Uterine bleeding includes discharge of blood from the uterus, different in nature and cause.. Similar symptom testifies about hormonal disruptions in the body, the presence serious gynecological or other pathology.

And even with minor bleeding this issue cannot be ignored. The consequences can be very dire.

Symptoms of uterine bleeding

Allocations with uterine bleeding are as insignificant, smearing, so and quite intense. In the latter case, the woman feels unwell, weakness, drowsiness, increased fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, nausea, blackouts, headache. Decreased circulating blood volume (CBV) leads to hypoxia of the brain and other organs, which is manifested by a drop in pressure, increased heart rate, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, sweating, fainting. When these symptoms are detected, do not hesitate. In case of significant blood loss , poor health or pregnancy , it is better to call a doctor rather than go to the hospital yourself . The sooner you start treatment, the higher the chance to avoid possible consequences.

There are cases when uterine bleeding is disguised as normal menstruation. Measures should be taken when:

Protracted periods (more than a week),
- intense discharge (more abundant than usual),
- frequent periods that break the usual schedule,
- accompanied by intense pain in the lower abdomen, in the lumbar department, sacrum, perineum, rectum.

Causes and types of uterine bleeding

There are several main types of uterine bleeding.

1 . Dysfunctional bleeding occurs due to a malfunction of the organs that control the menstrual cycle and associated processes. This is due to various reasons. These include :

Hormonal disorders (including menopause),
- blood pathology,
- excessive,
- gynecological diseases (endometriosis, tumors, including fibroids, etc.),
- installed intrauterine device,
- infection of the female genital organs,
- chronic or acute stress, overwork,
- acclimatization, hypothermia,
- overweight, strict diet,
- side effect of medications, starting or refusing to take contraceptive drugs,
- invasive gynecological manipulation .

to the group of dysfunctional uterine bleeding include those that occur in menopause, as well as occurring in girls at the initial stage of puberty.

Distinctive feature dysfunctional bleeding is that it often proceeds painlessly.

Uterine bleeding that occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle occurs in about a third of women. As a rule, they have a smearing character, a small duration(up to three days) and are not associated with any diseases. This phenomenon is due hormonal changes.

Uterine bleeding in young girls can be caused by mental or physical overload, malnutrition, viral disease, disruption of the genital organs, hormonal failure. It should be emphasized that the problem should be taken seriously, even if the blood loss was eliminated on its own.

2. Obstetric bleeding is associated with childbearing and childbirth. They can occur at various stages of pregnancy, during labor or after childbirth. Pregnant women may experience very slight discharge, not accompanied deterioration in well-being. Even in this case it should immediately contact a gynecologist. The condition can worsen sharply and have serious consequences. Extremely heavy, massive bleeding can be observed with placental abruption, uterine rupture.

Spontaneous miscarriage is also the cause of uterine bleeding. This can happen in the early stages, when a woman is not even aware of the presence of pregnancy. Abortion procedures, including medical also accompanied by bleeding.

3 . The development of tumors leads to uterine bleeding due to destruction of the layers of the uterine wall, damage to blood vessels. Wherein neoplasm may have like benign character, so be it malignant. It should be remembered that the earlier the disease is detected, the easier it is to deal with it and the more likely it is to get rid of it completely.

4 . Trauma to the abdomen or adjacent areas can also cause uterine bleeding. Of particular danger are internal bleeding. In this case, discharge from the genital tract may be minimal or absent altogether. At the same time, signs of blood loss, indicated earlier, appear in the abdomen. at the same time, intense pain is disturbing, symptoms of peritoneal irritation are determined (Kulenkampf's symptom).

Sometimes bloody discharge from the genital tract occurs after intimacy. Cause the emergence of such bleeding may be:

Mechanical damage as a result of too active or rough actions,
- existing inflammatory process in the genitals,
- diseases of the genital tract, leading to wall damage vagina or uterus (polyps, erosion, swelling),
- against the background of taking certain medications, contraceptives,
- miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy,
- blood diseases.

In some cases, spotting may be partner's blood. This can happen, for example, when the frenulum of the penis is torn during intercourse.

It should be understood that prolonged or intense uterine bleeding can lead to anemia, the development of such a life-threatening condition as hemorrhagic shock and have other negative consequences, including death. Uterine bleeding is sometimes the first and only symptom of serious illness requiring immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and treatment of uterine bleeding

With uterine bleeding, first of all, you need to replenish the BCC, ensure reliable hemostasisto correct complications. And, of course, you should undergo an examination to identify the cause of the uterine bleeding that has taken place and its subsequent elimination. The gynecologist will examine and will collect material for research. You will need to do a blood test and evaluate psychological woman's condition. Perhaps the doctor will prescribe an ultrasound or biopsy. In some cases, you will have to go through the procedure of mechanical cleansing of the uterus. If there was psychological factor, sedatives may be prescribed. It happens that it is not possible to avoid surgical intervention, possibly repeated.

Diagnosis and treatment should only be carried out by a doctor. No self medication! The bleeding could be due to a combination of different causes. To effectively solve the problem and prevent relapse, they must all be eliminated. The duration of treatment depends on the cause of the bleeding and the volume of blood loss..

Normal vaginal bleeding is intermittent. This is the blood that flows like discharge from a woman's uterus. Normal vaginal bleeding is also called menorrhea. The process in which menorrhea occurs is called menstruation.

A certain amount of vaginal discharge (fluid that leaks from the vagina) is normal. The walls of the vagina and cervix contain glands that produce a small amount of fluid that helps keep the vagina clean. It is a normal fluid, usually clear or milky white, and does not have an unpleasant odor. Vaginal discharge, at certain times of the menstrual cycle (during ovulation), while breastfeeding, or during sexual arousal is normal.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the flow of blood from the vagina that occurs at the most inopportune times during the month or in inappropriate amounts.

Uterine bleeding can occur in physiological and a number of pathological conditions. Since the woman herself cannot determine the source of bleeding, vaginal bleeding is a manifestation of uterine bleeding. Uterine bleeding can be an absolutely physiological phenomenon in two cases: during menstruation, if its duration is not more than 7 days and the frequency of occurrence is not less than 1 time in 25 days. Also, uterine bleeding in the form of short-term spotting may be normal during ovulation.

What uterine bleeding is considered pathological
Uterine bleeding can occur in women of all ages. Pathological vaginal bleeding occurs in such cases:
Long periods (menorrhagia), increased bleeding (menorrhagia and hypermenorrhea), and too frequent periods (polymenorrhea)
Bleeding that is not associated with menstruation, occurring irregularly - metrorrhagia
Bleeding in the postmenopausal period (if more than 6 months have passed since the last normal period)
Also, bleeding can occur in pregnant women in the early and late stages.

Why does uterine bleeding occur?
The main mechanisms for the development of uterine bleeding are as follows:
Hormonal dysregulation of the relationship between the elements of the axis hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries-endometrium
Structural, inflammatory and other gynecological disorders (including tumors)
Blood coagulation disorders
The most common mechanism of uterine bleeding is this: during the anovulatory cycle (the follicle does not mature), the corpus luteum does not develop. As a result, in the second phase of the cycle, progesterone (one of the female sex hormones) is not produced in sufficient quantities. At the same time, estradiol (another female sex hormone) continues to be produced in excess. Under the influence of estradiol, there is an increased growth of the endometrium (the inner layer of the uterus), which becomes so thick that the blood vessels cease to adequately supply it with blood. As a result, the endometrium dies and undergoes desquamation. The process of desquamation is incomplete, accompanied by uterine bleeding and delayed for a long time.

The most common causes of uterine bleeding
Bleeding during early pregnancy occurs with spontaneous abortion. In this case, vaginal bleeding begins immediately or some time after the start of the abortion due to the leakage of accumulated blood. Also, bleeding can occur with an ectopic (ectopic) pregnancy.
Bleeding in late pregnancy may be associated with placental rupture, hydatidiform mole, placental polyps, and placenta previa.
Uterine bleeding can be symptoms of diseases associated with changes in the structure of the reproductive organs, such as adenomyosis (uterine endometriosis), cancer of the uterus, cervix or vagina, endometrial hyperplasia, submucosal nodes in uterine fibroids or emerging nodes, cervical and endometrial polyps.
Vaginal bleeding can be signs of atrophic vaginitis, cervicitis, a foreign body in the vagina, damage to the cervix, uterus or vagina.
Pathology in violation of ovarian function can occur in such conditions: dysfunctional uterine bleeding, functional ovarian cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome (polycystosis).
Endocrine disorders: hypothyroidism or hyperprolactinemia.
Vaginal bleeding due to a blood clotting disorder develops with hereditary diseases of the coagulation system, with liver diseases, while taking certain medications
Uterine bleeding can occur with the use of contraceptives and hormone therapy. Most often in cases of prescribing drugs such as Depo Provera, with hormone replacement therapy, in the presence of an intrauterine device, with levonorgestrel implants and in case of long gaps in taking contraceptives.

When to See a Doctor for Uterine Bleeding
In cases where menstruation lasts more than 7 days, if the amount of discharge during menstruation is greater than usual, if menstruation occurs more often than once every 25 days, if bleeding occurs outside of menstruation, you should consult a doctor. When viewed on a chair, you can see damage to the vagina and cervix, vaginitis that has begun, erosion of the cervix. Also, upon examination, you can see a submucosal node being born with uterine myoma or a cervical polyp. Often, pathologies accompany infertility, since they are always based on a violation of the structure of the endometrium or a violation of the hormonal regulation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle. In addition to the study on the chair, it is often necessary to do a transvaginal ultrasound, since with this method it is possible to assess changes in the ovaries and in the uterine cavity. Often, ultrasound of the uterus is crucial for diagnosing the causes of uterine bleeding. If the ultrasound of the uterus reveals structural changes that do not have unambiguous signs, a blood test for the content of sex hormones and thyroid hormones may be prescribed. Always with uterine bleeding, a pregnancy test is performed. To assess the degree of acute or chronic blood loss, a general blood test is prescribed, where the indicators of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets and ESR are monitored.

Treatment of uterine bleeding
Treatment for uterine bleeding depends on the underlying cause. Most often, treatment is conservative and consists of the use of drugs that increase the ability of blood to clot and drugs that correct hormonal imbalances. The correct choice of these drugs takes into account many factors that are brought together by the doctor. If bleeding is not eliminated by medical means or has an underlying cause that cannot be eliminated conservatively, surgical treatment is performed. Surgical treatment can consist of both therapeutic and diagnostic curettage of the endometrium, and hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).

Naturally, the main thing you should do is to immediately contact a gynecologist who will be able to identify and solve your problem.

How to distinguish between menstruation and bleeding when bloody discharge from the vagina is the norm, and when is it a pathology and require medical attention, possibly urgent?

To understand this, it will be correct to consider the most common situations, as a result of which such questions arise.

The main differences between uterine bleeding:

• too short a period from the beginning of the last menstruation, less than 21 days, when there were no gynecological manipulations, operations, or taking hormonal drugs;
• heavy periods, lasting more than 7 days and with blood loss over 120 grams (the pads need to be changed more than 1 time in 2-3 hours, they get wet through), which began on time or with a delay - this should be regarded as bleeding. Therein lies the difference.

In exactly the same way, cyclic spotting is distinguished from bleeding in women during menopause. After the onset of menopause (this is the absence of menstruation for 12 months), there can be no menstruation. The ovaries are gone. And all spotting is uterine bleeding, most often associated with precancerous or cancerous diseases.

Discharge after an abortion or miscarriage can be considered menstruation and a new cycle can be counted from this day. The next critical days will be in about 1-1.5 months.

blood during pregnancy

A pregnant woman cannot have any periods. Remember this! If you are sure that you are carrying a child, and you are bleeding, or spotting has appeared, this should be regarded as a pathology.

Possible options.

1. The threat of abortion. In the early stages, miscarriages occur very often. At least one in eight expectant mothers loses a baby in the first trimester. It is not always possible to prevent this. Sometimes progesterone supplements help. But if the embryo has severe malformations, a miscarriage will occur anyway. It is so programmed by nature that the strongest survive.
2. Ectopic pregnancy. In addition to blood, a woman notes pain from one of the ovaries. A deadly condition if you do not perform an operation and remove the fetal egg. Possible rupture of the fallopian tube (the most common location of the fetal egg).
3. Frozen pregnancy. If the embryo died, sooner or later, but there will be rejection of the fetal egg and bleeding. But they will not wait, at least in Russia, for a spontaneous miscarriage. The woman will be sent for curettage, in order to avoid the infectious process and for psychological comfort.

Discharge after childbirth

Normally, postpartum discharge lasts 4-6 weeks. Immediately after childbirth, they are very plentiful. But after 3-5 days they become similar to moderate menstrual periods. After that, they normally decline.

It is bad if the discharge stopped after a short time, while it is noticeable that the uterus has not yet taken its original size (the tummy remains). This means that there are still lochia in the uterus, it’s just that she is “lazy”, does not want to contract, or maybe the cervical canal is spasmodic and does not release them. It will help to understand this ultrasound. Often in such a situation, blood still appears, but it is very dark (since it has been in the uterus for a long time, it has had time to oxidize - darken), there may be large clots. This is not monthly, and not the norm. If there is a subinvolution of the uterus (slowing down of the reverse development of the uterus), intramuscular injections of "Oxytocin" for three days are usually sufficient, even if they were previously done in the maternity hospital. With a diagnosed inflammatory process, endometritis, antibiotics are necessary.

Another situation is when the uterus, it would seem, has shrunk, the lochia has almost stopped, but suddenly it poured. And less than 5 weeks have passed since the birth. This is the real bleeding. And it is most likely caused by a placental polyp - a piece of the placenta left in the uterus. Diagnosis is made by ultrasound and confirmed by histological material. It is taken during hysteroscopy or curettage. You can't do without them, unfortunately.

The earliest time when real menstruation can begin after childbirth is after 6 weeks. And regardless of whether it was a caesarean section, or a woman gave birth naturally. With breastfeeding (HF), menstruation usually begins later than with artificial or mixed. But not always.

After 6-8 weeks, you can wait for menstruation for those who breastfeed babies according to the regimen, once every 3-4 hours and with long night breaks. Those who feed very often, on demand, should expect critical days a few months after the introduction of complementary foods. Sometimes they are not present until the very end of lactation, even if it lasts 2 years or more. This is due to the hormonal background.

Blood after obstetric manipulations and operations

With any invasive gynecological procedure associated with penetration into the tissues of the cervix or body of the uterus, the vagina will bleed due to the formation of a wound surface. But in a different way.

Biopsy of the cervix

After this procedure, bloody or bloody discharge occurs within 2-5 days, but in volume no more than monthly. It is carried out in stationary conditions and the woman is left under observation for several hours. If severe bleeding suddenly opens, this happens if a large vessel is affected, it is coagulated (“cauterized”) or a hemostatic sponge (stopping blood) is placed on the woman. It is not necessary to remove it, it resolves itself into the vagina. But on top of the sponge, so that it holds better, insert a cotton swab. You need to get it yourself in a few hours.

Usually, a cervical biopsy is performed in the middle of the menstrual cycle. After it, bleeding occurs that is not associated with the work of the reproductive organs and the hormonal background. And menstruation, in fact a new cycle, begins about two weeks from the day of the procedure.

Cauterization erosion

It should be carried out immediately after menstruation, so that the wound has time to heal before the next menstruation. The discharge after cauterization is usually bloody - that is, like blood diluted with water. However, sometimes severe bleeding occurs, then doctors use hemostatic sponges to stop it and coagulate the bleeding vessels.

Approximately 10-14 days after cauterization of erosion, spotting or spotting may occur again. But they stop in 1-2 days (if they are not the beginning of menstruation). Occur due to the discharge of a scab (crust from the wound).

Sometimes slight spotting persists for longer than 1-2 weeks. It is explainable. For example, after diathermocoagulation (cauterization with electric current), the cervix heals for 6-8 weeks. The same amount can be observed and discharge, if there is no other reason for their appearance.

Conization of the cervix

This is the removal of the affected part of the cervix in the form of a cone. The intensity and duration of bleeding depends on the area of ​​the wound surface. There is usually light red discharge for a couple of weeks.

Conization is usually performed immediately after menstruation, in the first half of the menstrual cycle. That is, menstruation must be expected on ordinary days of the cycle. If conization discharge remains by the time they start, you will notice an increase in it. Don't be scared, everything is normal.

Curettage or hysteroscopy

They are made on the last day of the menstrual cycle, but before the onset of menstrual bleeding, so as not to bring down the cycle. The day on which the procedure was performed can usually be considered the first day of a new cycle. The discharge is bloody, in abundance the same as normal menstruation, lasting up to 7 days.

If the procedure was carried out urgently, for example, on the 10-14th day of the cycle, then the woman is expected to first have postoperative spotting (by nature, like menstruation), and then, after 2-3 weeks again, but now menstruation according to the calendar.

Discharge while taking birth control pills

In the first months of taking a contraceptive (meaning regular, regular contraception with pills), women may experience mild spotting earlier than the pills in the package run out, that is, before the break. Thus, the body "gets used" to the drug. But if this continues for more than 3-4 months, it makes sense to change the contraceptive to one that has a different composition.

Normally, in women taking oral contraceptives on a regimen that does not skip pills, discharge begins during the break between the drug packs. This is not even a real menstruation, but the so-called withdrawal bleeding or menstrual-like. However, despite the formidable name - "bleeding", the loss of blood during it is less than during normal menstruation. All thanks to the hormonal action of pills that block ovulation and prevent the endometrium from growing too much.

If a woman stops drinking pills without finishing the pack, she will have spotting within 7 days. This is also withdrawal bleeding, which should be regarded as menstruation. Even if it started 2 weeks after the previous one. It is provoked by your actions - the premature termination of taking the pills. But it usually lasts no more than 5-7 days, not too abundant.

A reader contacted us with the following problem: “A daub began while taking hormonal drugs. Thought it was menses. She stopped taking pills. Two days later the bleeding started. What to do?"

Answer of the gynecologist: “Initially, these were discharges associated with “addiction” to the drug. But since the woman stopped taking the pills, she had withdrawal bleeding (menstruation began). So the cycle is broken. But it doesn't matter if it doesn't happen again. If no more than 5 days have passed since the onset of bleeding, you can start taking pills. But don't stop taking them until the end of the package, even if a daub appears.

In the case of taking an emergency contraceptive drug (for example, Escapel or Postinor), many women begin menstrual-like bleeding after 1-3 days, which gynecologists consider to be a new menstrual cycle. Even if it started 2 weeks after menstruation. A visit to the doctor is necessary if it lasts more than 7 days and is unusually heavy. Because of these cycle irregularities, emergency contraception should be used as infrequently as possible.

Implantation bleeding, ovulation, or periods

Around the middle of the menstrual cycle in women of reproductive age, ovulation occurs - the follicle ruptures in the ovary and releases a mature egg, ready for fertilization. This is accompanied by a short-term drop in progesterone levels, which causes short-term spotting in some women.

About a week after ovulation or 3 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation, you may again bleed a little. This happens with implantation bleeding, that is, when an already fertilized egg tries to infiltrate the mother's tissues for further development.

With late ovulation, implantation bleeding can begin on days when the next menstruation was expected or even occur with a slight delay already existing. This happens with late ovulation, with an irregular cycle.

How to distinguish discharge during implantation from normal menstruation? The volume of allocations differs significantly. With the onset of pregnancy, it is literally a few drops. The woman thinks that she is starting to have red days, but the discharge stops abruptly and does not return. And after 3 days after that, you can do a pregnancy test, since the hCG hormone will already be produced. In this case, the test made earlier, on the first day of the delay, as recommended by gynecologists, may be negative.

How to stop bleeding

Since it leads to iron deficiency anemia, in addition to the enormous inconvenience experienced by a woman who is forced to constantly change tampons and pads, urgent measures are needed.

The method of stopping the bleeding will be chosen depending on its cause. Earlier in the article, we briefly reviewed them, as well as the measures that doctors take.

We summarize everything point by point and supplement the information.

• Spotting in a healthy woman does not require treatment, as it is most often a reaction to a hormonal contraceptive drug (if taken), ovulation, or implantation of a fetal egg.
• If there is a pathology on ultrasound, for example, a placental polyp or an endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, curettage is performed while taking histological material. Thus, the bleeding stops, and the exact cause of what happened is clarified.
• If bleeding is associated with endometriosis (adenomyosis), hormonal drugs are prescribed.
• If the cervix bleeds, a thorough examination and treatment is carried out. In turn, treatment in the form of cauterization, conization, or even amputation of the neck again leads to bleeding. But this is completely normal and does not last long.
• Severe postpartum bleeding is usually associated with poor uterine contractility. Treatment - intramuscular injections of "Oxytocin".
• Bleeding during pregnancy is a sign of threatened miscarriage. Requires hospitalization in a hospital, the appointment of progesterone and hemostatic drugs.

A good article on the topic is the most modern hemostatic drugs, folk remedies and regimens. .

Uterine bleeding manifests itself in the form of bloody discharge from the vagina, it can occur due to serious diseases in women. The essence of treatment lies in the diagnosis, in the correct and rapid therapy. After all, such a disease leads to complex consequences and even death.

What is uterine bleeding

Uterine bleeding - the discharge of blood from the uterus, differs from critical days in that the amount and time when the discharge occurs changes.

Rates of blood loss during menstruation

Menstruation is a physiological process that, on average, begins at age 11 and ends at 55. It lasts for 3-7 days and occurs every 28-35 days. For one menstrual cycle, a girl releases from 50 to 80 ml of blood.

Regular critical days stop during childbearing and after childbirth. They may also be absent during breastfeeding.

Types and causes of bleeding from the vagina

Type of hemorrhage	Causes of the disease
organic	fibromyoma;
	polyps;
	Cancer diseases;
	Vaginal tears after trauma; Intrauterine device;
	medical abortion;
	Ectopic pregnancy;
	Threat of abortion and miscarriage; postpartum period;
	Endometriosis.
Dysfunctional	polycystic ovaries;
	cysts;
	Lack of ovulation;
	Diseases of the pituitary gland;
	Menopause,
	puberty;
	Stress.

Also, the vagina can bleed during certain periods of a woman's life:

1. Juvenile- the stage of sexual development;
2. reproductive- childbearing age;
3. Climacteric- at menopause.

According to the nature of blood secretions are divided into:

The main symptoms of hemorrhage

The main signs of vaginal blood loss:

• Dysfunctional hemorrhage is painless;
• After childbirth up to 2 months;
• Prolonged discharge after an abortion;
• Blood loss while taking hormonal contraception;
• With polyps in the uterus;
• Myoma inside the vagina;
• intrauterine pregnancy;
• Bleeding is associated with cancer.

What is dangerous bleeding from the uterus?

If the uterine hemorrhage does not end for a long time, then it is difficult to stop, which is why such a pathology is very dangerous for women's health and has the following consequences:

• Anemia may develop (if the volume of blood that came out is more than 80 ml);
• Large blood loss due to hemorrhage, which is difficult to identify, most often requires surgery;
• The risk of developing the underlying disease, which caused hemorrhage;
• Risk of hemorrhage in pregnant women or in the postpartum period

Signs of uterine bleeding in the reproductive period

In the childbearing period, there are a lot of factors that can cause pathology.

This happens due to:

• Disturbances in the production of hormones after termination of pregnancy;
• With stress;
• In the presence of infectious diseases;
• intoxication;
• When taking medication.

During the bearing of the baby, and especially in the early stages, the uterus may bleed due to a miscarriage. In the later stages, the uterus may bleed due to placenta previa. It is especially dangerous when it bleeds during and after childbirth, then the amount of blood loss can be very large.

Also, the cause of bleeding can be such diseases:

• Myoma;
• Endometriosis of the body of the uterus;
• Tumors in the cervix;
• Chronic inflammation of the cervix.

Bleeding in an ectopic pregnancy

The symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy are exactly the same as with normal childbearing:

• Lack of menstruation;
• The uterus has increased;
• The chest is poured;
• Toxicosis;
• Change in taste preferences.

Causes of bleeding during pregnancy

Hemorrhage during ectopic pregnancy is a common phenomenon, it happens due to the fact that pregnancy can become the main factor in the rupture of the tubes or when interrupted. The intensity of the discharge does not always depend on the mechanism of abortion, although tubal ruptures are accompanied by greater blood loss than with medical abortion.

Intrauterine hemorrhages with menopause in women

With menopause in women, hormonal changes in the body occur, so the vagina often bleeds. Great care must be taken with discharge during the period when menstruation has stopped. It is important to immediately consult a doctor at the first signs, since the treatment of neoplasms in the first stages is more successful.

Causes of uterine hemorrhage in menopause:

• Abundant blood discharge;
• Discharge with clots;
• Bleeding that occurs between critical days;
• The duration of discharge is longer than usual.

Why does vaginal bleeding occur on nerves?

Dysfunctional uterine blood loss is said to be when there is no reason for the appearance of blood discharge. They can be due to strong experiences, psychological and emotional stress and on nervous grounds. The methods of therapy will be similar, perhaps the doctor will prescribe sedative medication to relieve stress.

Diagnostics

At the first suspicion of the development of the disease, it is important to immediately see a doctor.

In order to determine the source from which the pathology arose, the following measures are taken:

• Consultation with a gynecologist;
• Blood tests;
• ultrasound of the uterus;
• vaginoscopy;
• Biopsy of the cervix.

Accurate diagnosis is essential in the recovery process.

How to stop bleeding from the vagina?

In order to stop, you need to diagnose the main factor in the appearance of blood loss, then experts choose a way to stop it. Most often, hemostatic agents are used, with a large loss of blood, it is transfused. Also, another way to stop (during a miscarriage, abortion, or childbirth) is the curettage of the uterine cavity, if the bleeding has not been stopped, then doctors resort to surgical interventions.

You can stop bleeding at home by following these rules:

• Peace;
• Cold in the lower abdomen;
• Plentiful drink;
• Means that restore blood.

It is important after these measures to seek the advice of a specialist.

Uterine bleeding is uterine bleeding, except for natural causes such as menstruation or birth bleeding. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a pathology associated with impaired production of sex hormones.

Such bleeding is accompanied by a large number of gynecological abnormalities, and can also act as an independent disease. Anomalies of uterine bleeding can occur at any time in a woman's life, from infancy, when the discharge does not require treatment, to the onset of menopause, when it causes serious pathology.

Most often, dysfunction occurs in young girls, during puberty and is called juvenile. Uterine bleeding is expressed in an extended duration and the release of an abnormally large amount of blood during menstruation. This is characterized by the periodic occurrence of amenorrhea. Pathological bleeding leads to the development of iron deficiency - anemia.

Uterine bleeding is the main manifestation of ovarian dysfunction or inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs. Uterine bleeding according to its symptoms can be distinguished as follows:

• Polymenorrhea - frequent menstruation, recurring after 21 days;
• Hypermenorrhea - heavy and prolonged menstruation for more than a week;
• Metrorrhagia - mild intermenstrual bleeding;
• Menometrorrhagia - irregular but prolonged bleeding.

Uterine bleeding can be divided into types according to age criteria:

1. Uterine bleeding in newborns, as a result of hormonal changes and not requiring treatment.
2. Uterine bleeding in girls before puberty up to 10 years, associated with the formation of hormonally active tumors.
3. Juvenile uterine bleeding, in girls 12-18 years old, with the onset of the monarch.
4. Uterine bleeding of reproductive age up to 45 years. There are organic, dysfunctional, and may be associated with pregnancy or childbirth.
5. Uterine bleeding during menopause occurs due to organ disease or hormonal imbalance.

There are 3 causes of uterine bleeding, which are closely related to age and the nature of the ovaries:

• Organic bleeding is the result of abnormalities in the pelvic organs or systemic diseases.
• Dysfunctional bleeding - ovulatory or anovulatory.
• Iatrogenic bleeding - as a result of taking hormonal drugs, or other medicines that thin the blood. Installation of an intrauterine device.

If uterine bleeding is not associated with the stages of puberty, then such bleeding can occur for the following reasons:

• ovarian dysfunction;

• It provokes a change in menstrual function due to a violation of the production of sex hormones.
• Pathology of pregnancy;
• Pathological childbirth;
• Injuries after childbirth, the rest of the particles of the placenta.
• The consequences of an abortion;
• Due to mechanical trauma to the uterus. Bleeding can be provoked by uncleaned membranes of the fetus.
• Inflammatory diseases of the reproductive organs caused by infection;
• blood diseases;
• Pathology of the kidneys and liver;
• Diabetes;
• Benign formations, which include polyps, ovarian tumors;
• The use of hormonal drugs, as therapy or contraception.
• Bleeding during pregnancy is associated with an unfavorable course of fetal development. In the early stages, up to 12 weeks, bleeding precedes a miscarriage, in the later stages it means improper attachment of the placenta, threatening premature birth.

Juvenile uterine bleeding is extremely common. The reason for such a pathology in girls of puberty can be:

• Dysregulation of hormones;
• physical injury;
• mental trauma;
• Overwork and stress;
• Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex;
• Thyroid disorders;
• Past infections: measles, whooping cough, rubella, chickenpox;
• The result of complicated childbirth in the mother.

Consequences of uterine bleeding

Symptoms of uterine bleeding are expressed in a significant release of menstrual blood. With this pathology, there is a long absence of menstruation, and after that it is manifested by bleeding of varying intensity. Uterine bleeding is dangerous at any age, as it can cause anemia - anemia.

The main symptom of uterine bleeding is vaginal discharge. . Bleeding is considered normal if it is due to the following reasons:

• Menstruation;
• Mechanical damage associated with abortion or curettage;
• Due to medical and diagnostic procedures: removal of the intrauterine device or cauterization of erosion;
• Bleeding occurs during or after childbirth.

Abnormal bleeding occurring at any age is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Intensive discharge;
• Prolonged bleeding for more than two weeks;
• Allocations in the intermenstrual period;
• Blood clots in the discharge
• Weakness and fatigue;
• Dizziness and pain in the head;
• Low blood pressure (hypotension);
• pale skin;
• Blood discharge after intercourse;
• blood clots;
• Incessant bleeding after childbirth or abortion;
• Drawing pains in the lower back and lower abdomen;
• sudden bleeding after menopause;
• cycle irregularity;
• Bleeding in postmenopause;
• Anemia.

A characteristic symptom of pathological uterine bleeding is expressed in copious discharge, when a sanitary pad or tampon is completely wet within an hour. In this state, it is difficult for a woman to cope with daily activities, and she is forced to spend more time relaxing.

Diagnosis of uterine bleeding mainly depends on the period in which this pathology occurred.

To diagnose juvenile uterine bleeding, the doctor needs to establish the following:

• Anamnesis data: date of onset of menstruation and last menstruation, physical development;
• The presence of complaints;
• Complete blood count, coagulation, prothrombin index, clotting and bleeding time;
• Blood test for sex hormones: prolactin, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol;
• Blood test for thyroid hormones: TSH, T4, T3;
• Measurement of basal temperature between periods;
• Ultrasound of the pelvis to determine the condition of the endometrium;
• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
• Ultrasound of the adrenal glands;
• Ultrasound control of ovulation;
• To determine the state of the hypothalamic-pituitary system: x-ray of the skull, echoencephalography, EEG (electroencephalogram of brain activity), computed tomography, MRI.

If abnormal uterine bleeding occurs during the reproductive years, it is important to conduct the following studies:

• Collection of anamnesis and complaints;
• Gynecological examination;
• Organic pathology should be excluded: ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion;
• Diseases of organs that cause bleeding;
• Hysteroscopy;
• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
• Ultrasound of the pelvis.

In 30% of uterine bleeding develop on the background of menopausal syndrome. If bleeding occurs during menopause, then first of all it is necessary to differentiate them from menstruation, since as menopause occurs, ovarian function gradually stops, making menstruation irregular. To exclude pathologies, diagnostic curettage of the endometrium is performed and hysteroscopy is performed. Curettage of the endometrium reveals endometriosis. Fibroids, uterine polyps, which can cause uterine bleeding. A pelvic ultrasound or CT can rule out the cause of uterine bleeding, which can be triggered by an ovarian tumor. Other diagnostics of pathologies of uterine bleeding is determined by the gynecologist individually.

Treatment of uterine bleeding is aimed at restoring blood loss and stopping pathological bleeding. The cause of bleeding is also eliminated.

Juvenile bleeding

Treatment of juvenile dysfunctional uterine bleeding is hemostatic measures. As treatment progresses, rebleeding is prevented. Conservative and surgical methods are used to stop uterine bleeding, the choice depends on the patient's health status. If the choice falls on conservative treatment, then hemostatic and uterine contracting drugs, as well as progesterone preparations, are used. After a few days, the bleeding will stop.

When blood loss does not stop and leads to deterioration, hysteroscopy and antianemic therapy are performed.

reproductive age

Treatment of uterine bleeding of reproductive age is determined after receiving the results of histological analysis. If a relapse occurs, then non-hormonal and hormonal hemostasis is performed. Further, it is necessary to follow measures to correct the identified dysfunction, with the help of hormonal treatment. It is necessary to regulate the menstrual function.

During the menopause

Treatment of uterine bleeding during menopause is aimed at suppressing hormonal function and menstruation, in other words, menopause is provoked. Stopping bleeding stops only surgically - curettage and hysteroscopy or surgical removal of the uterus.

• As a prevention of juvenile uterine bleeding, proper nutrition is recommended, with an increased level of iron in foods. General hardening of the body, rehabilitation of chronic infectious foci, as well as the use of progestin preparations are carried out.
• As a prevention of uterine bleeding of reproductive age, the treatment of concomitant diseases is mandatory, the neuropsychic state is normalized with the help of vitamins and sedatives. But with the wrong choice of treatment, uterine bleeding can occur again.

Prevention of dysfunctional uterine bleeding should be carried out even during fetal development. Further, as the organism develops, measures should be taken to strengthen the organism in general, for example, hardening. Diseases, including those of the genital area, must be treated in a timely manner. In the event of uterine bleeding, it is necessary to take measures to restore the menstrual cycle; for this, the appointment of hormonal contraceptives is indicated. Oral contraceptives reduce the likelihood of unplanned pregnancy and, as a consequence, abortion. In addition, drugs allow you to bring the body into hormonal balance. It is also recommended to regularly visit a gynecologist, at least 2 times a year and more often.