Measles rubella vaccine per year vaccine. Preventive vaccination against serious diseases. Measles is a disease with consequences

Today, a certain proportion of parents say that they do not see the need to vaccinate their children. But today, the diseases against which vaccinations are given have by no means become any less serious or dangerous.

According to the vaccination schedule, a child is given a vaccine against three serious diseases a year - measles, rubella and mumps, commonly called “mumps”.

About diseases

Measles is a viral disease transmitted by airborne droplets. The temperature rises to 39 degrees, and sometimes even higher. The condition is quite serious, there is a runny nose and conjunctivitis. A characteristic sign of measles is a white rash on the mucous membranes of the cheeks, then it spreads to the whole body. At first, the disease occurs as an acute respiratory viral infection. But after a few days the situation worsens, the temperature rises and a rash appears.

Up to one year of age, babies rarely get measles; they are protected by the immunity they receive from their mother. But measles is especially difficult for children under 3 years of age and adults. The disease is transmitted to contact persons in 95% of cases.

Complications after measles can be different, ranging from otitis media to encephalitis. After measles, a temporary state of immunodeficiency develops, that is, the body is not able to protect itself from infections, which is fraught with secondary diseases.

Rubella is a viral disease. In childhood, rubella is tolerated better and easier than in adults. In the first few days, the temperature rises to 38 degrees, the lymph nodes become enlarged, and a rash appears on the limbs and sides of the body. The rash from rubella goes away after 5 days, and the disease subsides after 10 days. Rarely, complications of rubella such as encephalitis occur.

But the main danger of rubella is for unvaccinated pregnant women. If a woman becomes infected with rubella during pregnancy, this will most likely affect her child. Miscarriage, stillbirth, or the birth of a child with deformities and many pathologies are possible.

Mumps is a viral infection that affects the salivary glands near the ears and under the jaw, making it difficult for the patient to chew and swallow. Complications after mumps are dangerous. This may be pancreatitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis. The consequence of mumps in 5% of affected women can be oophoritis or inflammation of the ovaries. In 20-30% of sick men, mumps leads to the development of orchitis, that is, inflammation of the testicles. These diseases in certain cases lead to infertility. Mumps is a very dangerous disease in its consequences. It is easier to prevent mumps than to suffer from it.

All three of these diseases still occur today and you can get sick from them. But it is not possible to somehow prevent complications of the disease. Therefore, the only reliable remedy against these diseases is vaccination.

What vaccines are there for measles, rubella and mumps?

There are several types of vaccines against these diseases. It is difficult to predict which one will be better for the person being vaccinated. There is a domestically produced double vaccine against measles and mumps and an Indian monovalent vaccine against rubella; they are most often used for the corresponding vaccinations. Thus, the baby receives two vaccinations at once, the instructions allow this.

There is an imported Belgian triple vaccine Priorix, which is used for vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps at the same time. There are other similar foreign drugs. It is difficult to say which vaccine is better tolerated; a lot depends on the individual reaction of the recipient.

All of these vaccines are based on weak strains of viruses that will not cause disease, but can help the body develop lasting immunity against these diseases. As the instructions indicate, the drugs are available in dry powder form. Before use, they must be diluted; a solvent is included. After dilution, the medication should not be stored, warm or exposed to light. All this destroys the drug and makes it ineffective.

The instructions prescribe vaccination subcutaneously in the subscapular region of the back or in the shoulder. Children under 3 years old are given an injection in the outer thigh. These places have a weak fat layer, and if the drug gets into the fat, the vaccination will be useless. It is deposited there, that is, it simply remains, entering the circulatory system too slowly to obtain a sufficient effect. Revaccination is done upon reaching 6 years of age before going to school in case immunity against diseases has not been sufficiently developed.

The instructions say that there are some contraindications to vaccinations. These are the following restrictions.

Acute diseases and exacerbations of chronic diseases. You can get vaccinated for mild forms of ARVI or intestinal disorders, but if the body temperature is not elevated.
Pregnancy. The vaccination can be done no later than 3 months before possible pregnancy.
Allergy to previous administration of the drug.
After transfusion of blood products, vaccination can be given no earlier than 3 months after the transfusion procedure.

How the body might react

Most people tolerate the vaccine without any reaction at all. A normal local reaction to the vaccine is possible. This slight redness and swelling of the injection site is observed in 10% of vaccinated people.

A general reaction of the body is also possible. Body temperature may rise, lymph nodes become enlarged and painful, a runny nose, sore throat and a slight cough may appear. Joint pain and rash may occur. The reaction is most often delayed, that is, it appears 5-15 days after the vaccination. Any such reaction is normal and indicates that the body’s immunity is working; these are rather side effects. Let's look at all these reactions in more detail.

The temperature rises. It can even rise to 39-40 degrees. It is not touched up to 37.5-38 degrees if it is tolerated normally. If the temperature is very high, then it can be brought down with medications, there are a great variety of them.
A rash appeared. This is a normal reaction. A small reddish or pinkish rash that appears on the sides, arms or legs after vaccination is not dangerous and does not mean that the person is sick or contagious.
Pain in the joints after vaccination is more common the older the patient is. After 25 years, 25% of vaccinated people have this reaction.
Cough, runny nose, and slight sore throat after vaccination are not pathologies and will go away on their own in a couple of days without any special treatment.

Side effects are a normal response of the body against foreign strains. If such effects appear, they will soon pass without harm to the body, you don’t have to be afraid of them. Swimming is allowed if the procedure was tolerated without reactions.

Possible complications

It should be said that complications after an injection do occur, but this happens very rarely. But complications after an infection are much more common and can cause real health problems. The following manifestations can be noted as complications from the vaccine.

All kinds of allergic reactions, ranging from urticaria to anaphylactic shock. Exacerbation of existing allergic processes. Allergies develop to antibiotics contained in the drug. It can also be based on chicken egg white, which is also found in trace amounts in the medicine. And it is there because strains of measles, rubella and mumps are grown in a special nutrient medium, which also includes eggs.
Encephalitis and meningitis. Such complications rarely develop.
Pneumonia. Immunity from the injection is weakened, and if there were not fully treated, but suppressed diseases in the respiratory system, then they can worsen even to pneumonia.
A blood test reveals a decrease in the number of platelets, but this is temporary.
Myocarditis or inflammation of the heart muscle.
Abdominal pain. Caused by problems in the gastrointestinal tract. The vaccine dampens the immune system, and the problem gets worse at this time.
Glomerulonephritis.
Acute toxic shock syndrome. It develops if the administered vaccine is contaminated with staphylococci.

How to prepare for vaccination

If you are prone to allergies, then a few days before the injection you can prescribe antiallergic drugs.
If you have a chronic disease, a few days before, as well as 2 weeks after the procedure, maintenance therapy can be recommended to avoid exacerbation of the underlying disease.
Frequently ill children can be offered restoratives before the procedure.
During the 2 weeks following the vaccination, you must ensure that there is no contact with sick people.
There is no need to travel or start attending kindergarten at this time; it is better to wait for the time.

“In our time, it is necessary to get vaccinated as before, diseases have not disappeared,” says the famous doctor Komarovsky.

“After birth, babies are quite vulnerable and need protection, especially when it comes to infectious diseases that lead to undesirable consequences.” These are the words of A.V. Krivonozhko, an experienced pediatrician, Ph.D.

The benefits of vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps far outweigh the risks of complications and side effects from it. Therefore, it is better not to refuse vaccinations, so that irreparable and disastrous consequences do not arise later. Be healthy!

And yet this is a reaction to the vaccine. On the night from the 5th to the 6th day, the temperature rose to 39, brought it down with Nurofen 3 times, we slept better that night, there was no more than 38. Yesterday a spot appeared on the head, today a rash appeared on the head and face, the cough became milder. The nurse who diagnosed me warned about fever and runny nose, but the ambulance and our local police officer wrote it off as a cold. I scoured the entire Internet and the reaction described to this vaccine coincides exactly with ours. Why are doctors so afraid to admit this? I understand that most often children tolerate it normally, but we apparently fell into that 10-20% of vaccinated children.

From the Internet:

Side effects of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

After injection of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine, reactions appear within 5 to 15 days. This type of vaccination reaction is called delayed. The delay in reactions is due to the fact that the drug contains live, but greatly weakened measles, rubella and mumps viruses. After entering the human body, these viruses develop and provoke an immune response, the peak of which occurs 5–15 days after the injection.

Common side effects include:

Local reaction to vaccination. Soreness, hardness at the injection site, mild infiltration and tissue rigidity can develop on the first day after the injection. They go away on their own within a few days.

Fever. About 5-15% of people who have been vaccinated with any live measles virus vaccine will develop a fever with a very high temperature - this is normal, usually 5-15 days after vaccination. This usually lasts 1 or 2 days, but can last up to 5 days. The temperature reaction can be strong - up to 39 - 40C. But most often the temperature rises slightly. Very young children may experience seizures, which are not pathological but simply a consequence of too high a body temperature for 8-14 days after vaccination, but these are rare and almost never have long-term consequences.

Raising the temperature does not help the functioning of the immune system in any way, so it should be brought down. Best suited for this paracetamol , ibuprofen , nimesulide(incl. Nurofen , Nise and etc.). Antipyretic drugs can be used in the form of suppositories, syrups or tablets. It is recommended that children use candles to bring down low temperatures. If they do not help, then give syrups.

Cough. In the first few days, you may experience a slight cough and sore throat. This does not require treatment and goes away within a few days.

Rash. The rash may appear over the entire surface of the body, or only on certain parts. Most often, the rash is localized on the face, behind the ears, on the neck, on the arms, on the buttocks, and on the back of the child. The rash spots are very small, painted in various shades of pink, sometimes even difficult to distinguish from the natural color of the skin. The rash will go away on its own; there is no need to smear it with any means. This reaction of the body is normal and does not pose any danger. A child or adult who develops a rash after vaccination is not a source of infection for others.

Enlarged lymph nodes. The live mumps vaccine may cause mild swelling of the lymph nodes near the ears.

Allergic reaction. People who have an anaphylactic allergy (very severe reaction) to eggs or neomycin, are at high risk of having a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine. People with allergies who do not experience anaphylactic shock are not at higher risk of serious allergic reactions to the vaccine. Mild allergic reactions, including rash and itching, may occur in some people. The rash occurs in about 5% of people who have been vaccinated with live measles vaccine. The live mumps vaccine may cause a rash and itching, but these symptoms are usually minor.

Mild infection. A mild form of asymptomatic measles can develop in previously immunized people who are exposed to the virus, although this is a mild infection and may not be significant.

Joint pain. Regarding pain in the joints after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, the following pattern has been identified: the older the age of the person being vaccinated, the more often this reaction occurs. Among people over 25 years of age, joint pain develops in 25% of people after vaccination. Up to 25% of women have joint pain 1-3 weeks after vaccination with live rubella virus. Such pain usually does not interfere with daily activities and lasts from 1 day to 3 weeks.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The vaccine may cause a rare bleeding disorder called ITP in about 1 in 22,300 doses. This can result in bruising, skin discoloration that can spread throughout the body, nosebleeds, or tiny red spots that are almost always mild and temporary (it should be noted that the risk of ITP is significantly higher with actual infections - rubella in particular).

Thank you

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!

Three common childhood infections - measles, rubella And mumps- are viral and therefore highly contagious. When unvaccinated people come into contact with a patient, 95% become infected with measles, 98% with rubella, and 40% with mumps. Moreover, the carrier of the viruses of these infections is exclusively human, that is, the microorganism circulates exclusively among people. Disease outbreaks can occur once every 2–5 years, depending on people’s quality of life, living conditions, overcrowding, nutrition, etc. Measles, rubella and mumps viruses are not capable of infecting species other than humans.

Infection usually occurs through airborne droplets, or through personal contact with an already sick or infected person. After measles, rubella or mumps viruses enter the body, some time must pass before symptoms of infection develop, the so-called incubation period. For these infections it ranges from 10 to 20 days. During the incubation period, a person is a source of the virus and can infect others. After the incubation period, a person develops characteristic symptoms of these infections, which remain for a week or two, after which recovery occurs. During the period of active disease, as well as within a week after the clinical symptoms disappear, a person is still a carrier of the virus and a source of infection for other people for approximately 5 - 7 days. Both measles, rubella, and mumps affect young children, mainly under 10 years of age. A particularly large number of cases occur in 5-7 year old children.

Today, measles and rubella are potentially more dangerous infections compared to mumps. Therefore, in countries where the epidemiological situation is unfavorable, it is recommended to focus efforts primarily on combating rubella and measles, and then include mumps. When measles epidemics subside and a decrease in incidence is recorded (so that vaccination can be introduced at 1 year rather than at 9 months), then mumps can be included in national immunization programs. When immunizing children against mumps, it is necessary to cover at least 80% of children, since with a smaller number of vaccinated people there will be a shift in the incidence of this infection to older age groups (13 - 15 years). This transfer of mumps to adolescents is dangerous, since 20% of boys develop an unfavorable complication - orchitis, which can result in infertility in the future.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination

Complex, polyvalent graft against measles, mumps and rubella allows you to introduce an immunobiological drug into the child’s body, which will lead to the development of immunity to three infections at once. Today, this complex vaccination is very convenient for use, since it allows you to introduce vaccine against three infections.

Measles, rubella, and mumps are not as harmless diseases as is commonly thought. Typical complications of these viral infections are damage to the central nervous system in the form of encephalitis, sclerosing panencephalitis, meningitis, optic and auditory neuritis with subsequent development of hearing loss and blindness. In addition, rubella is dangerous for the fetus - if a pregnant woman becomes ill, the child may be born with various deformities and pathologies. And mumps during pregnancy causes miscarriage in a quarter (25%) of women.

If rubella is more dangerous for women, then mumps is more dangerous for men, since a typical complication of this infection is orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) - observed in 20% of patients. Due to inflammation of the testicles, a man may develop infertility. Moreover, with mumps orchitis in adult men, infertility can be temporary, that is, transient. If a teenager aged 13–15 years suffered from mumps orchitis, then infertility may become permanent and untreatable, since the infectious process occurred during active puberty.

It is to protect children and adults from three potentially dangerous infections - measles, rubella and mumps, that a comprehensive vaccination was created. Many generations of children suffered from these infections, as well as subsequent complications. Today, the World Health Organization has developed a strategy to reduce the burden of various infectious diseases that can be controlled. Measles, mumps and rubella are controllable infections, since the incidence can be regulated by vaccination measures. And given the fact that the measles, rubella, and mumps viruses circulate only among people, then with a high percentage of population vaccination coverage, these pathogens can be completely eliminated from the population, and then our future generations will not encounter these infections at all. As a result, the danger of infectious diseases for young children will become less.

The trivalent vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps can be administered to children from the age of 1 year, and to adults at any time, provided there are no contraindications. In addition, if an epidemic or outbreak of any of these three infections develops, vaccination can be used as an emergency preventive measure to localize the outbreak and prevent further spread of the disease. This method of using the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella has demonstrated its high effectiveness.

Long-term use of a complex vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps has shown that the strength and duration of vaccination reactions is even somewhat lower than when using immunobiological drugs against only one of these infections. The combined use of the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine with the chickenpox vaccine on the same day, but subject to administration in different places of the body, also does not increase the number and severity of reactions or complications. But the complex vaccine measles-rubella-mumps-chickenpox, according to the World Health Organization, on the contrary, increases the number and severity of adverse reactions after vaccination.

Adults who have not had these infections and have not previously been vaccinated should receive two doses of the vaccine, with an interval of at least 1 month between them. Two doses are required to form full immunity and long-term immunity. Due to the fact that immunity against rubella lasts only for 10 years after vaccination, and against mumps and measles - for much longer (namely 20 - 30 years), it is recommended that revaccination be carried out once every 10 years. Revaccinations are carried out in order to prolong protection against infections, so they are carried out once every 10 years with a complex vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. The use of this vaccine is due to the fact that after 10 years there is definitely no immunity against rubella, but there may or may not be protection against mumps and measles. If there is immunity against measles and mumps, then the vaccine viruses will simply be destroyed and the protection will be extended. If for some reason there is no immunity against measles and mumps, then the vaccination will cause a reaction and lead to the formation of protection.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccinations for children

Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps is given to children twice - at 1 year and at 6 years, before entering school. The two-time administration of the drug is due to the fact that not all children develop immunity after the first administration, so a second is necessary. Next, children are revaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella in adolescence - at 15 - 17 years old. Immunizing adolescents can achieve several positive results:
1. Extension of protection against rubella for girls, who in the majority in the next 5-10 years will bear and give birth to children for whom the rubella virus is dangerous.
2. Activation of immunity against measles, which will meet the vaccine virus and receive stimulation.
3. Extending protection against mumps for young men who are at the most dangerous age for the negative consequences of mumps.

Vaccination of children against measles, rubella and mumps should cover at least 80% of children, since with less coverage of the population, these infections will begin to affect representatives of older age groups, not only adolescents, but also mature men and women. In adolescents, the transmission of these infections can negatively affect reproductive health and subsequent offspring. And adults have a very difficult time with these infections, which are considered childhood infections. In addition, they are more likely to develop complications in various systems and organs. Complications of these viral infections (measles, mumps and rubella) can be expressed in the form of myocarditis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pneumonia, etc.

Children tolerate vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella well; their body gives a minimum of reactions and maximum protection. Contrary to popular belief, these childhood infections are not so harmless. Thus, arthritis and encephalitis, as complications of measles and rubella, develop in 1 patient out of 1000, and orchitis - in 1 boy with mumps out of 20. Rubella can trigger the activation of arthritis. In addition, rubella is very dangerous for the fetus, since the virus can cause various damage to it during pregnancy. If a child was not vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps in childhood, then immunization is carried out at 13 years of age.

Vaccination calendar measles-rubella-mumps

According to the national vaccination calendar of Russia, vaccination is carried out according to the following schedule:
1. At 1 year.
2. At 6 years old.
3. At 15 - 17 years old.
4. At 22 – 29 years old.
5. At 32 – 39 years old and every 10 years thereafter.

If the child has not been vaccinated until the age of 13, then the vaccine is given at this age, and all subsequent revaccinations are carried out according to the schedule of the national calendar, that is, at 22–29 years old, etc.

The measles, rubella and mumps vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For children under three years of age, it is optimal to inject the drug into the outer surface of the thigh, and for older children - into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder, between its upper and middle third. The choice of the thigh and shoulder as the injection site is due to the fact that these places have fairly thin skin, closely adjacent muscles and a small amount of subcutaneous fat. The vaccine should not be allowed to enter the fatty layer, since it can be deposited there, slowly entering the bloodstream and not having a positive effect - that is, the vaccine becomes essentially useless. The vaccine cannot be injected into the buttocks, since the muscles lie deep in this place, the subcutaneous fat layer is quite thick, and there is a risk of touching the sciatic nerve.

After vaccination

All reactions to vaccinations against measles, rubella and mumps are divided into local and general:
1. Local symptoms include soreness, induration at the injection site, mild infiltration and tissue stiffness. Local reactions can form on the first day after vaccination, but they go away on their own within a few days.

2. Common reactions to the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine include:

temperature increase;
soreness or enlargement of the parotid, jaw and cervical lymph nodes;
a small, pinkish or reddish rash on the body;
muscle or joint pain;
redness of the throat;
runny nose;
slight cough.

Reactions may occur in 10–20% of vaccinated children.

Reaction to measles, rubella and mumps vaccines (side effects)

Reactions to the measles, rubella, and mumps vaccine are normal, since they indicate the active functioning of the human immune system. These conditions are not a pathology, do not require treatment, and resolve on their own within a week at most. All reactions to the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine are concentrated between 5 and 15 days after the vaccine is administered. If a child or adult develops any warning symptoms not within the specified period of time after immunization, then they are in no way related to it, but are a reflection of another disease or syndrome.

Most often, post-vaccination reactions to the measles, rubella, and mumps vaccine manifest themselves in the form of fever, the formation of a small rash on the body, joint pain, runny nose and cough, as well as discomfort at the injection site. Let's take a closer look at these reactions to vaccination.

Fever

This is normal. The temperature reaction can be strong - up to 39.0 - 40.0 o C. But most often the temperature rises slightly. Against the background of a high temperature, children may experience febrile convulsions, which are not a pathology, but simply a consequence of too high a body temperature. Raising the temperature does not help the functioning of the immune system in any way, so it should be brought down. It is best to bring down the temperature with drugs containing paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimesulide (including Nurofen, Nise, etc.). Antipyretic drugs can be used in the form of suppositories, syrups or tablets. It is recommended that children use candles to bring down low temperatures; if they do not help, then give syrups. If the temperature of a child or adult is high, then it must be brought down with syrup and tablets. Adults should only take tablets or syrups as suppositories are ineffective.

Rash

The rash may appear over the entire surface of the body, or only on certain parts. Most often, the rash is localized on the face, behind the ears, on the neck, on the arms, on the buttocks, and on the back of the child. The rash spots are very small, painted in various shades of pink, sometimes even difficult to distinguish from the natural color of the skin. The rash will go away on its own; there is no need to smear it with any means. This reaction of the body is normal and does not pose any danger. A child or adult who develops a rash after vaccination is not a source of infection for others.

Joint pain, runny nose, cough and swollen lymph nodes

All these manifestations reflect the process of formation of immunity against infections that is actively occurring in the body. None of these reactions are pathological and do not require treatment. After a few days, the unpleasant symptoms will simply disappear. Regarding pain in the joints after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, the following pattern has been identified: the older the age of the person being vaccinated, the more often this reaction occurs. Among people over 25 years of age, joint pain develops in 25% of people after vaccination.

Consequences of immunization against measles, rubella and mumps

Today, the World Health Organization understands the consequences of vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella as the development of reactive arthritis. The likelihood of such an outcome increases with increasing age of the recipient. Arthritis after vaccination can develop if there is a predisposition, which, as a rule, is formed by rheumatism suffered in childhood.

Such post-vaccination arthritis manifests itself in the cold season, and in the summer it practically does not bother a person. Reactive arthritis is quite amenable to treatment and pain relief with anti-inflammatory drugs. As a rule, reactive arthritis does not lead to severe impairment of mobility and disability of a person. There is also no progression of the disease. This means that in summer a person feels normal, but in winter an exacerbation occurs, the severity of which is the same for many years. This way, arthritis symptoms do not get worse, worse, or last longer.

Comparison of complications after vaccination and due to measles, rubella and mumps infections

The table shows the frequency of complications of various childhood infections that can develop after vaccination and as a result of a full-blown disease:

Complications

Complications from the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine are very rare, but they do occur occasionally. Complications should be distinguished from severe reactions, which are very intense symptoms of side effects, such as a profuse rash over the entire surface of the body, high body temperature, severe runny nose and cough. Complications of the vaccine include the following manifestations:

allergic reactions in the form of anaphylactic shock, urticaria, severe swelling at the injection site or exacerbation of existing allergies;
encephalitis;
aseptic serous meningitis;
pneumonia;
temporary decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;
stomach ache;
inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis);
acute toxic shock syndrome.

A severe allergic reaction can occur to antibiotics of a number of aminoglycosides or egg whites. This is due to the fact that the vaccine contains the antibiotics Neomycin or Kanamycin, and also contains trace amounts of quail or chicken egg proteins. The protein is present in the vaccine because the measles, rubella and mumps viruses are grown in a nutrient medium using eggs. Russian vaccines contain quail protein, while imported ones contain chicken protein.

Encephalitis develops in children with pathologies of the nervous system or with too weak immunity. This severe complication occurs in 1 person per 1,000,000 vaccinated people. Abdominal pain and pneumonia are not directly related to the vaccine, but are a reflection of existing chronic processes in the digestive or respiratory system, which provoke the development of pathologies due to the distraction of immunity to the vaccine. A decrease in blood platelets is not dangerous; it is usually asymptomatic, but when studying coagulation during this period of time, the indicators may have deviations from the norm.

A special complication is toxic shock, since this condition is caused by contamination of the vaccine preparation with microorganisms - staphylococci.

Contraindications to immunization against measles, rubella and mumps

All contraindications to vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps are divided into temporary and permanent. Temporary contraindications include acute periods of illness, pregnancy, or the administration of various blood products. After the condition has normalized, the vaccine can be given. After birth, the vaccine can be administered immediately, but after the administration of blood products, an interval of 1 month must be maintained.

In addition to temporary contraindications, there are also permanent ones in which vaccination cannot be done at all. Such contraindications include:

allergic reaction to Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin;
allergy to egg whites;
presence of neoplasms;
severe reaction to the last vaccine.

Types of vaccines

Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps can be of several types. The type of vaccine depends on the types of weakened viruses that are included in the vaccine preparation. Today, all types of vaccine preparations used have typed viruses, cause a high percentage of immune activation and persistent formation of immunity. Therefore, you can use any type of vaccine without fear for its effectiveness and safety. In addition, according to the requirements of the World Health Organization, all vaccines are interchangeable, that is, one vaccination can be given with one drug, and the second with a completely different one.

In addition, the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine can be three-component, dicomponent or monocomponent. A three-component vaccine is a ready-made product that contains all three types of weakened viruses (measles, rubella and mumps). The multi-component drug is a combined measles-rubella vaccine, or measles-mumps vaccine. A monocomponent drug is a vaccine against one infection - for example, only against measles.

It is more convenient to use three-component vaccines, since the vaccine is administered in one injection and one visit to the doctor. A dicomponent vaccine must be combined with the missing monocomponent vaccine - for example, the measles-mumps vaccine also requires rubella separately. In this case, the vaccine is administered in two injections into different parts of the body. Monocomponent vaccines have to be administered in three injections in different parts of the body. You cannot mix different vaccines in one syringe.

Domestic measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The domestic vaccine is produced using Japanese quail eggs, and its effectiveness is no lower than that of imported ones. The frequency of reactions and complications to the domestic vaccine is also no different from imported ones. However, Russia does not produce a three-component vaccine, which includes components against measles, rubella, and mumps. In our country, a dicomponent vaccine is produced - with rubella and mumps components. Therefore, you have to give two injections - one with a divaccine, and the second with an anti-measles vaccine in another part of the body. In this regard, the domestic vaccine is somewhat inconvenient.

Imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccination

Today in Russia, three-component imported vaccines are used, which contain components against measles, rubella and mumps at the same time. This composition of imported drugs is very convenient for administration, since only one injection is required in one place. The effectiveness of imported vaccines does not differ from domestic ones, and the frequency of adverse reactions and complications is absolutely the same as that of Russian-made vaccinations. Today, the following imported vaccines against measles, rubella and mumps are used in Russia:

American-Dutch MMR–II;
Belgian "Priorix";
British "Ervevax".

Imported vaccines are not always available in a regular clinic, so if you want to get vaccinated with them, you will often have to buy the drug at your own expense. Vaccines can be purchased independently from pharmacies, or directly from commercial vaccination centers that have a range of drugs. When purchasing the vaccine yourself at a pharmacy, you must take care in advance to ensure that storage and transportation conditions are met.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccine "Priorix"

This Belgian-made vaccine is becoming increasingly popular. The reasons for this are quite simple - high efficiency, excellent cleaning and a minimum of adverse reactions. Positive reviews about this particular vaccine also increase the level of confidence in it. An additional factor that makes a huge contribution to the popularity of the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella "Priorix" is the manufacturing company that makes the DPT vaccine "Infanrix".

The drug "Infanrix" is an excellent vaccine that is more effective than the domestic DPT and is much less likely to cause reactions. Reactions to Infanrix are rare, and when they develop, the severity is minimal. Positive experience with the use of this drug leads to trust in the manufacturer and a desire to use their drugs in the future. Doctors have no complaints about the Priorix vaccine, so you can safely use this drug for vaccinations in children and adults.

Our country has more experience using the MMR-II vaccine compared to Priorix, so doctors more often recommend it. This is due to the fact that the number of observations of MMR-II vaccinated people is quite large, doctors and nurses know very well all the smallest possible details of vaccination reactions and know how to react in a particular situation. "Priorix" is used for a shorter period of time, doctors have not studied it so thoroughly, so natural conservatism forces them to recommend the usual MMR-II version, and not the Belgian vaccine.

Mumps, measles and rubella have been and remain, no matter how leaps and bounds progress has been made, the most common diseases of a viral nature. That is why the issue of vaccination for these diseases is more pressing than ever. Since these diseases mainly attack school-aged children, and schools are an ideal place for the development of such infections, vaccinations against rubella, measles and mumps are one of the most important childhood vaccinations. Adults are visited by these diseases extremely rarely, although such cases are periodically recorded.

Measles is a disease in which the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and mouth become inflamed, a pink rash is observed, the temperature rises, and signs of general intoxication of the body are recorded - nausea, weakness, dizziness. A rash is also observed with rubella, but the rubella rash is red and small, and its appearance is accompanied by poisoning of the entire body, as well as enlarged lymph nodes. If a pregnant woman is sick with rubella, the fetus in the womb is also affected. Mumps or mumps acts more insidiously - it affects not only the human nervous system, but also the parotid glands, and can also subsequently cause male infertility.

Vaccination is the most effective measure against these insidious diseases. Usually, vaccination against these diseases is given twice - for infants up to fifteen months of age, and then at six years of age. The vaccine is injected into the shoulder area under the skin or under the shoulder blade. The vaccination process is not accompanied by any symptoms, but in some cases, as a reaction to the vaccine, the temperature may rise, the child may feel slightly unwell, and a cough may be noted. If the vaccine is given to an adult, it may occasionally be accompanied by pain in the joint.

In any case, symptoms from the vaccine should not last more than two weeks, and such a long period of reaction to the vaccine is rare, so perhaps in this case we are talking about another disease.

Contraindications to vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps

There are, of course, a number of contraindications to vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella. So, for example, in case of a malignant blood disease, as well as in the presence of tumors, the vaccine is not given. The same applies to the state of immunodeficiency in humans.

Before vaccination, it is important to make sure that the person does not have an allergic reaction to any of the components of the vaccine. You should also take into account what the body’s reaction was to the previous vaccination. If fever, swelling, or swelling of the site where the vaccine was administered was observed, this may be a sufficient contraindication for vaccination.

Vaccination against these diseases is combined with vaccinations against diphtheria, whooping cough, hepatitis B, tetanus, etc.

Complications after vaccination against rubella, measles and mumps

Recently, debates have not subsided about the need for vaccination against rubella, measles and mumps, which arise in connection with the side effects and complications that may arise from vaccinations of these and other diseases. Complications from the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine may be of the following nature.

Firstly, an allergic reaction to one of the components of the vaccine may occur. The vaccine usually contains chicken or quail protein and an antibiotic. An allergic reaction usually occurs immediately at the site of vaccine administration and is expressed by swelling and redness of the skin. To relieve allergic symptoms, hormonal ointments are used to improve blood circulation. If the allergic reaction is expressed by severe swelling, then antihistamines are used; for more serious forms of allergies such as urticaria and rash, antihistamines are administered intramuscularly.

Among the complications of vaccination against rubella, mumps and measles, damage to the nervous system is also noted, which can be expressed in the form of febrile convulsions. Typically, febrile seizures can occur a week after vaccination, on the sixth to eleventh day. The temperature rises to 39 degrees and above, the convulsions themselves occur as a reaction to the increase in temperature - this is how modern pediatrics interprets this complication. Usually in such cases no treatment is required, but it is important to give the child antipyretic drugs based on paracetamol. However, this does not mean that the appearance of febrile seizures can be ignored: be sure to consult a doctor - the appearance of febrile seizures as a reaction to high temperature is a good reason to examine the child by a neurologist, since it may mean damage to the nervous system.

Vaccine-associated illnesses are rare, but they are extremely serious in nature. In particular, post-vaccination encephalitis is observed, that is, damage to brain tissue after administration of the measles and rubella vaccine. This complication usually occurs in people with immunodeficiency.

As a reaction to the vaccine, serous inflammation, that is, inflammation of the meninges, may occur. This disease most often occurs as a concomitant of mumps, but sometimes, extremely rarely - once in a hundred thousand cases - it can also occur as a complication from vaccination. It is very important during diagnosis to accurately determine that it was the virus, which is a component of the vaccine, that caused this complication.

Prevention of complications

Adverse reactions to the measles, rubella, and mumps vaccine can be avoided by following your doctor's general recommendations.

In particular, if a child is prone to allergies, the vaccine should be combined with antihistamines. If a child has damage to the nervous system, or if there are chronic diseases, then doctors should provide special therapy for the entire time when a reaction to the vaccine is possible. Therapy is aimed at preventing exacerbations of diseases. In such cases, a couple of days before vaccination, general restoratives are usually prescribed, and then the prescription is repeated a couple of weeks after vaccination. Parents of such children should refrain from sending their child to kindergarten or school, avoiding his possible contact with children who are sick with something.

May manifest as cough, rash and fever. Usually this does not lead to serious disorders and goes away on its own within a couple of days. In cases where the body encounters an infection after vaccination, the reaction becomes a post-vaccination complication.

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Indications and contraindications

Vaccination is indicated for all children aged 1 year who are healthy at the time of vaccination. Later revaccination is carried out at 6 years. Contraindications are serious health problems.

A child cannot be vaccinated if he/she has:

anemia;
cancer;
congenital and acquired immunodeficiency conditions;
acute picture of tuberculosis;
decrease in blood platelets;
extensive allergy to previous vaccination.

Vaccination can be postponed if an acute illness occurs at the time of the planned vaccination. When the child recovers, he is vaccinated.

In addition, postponing vaccination is necessary in the following cases:

high temperature on the eve of vaccination;
hormone therapy, which requires subsequent waiting for several weeks;
blood transfusion or receiving immunoglobulin, requiring a delay of vaccination for two weeks.

A doctor's supervision to decide on vaccination is required for children with the following underlying diseases:

atopic dermatitis;
food allergies;
rheumatism;
bronchial asthma;
congenital defects;
diseases of the nervous system with persistent symptoms.

Such conditions under the supervision of a doctor allow vaccination. It is desirable that the child is in remission. In this case, prior to vaccination, additional consultations are carried out with specialized specialists.

How to prepare for vaccination?

Pre-vaccination actions depend on the individual characteristics of the child’s body. The evening before and on the morning of the vaccination day, you must take your temperature.

It is advisable to conduct a preliminary examination by passing general blood and urine tests. A visit to your local pediatrician is mandatory. 2-3 days before vaccination, sensitive or allergy-prone children are recommended to take antihistamines in age-appropriate dosages.

Breastfeeding women should refrain from introducing new foods into their diet 7 days before and 7 days after vaccination. There should also be no new dishes in baby food for this period. When preparing a child for vaccination, parents should try to protect him from unnecessary contacts in order to avoid the risk of infection.

Reaction to vaccination

The consequences may appear 2-5 days after vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps. The response to a vaccine is usually individual and depends on the level of immunity. The age of the child does not matter.

Normal reaction

In most cases, the vaccination is tolerated satisfactorily, however, local or general reactions are possible. Local post-vaccination manifestations include: redness, thickening or swelling. These signs occur in one percent of children. Redness and swelling go away within a few days, but the swelling can remain for up to two months.

There may be general malaise and the appearance of symptoms of intoxication such as:

headache; headache;
dizziness;
weakness;
moodiness;
nervousness;
decreased appetite.

Possible complications

Based on the frequency of occurrence, unpleasant post-vaccination phenomena can be divided into groups. The most common respiratory manifestations are from the upper respiratory tract and rash. The latter can appear from 5 to 13 days after vaccination. Then she disappears without a trace. The rash has a characteristic appearance like rubella. An example is shown in the photo.

Rubella rash Rash due to a reaction to a vaccine

Signs that sometimes appear:

allergic reaction (urticaria);
convulsions;
otitis;
conjunctivitis;
diarrhea;
loose stools;
lymphadenopathy;
bronchitis;
mild mumps.

May occur during mass vaccination:

neuritis;
encephalitis;
arthralgia;
arthritis;
thrombocytopenic purpura.

Individual reactions:

abdominal pain;
nausea;
vomit.

According to the Russian Union of Pediatricians, vaccination complications can be:

encephalomyelitis;
encephalopathy;
thrombocytopenia;
anaphylactic shock.

The theoretical frequency of the listed post-vaccination complications is extremely low and differs by a factor of thousands of times compared to the frequency of complications from infectious diseases themselves.

The famous pediatrician Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky discussed post-vaccination reactions and complications in his program.

How to help a child after vaccination?

If a reaction appears in the form of a rash, it is necessary to organize observation; there is no need to treat its manifestations. The rash usually does not cause much discomfort to the baby, so special ointments are not prescribed. If a child begins to cough after vaccination, it is necessary to provide him with a sufficient amount of fluid and ventilate the room.

The basic rules of conduct after vaccination are to avoid hypothermia and overheating, and not to walk in public places or areas where children are crowded. Clean air, sufficient fluid volume, especially if the child began to cough after vaccination, as well as adapted nutrition will be beneficial. The level of play activity depends on the child’s well-being. It is advisable to start bathing your baby within 24 hours, although a quick shower is possible directly on the day of vaccination.

What to do if side effects occur?

If you observe questionable post-vaccination reactions on the part of the child’s body, parents should inform the local nurse or contact a pediatrician. Only a doctor can decide how to help a child.

In what cases should you consult a doctor?

If you see that the child is getting worse, a high and unbreakable temperature has risen, then be sure to call a doctor. Treatment is carried out only in a hospital setting.

Disease after vaccination

If a child gets sick after vaccination, then take into account the fact that he could have caught the infection in a public place, and the vaccination aggravated the effect of an existing disease.

As for rubella itself, it is worth noting that vaccination does not protect a child from the disease 100%. To a greater extent, this depends on the individual characteristics of children's immunity. When encountering a live strain, a weakened child’s body may not produce enough antibodies and become ill. However, the course of the disease will be much milder than in an unvaccinated person.

Video

Health-saving channel POLISMED. COM presented a recording of a video interview with a pediatrician of the highest category T. M. Mikhailova, which lists reactions to the rubella vaccine in children.

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