Ecology is a very common concept. It is usually called good or bad. It affects our life, health, well-being. The philistine opinion about ecology is closely connected with environmental pollution. It is believed that its main task is to preserve our world. This is not entirely true: ecology is multifaceted and has many areas of its activity.

What is ecology?

This is the science of living beings, their connections with each other and connections with inanimate (inorganic) nature. More precisely, this is the idea of ​​nature as a system, the study of its structure and the interactions between the parts of this structure.

The main directions of ecology:

1. Bioecology. It is the basis, or base, of ecology. It studies natural biological systems and, according to the degree of organization of all living things, is divided into:

• on molecular ecology;
• ecology of tissues and cells (morphological);
• autoecology (at the level of the organism);
• de-ecology (at the level of populations);
• eidocology (at the species level);
• synecology (community level);
• global ecology, studying the biosphere.

2. Geoecology. He studies the geospheric shell of the Earth as the basis of the biosphere and the influence of natural and man-made factors on it.

3. Applied ecology. Not only scientific, but also practical part of ecology, the result of which is a project for the complex transformation of ecosystems. In such projects, the latest achievements in the field of ecology are used, for example, new technologies for cleaning air, water, and soil.

4. Human ecology. The subject of the study is the interaction between man and the environment.

Why did the need to create such a science as ecology arise? Due to the unbalanced activity of mankind, environmental changes have arisen and reached alarming proportions. Environmental problems have become global.

Environmental problems

According to some estimates, during the existence of human civilization, about 70% of biological systems capable of processing negative products of human life have been disrupted. According to scientists, in 40 years, the so-called irreversible process is possible, when the proportion of pollution exceeds the ability of the environment to neutralize harmful emissions and a global environmental catastrophe will occur.

The state of the environment is already characterized as a deep crisis. Environmental problems are becoming global, regional and local. Global environmental problems are represented by climate change, a decrease in the ozone layer, pollution of the World Ocean, extermination of the animal world, and regional and local problems - pollution of water, soil, air in certain geographical areas.

Factors that have a detrimental effect on the environment are:

1. Excessive and uncontrolled spending of natural resources.
2. Creation of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological).
3. Uneven economic development of countries.
4. Negative (anthropogenic) impact on nature (landscape change, deforestation, swamp drainage, industrial emissions, and much more).

To create an ecological balance in our lives, an environmental policy has appeared.

Environmental policy

In a general sense, environmental policy is a set of political, economic, legal, educational and other measures aimed at regulating the impact of mankind on nature. In a narrower sense, these are measures for the protection of the environment and the rational use of natural resources.

Environmental policy is divided into the following types (levels):

1. Global (international).
2. State.
3. Regional.
4. Local.
5. Ecopolitics of the enterprise.

Environmental policy has its own elements: principles, priorities, goals, subjects, tools (implementation mechanisms).

The principles are divided into political and socio-economic. Political principles:

1. Democracy.
2. Publicity.
3. Voluntariness.

Socio-economic principles:

1. Compliance with ecology and economic development.
2. New ways of solving environmental problems through scientific and technological progress.
3. Consumption regulation.
4. Planned population growth.

The main goal of ecopolitics is the balanced development of the economy, society and the environment.

Global environmental policy

The main problem of global environmental policy is the development of common views and approaches between countries. Attempts to come to a common solution to problems are hampered by the economic interests of some countries, since it is a question of limiting or redistributing natural resources between different countries. And also there are often accusations of juggling facts, the opinion that there are no problems with the ozone layer, global warming. Nevertheless, international conferences, where a single ecological culture is being developed, continue. Not the least role is played by international environmental organizations.

International standards for environmental management and audit ISO 1400 were developed and put into circulation.

Environmental policy of the Russian Federation

The ecological situation in Russia is much better than in Europe, where natural resources are almost completely used. Out of 17 million sq. km of the total area of ​​the Russian Federation 9 million square meters. km - untouched natural systems, most of which are represented by forest tundra. These ecological systems are not only effective on the territory of our country, but also have an impact on the global ecology.

But on the other hand, there are many places on the territory of Russia where the ecological balance is excessively disturbed. After all, the economic policy of our state in the past was characterized by indicators of production efficiency and labor productivity. The indicators of the economic development of the USSR for a long time were high due to the development of natural resources. Their stocks are so voluminous that it seemed as if they would never end.

The result of ill-conceived agricultural activities was the deterioration of soil characteristics and, as a result, the quality and results of agricultural products. Industrial emissions into the atmosphere gave rise to such a phenomenon as acid rain, which also affected agricultural land and the quality of life of Russians in general. The uncontrolled use of water resources provoked the disappearance of the Aral Sea, which was classified as an environmental disaster.

At the moment, environmental protection activities and environmental policy in Russia are carried out by a single state body - the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Natural Resources, or the Ministry of Ecology, considers its mission to ensure the rational use of natural resources, excluding their depletion and environmental pollution, as well as the preservation of natural potential. The structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology includes:

1. Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.
2. Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.
3. Federal Agency for Water Resources.
4. Federal Forestry Agency.
5. Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

Environmental policy of the state, its directions and structure

The Ministry of Ecology has the following areas of activity:

• administrative and control (control of environmental legislation, licensing, creation of standards for the use of natural resources, environmental certification and expertise, standardization, environmental impact assessment);
• technical and technological (consideration of new technical and technological solutions for the protection and protection of the environment);
• economic (planning the use of resources, development and implementation of targeted programs, economic incentives: benefits, payments, taxes);
• legislative and legal (development and adoption of the legislative framework governing relations between society and the environment);
• political (using the activities of political and public organizations to protect nature);
• upbringing and education (activities aimed at creating ecological views, thinking, responsibility of each person).

The state environmental policy is implemented with the participation of subjects of environmental policy:

1. State. Its main function is to set the rules for economic activity, coordinate and control compliance with environmental legislation.
2. Regional bodies for nature management and nature protection. All subjects of the Russian Federation form a regional environmental policy on their territory.
3. Economic and economic entities. These are state organizations and enterprises of large, medium and small businesses. Russian legislation obliged them to protect the environment, use gentle production technologies, and eliminate environmentally harmful consequences.
4. Research organizations. The role of such organizations is not only to obtain scientific research, but also to develop new ways for sustainable economic development, taking into account the protection of the environment.
5. Political parties. The main role of the parties is in the formation of political programs taking into account environmental problems, as well as in creating environmental consciousness among the citizens of our country.
6. Public organizations. They form an independent public opinion, directly participate in environmental protection activities, carry out educational and educational work.
7. individual citizens. Ecological awareness and high demands on the cleanliness of the environment allow individuals to come up with new initiatives, unite like-minded people in groups, and solve some local environmental problems.

Regional and local environmental policy

The regional and local environmental policy of the Russian Federation is characterized by the organization of environmental protection activities in specific areas, taking into account geographical, geological, climatic, economic, and social characteristics. In other words, this is the social and environmental policy of the region, city, town, which is formed on the following basis:

1. Socio-economic plan for the development of the region.
2. Assessment of the current state of nature.
3. Accounting for environmental assessment, anthropogenic impact on infrastructure development.
4. Rationing of anthropogenic influence in order to stabilize and sustain the natural environment.
5. Development and implementation of new methods of economic analysis of the results of the negative impact on the environment.
6. Continuous monitoring of natural parameters, assessment of the impact of individual production facilities on them.
7. Organization of optimal environmental conditions for the population.
8. Education and development of ecological consciousness.

The subjects of regional environmental policy are also economic entities, research organizations, political parties, public organizations, individual citizens.

Main methods of influence (tools)

Why do state and regional bodies use different methods of influence? Very often, economic and social aspects in the development of regions contradict environmental policy. So, for example, the expansion of production brings profit and new jobs, but damages the environment. Or the introduction of new environmentally friendly technologies, products is economically unprofitable.

About 40 different tools are used for the effectiveness of ecopolitics. They are divided into fiscal and non-fiscal. Fiscal instruments are directly related to finance and can be related to:

• with government revenues (taxes and licensing);
• public spending (targeted environmental programs, research activities, environmental investments).

Non-fiscal include education, regulation, legislative framework.

Environmental policy of the enterprise

First of all, the environmental policy of the enterprise developed on the basis of ISO 1400 is reflected in the document of the same name. The creation of such a document by an enterprise is a statement of its intentions and principles aimed at the implementation of environmental protection. Environmental policy (example document) may contain:

Solving environmental problems

Ways to solve environmental problems have long been found. They, large or small, are available to large corporations and any individual citizen:

• use of new renewable energy sources;
• stopping deforestation in tropical forests;
• reduction of energy consumption;
• waste reduction.

2. Soil erosion control:

• use of small fields;
• planting trees and shrubs to combat wind and destructive water currents.

3. Fight against the onset of deserts:

• the use of irrigation as a method of combating overdrying of the soil;
• planting trees and shrubs;
• use of new agricultural technologies, crops.

4. Restoration of animal populations:

• organization of new natural parks as a habitat;
• strict control of the number of animals;
• prohibition of hunting rare and endangered animals.

5. Fight against acid rain:

• reduction of emissions from chemical industries;
• reducing the use of chemical fertilizers;
• use of filters and other sources of purification.

It should be remembered: the protection of nature is the duty of everyone, further pollution of the planet can lead to the extinction of another species of living organisms - people!

Introduction

Considering various types of ecosystems, it should be noted that the development strategy of any ecosystem is determined by the environmental policy of the system. The development of environmental policy is aimed at solving the main problem - ensuring the stability of the parameters of the state of the environment under various types of impacts on it. In the scientific, technical and educational literature, it is not customary to consider an enterprise as a local ecological system interacting with ecosystems of higher ranks. The ecological activity of the enterprise is considered as a user of natural resources and a source of environmental pollution.

An enterprise should be considered as an autonomous ecological system based on its economic activities that have an impact on the environment, in accordance with the terminology of international environmental standards. The development strategy for the environmental activities of an enterprise is determined by its environmental Policy, aimed at ensuring a sustainable state of the environment in the implementation of certain economic activities by the enterprise. The implementation of the environmental policy of the enterprise is carried out with the help of a special organizational structure for managing environmental activities - environmental management of the enterprise. In addition to the main types of environmental activities of all types of ecosystems - nature management and environmental activities at the enterprise level - it is necessary to develop new areas of environmental activities that have a direct impact on improving the results of its financial and socio-economic condition, the implementation of economic activities. These new directions are related to ensuring the competitiveness, quality and environmental safety of products and the social development of the enterprise, as well as the inclusion of its environmental activities in an automated control system.

Environmental policy of the enterprise

International standardization documents recommend the following definition environmental policy- this is a statement of the enterprise about its intentions and principles related to the overall efficiency of the enterprise, which serves as the basis for the activity and setting of target and planned environmental indicators. The environmental policy, in accordance with the standards, determines the goals and objectives of environmental activities, the coverage of organizational structures of the enterprise management by ecologization, and the obligations of the enterprise for environmental protection. Ultimately, compliance with these conditions determines the effectiveness of the environmental management of the enterprise.

The environmental management of an enterprise is part of the management of economic activity, one of the directions of market relations of an enterprise. Figure 1 shows the structure of management of the market economic activity of the enterprise. It is important to note that environmental management in this management structure is included in the management of the enterprise and its head is the deputy general director (manager, manager) of the enterprise. As part of such a management team, environmental management can also act as a legal entity.

Taking into account some analogy with marketing research, the formation of a portfolio of orders for the production and sale of competitive products and business planning, a documented environmental policy of an enterprise should take into account the influence of the following factors:

analysis of the external conditions of environmental activities, taking into account the characteristics of the region, territory, enterprise;

costs of environmental activities and sources of their coverage;

sensations of losses from damage caused by the impact of polluting emissions into the atmosphere, water, soil, the impact of emissions on flora and fauna, assessment of the effectiveness of impacts;

measures for the diagnosis and prevention of emergencies and disasters;

components, fuel and energy resources, conditions for storage and transportation of energy carriers, consumables and substances;

analysis of the life cycle of products in accordance with the requirements of environmental protection;

of employees of the enterprise on the problems of ecologization of economic activity.

It is believed, for example, that the environmental policy of an enterprise should take into account the following requirements:

formation and implementation of a specialized management structure;

mandatory implementation of existing legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection;

the company's activities related to environmental protection and safety, sanitary conditions of production and ensuring the quality and safety of products;

public availability of a documented environmental policy for the personnel of the enterprise and other interested participants in its economic activities;

assessment and monitoring of the compliance of the environmental parameters of the enterprise's economic activity and its interaction with the environment.

Note that these requirements, as well as the factors discussed above, which form the basis of the environmental policy of the enterprise, do not contradict the provisions of the ecological management of ecosystems. There is the main problem of the environmental policy of ecosystems and enterprises, which still remains outside the regulatory and methodological framework of environmental policy. The essence of the problem is as follows.

If we accept as an axiom the position that the ecological safety of society and the environment is characterized by the stability of the parameters of the state of ecosystem components, then it is necessary to have the standards of these parameters in the form of acceptable equilibrium ranges for changing these parameters. Such rationing must be carried out, first of all, for the planetary ecosystem and continue it further consistently for national and regional ecosystems. These standards will determine the permissible impact on the parameters of the state of ecosystem components. Thus, it is possible to create a unique environmental cadastre of permissible impacts, and also for each type of impact on the parameter of the state of an ecosystem component, establish the cost equivalent of ensuring an acceptable impact and the cost equivalent of compensating for damage to the environment with an acceptable impact on individual components of the system and on the system as a whole. The enterprise is part of a regional ecosystem. Therefore, the environmental cadastre of the given region could serve as the regulatory and methodological basis for the environmental policy of the enterprise. This cadastre could also be used as the basis for planning the environmental activities of the enterprise.

At present, the planning and implementation of environmental policy at all levels of environmental activity is carried out on the basis of the development of programs, projects, their examination and control, environmental monitoring, drawing up an action plan to reduce impacts and prevent damage to the environment. At the same time, the vast majority of environmental activities are related to nature management and environmental protection.

When developing environmental programs and projects at different levels, the validity of the criteria and allowable standards in assessing the degree of danger of the impact of the results of economic activity on the environment, the scale of this danger, its intensity and duration, as well as compensation for damage in material and monetary terms, is of fundamental importance. The danger of the economic activity of the enterprise lies in the state of engineering communications, in the processes of using fuel, energy and natural resources, in the presence of noise and vibration, radiation, in the illumination of workplaces and in other sources of impact on the environment and the personnel of the enterprise. The state of such sources is monitored through diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Diagnostics is associated with the assessment of the main and auxiliary technological equipment, accounting, storage, transportation and disposal of production waste, identification of environmental pollution with materials, substances, compounds of chemical elements, when interacting with other chemical elements, new harmful substances are formed.

Taking into account the provisions of environmental policy and on the basis of environmental programs and projects, their expertise, environmental action plan, monitoring of the state of the environment, standards for the consumption of resources and financial resources, a environmental program of the enterprise. This is the main executive document of the enterprise's environmental management. The main elements of the environmental program are supposed to be used in the preparation of the environmental passport of the nature user (enterprise), the content of which is given in table 1.

Table 1 - Environmental passport of an industrial enterprise

The provisions of the environmental policy and the structure of the environmental program of the enterprise depend on the use of reasonable criteria for the environmental friendliness of economic activity. As such criteria consider environmentally friendly production, environmentally friendly products, environmentally friendly environment in the implementation of economic activities by the enterprise.

In the interests of ensuring the competitiveness of products, in the interests of producers and consumers, the most important criterion is the environmental friendliness of products. It requires a comprehensive assessment. Such an assessment is carried out at the stages of research and development work, at the stage of preparation for production and during mass production of products, at the stages of their operation and disposal. Such an assessment not only carries a quantitative analysis of the environmental friendliness of products, but also covers various areas of economic activity related to the identification of sources and types of environmental impacts, including an analysis of the consequences of environmental impacts in the region of production, as well as in the territory of its intended use. .

Considered and product impact on the environment, which is assessed by the level of danger, the duration of the impact (short-term, or impulse, periodic, continuous, emergency), the nature of the impact (direct, indirect, cumulative) and takes into account the territorial factor. The analysis of these impacts extends not only to products, but also to the conditions of its production, to the state of the air and water basins of the enterprise, the land plot and the territory of the sanitary protection zone adjacent to the enterprise.

The requirement of environmental cleanliness (safety) of products involves the maximum possible exclusion from the production of toxic materials and substances, raw materials that can pass unchanged into finished products or form secondary harmful substances when interacting, for example, with auxiliary materials. These requirements are ultimately aimed at eliminating the release of toxic substances into the environment.

An appropriate management system is needed to regulate environmental impacts. International environmental standards involve the parallel management of product quality and management of environmental safety of products. For example, ISO 9001 recommends a product quality assurance system, and ISO 14001 recommends an environmental management system. These standards contain principles and procedures for planning, organizational structures for management, monitoring, control, measurement and testing systems. A distinctive feature of the ISO 14000 series standards is that they have specific requirements for the need to diagnose emergencies and disasters, provide for actions to prevent them, but reduce the harmful impact: On the environment, and also recommend keeping records of accidental emissions into the atmosphere, in water and soil on the territory of the enterprise, including the sanitary protection zone.

The product quality management system and the environmental protection management system should not coexist in parallel in the implementation of the economic activities of the enterprise, but jointly and on a parity basis. The main function of the environmental management of an enterprise should be considered as ensuring the environmental safety of economic activity, taking into account all areas of the environmental activity of the enterprise. At the same time, the environmental safety management system should be combined with the product quality assurance system, both in terms of regulatory requirements for products and the conditions of its production, and in terms of the methods and means of monitoring, measurement and testing control, as well as in terms of confirming product compliance with established requirements. quality and environmental safety at the stage of product operation. Additional functions of such a system are nature management and environmental protection, environmental monitoring of these areas, actions in emergency and emergency situations associated with unregulated emissions, discharges and production waste. Consequently, a significant part of the environmental requirements and actions can be carried out in the system of product quality assurance and quality management and environmental management together.

It is the combination of functions, and not the absorption of the ecological system by the quality system, that is quite justified not only in terms of general regulatory requirements for environmental safety, general methodological approaches to solving practical problems, and general technological measuring and testing instruments. It is also confirmed by the complexity and consistency of the solution of this problem. The environmental safety management system is created on the basis of a product quality management system using unified information computer technologies, in particular bar coding technologies. Recall that the system for ensuring the quality of products as a system for ensuring its competitiveness is created in the interests of producers and consumers, and the system for ensuring the environmental safety of economic activity (including the environmental protection system) of an enterprise is created in the interests of sustainable development of society and the environment.

The environmental policy of the enterprise must also contain requirements for confirming the conformity of products, the conditions for their production and the safety of the environment in the course of the economic activity of the enterprise. Conformity assessment, carried out in voluntary or mandatory forms, is considered as an act of public recognition of the environmental safety of an enterprise, its manufactured and sold products, as a rating image of an enterprise. In addition, if the manufactured products are included in the list of products subject to mandatory confirmation of conformity, then without documents on such confirmation, they are not allowed on the consumer market. The list of products subject to mandatory confirmation of product compliance with established safety requirements is approved by the Government of the Republic of Belarus. The absence of such documents for this category of products is an additional obstacle to free competition, investment, licensing, quotas, participation in tenders for the development of programs and projects.

This chapter analyzes the theoretical foundations of environmental policy, its tools, components and mechanisms. In addition, a description is given of the economic consequences of the existence of environmental problems in the country, and the systems for managing the quality of the environment, controlling and monitoring its condition are also characterized.

Environmental policy: concept, types, principles

Environmental policy is a relatively new type of state policy of the countries of the world, as well as the direction of activity of various political, economic, state and non-state organizations. The formation and development of the environmental policy of various states and regions is influenced by many factors, among which the most significant can be considered the level of economic and social development of society, the level of impact of environmental problems on the development of the country, the level of development of production and the scale of use of natural resources, as well as the level of environmental literacy and culture of the population. Features of the formation of environmental policy are associated, first of all, with the stage of development at which the country is located. The process of formation of regional environmental policy also depends on political attitudes in society and the system of government.

We can define environmental policy as a direction of activity of state and public organizations aimed at protecting the environment, rational use of natural resources and solving environmental problems. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of "environmental policy" in terms of global and regional levels. On a global scale, "environmental policy" is a set of measures and actions of international political and public organizations, the main purpose of which is to consider global environmental problems in terms of the impact of these problems on the socio-economic development of the whole society, as well as taking into account the available resources and their distribution. Regional environmental policy is similar in function to the global one, but it considers the impact of environmental problems from the point of view of one continent, country or region.

In the modern world, much attention is paid to regional environmental policy, especially from the point of view of individual business entities of economic activity, which are the main sources of environmental pollution. Regional environmental policy is one of the most important components of the state policy of most developed countries. In this case, we can talk about the elements of state environmental policy. Among them are the goals, mechanisms and tools for implementation, priorities and costs of implementation. The state environmental policy is based on the economic and social objectives of the entire state policy, and also depends on the degree of influence exerted by environmental problems and natural disasters on the development of the country, the level of scientific and technological progress and the possibilities of applying its achievements to solve environmental problems. Social environmental policy is most often seen as a set of measures aimed at increasing the environmental awareness of the population and regulating the attitude of the country's population to the use of natural resources and respect for the environment.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the level of economic development of the country and the state of the environment are closely interrelated. Ensuring high growth rates without carrying out environmental protection measures will lead to environmental degradation, and will also have an impact on people's lives and health, which in turn will lead to even more negative consequences in the long term.

The process of implementing environmental policy includes three steps:

• · Development of normative - legal acts, administrative - control measures, direct regulation by state bodies;
• · Creation of institutes of ecological control and monitoring;
• · Development and implementation of economic incentive tools associated with the development of various market mechanisms and aimed at greening the economic activity of economic agents.

The main instruments of environmental policy are administrative and economic methods. Economic methods include various ways to encourage users of natural resources to develop, use and improve resource-saving technologies, as well as encourage them to use more environmentally friendly methods of organizing and implementing production activities. These methods directly include pricing and fiscal policy instruments, government subsidy programs for various environmental programs, as well as the sale of pollution rights. Administrative methods include a system of fines, legislative regulation, environmental payments, and the establishment of maximum allowable emission standards for various sources of environmental pollution, including power plants, industrial enterprises and vehicles.

There is also a more detailed classification of environmental policy methods. In social ecology, the following mechanisms of environmental policy are distinguished: legislative - legal, economic, political, educational and scientific - technical. Legislative - legal methods in this case are considered as a set of legislative acts and normative - legal documents that regulate relations between the state, society and nature, and also establish fines for environmental pollution. Scientific and technical methods are understood as a set of knowledge and technologies that contribute to the prevention and solution of environmental problems. Political methods are understood as the actions of political parties and organizations for the improvement of environmental complexes, reserves. A special place is occupied by educational measures, since their main task is to educate society in the spirit of caring for nature.

The process of implementing environmental policy is carried out by subjects of environmental policy, which include: states, economic agents, political parties and organizations, non-governmental organizations and research and educational institutions.

The goals of environmental policy include: achieving results in the field of environmental protection and solving both regional and global environmental problems, rational use of natural resources, preserving public health and reducing the impact of environmental pollution on human health, and using environmental relations to solve other tasks of state policy. To achieve these goals, it is necessary, first of all, to solve a number of important tasks:

• · development, improvement and development by the population of methods of rational use of natural resources, as well as environmentally friendly production methods;
• · Formation in society of a system of environmental value and understanding of the limited nature of natural resources;
• · education of the population with awareness of the strategy of global sustainable development;
• · development of a system for the safe disposal of waste;
• Ensuring food security and improving food quality;
• · reducing the risk of natural and man-made disasters.

To solve the above tasks, the state needs to develop a clear environmental policy, as well as contribute to the financial and material support for the study of the state of the environment and biological diversity, the creation of an effective monitoring system for the state of the environment and its components, the development of methods for monitoring the production activities of economic entities, financing and supporting the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies by companies.

One of the areas of environmental policy is also to reduce the damage caused to the natural environment from anthropogenic activities. Such damage can be divided into calculated and imputed damage.

Calculated damage includes economic and socio-economic types of damage. Economic damage is the cost of the state to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes, the loss of society as a result of a lack of results from forestry, industrial and agricultural activities, a decrease in productivity and, as a result, an increase in the food problem, the costs of maintaining and restoring balance in ecosystems, loss of fuel, raw materials and materials.

Socio-economic damage includes the costs of preserving recreational resources, an increase in the number of people suffering from chronic diseases, as well as the consequences of population migration caused by environmental degradation.

The imputed damage is an increase in pathological changes in the human body, an increase in the number of people who suffer from allergies since childhood, as well as aesthetic damage caused to the population from changes in the appearance of surrounding landscapes due to environmental pollution.

The correct interpretation of the economic damage from environmental problems is necessary in almost all areas of economic activity. It allows assessing the efficiency of the economy of a region or a country as a whole, and also contributes to the development of market mechanisms for monitoring the state of the environment, such as environmental insurance. The lack of a qualitative assessment of environmental damage leads to the fact that nature management is excluded from the list of factors that determine the overall efficiency of the economy.

Environmental policy of the enterprise(of an organization) is an enterprise statement of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance, which serves as the basis for action and for setting targets and targets. The company's top management determines the environmental policy of the enterprise. Top management may consist of an individual or group of individuals with administrative responsibility for the organization.

Shown in fig. 3.2 the management system model reflects the basic principles of the enterprise's environmental policy.

1.Commitments and Policies. The enterprise must define its environmental policy and commit itself to an environmental management system. In doing so, one should start with what brings obvious benefits, for example, by limiting the root causes leading to liability for a violation, or by using raw materials and materials more efficiently.

The environmental policy should reflect the commitment of top management to comply with applicable laws and continually improve the environmental management system. The policy creates the basis by which the enterprise sets its targets and targets. The policy should be clear enough to be understood by internal and external stakeholders; it should be reviewed and revised periodically to reflect changing conditions and information. The scope of the policy must be clearly identifiable.

2.Planning. The enterprise must develop a plan for the implementation of its environmental policy. At the same time, the elements of environmental management include: identification of environmental aspects and related environmental impacts; requirements of legislative acts; environmental policy; internal and external criteria for assessing environmental performance, etc.

3.Implementation. For the purpose of effective implementation, the enterprise must create the opportunities and develop support mechanisms necessary for the implementation of its environmental policy and the achievement of targets and planned indicators. In order to achieve the targets, the enterprise must focus its employees, systems, strategy, resources and structure on this, develop a system of responsibility and accountability.

4.Change and evaluation. The enterprise must measure, control and evaluate its environmental performance. One of the main instruments of control is environmental audit.

5. Analysis and improvement. An enterprise must analyze and continuously improve its environmental management system in order to improve its overall environmental performance. The management of the enterprise should review the environmental management system at regular intervals to ensure its continued effectiveness and compliance with existing parameters. The analysis should be broad in order to take into account the degree of environmental impact of all activities, products or services of the organization, including their impact on the financial side of the activity and possible competitiveness.

In terms of real activity, the environmental management system will carry out this process in the form of a cycle depicted in Fig. 3.4.

Environmental management should be based on the principles of eco-efficiency and eco-justice. Under eco-efficiency is understood as such an organization of versatile environmental activities, which allows not only to reduce the corresponding costs and expenses, but also to obtain additional profit. Principles environmental justice are manifested in the awareness of the company's management of moral responsibility for the negative impact on the environment and the irrational use of natural resources.

In a narrower concept, environmental management is the management of environmental protection and nature management activities and includes:

legal and economic mechanisms of environmental protection;

control system;

activities of the company's specialists (and its management) in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.

At a seminar on environmental management held in September 2000 in the Vladimir region (the city of Gus-Khrustalny), it was proposed that the following principles of the Charter of Entrepreneurial Activity be guided by the implementation of the environmental management system:

Corporate priorities;

Integrated management systems;

Step by step improvement;

Staff training;

Preliminary estimate;

Attention to products and services;

Accounting for customer needs;

Attention to processes and platforms in general;

Research programs;

Providence in everything;

Work with suppliers and contractors;

Emergency preparedness;

Transfer of advanced technologies;

Contribution to the common cause;

Openness, willingness to discuss;

Compliance with established requirements and reporting.

Since the environmental management system is part of the overall management mechanism of an organization (enterprise), it should strive to achieve a specific goal, using a certain mechanism and performing certain functions. So, purpose environmental management (like any other) is to achieve the desired results, i.e. a certain state of the environment, and it is the state of the environment that is an object management.

Mechanism environmental management - a set of means of influencing both the formation of the actual environmental situation and the possible environmental consequences of human activities. BUT functions environmental management - a set of various activities that are necessary to manage environmental processes.

So uh environmental policy- publicly declared principles and commitments related to the environmental aspects of the enterprise and provide a basis for establishing its environmental goals and objectives, including:

conscious use in the practical activities of the enterprise of the foundations of modern environmental culture and environmental ethics; shared responsibility; contribution to sustainable development;

environmental feasibility;

civilized business;

voluntary extension of the environmental obligations of the enterprise in relation to all persons and parties interested in the environmental aspects of its activities;

health protection and environmental safety of personnel and the population in the zone of influence of the enterprise; environmental impact assessment;

support for environmental scientific research and environmental education and awareness, including school environmental education; development of voluntary environmental insurance;

achievement of economic efficiency of ongoing environmental activities;

improving the quality of products and services through the development of environmental activities;

development of cleaner production; minimization of negative impact on the environment;

prevention of negative impact on the environment in the sources of its formation; rational use of resources;

independent assessment of the results of the environmental activities of the enterprise (implementation of systematic environmental auditing);

informing, motivating and involving all personnel in the environmental activities of the enterprise;

mandatory documentation by the enterprise of environmental activities and detailed voluntary reporting on the results of activities (“green reporting” of the enterprise); active cooperation with all persons and parties interested in the environmental aspects of the enterprise, including the environmental community; cooperation with the media;

compliance with the current environmental legislation, environmental norms and rules; development and use of own environmental standards and rules that supplement government requirements.

Implementation of an environmental management system at the enterprise

Regardless of the type of production and the nature of the activity, an enterprise (organization) acts as an indirect element that determines a certain connection between itself and its environment, while there is an exchange of various kinds of information: energy, material, etc. at all stages of economic activity. The enterprise is the main element influencing environmental pollution as a result of human economic activity.

Environmental management at an enterprise is also the art of making effective management decisions in order to improve the environmental performance of an enterprise.

Consider the scheme of the process of implementing the environmental management system at the enterprise, shown in fig. 3.5.

Suppose the top management of a certain enterprise decided to introduce an environmental management system. Motives for such a decision may be the following:

creation of conditions for the development of the quality management system;

control of environmental aspects;

compliance with legal requirements;

improving environmental performance;

the possibility of entering the foreign market, etc.

A prerequisite for the creation of an environmental management system is a preliminary environmental assessment - an objective and necessarily independent, based on systematic approaches and a documented assessment of the initial situation at the enterprise (at the time of the implementation of the environmental management system) with the subsequent development of recommendations for its improvement. It is understood that the environmental management system is integrated with the overall management system of the organization.

The purpose of such an assessment is to collect data on the state of the environment necessary for further work and analyze them. In this case, the obtained characteristics are considered "initial" or "zero", with which the data obtained in subsequent time periods are compared.

This assessment includes research and analysis of the following elements:

applying and documenting the necessary procedures;

compliance of the enterprise's activities with legislative and regulatory requirements;

proposed environmental policy of the enterprise;

use of raw and auxiliary materials;

impact on the environment and environmental aspects of activities;

areas of high risk and preparedness for emergency situations;

interaction of the enterprise with stakeholders, etc.

The next stage is the development of environmental policy. In this situation, this is a special document about the intentions and principles of the organization, which should serve as the basis for the actions of the organization and the definition of environmental goals and objectives. The environmental policy should be appropriate to the scale, nature and environmental impacts created by the activities, products and services of the company. The document must be brought to the attention of all employees of the organization and be available to the public.

Taking into account significant environmental impacts, legislative and other requirements, the organization should develop environmental goals and objectives. An environmental goal is the overall environmentally significant goal of an organization's activities, established by the organization's environmental policy, the degree of achievement of which is assessed where practicable. An environmental objective is a detailed requirement regarding the environmental performance of an organization as a whole or its subdivisions, which follows from the established environmental goal of the organization's activities and is to be met in order to achieve this goal. Moreover, the goal is the expected result of solving problems or using now missed opportunities, and the tasks are the stages of eliminating the causes that cause this particular problem.

Goals and objectives should be as quantifiable as possible. They should be based on the environmental policy and defined for each function and level of the organization. Their formulation should also take into account the views of “stakeholders” (which means any groups and citizens whose interests are affected by the environmental aspects of the enterprise, or are concerned about these aspects).

To achieve the set goals, the organization develops an environmental management program, which determines the responsible persons, means and deadlines for achieving the goals and objectives. Programs should be reviewed regularly to reflect changing goals and objectives of the organization.

For the implementation of programs, certain procedures are developed and priorities are determined at the enterprise. The organization shall monitor or measure key parameters of those activities that may have a significant impact on the environment.

The procedures should cover all aspects of the enterprise, from the moment raw materials are received to the sale of the finished product; all aspects that in one way or another can lead to an impact on the environment. They may concern not only traditional technologies, but also the procedure for informing and training personnel, and the relationship with external stakeholders. The general list of specific procedures to be documented is established by the enterprise independently.

Environmental indicators characterize the production process, including the main and auxiliary activities. They characterize the functioning of the environmental management system and the activities of management to improve the system. In addition, they reflect information about local, regional, global environmental conditions or the state of the environment at the current time.

A number of requirements for personnel training, as well as for preparing for emergency situations, must be met.

In order to determine compliance with the criteria of ISO 14001, a periodic audit of the environmental management system should be carried out. Such an audit can be both internal and external, and its results are mandatory reported to the company's management. The procedure for such control will be discussed in subsequent chapters.

The management of the organization should periodically review the operation of the environmental management system for its adequacy and effectiveness. Necessary changes in environmental policy, objectives and other elements of the EMS must be considered. This should take into account the results of the audit, changing circumstances and the desire for “continuous improvement”. In general, the requirements of the standard are based on an open cycle “plan - implement - check - review the plan”.

All procedures, their results, monitoring data, etc. must be documented.

The environmental policy of any modern state is created and formed in order to preserve nature. It is not surprising that a threat of a worldwide catastrophe has arisen over humanity, which can be solved only through the development and implementation of competent management decisions.

Objectives of environmental policy

The state policy of the Russian Federation is of great importance not only for our country, but also for the benefit of all mankind as a whole. That is why any concept of this industry pursues the solution of the following tasks:

• Preservation of the country's natural resources and ecological systems, paying special attention to supporting the vital activity of rare species of animals and plant varieties. Also, the sphere of environmental regulation includes the function of life support for the sustainable development of modern society.
• The environmental policy of Russia is aimed not only at the preservation and provision of an optimal life for animals, but is also focused on improving the quality of life of the population.
• Reforms in this area concern both society as a whole and the individual. Thus, solving environmental problems, the state tries to direct all its efforts to improve the health of the people, as well as the demographic situation in each region.
• One of the most extensive and long-term tasks is to ensure the country's natural security, protect the population from various risks, both natural and man-made.

Any goal that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology is concerned with is mandatory indicated in the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation.

Legal framework for program development

The fundamentals of environmental policy are based on the needs of modern society. However, their regulatory consolidation allows you to clearly define the goals and objectives necessary for implementation. When forming and developing this or that provision, the socio-demographic situation of the state is necessarily taken into account.

Most environmental reforms are enshrined in the following legal acts:

• The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development, which involves the proclamation of the fundamental principles and principles necessary for the successful protection and protection of the environment.
• National Action Plan for Environmental Protection.
• State strategy of Russia for environmental protection.
• Other laws and regulations.

The main directions of the state environmental policy

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology has identified the following areas of development for the state:

• Scientific problem solving. In the concept of environmental protection, the first provision is the use of new technologies and unique patented developments in production. Thus, it is necessary to gradually organize the constant re-equipment of enterprises and institutions that are harmful to the environment. This provision shows the need to reduce the amount of harmful emissions, as well as the reduction of pollutants.
• The second object of the reform is the effective purification of drinking water in Russia suitable for human consumption. The solution to the problem is achieved through the use of groundwater, as well as through the search for new clean reservoirs, the organization of a thorough purification of already used sources.
• The regional environmental policy of the subjects of the state is aimed at better treatment of domestic wastewater.
• Involvement in the production turnover of the waste of the enterprise in the maximum amount.
• The direction of the main forces of the state to clean up the lands of those areas where the risk of aerogenic pollution is significantly high due to industrial-type enterprises.
• The environmental safety policy is aimed at ensuring maximum environmental safety when transporting oil products and other substances that adversely affect nature.
• Preservation of natural areas with unique flora and fauna. Prevention of extinction of rare species of animals and plants. Assistance in saving species, as well as creating conditions for their further reproduction.
• Regular statistical research in order to obtain information necessary for the successful implementation of policies in the field of nature management and environmental protection.
• Organization of environmental education, places of education and culture of citizens. Formation of ecological consciousness in each individual and society as a whole.

The list of tasks assigned to the state and society is not limited to these points, since there is an incredible number of problems in the field of environmental protection. Here it is also important to take into account that the environmental policy of the Russian Federation is being developed in direct connection with the policies of world organizations and commonwealths of states.

Clearly defined policy objectives

To date, the Ministry of Ecology is developing many regulations aimed at implementing a program called "Environmental Protection and Hygiene".

The purpose of the new project is to implement a number of environmental measures in the near future: improving the environmental situation, increasing natural safety, as well as constant monitoring of the sanitary and technical condition of both the environment and the public. Therefore, at this stage of development, the following tasks are considered:

The result of the implementation of the environmental protection policy

The Ministry of Ecology in the program for the conservation of natural resources defines not only the goals and objectives, but also indicates the overall achievable results. As a result of the implementation of the policy enshrined in the concept of environmental protection, the following tasks should be performed:

• Improving the environmental safety of areas associated with the extraction, transportation, processing of harmful and hazardous materials. These include working with oil, chemicals, nuclear processes, and so on.
• Determination of clear system guidelines for the rapid elimination of emergencies, strengthening measures to eliminate the products of disasters, preventing the occurrence of emergencies associated with a high environmental hazard.

What results have we achieved?

Do not think that the policy of environmental safety exists only on paper. Like any other legal act, the concept of environmental safety development is intended to be implemented in practice. The document is the basis for the creation of a reliably functioning system for the protection of the ecological and natural environment. Since the concept has been operating for the last decade, the following results have been achieved:

• The state network of observation stations carried out a number of studies, according to which sea water and bottom sediments were sampled. The data obtained are being studied by the leading specialists of the Research Institute for the removal of a drug that purifies water molecules.
• Across the country, environmentalists are conducting large-scale research to identify refined petroleum products, the number of which must be quickly reduced. It is important to pay attention to the percentage of heavy metals in the fertile soil layer.
• Direct environmental problems are also solved. A number of enterprises were eliminated and liquidated, carrying a high degree of danger to the environment of nearby areas, including populated ones. Eliminate other sources of negative impact.
• Further projects to improve the policy have been prepared.

Special developments

Thanks to the operation of general regulations governing environmental protection activities, specialized projects are created aimed at eliminating local problems. Thus, the implementation of environmental policy consists in the creation of legal documents that are mandatory for execution; selection of specialists and control of their activities, as well as the direct elimination of problems; development of directions of activity for solving problems in the future.

At the local level, all special developments that have been created by large-scale scientific institutions of the state are being implemented.

Ministry of Natural Resources: briefly about the main

Any environmental policy of the Russian Federation is created, developed and ultimately implemented only thanks to the functioning of the main environmental body - the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. It is a federal body belonging to the executive branch of government. The Ministry of this type is authorized to carry out state regulation in the field of conservation and protection of nature, in the field of the use of natural resources of the environment, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

The state body for nature protection can, both independently and in cooperation with legislative authorities, develop and approve normative legal acts. In addition, the Ministry is able to exert significant influence on the approval, amendment and other transactions with federal constitutional laws, government acts, presidential decrees, and so on.

Work areas: initial activity

The Ministry of Natural Resources is called upon to carry out its activities in several directions, the first of which is land resources. Now there are a large number of environmental problems associated with subsoil, soil and other land resources. State environmental policy is aimed at conducting a thorough geological study. In addition, this area of ​​activity includes the rational use of land resources. So, for example, it is important to follow the cultivation of crops in one area for several decades; it is important to limit the release of harmful products of production on the soil surface, and so on.

The second area of ​​work of the Ministry is the protection of water bodies. This category also includes the rational use of natural resources. The state body is authorized to monitor the optimal and safest construction of reservoirs, as well as water management systems for various purposes. The state budget allocates funds for the construction of protective complexes and hydraulic structures that ensure safety.

Fields of activity: world level

Every modern schoolchild knows that an ecological catastrophe is one of the world's problems. That is why the Ministry of Environmental Protection is called upon to actively participate in the development of world policy to protect the planet Earth. This area of ​​activity includes the following:

• Preserve flora and fauna. And we are talking not only about endangered species, but also about representatives that bring great benefits to the environment. It is also important not to overlook the provision of optimal conditions for the development of each variety and any species.
• By creating national parks and reserves, to protect a significant natural area as much as possible.
• Allocate the necessary amount of air purification products, as well as prevent its further pollution.
• In the event of a danger on the territory of one of the countries, provide maximum support and provide the necessary assistance.
• Get rid of harmful production waste. Reduce the use of radioactive elements, as well as not test new developments due to the possible threat of destruction of the flora and fauna living on the site.
• Gradually improve the economic mechanism for regulating the impact on the environment. To introduce new developments in the protection and protection of the environment into practical activities. Make data available to the public for use by other countries in order to eliminate the environmental catastrophe of the world scale.