteria, which are located in the lower part of the environment, as far as possible from oxygen.
• Facultative bacteria mainly live in the upper part, but can be distributed throughout the environment, as they do not depend on oxygen.
• Microaerophiles prefer a low concentration of oxygen, although they gather in the upper part of the environment.
• Aerotolerant anaerobes are evenly distributed in the nutrient medium, insensitive to the presence or absence of oxygen.

The concept of anaerobic bacteria and their classification

The term "anaerobes" appeared in 1861, thanks to the work of Louis Pasteur.

Anaerobic bacteria are microorganisms that develop regardless of the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium. They get energy by substrate phosphorylation. There are facultative and obligate aerobes, as well as other types.

The most significant anaerobes are bacteroides

The most important aerobes are bacteroids. About fifty percent of all purulent-inflammatory processes, the causative agents of which can be anaerobic bacteria, are bacteroids.

Bacteroides are a genus of Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacteria. These are rods with bipolar coloration, the size of which does not exceed 0.5-1.5 by 15 microns. They produce toxins and enzymes that can cause virulence. Different bacteroids have different resistance to antibiotics: there are both resistant and susceptible to antibiotics.

Energy production in human tissues

Some tissues of living organisms have increased resistance to low oxygen content. Under standard conditions, the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate proceeds aerobically, but with increased physical exertion and inflammatory reactions, the anaerobic mechanism comes to the fore.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) It is an acid that plays an important role in the body's energy production. There are several options for the synthesis of this substance: one aerobic and as many as three anaerobic.

Anaerobic mechanisms of ATP synthesis include:

• rephosphorylation between creatine phosphate and ADP;
• transphosphorylation reaction of two ADP molecules;
• anaerobic breakdown of blood glucose or glycogen stores.

Cultivation of anaerobic organisms

There are special methods for growing anaerobes. They consist in replacing air with gas mixtures in sealed thermostats.

Another way is to grow microorganisms in a nutrient medium to which reducing substances are added.

Culture media for anaerobic organisms

There are common nutrient media and differential diagnostic nutrient media. Common ones include the Wilson-Blair medium and the Kitt-Tarozzi medium. For differential diagnostic - Hiss medium, Ressel medium, Endo medium, Ploskirev medium and bismuth-sulfite agar.

The basis for the Wilson-Blair medium is agar-agar with the addition of glucose, sodium sulfite and iron dichloride. Black colonies of anaerobes are formed mainly in the depth of the agar column.

Ressel's (Russell's) medium is used in the study of the biochemical properties of bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella. It also contains agar-agar and glucose.

Wednesday Ploskirev inhibits the growth of many microorganisms, so it is used for differential diagnostic purposes. In such an environment, pathogens of typhoid fever, dysentery and other pathogenic bacteria develop well.

The main purpose of bismuth sulfite agar is the isolation of salmonella in its pure form. This environment is based on the ability of Salmonella to produce hydrogen sulfide. This medium is similar to the Wilson-Blair medium in the technique used.

Anaerobic infections

Most anaerobic bacteria living in the human or animal body can cause various infections. As a rule, infection occurs during a period of weakened immunity or a violation of the general microflora of the body. There is also the possibility of infection pathogens from the external environment, especially in late autumn and winter.

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are usually associated with the flora of the human mucous membranes, that is, with the main habitats of anaerobes. Typically, these infections multiple triggers at once(to 10).

The exact number of diseases caused by anaerobes is almost impossible to determine due to the difficulty in collecting materials for analysis, transporting samples and cultivating the bacteria themselves. Most often, this type of bacteria is found in chronic diseases.

Anaerobic infections affect people of all ages. At the same time, the level of infectious diseases in children is higher.

Anaerobic bacteria can cause various intracranial diseases (meningitis, abscesses, and others). Distribution, as a rule, occurs with the blood stream. In chronic diseases, anaerobes can cause pathologies in the head and neck: otitis media, lymphadenitis, abscesses. These bacteria are dangerous to both the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. With various diseases of the urogenital female system, there is also a risk of developing anaerobic infections. Various diseases of the joints and skin can be the result of the development of anaerobic bacteria.

Causes of anaerobic infections and their symptoms

Infections are caused by all processes during which active anaerobic bacteria enter the tissues. Also, the development of infections can cause impaired blood supply and tissue necrosis (various injuries, tumors, edema, vascular disease). Mouth infections, animal bites, lung diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease and many other diseases can also be caused by anaerobes.

In different organisms, the infection develops in different ways. This is influenced by the type of pathogen, and the state of human health. Because of the difficulties associated with diagnosing anaerobic infections, the conclusion is often based on assumptions. Differ in some features of the infection caused by non-clostridial anaerobes.

The first signs of infection of tissues with aerobes are suppuration, thrombophlebitis, gas formation. Some tumors and neoplasms (intestinal, uterine and others) are also accompanied by the development of anaerobic microorganisms. With anaerobic infections, an unpleasant odor may appear, however, its absence does not exclude anaerobes as the causative agent of the infection.

Features of obtaining and transporting samples

The very first study in determining infections caused by anaerobes is a visual inspection. Various skin lesions are a common complication. Also, evidence of the vital activity of bacteria will be the presence of gas in infected tissues.

For laboratory research and establishing an accurate diagnosis, first of all, it is necessary to competently get matter sample from the affected area. For this, a special technique is used, thanks to which normal flora does not get into the samples. The best method is aspiration with a straight needle. Obtaining laboratory material by smears is not recommended, but possible.

Samples not suitable for further analysis include:

• sputum obtained by self-excretion;
• samples obtained during bronchoscopy;
• smears from the vaginal vaults;
• urine with free urination;
• feces.

For research can be used:

• blood;
• pleural fluid;
• transtracheal aspirates;
• pus obtained from the abscess cavity;
• cerebrospinal fluid;
• lung punctures.

Transport samples it is necessary as soon as possible in a special container or plastic bag with anaerobic conditions, since even a short-term interaction with oxygen can cause the death of bacteria. Liquid samples are transported in a test tube or in syringes. Swabs with samples are transported in test tubes with carbon dioxide or pre-prepared media.

Treatment of anaerobic infection

In the case of diagnosing an anaerobic infection for adequate treatment, it is necessary to follow the following principles:

• toxins produced by anaerobes must be neutralized;
• the habitat of bacteria should be changed;
• the spread of anaerobes must be localized.

To comply with these principles antibiotics are used in treatment, which affect both anaerobes and aerobic organisms, since often the flora in anaerobic infections is mixed. At the same time, when prescribing drugs, the doctor must evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora. The agents that are active against anaerobic pathogens include: penicillins, cephalosporins, champhenicol, fluoroquinolo, metranidazole, carbapenems and others. Some drugs have a limited effect.

To control the habitat of bacteria, in most cases, surgical intervention is used, which is expressed in the treatment of affected tissues, drainage of abscesses, and ensuring normal blood circulation. Surgical methods should not be ignored because of the risk of life-threatening complications.

Sometimes used ancillary therapies, and also because of the difficulties associated with the exact determination of the causative agent of the infection, empirical treatment is used.

With the development of anaerobic infections in the oral cavity, it is also recommended to add as many fresh fruits and vegetables to the diet as possible. The most useful are apples and oranges. The restriction is subjected to meat food and fast food.