PRESENT
Verbs in the present tense show that the action is taking place at the moment of speech: Vesela shines for a month over the village. White snow sparkles with a blue light (I. Nikitin).
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always: After winter comes spring. The earth rotates around its axis. Maternal affection knows no end (proverb).
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
PAST TENSE
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech: Late autumn. The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty (N. Nekrasov).
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense: I was returning home from the station yesterday, walking along a dark street. Suddenly I see: at the lantern something turns white.
Verbs in the past tense are formed from an indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-: build - built, built, built; work - worked, worked, worked.
Verbs in an indefinite form in -ch, -ty, -way (imperfect form) form the past tense singular masculine without the suffix -l-: take care - take care / but take care of), carry - carried (but carried), bake - baked / but baked), dry - dry / but dried), etc.
From the verb to go, the past tense went, went, went; from the verb find the past tense found, found, found; from the verb grow - grew, grew, grew, grew.
Verbs of the past tense change by numbers (told - told), and in the singular - by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.
You should remember the correct stress in the past tense of the verbs: took, took, took, took; was, was, bylo, byli; took, took, took, took; drove, drove, rotten, gpamp; whether; lived, lived, lived, lived; occupied, occupied, zynyalo, zynyali; filed, give, give, give, give; pokimil, understood, understand; swam, ply. plamp; lo, plamp; whether; raised, raised. lifted; arrived, arrived, arrived; accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted; took away, took away.
FUTURE
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech: You will see what kind of person he is! You will immediately fall in love with him and make friends with him, my dear! (A. Chekhov); I will go home now and feed myself with hope (A. Chekhov).
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The form of the future compound imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: I will draw, I will try. From perfective verbs, the future tense is simple (I will read), from imperfective verbs - the future tense is compound (I will read).
The form of the future simple perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the form of the present tense: open, open, open, open, open, open; learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn. In the future simple, verbs have the same personal endings as imperfective verbs in the present tense.
More on the topic TIME VERB:
- 16. Verb as part of speech; features of the morphemic structure and inflection of the verb. The system of lexico-grammatical categories and morphological categories of the verb
- 11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood forms and tense of the verb.
- 46. Communion. Verb signs. Proximity to app. Meaning and image. General participle. Signs, functions. View and time. Transitions. and adv.
- § 48. Grammatical opposition of past and non-past tense forms. Past tense as a strong category in the tense system of the Russian verb
- § 48. Grammatical opposition of past and non-past forms. Past tense as a strong category in the tense system of the Russian verb
Instruction
So now practice. Verbs can change by number, and in the singular - also by gender. Moreover, they do not have several forms of faces. For the speech formation of the past tense, it is necessary to use the infinitive stem or the past tense stem with the suffix -l, which change by gender and number. For example: "He talked a lot and passionately and attracted listeners", "She said interesting things and attracted listeners" and "They spoke out of order and attracted an audience."
Moreover, in the form of the masculine singular, the only indicator of gender and number is zero: “Last time he was soaked through”, “He prudently warned others about the danger”, “He faithfully guarded the catch”, “The man was very cold and constantly trembling” and "The old one was suddenly deaf and didn't move."
It is also interesting that the historical formation of the past tense, according to the opinion of a large number of linguists, goes back to the perfect participle, which has the suffix -l and is used in the perfect with the present tense and with the help of the auxiliary verb "to be".
Related videos
In Russian, two forms of verbs in the future tense are separated. This future is simple or synthetic and the future is complex or analytical. In addition, and depending on belonging to the first or second category, future tense verbs change in just two ways.
The present
The present tense has several functions in Russian. The first is to determine the permanent properties of an object or person. For example, "Water boils at 100 degrees." Secondly, the present tense serves to express potentialities. For example, "A cheetah develops a speed of more than a hundred kilometers per hour." Thirdly, it fixes the action at the moment of its commission. To the question: “What are you now?”, You can answer: “I am reading a book”, “My dishes”, etc. The fourth functional feature of the present tense is the nomination of an action that is repeated from time to time, constantly, periodically, sometimes, etc. As an example, "I go to school", "Auntie watches a series", "They meet friends on Saturdays". There is another transpositional property of the verb in the present tense - the transmission of a thought directed to the future by the forms of the present. This time is called the present in the future. For example, the verb "going" in the context: "I'm going to Paris."
The future tense in Russian expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech. According to the method of shaping, it is divided into simple and complex. Simple tense is formed with the help of affixes (suffixes and endings) according to its inflectional class. For example, “I will read”, “translate”, “I will go”. The compound tense additionally uses the verb "to be" to form a form. When conjugating the verb in the future tense, only the form of the additional verb changes - "I will dream", "you will dream", "he / she will dream", "we will dream", "you will dream" and "they will dream".
The future tense can have a variety of meanings and tasks. It is often used in proverbs and sayings. For example, "As it comes around, it will respond." The future simple can function in the present: “I can’t understand what’s wrong with it,” “I can’t find the keys in any way.” With the same success, the future is also present in terms of the past tense: “It used to sit down, pick up the button accordion and start a sad song.”
Past
The past tense does not undergo such temporal transpositions. It expresses an action that preceded the moment of speech. Formation depends on whether the verb is perfect or imperfect. The imperfect past expresses the action as a fact: "walked", "slumbered", "struggled".
The perfect action, firstly, states the completeness of the process: "I went", "dozed off". Secondly, it determines the order of actions performed: “First I woke up, washed my face, and went to work.” The third function of the past perfect reinforces the result of the past action in the present: "I saw this movie and now I can talk about it." Multiplicity and repetition are characteristic of both the perfect and the imperfect past.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.
During the night the weather became noisy, the river was agitated, and the torch burned out in the peasant's smoky hut. The children are asleep, the hostess is dozing, the husband is lying on the floor, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)
Words: knocking, howling, rustling, agitated, burned out, listening- indicate the actions of the subject. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the state of the object. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is done with it? The student (what is he doing?) reads the story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.
Verb change.
A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.
I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).
The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.
In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.
For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked (feminine), something knocked (neuter), we knocked (myopic number).
Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs can end with -sya or Verbs ending in t-cya (-s) are called recursive. after consonants and th used -sya, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, washed - washed, wash - wash, mine - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.
The role of the verb in the sentence.
In a sentence, the verb is usually the predicate. The verb predicate denotes the action or state of the object that is the subject in this sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.
We boldly rush to the enemy; after us, the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.
We rush. Predicate rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.
The cavalry rushed off. Predicate rushed consistent with subject cavalry in gender and number.
Indefinite form or infinitive
The verb has a special form, which only names the action, by itself does not indicate either tense, or number, or person, and therefore is called the indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The indefinite form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?
The indefinite form of the verb ends in -ty, -ty: build, carry. There is a special group of verbs with an indefinite form in -who. For verbs in -whose stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can-can, bake-bake, shore-protect. Here we find alternation G And To with sound h.
Letter b in an indefinite form is preserved in front of the particle -sya: build - build, protect - beware.
Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. Therefore, she does not indicate the time and face. In our language, there are still several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (n.), pies oven (vb.); big leak (n.), water stopped flowing (v.); old noble nobility (n.), I want to know a lot (v.).
Types of verbs.
Verbs can be imperfective and perfective.
1. Imperfect verbs show an unfinished action or a repetitive action: work, shout, sleep, buy, take, throw, drop in.
Imperfective verbs form the future tense by means of an auxiliary verb: i Will work.
Note. About verbs denoting only a repeated action, they say that they belong to the multiple type if there is a verb with a long meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (poi walk), sit (when sitting).
2. Perfective verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.
Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has for them the meaning of the future: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.
Note. About perfective verbs, which denote an action that happened only once, they say that they refer to the one-time aspect. These are especially the verbs with the suffix -way, which keep it in the past tense: jump when jumping (cf. jumped), spit, when spitting (cf. spat), shout at shouting (cf. shouted).
The formation of verb types.
Most simple verbs are imperfective: carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, become, child, and a number of verbs ~it: buy, quit, finish, let go, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be perfect.
Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: hurt, marry
This includes many verbs -to and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.
Compound verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases refer to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are compound, formed from verbs carry, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, take out, take out, go out (but in & wear, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); to bring in, to demolish (but to bring in a shirt, to demolish boots, etc. will be perfect).
I. From almost every perfective verb, you can form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start - start, bring - bring, etc.
The main way to form imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant in a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, lubricate - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - rise, jump - bounce, push - push out, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, dung - manure, lure - snuggle, feed - to feed, accumulate - accumulate etc.
Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after hissing) with the same changes in the final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, generate - generate, illuminate - illuminate, arrange - draw up, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish, finish, decide, decide, surround - surround and so on.
The third way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, start - start.
2. The fourth way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -va-, used when the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (give), find out (learn) - learn (learn).
Notes.
II. From simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is formed either by means of the suffix -Well-(one-time verbs): jump - jump, shout - shout etc. or through the so-called "empty" prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (ob-), po-, s-, on-, etc.: to grow stronger - to get stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.
However, from most simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is not formed: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs greet, attend, attend and some others.
The alternation of vowels in the formation of species.
Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowels in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, ignite - ignite.
Table of alternation of vowels in the roots of the verb in the formation of species.
Verb tenses.
The present tense of the verb means that the action takes place simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.
1. The wind walks on the sea and the boat drives. He runs himself in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And the caravans of ships sail under the scarlet flag from the midday seas along the concrete canal.
The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches for the light source. 2. A person breathes with lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
The past tense means that the action happened before the moment of speaking. They defeated the chieftains, dispersed the governor, and in the Pacific Ocean they finished their campaign.
The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speaking. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand with our chest for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat and we will beat.
Two stems of the verb.
There are two stems in the verb: the stem of the indefinite form and the stem of the present tense.
To highlight the basis of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -ty, -ty, for example: write-ty carry.
The basis of the present tense is distinguished if the personal ending is discarded from the verb of the present tense or the future simple, for example: write-ut, carry-ut, say-ut.
All verb forms are formed from these two stems.
Changing verbs for persons and numbers.
Verbs in the present and future tense change in person and number.
The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, I read, I study.
The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, you read, you study.
The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one they are talking about: he, she works, reads, studies.
In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to several persons: work (we), work (you), work (they).
Present tense.
Personal endings.
Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (et), -eat (-eat), -ete (-ete) 3 -ut (-yut) are called verbs of the first conjugation.
Verbs with endings -ish, -yoke, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.
For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (-s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I drink - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe,
Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants in front of personal endings: shore - you save (m - f); teku - you flow (k - n) - in the verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you drive (w - h); I sit - you sit (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - you are sad (u - st): I love - you love (6l-"6); I catch - you catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - n); feed - feed (ml - m); graph - graph (fl - f) - in the verbs of the second conjugation.
Spelling of personal verb endings.
In the ending of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w a letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.
The letter b is preserved in the 2nd person singular in those cases when a particle is attached to the end of the verb -ss-rushing, studying, swimming.
3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into - be 3rd person singular and plural present tense -tsya. It must be remembered that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) labors(3rd person).
Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugations.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation differ by ear if the stress falls on personal endings.
You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.
Hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry-:2nd conjugation.
If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of the verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations almost do not differ by ear. For example: stabbing - sawing, stabbing - sawing. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:
1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings that have an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - build, build; love, love, love (except for the verb shave, shave, shave).
2. Seven verbs in -et: look, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twirl.
3. Four verbs on -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.
These verbs have no present tense suffixes in the 1st person of the singular -e-, -a-: look - look, see - see, breathe - breathe, hear - hear. Compare: blush - blush(verb of the 1st conjugation, suffix -e- is present in the base) and answer - answer(also of the 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- in the base).
All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Note. Prefixed verbs belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs from which they are derived: sleep - sleep, endure - carry. (I. Utkin.)
Irregular verbs.
Verbs want and run are called heterogeneous. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;
Singular Plural.
I want to run we want to run
do you want to run do you want to run
he wants / runs they want to run
Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:
I eat ladies we eat we give
you eat give you eat give
he eats will give they eat will give
Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.
Note. In Old Russian, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are seme, you are, you are, he is, they are
In the modern literary language, only forms of the 3rd person have been preserved: there is less essence.
Past tense.
The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with present tense endings: I read, you read, he reads).
The verb in the past tense in the singular changes by gender: the ship has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.
There is no generic ending in the masculine gender, c. the feminine gender ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.
In the plural, the past tense verb does not change by gender and has the ending -i. Compare: the students read-and - the students read-and.
The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-t-bezyua-l, walk-t - walk-l, build-t - build-l. Before suffix -l the vowel that stands in an indefinite form before –t: see-saw, hear-heard.
In the masculine gender, after a consonant sound at the end of a word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried, carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -sya or -s: took, took care: took, took care; took care of; took care of.
Notes.
Later auxiliary verb be started skipping. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, i.e., a verbal adjective, which retained its generic endings.
verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the full are such adjectives as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare skillful), etc.
Future
The future tense is simple and complex. For verbs of the perfective form, the future tense is simple: do - do, decide - decide. The future compound occurs in imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.
The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: do, decide - do, decide; do, decide; will decide.
The future compound is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do, I will decide. Verb be, with which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.
The use of tenses.
In our speech, we sometimes use one tense in the meaning of another.
1. The present tense is sometimes used in the sense of the past: the past is told as if it is now passing before one's eyes. This helps to visualize what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking down a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: at the nearest lantern something is getting dark.
2. The present tense is used in the meaning of the future. For greater liveliness, we speak of the future as if it were already taking place. Often I draw a picture of my future life: I finish school, enter a university, study in the winter, and in the summer I will certainly go on an excursion.
3. We use the future simple tense in the sense of the past when we talk about what has been repeated many times.
I remember that my old comrade would come to me in the evening, sit down beside me and begin to talk about his travels to the far north.
The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word happened. In winter, it used to be that on a dead night we would lay a daring troika ... (P.)
4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I went closer to the girl, and she screamed.
Impersonal verbs.
A special group of verbs are impersonal verbs.
Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (darkness, freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, I remember, I think).
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an actor. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.
Impersonal verbs do not change in persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only the neuter form: evening - evening, dusk - dusk, fever - fever.
Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, shivering, freezing, were once private. This was in those distant times, when people still did not know how to fight with nature, believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained by the action of these mysterious forces both various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing they thought that both fever and frost were the effects of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition: I take (what?) a book, I see off (who?) my sister.
The rest of the verbs are intransitive: I lie down, I sleep, I walk, I run, I do (what?), I hope (for what?).
Notes.
Meaning of reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: raise (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).
Note. There are some verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I drink. There are, on the contrary, such verbs that are used only as reflexive: afraid, laughing, admiring, working.
Particle -sya in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.
a) Particle -sya denotes only the intransitivity of the action, i.e., such an action that is not directed to any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.
b) Particle -sya gives the verb a proper reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (whom?) the child and bathe (i.e., bathe oneself).
c) Particle -sya gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action takes place between two or more actors or objects. With these verbs, you can ask with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.
d) Particle -sya gives the verb a passive meaning .. With these verbs, you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded (with what?) by water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.
e) Particle -sya gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, in addition to someone else's will. These verbs can be used to ask questions. to whom? what? For example: can’t sleep (who?) to me (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t feel like it, I think.
Note. Origin of verbs -sya. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, a short form of wines could be used. pad. units h. reflexive pronoun sya (i.e., yourself). For example, bathe(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, sya was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places in the sentence, that is, in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).
Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and, finally, merged with it into one word. At the same time, the verb became intransitive from transitive. ¦
Compare: wash (whom? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (whom? or what?) and dress (yourself).
Inclinations.
The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that happened, is happening or will actually happen: I read - I read - I will read; read - read. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.
The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would: Would you come home early. If the weather had been fine yesterday, we would have gone boating.
The particle would be both after the verb and before it, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse rode along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.
The imperative mood denotes an order, a command, as well as a request, a wish. Imperative verbs are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work - work, cook - cook.
The formation of the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is formed from the basis of the present tense in two ways.
For some verbs, the ending is added to the basis of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take out-ut-take out, scream-ut - shout.
In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the basis of the present tense. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:
1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), drop (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), cook (ready-yat);
2) to hissing (on a letter b): cut (dir-ut), hide (hide-ut), comfort (comfort-at);
3) on th; read, write, draw.
In the 2nd person plural. number is added ending -te: go-go, quit-quit, read-read, hide-hide.
The imperative mood from reflexive verbs in the code has a particle -sya or -s: Look after - look, look; look - look, look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Drop it, drop it, drop it; throw - throw, throw.
Sometimes a particle is attached to the imperative -ka. This particle usually softens the order, gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick chestnuts in the garden. Come here
Note. To express the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We will decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or denote a polite appeal to one person.
To express the 3rd person of the imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (P.) Let the face burn like the dawn in the morning.
Changing inclinations.
In Russian, one mood can be used in the meaning of another.
The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the union if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had said earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five mules late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)
In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Would you like someone to sing to us. Such turns express a request, advice, a polite offer.
Often in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent / Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses an insistent and strict command.
Verb suffixes.
From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense, these suffixes are replaced by suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-talk - talk, grief - grieve - grieve.
Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using the suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-haired - gray-haired (with the meaning of becoming gray-haired), beast - grow wild - beast (with the meaning of become beast) or with the help of the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense - / o): white - whiten - whiten (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).
Verbs are also formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -a-(t): carpenter - carpentry; wise guy - to be smart (with a change to h).
Suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly with verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.
Spelling of verb suffixes.
To distinguish between unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from suffixes -yv-(at), -iv-(at), must form 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. present tense numbers ending in -yu-, -yuyu-, then й in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovate (-oval), -evat (-eval): I advise, advised, advise; mourn, mourn, mourn.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -ivayu-, then in an indefinite form ", and in the past tense it is necessary to write -yat (-yval), -yvat (-yval): show - show, showed; arrange - arrange, arrange
Notes.
Particle spelling ns verbs
Negation Not written separately with the verb.
The exception is those verbs that are not used without not. For example: resent, hate.
If verbs missing and lacking denote a lack of something, they are written together: My comrade lacks (i.e., he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (i.e., he does not have) endurance in his work.
Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching anything - is written separately: The child does not reach the table with his hand:
Verb lacks- in the sense of not taking, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but no one is grabbed by the legs
