Prevention of infertility in sheep depends on many reasons, including the timely treatment of gynecological diseases, the occurrence of which is more often caused by unsuccessful childbirth, postpartum complications and infection of the genital tract during artificial insemination and childbirth.

Vulvitis(Vulvitis) - inflammation of the labia.

Causes - various mechanical damage during childbirth and irritation with purulent discharge from the vagina and uterus.

Symptoms - hyperemia of the mucous membrane, swelling of the skin of the labia and mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. Sometimes you can find hematomas in the form of small fluctuating tumors. When pyogenic microbes enter the wounds, purulent inflammation develops. In this case, purulent outflows accumulate on the surface of the labia, which, when dried, form crusts. With a more severe course of the disease, necrosis of the mucous membrane, the formation of abscesses and ulcers, the development of phlegmon or sepsis are noted.

Treatment. The external genitalia are washed with potassium permanganate 1:1000, furatsilin 1:5000 or a mixture of solutions of furazolidone 1:10,000 and furatsilin 1:5000 in a ratio of 1:2. Dead tissue is removed, wounds, abrasions, cracks and ulcers are smeared with tincture of iodine.

After removing dead tissue, penicillin and streptocidal ointments or a mixture of them are applied to exposed areas. With timely treatment, the outcome is usually favorable.

vestibulitis and vagina t (Vestibullitis, vaginitis) - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina.

The reasons. These diseases in sheep occur as a result of injuries and infections in the genital organs of sheep during lambing or insemination. In addition, inflammation can develop due to the spread of the inflammatory process from adjacent organs (cervix, etc.).

By the nature of the inflammatory process, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous and other forms of inflammation of the vestibule and vagina are distinguished.

Signs. In acute catarrhal inflammation, hyperemia, infiltration and soreness of the mucous membranes are observed, as well as an abundant discharge of a cloudy mucous exudate. In chronic course, the mucous membrane is pale and dense. With purulent vestibulitis and vaginitis, the mucous membrane is edematous, painful and covered with pus, which is released from the genital slit. In the acute period of the disease in animals, a depressed state and a slight increase in body temperature are observed. Urination is frequent and painful. The chronic course is characterized by the appearance of ulcerations and adhesions of the mucous membrane.

Phlegmonous vestibulitis and vaginitis are accompanied by severe swelling, soreness and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, as well as the formation of abscesses, necrosis and sometimes disintegration of the tissues of the vestibule and vagina. It is possible to develop sepsis, and at the site of abscesses that appeared in the vagina or at the anus, the formation of fistulas. In the chronic course of the disease, adhesions and scars often form in the vagina and its vestibule.

Forecast. The acute course of the disease with timely treatment of patients, as a rule, ends happily. The chronic course lasts for weeks and is accompanied by the formation of scars, adhesions, narrowing.

Treatment. To liquefy and remove exudate, the vagina is washed with a 2-3% saline solution and the mucous membrane is irrigated with rivanol 1:1000, furazolidone 1:10,000, furatsilin 1:5000, their mixture (see "Vulvit"), chinosol 1: 1000 In addition, the mucous membranes are lubricated with ichthyol-glycerin (aa), an oily emulsion of penicillin (freshly prepared) (500 thousand units of penicillin are dissolved in 1-2 ml of distilled water and mixed with 10-20 ml of vaseline or vegetable oil - they are pre-sterilized by boiling) .

It is recommended to insert into the vagina 1-2 times a day tampons soaked in a solution of penicillin (500-600 thousand units), streptomyocsha (1 million units) and terramycin (2 million units). Antibiotics are dissolved in 25-30 ml of a 0.25% solution of novocaine. You can also enter into the vagina (closer to the cervix) 1-2 suppositories of tricillin, synthomycin ointment 1: 10, after preliminary washing with a warm 2% solution of sodium chloride or baking soda. These antibiotics can also be used in the form of a powder, introducing them also closer to the cervix.

With phlegmonous course of the disease, vaginal lavage is contraindicated. The mucous membrane is freed from exudate with tampons moistened with disinfectants, and the affected areas are lubricated 1-2 times a day with an antiseptic ointment: ichthyol, penicillin, streptocid, synthomycin 1:10, biomycin (5%), etc. In case of severe pain, add to ointments novocaine at the rate of 1-3%. Wounds, ulcers and erosion are smeared with iodine tincture, a mixture of iodine tincture with glycerin 1: 2. Abscesses are opened and treated like wounds.

Prevention. It is possible to prevent the appearance of vestibulitis and vaginitis by observing sanitary and hygienic rules during childbirth, natural and artificial insemination, gynecological examinations, as well as caution in providing obstetric and medical care.

cervicitis(Cervicitis) - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix. The disease is acute and chronic.

The reasons. Acute cervicitis occurs when the cervical mucosa is injured during childbirth and microbes or protozoa (vibrios) enter it during insemination. The disease can occur due to the transition of the inflammatory process to the cervix from the mucous membrane of the uterus or vagina. Chronic cervicitis develops from acute.

Signs. In the acute course of the disease, the mucous membrane is hyperemic, edematous, painful, and often bleeds. A sticky serous or serous-purulent exudate flows from the cervix. On the surface of the mucous membrane there are fibrinous overlays, hemorrhages, ulcers and erosion. With postpartum cervicitis, tissue necrosis is often noted.

In the chronic course of cervicitis, the mucous membrane is often hypertrophied, folded, and polyposis-like growth is noted in the form of cauliflower (vaginal part). The cervical canal is slightly ajar and a mucopurulent or purulent plaque is visible on it.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of the history and symptoms of the disease, with a mandatory vaginal examination.

Forecast. In acute cervicitis, the prognosis should be cautious, since with untimely treatment, deep changes in the mucosa and nearby tissues are possible, followed by narrowing or overgrowth of the cervical canal. Chronic cervicitis is usually accompanied by irreversible changes in the mucous membrane of the cervix. Therefore, the prognosis is poor.

Treatment for acute cervicitis should be aimed at freeing the cervical canal from exudate and preventing the spread of inflammation to nearby tissues and organs (vagina, uterus).

The first is achieved by the use of disinfectants, and the second - various antibiotics in the form of emulsions and ointments or a mixture of their powders, which are recommended in the treatment of vaginitis. With cervicitis with the presence of ulcers, erosions and edema, the cervix is ​​​​lubricated with tincture of iodine or iodine-glycerin, etc.

If the cervical canal does not pass (overgrowth), females are discarded due to their unsuitability for reproduction.

Prevention. It is necessary to observe asepsis and antisepsis during insemination and gynecological examination of animals, as well as to prevent injuries during childbirth. Timely treatment of vaginitis and endometritis also prevents inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix (cervicitis).

endometritis(Endometritis) - inflammation of the lining of the uterus.

The reasons. Inflammation of the uterine mucosa often occurs as a result of penetration into the uterine cavity of streptococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, etc. Predispose to the development of inflammation wound of the uterus received during pathological childbirth, retention of the placenta and its subsequent disintegration, atony of the uterus after childbirth, etc.

In addition, endometritis can occur as a result of non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules when working with sperm during artificial insemination, as well as when sheep are inseminated by rams kept in unhygienic conditions.

Signs. Initially, endometritis occurs locally, but when the overall resistance of the body is weakened and microflora enters, the inflammatory process spreads to all layers of the genital organs and, as a result, a general septic process develops.

The wall of the uterus is not elastic, painful, the cervix is ​​hyperemic, swollen and somewhat protruded, the cervical canal is ajar, mucopurulent exudate flows out of it with fibrin flakes and accumulates at the bottom of the vagina. With a complication, the tissue becomes necrotic and its putrefactive decay occurs. In this case, a reddish-colored exudate with an unpleasant odor and the presence of grayish flakes of pus and decayed tissues is released from the vagina.

The prognosis for timely treatment is favorable. But often the process takes a chronic course. The outflows become less abundant, but are observed almost constantly, and subsequently the connective tissue grows, most often in the cervix, which leads to a narrowing of its canal.

In these cases, the prognosis is doubtful, and inflammation often passes to the tissues of the oviducts and ovaries.

Treatment should be aimed at preventing septic processes, stimulating uterine contraction and releasing it from exudate.

For general treatment, penicillin is more often used in combination with streptomycin and biomycin or bicillin. The dose of penicillin is 6-10 thousand units / kg of animal weight, the average daily dose of streptomycin is 500 thousand units, biomycin is 0.4-0.5 g orally. The dose of bicillin is 400-600 thousand units once a week.

Antibiotics, except for biomycin, are dissolved in sterile saline and injected intramuscularly until the temperature drops to normal and clinical recovery. At the same time, antibiotics are administered intrauterinely in the form of solutions (better), emulsions or powders (penicillin, streptomycin, white streptocide).

If microbes are insensitive to antibiotics, it is recommended to use sulfa drugs. The best effect in these cases is obtained by giving sulfazol, sulfacyl or norsulfazol 2 times a day for three days. Sulfamids are given orally, dissolved in water, or given as a suspension. Doses of sulfazol and sulfacyl - 1-3 g, norsulfazol - 0.02-0.05 g/kg of animal weight.

The uterine cavity is washed with solutions of rivanol 1:1000, furacilin 1:5000, furazolidone 1:10 0000, iodine-iodine, chinosol 1:1000. After 17g-2 hours after washing, the contents of the uterus are removed. To do this, massage the abdomen or inject subcutaneously a 0.1% aqueous solution of prozerin at a dose of 2 ml. For these purposes, hormonal preparations are also used: sinestrol, stilbestrol, etc.

After washing the uterus and removing the contents, antibiotics are injected into the uterus in the form of a powder: tricillin (10-15 g) or a mixture of penicillin (75-100 thousand), streptomycin (100-150 thousand) and white streptocide (3-5 g). A day later, the procedure is repeated.

In severe cases, rest is indicated; in chronic cases, walks are required. In both cases, symptomatic treatment is used and feeding is improved with the provision of easily digestible feed.

Prevention consists in strict observance of veterinary and sanitary rules during coating or artificial insemination of animals. First of all, it is necessary to maintain cleanliness when receiving sperm so that microbes do not get into it, observe hygiene during insemination and during lambing, remove lochia in a timely manner and prevent retention of the placenta, and if the genital organs are injured during childbirth, provide timely veterinary care.

Salpingitis(Salpingitis) - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the oviduct. The disease is acute and chronic. It is caused by microbes that enter from the uterus with purulent endometritis and less often oophoritis. Clinically, an acute catarrhal process in the oviducts cannot be determined. Attention is paid only when, due to chronic inflammation, the connective tissue has grown, the lumen of the oviducts has been closed, and, as a result, the animal is infertile.

The diagnosis is made by the exclusion of diseases accompanied by infertility.

The prognosis in terms of eliminating infertility is unfavorable. Animals are culled.

Oophoritis(Oophoritis) - inflammation of the ovaries, which occurs acutely and chronically.

The reasons. The inflammatory process usually develops in continuation with perimetritis or the presence of acute endometritis.

Signs. In the acute course of oophoritis, the general condition of the animal is depressed, appetite is reduced, body temperature is elevated, the ovaries are enlarged, compacted (intercellular infiltration of the stroma), painful.

In the chronic course of oophoritis, the ovaries are dense due to the growth of connective tissue. Subsequently, ovarian sclerosis develops. Clinically, ovarian sclerosis is characterized by the absence of estrus, hunting.

The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, by excluding other diseases.

The forecast is doubtful.

Treatment. In acute cases, antibiotics and sulfa drugs are indicated. In the chronic course of oophoritis, neurotropic and hormonal drugs are used.

Prevention is aimed at maintaining hygiene during artificial insemination, childbirth and the postpartum period.

Detention of the placenta(Retentio secundarum). In sheep, the fetal membranes (afterbirth) are excreted within 2-4 hours after birth. If they remain in the uterus longer than the specified time, a disease develops - retention of the placenta, which often occurs due to the retention of the villi of the outer membrane of the fetal placenta in the crypts of the uterine mucosa.

The reasons. Retention of the afterbirth occurs due to insufficient contraction of the uterus with atony or hypotension, as well as in inflammatory processes, when the mucous membrane of the uterus or the outer membrane of the fetal placenta is edematous. With inflammation of the placenta, swelling of the villi of the choroid is observed, which can lead to their fusion with the uterine mucosa.

Detention of the afterbirth is facilitated by insufficient and inadequate feeding (especially in the second period of pregnancy) of animals, exhaustion of animals, difficult childbirth, as well as various infectious diseases (brucellosis, vibriosis, etc.). causing the development of inflammatory processes in the uterus.

Signs. The retention of the placenta is determined by the presence of a cord (part of the placenta) hanging from the genital slit. Sometimes the placenta is not visible from the outside, it is located in the genital tract. In such cases, the diagnosis is made by history and examination of the genital tract using a vaginal speculum.

With untimely removal of the placenta, its decay occurs. The afterbirth becomes flabby, gray in color and emits an ichorous smell. In these cases, intoxication of the body with decay products occurs. The animal becomes depressed, appetite is lost, body temperature rises slightly. Outflows of decomposed fetal membranes, blood and mucus appear from the birth canal. The microorganisms contained in the rotting placenta penetrate the lymphatic and blood vessels, causing sepsis or pyemia, which often cause the death of the animal.

The prognosis for timely treatment is favorable, and if there are symptoms of a septic process, it is cautious.

Treatment. If the placenta does not separate 2-4 hours after birth, the animal is given 50-60 g of sugar dissolved in 0.5 liters of warm water inside.

As a means to tone the muscles of the uterus, a 0.1% aqueous solution of prozerin is used at a dose of 2 ml subcutaneously, as well as oxytocin, pituitrin and other hormonal drugs (they should be repeated after 4-5 hours). In addition, magnesium chloride can be used orally at a dose of 2.5-3 g, dissolved in 100-150 ml of water. If necessary, the drug is used again after 10-12 hours.

In order to prevent microbial contamination and the development of sepsis, the hanging part of the placenta should be washed with disinfectants 2-3 times a day, and antibiotics should be administered intramuscularly, as in endometritis.

If the use of medicines during the day did not give positive results, the placenta is separated promptly. Before starting the procedure, the external genital organs are treated with one of the disinfectants, and the operator prepares the hands. The separation of the afterbirth is carried out carefully, and take into account that the cervix has a small diameter. Usually, the operator-surgeon twists and pulls the afterbirth, combining these actions with attempts. After removing the placenta, a mixture of penicillin and streptomycin is injected into the uterine cavity, 500 thousand units each, and white streptocide or norsulfazole 1-2 g or tricillin. The animal continues to be monitored and, depending on its condition, measures are taken.

Prevention. One of the main measures is the full feeding and proper maintenance of sheep, especially in the second half of pregnancy and before lambing. At this time, be sure to provide active exercise. After giving birth, the sheep is allowed to lick the lamb, and then they are given lukewarm salted water (10 g of table salt per 1.5-2 liters of water).

REFERENCE INDEX

Voloskov P. A. Prevention of pseudo-infections in animals. M., "Kolos" 1965.

Mikhailovs. H. Prevention of infertility and infertility in sows. M., Kolos, 1967.

Mikhailov N. N., Chistyakov I. Ya. Obstetric care for animals. M., Kolos, 1971.

Studentsov A.P. Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology. M., Kolos, 1970.

Rzaev Ch. A. Prevention of infertility in sheep. M., Kolos, 1969.

I.A. Rubinsky

Treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases in cows

I Introduction

At present, the intensity of the use of productive animals has sharply increased. In this regard, the service life of livestock is reduced, which in turn exacerbates the need to increase the rate of reproduction of the herd. However, this is often prevented by infertility, overgrowth, barrenness and gynecological diseases, as a result of which the farms suffer huge losses.

Infertility can be due to various reasons, primarily - insufficient or inadequate feeding, poor care, improper maintenance and use of animals, careless attitude to the organization and conduct of artificial insemination. Infertility also occurs as a result of various diseases of the genital organs, which most often appear during childbirth and the postpartum period.

Non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules in the provision of obstetric care predisposes to the occurrence of diseases.

Diseases such as acute and chronic endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, not only cause infertility, but also lead to a decrease in milk yield, fatness of animals, worsen the sanitary quality and technological properties of milk.

II. Causes of infertility and its forms

When considering the causes of infertility, one must always keep in mind that it is only one of the symptoms of a violation of the relationship between the animal and its environment.

The causes of infertility in female farm animals are extremely diverse and complex. In the vast majority of cases, infertility is not the root cause, but only a consequence. Moreover, it can be with pronounced clinical signs of genital disease, or it may not manifest itself, but, nevertheless, it can be detected using simple research methods used by practitioners.

Several classification schemes for factors causing infertility have been proposed. However, the classification of A.P. Studentsov. It compares favorably with the others in that the factors that impair fertility can equally be attributed to both females and males of farm animals and cover all possible forms of infertility, allowing their combinations with each other.

A.P. Studentsov distinguishes seven main forms of infertility:

In conclusion, it should be noted that infertility can be neither physiological nor pathological. Infertility is a violation of the function of reproduction of offspring, due to individual forms of infertility or their combinations. Therefore, it is impossible to divide infertility into functional and organic, because dysfunction is always accompanied by morphological changes in organ tissue cells to a greater or lesser extent, and vice versa.

III. Examination of animals and the main diseases that cause reproductive disorders in cows

Assessment of the state of the reproductive organs in cows

Early gynecological medical examination includes: firstly, clinical observations of animals in the first days after birth, secondly, rectal and vaginal examination of cows with difficult and 12-14 days after calving.

In a clinical study first, the external genital organs are examined, and one can notice their swelling, the release of lochia or the outflow of exudate. Erosions, ulcers, wounds and other changes can also be seen on the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. Vaginal examination using a speculum can detect wounds, sometimes penetrating into the pelvic cavity, rash, exudate deposition.

In the normal course of the postpartum process, lochia is viscous dark brown (up to 200 ml) on days 7–8 after calving, and on days 12–14, lochia are translucent, colorless, about 50 ml of them.

With subinvolution of the uterus during this period, the lochia have a dark red color. In color, quantity, and consistency, they do not differ from lochia observed on the second day after calving.

In acute endometritis, the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is ​​bright pink with pinpoint and banded hemorrhages. By rectal examination on the 7-8th day after calving, with subinvolution or postpartum endometritis, the uterus is palpated in the abdominal cavity, the wall of the horns and cervix are flabby.

On rectal palpation, on the 12th–14th day after calving, the uterus is normally palpable in the pelvic cavity, the horn-fetus is slightly smaller than a fist, the consistency of the horns is elastic, there is no pain reaction, and the uterine horns contract during massage.

With endometritis or subinvolution, the uterine horns are greatly enlarged and located in the abdominal cavity, caruncles are well palpable, the contractility of the wall is weak or absent.

Early gynecological medical examination is an extremely important stage of work. Firstly, it makes it possible to prevent the introduction of animals with postpartum complications into the main herd and thereby avoid the transition of the disease to a chronic, difficult to treat form. Secondly, it helps to prevent the spread of conditionally pathogenic microflora in the barnyard. Otherwise, due to the constant passage of weakly virulent strains of opportunistic pathogens through the body of animals, they become highly virulent and cause massive overinfection of animals. Thirdly, it makes it possible to start treatment of animals in a timely manner, even before irreversible structural changes occur in the uterus, and this ultimately makes it possible to reduce both the treatment time and the service period.

Early gynecological medical examination should be supported by intensive treatment of animals. Cows should enter the milk production shop only after the relevant conclusion of the veterinarian.

Planned gynecological examination should be carried out twice a year: in the fall - when setting up a stall and in the spring - before pasturing the animals to pasture. When it is carried out:

✓ Collection of general reproduction indicators.

✓ Individual clinical and gynecological examination of animals.

✓ Laboratory examination of vaginal discharge, blood and urine.

✓ Checking the condition of the maternity ward, preparing animals for calving, organizing obstetric care.

✓ Caring for animals in the postpartum period and preparing them for insemination.

✓ Analysis of the food supply, feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals.

✓ Checking the status of artificial insemination points.

✓ Analysis of the effectiveness of artificial insemination of animals.

Planned gynecological medical examination should be carried out on a commission basis. The commission is headed by a veterinarian-gynecologist or the head veterinarian of the farm, it includes a livestock breeder, an artificial insemination technician, a foreman and a farm manager.

When collecting indicators on the reproduction of specialists, they are interested in the data of primary zootechnical accounting: the number of cows, heifers and heifers, the age composition of the livestock, the number of offspring per year, the distribution of calving by the seasons of the year.

Infertile cows and heifers are subject to clinical and gynecological examination, that is, animals that do not come to hunt for a long time or are repeatedly inseminated to no avail.

Methodology for assessing the state of the reproductive organs of cows

The detection of estrus in cows and heifers is usually carried out by a visual method with rectal control of the state of the reproductive organs.

The main sign of selection of cows for insemination is the “immobility” reflex. In addition, it is necessary to take into account a number of accompanying signs of hunting:

✓ restless behavior of the animal, continuous movement through the herd, etc.;

✓ tail elevation (tail "sultan");

✓ swelling of the vulva and hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina;

✓ outflow of transparent mucus, traces of which can be seen on the root of the tail;

✓ change in rectal body temperature;

✓ during rectal examination - rigidity (ability to contract) of the uterus.

It should be noted that a single observation makes it possible to detect heat only in 55–60%, a double observation in 75–80%, and a triple observation in 85–90% of animals. In 10-15% of animals there is a “silent hunt”, which is difficult to visually detect, so the basis for successful insemination is the correct and regular selection of cows in the hunt according to a set of traits.

Gynecological examination of animals begins with an examination of the external genital organs, while you can notice:

✓ the presence of exudate on the root of the tail or ischial tuberosities;

✓ swelling of the vulva, it is often recorded in inflammatory processes in the genitals, is strongly pronounced in nodular vestibulovaginitis, trichomoniasis, vibriosis;

GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES OF ANIMALS

Diseases of the uterus

Chronic catarrhal endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis chronica).

Chronic catarrhal endometritis is a chronic inflammation of the uterine mucosa, characterized by a constant release of catarrhal exudate from the uterus.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis, if the causes that caused it were not eliminated in a timely manner. In cows, chronic endometritis is most often the result of acute postpartum and postabortal endometritis, uterine subinvolution, and the introduction of infected semen during natural and artificial insemination. The cause of chronic catarrhal endometritis may be, in addition, the spread of the inflammatory process to the endometrium from the vagina and cervix. In some cases, the specified endometritis occurs a second time in the presence of persistent yellow bodies, cysts and functional disorders in the ovaries.

In the chronic course of catarrhal endometritis, under the influence of prolonged exposure to various irritants (microbes, toxins, exudate, etc.), in addition to hyperemia and hemorrhages, a number of different persistent pathological changes occur in the uterine mucosa. In some cases, they manifest themselves in the degeneration of the cylindrical and ciliated epithelium with its replacement by a squamous epithelium. In other cases, atrophy or hyperplasia of the mucous membrane and atrophy or hyperplasia of the glands of the uterus are observed. Sometimes there is a blockage of the outlets of the glands and the formation of cysts from them. Later, the destruction of the cysts occurs. Ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane are also possible. Sometimes there is an overgrowth of the connective tissue and induration of the uterus with the displacement of muscle tissue.

Along with these changes, pathological changes often occur in the vessels of the uterus (vasodilation, thickening and sometimes degeneration of their walls), as well as in the receptors and nerve cells of the uterus, which disrupts blood circulation in it and its innervation. In this case, functional disorders of the uterus and ovaries occur. Simultaneously with this, exudate effusion occurs in the uterine cavity. Depending on the form of inflammation, the exudate can be mucous, mucopurulent and purulent. With an exacerbation of the process, the release of exudate increases, with a decrease in the degree of inflammation, the exudation decreases, and sometimes temporarily stops. All this creates unfavorable conditions for fertilization.

Clinical signs. Chronic catarrhal endometritis is characterized by a constant or periodic discharge of cloudy, flaky mucus from the uterus, which is usually found on the floor where the animal lay. The cervix is ​​almost always ajar, its canal is filled with thick mucus coming from the uterus.

Rectal examination establishes an increase in the volume of the uterus and fluctuation. With the accumulation of exudate in large quantities, the body and horns of the uterus are lowered into the abdominal cavity.

Soreness of the uterus is usually not observed, its contractility is weak or absent (atony of the uterus). The walls of the uterus are sometimes thickened and compacted or flabby.

The general condition of animals with mild forms of chronic endometritis usually does not change, but severe forms are accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition, a decrease in milk production and gradual emaciation. With intoxication, an increase in temperature, an increase in heart rate, a decrease in appetite, atony of the proventriculus, catarrh of the abomasum and intestines are observed.

Blood changes in chronic endometritis are usually not characteristic. The most frequent deviations in them, especially in cases accompanied by emaciation of the animal, are a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and erythrocytes and eosinophilia. Leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis or leukocytosis, neutrophilia and basophilia are less common.

Sexual cycles in chronic endometritis are most often arrhythmic or completely absent.

The main symptom of chronic endometritis is temporary or permanent infertility of females and the associated complete loss of milk production of animals.

Infertility in chronic endometritis occurs due to various reasons. In some cases, the cause of infertility is the lack of estrus and hunting. This is observed in cases where chronic endometritis causes pathological changes in the ovaries (lack of growth or incomplete development of follicles, their atresia, the formation of persistent yellow bodies and cysts in the ovaries, sclerotic changes in the ovaries, etc.).

In other cases, the cause of infertility is the death of sperm in the female genital tract due to changes in the environment in the uterus due to the presence of exudate in it.

In the absence of exudate in the uterus, the death of spermatozoa can be caused by spermotoxins, spermolysins, bacteriolysins and phages formed in it. The death of spermatozoa is also observed while maintaining various functional and morphological changes in the endometrium.

In addition, the cause of infertility is sometimes a change in the endometrium, which is often destroyed due to painful long-term processes in the uterus. With such changes, the possibility of fertilization is usually excluded, although estrus and ovulation occur. The causes of infertility in chronic endometritis can also be the absence of ovulation, its very late occurrence, the presence of a complication in the form of salpingitis, which often excludes the possibility of meeting sperm with an egg even during ovulation, and some other points.

It should be borne in mind that in chronic endometritis, in some cases, fertilization occurs, but the changes that have occurred in the endometrium often cause either the impossibility of implantation of the zygote, or the death of the embryo at an early stage of its development, or abortion at a later stage of pregnancy. Abortion chronic endometritis is accompanied in cases where the resulting changes in the uterine mucosa (rebirth, cicatricial changes, etc.) cause a violation of the relationship between the mother and child placenta.

Chronic endometritis continues for months and years. At the same time, they often pass from one form to another and become aggravated. When the form of endometritis changes, catarrhal discharges sometimes become purulent, and purulent ones become mucopurulent and mucous. Simultaneously with the change in the nature of the exudate, its quantity also changes. Sometimes chronic endometritis becomes latent. In this case, the release of exudate from the uterus is stopped.

The prognosis for chronic endometritis depends on the duration of the course of the disease and the presence of morphological changes in the endometrium. In unopened cases of chronic endometritis, the prognosis may be favorable, since recovery and restoration of the animal's fertility are possible. In the presence of irreversible morphological changes in the endometrium, causing permanent infertility or habitual abortions, the prognosis for the restoration of fertility is unfavorable. In this condition, the animals are culled. However, if there is an accurate diagnosis of chronic endometritis, cows should be culled only in the absence of a positive result from treatment and grazing. In addition, when culling cows, one should also take into account the degree of decrease in milk productivity, which often determines the inexpediency and unprofitability of further treatment.

Treatment. Given that chronic catarrhal endometritis affects the endometrium and ovaries, the main goal of treatment should be to restore their function. For this purpose, it is recommended to apply both local and general treatment.

Local treatment for chronic catarrhal endometritis is reduced to the periodic release of the uterus from the contents and to the weakening or suspension of the microflora, and the general - to increase the tone of the body, the contractility of the muscles of the uterus and to stimulate the function of the ovaries. To increase the tone of the body, a complete feed ration, regular walks, a 10% solution of calcium chloride (intravenously) and vitamin preparations are prescribed. In the presence of a persistent corpus luteum in the ovary, ovarian massage or enucleation of the corpus luteum is performed. To restore the function of the endometrium and myometrium, subcutaneous administration of hormonal preparations is recommended.

Prevention. Prevention of chronic catarrhal endometritis is achieved by timely elimination of acute forms of endometritis. Animals suffering from chronic endometritis are isolated. Insemination of animals with signs of chronic endometritis is not performed until complete recovery. To identify animals with chronic endometritis and their timely treatment, it is necessary to conduct monthly obstetric and gynecological medical examinations with the results of the studies recorded in the “Journal of insemination and calving of cattle”. Otherwise, prevention is the same as for acute endometritis.

Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis et purulenta chronica) Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis is a long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, accompanied by the release of mucopurulent exudate.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis or arises from chronic catarrhal endometritis with the introduction of pyogenic microbes.

In chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, the pathogenesis is basically the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis. However, changes in the endometrium and in the body with catarrhal-purulent endometritis are more pronounced. In particular, in the mucous membrane of the uterus, in addition to hyperemia, hemorrhage and swelling, purulent infiltration and tissue degeneration can develop. Sometimes ulcers, cicatricial strands and warty-mushroom formations are formed. Intoxication is possible, causing a deterioration in the general condition of the animal.

Symptoms and course. Catarrhal-purulent chronic endometritis is characterized by constant or periodic discharge of mucopurulent exudate from the uterus. The exudate may be thin or thick, creamy, cloudy, yellowish-white, white or yellow, and sometimes with a reddish tinge. The release of exudate usually increases during estrus and in the first days after it, as well as when the animal is lying down.

Vaginal examination reveals banded hyperemia and exudate from the uterus in the vagina. The vaginal part of the cervix is ​​usually hyperemic. The cervical canal is ajar and filled with mucopurulent exudate or closed. In the latter case, the outflow of exudate from the uterus stops.

On rectal examination, the uterus is found in the pelvic cavity or somewhat lowered into the abdominal cavity. With the accumulation of a large amount of exudate, it descends deep into the abdominal cavity. On palpation of the uterus, more or less pronounced fluctuation, soreness and asymmetry of the uterine horns are detected. In addition, swelling and flabbiness of the walls of the uterus, a decrease or absence of their contractility are found.

The general condition of the animal without noticeable deviations from the norm. However, with exacerbations of the process and intoxication, a decrease in appetite, a deterioration in the general condition, an increase in body temperature and a gradual emaciation of the animal are often observed. The sexual cycle is disturbed, fertilization does not occur during insemination.

The course of chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, its prognosis, as well as methods of therapy and prevention are the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Chronic latent endometritis (Endometritis latens chronica) Under the latent chronic endometritis understand the inflammatory process of the endometrium, occurring without clearly expressed clinical signs and usually in the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during periods between estrus. It is diagnosed only during estrus by the presence of purulent streaks and other inclusions in estrus mucus and is the cause of multiple infertile insemination of cows (microbial toxins and other inflammation products have a detrimental effect on the embryo).

Etiology. The reasons for the development of chronic latent endometritis are the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Symptoms and course. The inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa in chronic latent endometritis occurs at the beginning, as in catarrhal endometritis. Subsequently, the degree of inflammation of the endometrium decreases, and the effusion of exudate into the uterus gradually stops. In this regard, the release of exudate from the uterus to the outside also stops. However, changes in the endometrium, formed at the beginning of inflammation, persist. In a clinical study, they are not detected. As a result, a clear sign of endometritis (pathological discharge from the uterus) falls out, and the process takes on a hidden character. With the onset of the next estrus, hunting and ovulation, when the body's resistance decreases and the endometrium, the inflammatory process in the endometrium aggravates, and the release of exudate into the uterine cavity and then out begins again.

Chronic latent endometritis is characterized by the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during the period from one estrus to another. At the same time, clinical examination of noticeable changes in the vagina, cervix and in the uterus itself is usually not detected. Sometimes only atony of the uterus and uneven thickening of its walls are noted. The rhythm of the sexual cycles is most often not disturbed. In outwardly healthy cows, multiple unsuccessful inseminations and infertility are noted, which is often the basis for assuming that they have this pathology.

Diagnosis. It is difficult to make a reliable diagnosis based on clinical signs. Chronic latent endometritis is diagnosed by the detection of pathological discharge from the uterus during the hunt. They are not transparent, as normal, but cloudy with an admixture of flakes of pus and more abundant. 1-3 days after the hunt, pathological discharge from the uterus stops and is not again noted until the next estrus and hunt. More accurately diagnose chronic latent endometritis, you can only use one of the following laboratory methods.

A gynecologist can organize a laboratory study of cervical mucus in a farm, artificial insemination center or veterinary pharmacy to clarify the diagnosis and nature of the inflammatory process in infertile animals. To obtain lochia or mucus, the vulva is first toileted, then a hand in a plastic glove is inserted into the vagina, the contents are taken near the cervix and placed in a jar or test tube, the number or name of the cow is written. The study of the material is carried out immediately, but it is possible after 2-3 hours if stored in a cool place. If necessary, to clarify the cause of infertility, microscopy of a smear of cervico-vaginal mucus, endometrial biopsy is performed.

According to I.S Nagorny. 2 ml of lochia are placed in a laboratory test tube and 2 ml of a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 0.1% solution of ethacridine lactate are added. If lochia is obtained from a cow with a normal postpartum period, then a clot of mucin is formed in the test tube, which does not break when shaken; the precipitated liquid remains transparent. In the case of endometritis, a precipitate forms, with a slight shaking of the test tube, the liquid becomes cloudy.

Sample according to V.S. Dyudenko. It is based on the detection of toxic substances of the aromatic series (indole, skatole, etc.) in estrus mucus in the presence of an inflammatory process. Take 2 ml of lochia or mucus in a test tube and add 2 ml of a 20% solution of trichloroacetic acid. The mixture is filtered through a paper filter and 0.5 ml of nitric acid is added to 2 ml of the protein-free filtrate. The contents are boiled for one minute. After cooling, 1.5 ml of 33% sodium hydroxide solution is added to the mixture. With a positive reaction, the solution turns yellow. Yellow-green color indicates a moderate catarrhal inflammation of the endometrium, orange - a purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

Sample according to G.M. Kalinovsky. It is based on the detection of sulfur-containing amino acids in the mucus, which are noted during inflammation. 4 ml of a 0.5% solution of lead acetic acid is added to the test tube, to which a 20% solution of sodium hydroxide is added dropwise until a precipitate (lead oxide hydrate) is formed. After 15-20 sec. sodium hydroxide solution is added again until the precipitate disappears. Then 1.5 - 2.0 ml of mucus taken from the cow before insemination is added to the test tube. The contents of the tube are easily shaken and heated without boiling. In the presence of latent endometritis, as a result of the formation of lead sulfide, the mixture acquires the color of strongly brewed tea.

Sample according to V.G. Gavrish. It is based on the detection of histamine produced by endometrial mast cells during inflammatory processes. 2 ml of animal urine is added to the test tube and 1 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of lapis is added. Boil for 2 min. The formation of a black precipitate indicates inflammation of the endometrium, and a brown or light one indicates a normal condition.

Test according to L.L. Smirnova. It is based on the adsorption of purulent contents and allows for the diagnosis of latent endometritis without waiting for the estrus of the animal. A cotton-gauze swab with a thread is impregnated with ivasdek (a mixture consisting of petroleum jelly - 72 parts, ichthyol - 20 parts, ASD-3 - 8 parts), and is inserted into the vagina with the help of a forceps up to the cervix. A day later, the thread is removed. In the presence of endometritis, the swab will have a white spot in the form of a drop of pus.

Treatment for latent endometritis, prognosis and prevention are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

1. Repeatedly hunting cows are inseminated twice with an interval of 10-12 hours and after 8-10 hours 10 ml of tylosinocar, metrityl or neomycin sulfate, polymyxin sulfate, tylosin tartrate or other antibiotics are administered intrauterine at a dose of 1 g (1 million units), dissolved in 10 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Functional disorders of the ovaries of cows and heifers

Functional disorders of the ovaries, which cause long-term infertility in cows and heifers, are manifested, as a rule, in the form of their hypofunction, cysts and persistence of the corpus luteum.

Ovarian hypofunction is characterized by a violation of the development and maturation of the follicles of their ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. This pathology can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, insufficient function of the corpus luteum, or complete depression of the function of the gonads and prolonged anaphrodisia.

Etiology. The causes of ovarian hypofunction are a decrease in the synthesis and incretion of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary gland or a weakening of the ovarian reactivity to the action of gonadotropins. The latter is observed, as a rule, with increased synthesis of corticosteroid hormones under stressful conditions, as well as with a lack of thyroid hormones in the body of animals.

Symptoms and course. The initial form of ovarian hypofunction, manifested by the persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24-72 hours after the end of the hunt (normally, ovulation occurs 10-12 hours after the end of the hunt), postlibidinal uterine metrorrhagia (bleeding on the second or third day after insemination) and low fertility animals.

Ovarian hypofunction, manifested by anovulation, is characterized by a violation of the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries. Such animals are characterized by the absence of fertilization and repeated insemination. During a rectal examination of a cow during the manifestation of the anovulatory sexual cycle, growing follicles of small or medium size are detected in the ovaries, which do not reach the preovulatory state.

With hypofunction of the ovaries, accompanied by impaired development and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, cows have multiple unsuccessful inseminations, sometimes with a violation of the rhythm of the sexual cycles (manifestation of the stage of excitation after 12-15 days). A rectal examination on the 6-8th day after the onset of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle in the ovaries reveals a small dense corpus luteum. The concentration of progesterone in the blood during this period does not exceed 1.6 - 1.8 ng / ml (against 2.5 - 4.0 ng / ml in a normal sexual cycle). Changes in the uterus are usually not observed. Most often, such a disorder of sexual function is observed in the hot summer time, as well as with insufficient or inadequate feeding of animals.

With complete depression of the function of the gonads, clinically accompanied by anaphrodisia, the ovaries are reduced in size, dense to the touch, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpus luteum. The horns of the uterus are in the pelvic cavity or hang over the pubic edge, weakly rigid, atonic.

Treatment and prevention. Cows with hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested by delayed ovulation or anovulation, on the day of manifestation of the phenomena of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle (before or after the first insemination of the animal) are injected intramuscularly with surfagon at a dose of 20–25 μg or ogon-THIO-1–1.5 thousand. IE.

Animals with anovulatory sexual cycles are also prescribed serum gonadotropin, which is injected subcutaneously 2–3 days before the expected onset of the next stage of excitation (17–19 days after the previous sexual cycle and insemination) at a dose of 2.5 thousand IU. (5 - 6 IU per 1 kg of body weight). In case of anovulatory sexual cycle, accompanied by luteinization of a non-ovulated follicle, which is determined in the ovary during rectal examination on days 6-8 in the form of a cavity formation with a "tight" fluctuation, one of the preparations of prostaglandin F 2-alpha (estufalan, bioestrophan, clatraprostin, gravoprost) is injected intramuscularly once or gravoclatran at a dose of 2 ml), and at the manifestation of the stage of excitation (during insemination) - surfagon - 20 - 25 mcg or ovogon-THIO - 1 - 1.5 thousand IU.

In case of ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, cows are given a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 3–3.5 thousand IU. (6 - 7 IU / kg of body weight). To ensure normal ovulation on the day of manifestation of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle (during insemination), surfagon is injected at a dose of 20 μg. Animals that have not shown the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle, 21-22 days after the gynecological examination and confirmation of the initial diagnosis, FFA gonadotropin is administered again at the same dose.

Animals with insufficient function of the corpus luteum, when the next cycle appears on the day of insemination, are injected subcutaneously once with 2.5 thousand IU. gonadotropin FFA (4 - 5 IU / kg of body weight).

For the treatment of animals with depression of sexual function, the administration of gonadotropic drugs is recommended, which is advisable to combine with the use of aqueous solutions of neurotropic drugs: carbacholin (0.1%) or furamon (1.0%). Any of these drugs is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, 2-2.5 ml, and after 4-5 days, FFA gonadotropin is injected once at a dose of 1.5-2 thousand IU.

Ovarian cysts as functioning formations are formed from non-ovulated follicles and are divided into follicular and luteal cysts according to their functional state.

Follicular cysts have one or more spherical cavities, the walls of which at the beginning of their formation and functioning are represented by hyperplastically altered hormonally active granulosa, vascularized theca, hyperplastically altered outer connective tissue membrane and reduced granulosa.

Symptoms and course. Rectally, they are defined as one or more thin-walled blisters with gentle fluctuation, with a diameter of 2 to 4 - 6 cm or more. The ovaries at the same time acquire a rounded or spherical shape, increase in size to a chicken or goose egg. The uterine horns are somewhat enlarged and hang over the edge of the pubic bones. At the beginning of the formation and functioning of cysts in cows, nymphomania is clinically noted, which subsequently, with the onset of degenerative changes in the cyst wall, is replaced by anaphrodisia.

Treatment. For the treatment of cows with follicular ovarian cysts, different schemes for prescribing hormonal drugs are used. According to one of them, the treatment is carried out by a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 5-6 thousand IU. or chorionic gonadotropin - 4 - 5 thousand units. Animals that have not shown the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle after a gynecological examination and if signs of luteinization of the cyst walls are detected are injected with one of the above prostaglandin preparations at a dose of 2 ml on the 10-12th day. In another case, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (surfagon) can be used for treatment, which is injected at 10 μg 3 times with an interval of 24 hours, or the luteinizing hormone ogon-THIO once - 3 thousand IU. In the third treatment regimen, cows are parenterally injected daily for 7-8 days with 50-75 mg of progesterone with simultaneous oral administration of 50-100 mg of potassium iodide, and after two or three days, a single injection of gonadotropin FFA-3 - 3.5 thousand per day. m.u.

Luteal cysts have, as a rule, one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle.

Symptoms and course. With this pathology, the ovaries are diagnosed through the rectum in the form of spherical formations up to 6–8 cm in diameter with a dense wall and mild fluctuation. The presence of such cysts in animals is accompanied by an anaphrodisia. The uterine horns and cystic ovaries hang down into the abdominal cavity, the uterus is atonic. In the blood plasma, a low content of estradiol and a high level of progesterone are detected.

Treatment. Carried out by a single intramuscular injection of estuphalan at a dose of 500 - 1000 mcg, bioestrofan 2 ml, or clatraprostin 2 - 4 ml with simultaneous subcutaneous injection of 2.5 - 3 thousand IU. gonadotropin FFA. When using gravoprost or gravoclatran at a dose of 4 ml, FFA gonadotropin is not prescribed. With ovarian cysts, accompanied by atony and hypotension of the uterus, neurotropic drugs can be used as additional therapeutic agents.

Persistent corpus luteum of the ovary.

A persistent corpus luteum is considered to be a corpus luteum in the ovary of a non-pregnant cow, delayed and functioning for more than 25-30 days.

Etiology. Most often, it is formed from the cyclic corpus luteum during chronic inflammatory processes in the genital organs, as well as after repeated skipping (without insemination of the animal) of the sexual cycles. The corpus luteum of pregnancy, regardless of the nature of the course of labor and the postpartum period, undergoes involution in the first days after childbirth (the concentration of progesterone in the peripheral blood is 0.2–0.5 ng / ml), and its transition to persistent is not observed.

Symptoms and course. The concentration of progesterone in the blood in this pathology corresponds to the luteal phase of the sexual cycle (more than 2 ng / ml). The horns of the uterus, as a rule, hang down into the abdominal cavity, are somewhat enlarged, their walls are relaxed, and rigidity is reduced. The study of the state of the uterus is carried out very carefully and carefully in order to identify its disease or exclude pregnancy.

Diagnosis. When diagnosing a persistent corpus luteum, it is necessary to keep accurate records of the condition of the ovaries and uterus at each examination for comparison. Diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum is carried out by double rectal examination of cows and heifers with an interval of 2-3 weeks and daily observation of animals. The yellow body during this period does not undergo changes in location, size, and the animal does not show the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle.

Treatment. Infertile cows with persistent corpus luteum or functioning corpus luteum of the sexual cycle are given one of the prostaglandin preparations at the above doses once. To increase the effectiveness of prescribing prostaglandin preparations to animals, they are combined with a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 2.5–3 thousand IU. When using hormonal drugs to restore fertility in mature heifers, the doses of gonadotropic drugs are reduced by 700-1000 IU, and prostaglandins by 150-200 mcg. In all cases of using hormonal drugs to normalize ovarian function in animals, it is desirable to prescribe vitamins, macro- and microelements.

Prevention of gynecological diseases of cows and heifers

Diseases of the reproductive organs in farm animals should not be considered as local diseases of the genital organs, but as a general disease of the animal organism. Therefore, the system for the prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs should include a complex of economic and zootechnical, special veterinary and sanitary and hygienic measures when rearing replacement young animals, inseminating cows and heifers, preparing them for fruiting and childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period.

Clinically healthy heifers are selected for reproduction, taking into account the milk production and fertility of their parents. Replacement heifers are provided with full-fledged feeding, which allows reaching a body weight of 340-370 kg by the age of 18 months. For a 6-month milk period, they should receive 280-300 kg of whole milk, 400-600 kg of skim milk, 170-200 kg of concentrated feed, 200-300 kg of good hay and haylage, 300-400 kg of silage and root crops. According to clinical, morphological, biochemical and other parameters, their growth and development are controlled. If necessary, make appropriate adjustments to feeding and maintenance. In summer, preference is given to camp and pasture content.

During the period of insemination, the average daily weight gain should be above 500 g. When inseminating heifers and cows, they are guided by the instructions for artificial insemination of cows and heifers, veterinary and sanitary rules for reproduction.

Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals are carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.

Deep-boned cows at the time of launch (60-65 days before the expected birth) are subjected to a full clinical examination, paying special attention to fatness, the condition of the hair and skin, bones, hoof horn, mammary gland, and body weight. Cows are subject to testing for subclinical mastitis by one of the rapid diagnostic tests. When indicated, a deeper study of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is carried out.

Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hairline, strong bones, correct gait and hoof shape, and the absence of subclinical or clinically pronounced mastitis.

If signs of mastitis, reduced fatness, impaired or perverted appetite, softening of the tail vertebrae, baldness in the region of the root of the tail and sacrum, loosening of the horny covers and teeth, lameness, indicating a metabolic disorder, are detected in animals, a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out, including means of etiotropic, symptomatic , dietary, general tonic and corrective therapy, as well as organizational, economic and zootechnical measures for the prevention of metabolic disorders and diseases of the mammary gland.

After a clinical examination, cleaning of the hair and skin, trimming the hooves of the animals, they are transferred to the dead wood group, where, depending on the technology, they are kept on a leash or without it in groups that form according to the expected calving time (60-45, 45-30, 30-10 days). Separately contain a group of heifers. For better fetal development and prevention of birth and postpartum complications, it is advisable to keep animals loose during the dry period.

A room for keeping dry cows and heifers is allocated at the rate of 18% of the total number of cows and heifers of the farm (complex), it must be equipped with a group den at the rate of at least 5 m2 of floor area per animal with individual boxes measuring 2x1.5 m and have a feeding area with a hard surface (8 m2) or without it (15 m2), a feeding front (0.8 m). The consumption of bedding (straw) is at least 1.5-2 kg per day. The bedding material must be uniform, dry and free of mold.

When tethered, pregnant cows and heifers are placed in stalls (1.2 x 1.9 m) equipped with feeders, drinkers and automatic ties. The floors in the machines can be wooden or cordoresin bitumen, in the aisles - concrete.

Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. For this, stationary irradiators E01-ZOM are used,

EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M. E01-ZOM, EO-2 erythema irradiators are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m of the floor area in loose housing or one irradiator per 2 cows in stall-tethered housing. The irradiating unit UO-4M is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided for 3 passes of the installation during the day.

In the winter-stall period, dry cows and heifers, under favorable weather conditions (absence of severe frosts, precipitation, wind, etc.), need to carry out active exercise for 2-3 hours at a distance of 3-4 km, for which they equip a running path with leveled ground and appropriate fencing, as well as walks lasting 5-7 hours a day on walking areas with a hard surface.

In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. At the same time, stationary premises are being repaired, cleaned, disinfected and sanitized.

The level of feeding of cows and heifers in the dry period is determined by the body weight of the animal, the state of fatness, the expected milk production and should provide an increase in the body weight of the animal over this period by 10-12%. The diet of animals should be balanced in terms of energy, digestible protein, macro- and microelements, dry matter, fiber, contain 8-9 feed. units and include, kg: good hay - at least 5-6, high-quality silage - 10-15, good-quality haylage - 5-7, grass flour or cutting - 1, concentrated feed - 1.5-2, fodder beet and other root crops 4 -5, molasses 0.5-1, as well as mineral supplements in the form of table salt, caiodine, phosphorus-calcium salts. Each feed unit should have 100-120 g of digestible protein, 90-150 g of carbohydrates, 45-50 mg of carotene, 8-9 g of calcium, 6-7 g of phosphorus, 8-10 g of sodium chloride, 19-20 g of potassium, magnesium 5-6 g, copper 10 mg, zinc and manganese 50 mg each, cobalt and iodine 0.7 mg each, vitamin D 1 thousand IU, vitamin E 40 mg. The sugar-protein ratio should be 0.8-1.5:1, and calcium to phosphorus 1.5-1.6:1. The diet must be balanced on the basis of the chemical analysis of the feed, carefully monitored for the content of macro- and microelements, vitamins, do not allow the use of feed containing impurities of salts of heavy metals, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates and nitrites, as well as residual amounts of preservatives or stabilizers.

During the dry period, twice on the 14-15th day after launch and 10-14th day after delivery, a clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by examination, palpation, trial compression and organoleptic evaluation of the secretion. Identified animals with mastitis are subjected to appropriate treatment.

In order to control the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and herd productivity) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and at the end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) of the summer-pasture periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulins, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gamma globulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml) ), low concentration of vitamins A (25 µg/100 ml and less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.750.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.

If necessary, the content of other vitamins, microelements, indicators of immunobiological and natural resistance, as well as sex and corticosteroid hormones is determined in the blood of cows at the same time of pregnancy. In the normal course of pregnancy, the ratio of progesterone to estradiol concentrations is no more than 60, and cortisol to progesterone is not less than 7. Higher ratios of progesterone to estradiol and lower cortisol to progesterone indicate the risk of birth and postpartum obstetric pathology.

If deviations in metabolism are found in dry cows and heifers, comprehensive measures are developed for the prevention and treatment of animals by adjusting diets to replenish deficient nutrients, taking into account the quality and chemical composition of feed, as well as the additional prescription of vitamin and hepatotropic drugs, mineral premixes, synthetic antioxidants. At the same time, the ratio of the prescribed oil concentrates of vitamins A and D should be 10:1, and the use of vitamin E in the last 20 days of pregnancy is not allowed, since vitamin E, having a progesterone-like effect, inhibits the contractile function of the uterus.

Diprovit (in a daily dose of 5 g) or lipomide (in a daily dose of 1 g) are used as hepatotropic drugs, which are fed to pregnant cows for 4 weeks at the beginning of the dry period and for 2 weeks before childbirth. For this purpose and according to the same scheme, the drug Metavit is also used in a daily dose of 2 g.

With a low level of vitamins in the body of animals and feed, as preparations that normalize metabolism and prevent retention of the placenta and postpartum diseases, sodium selenite, barium selenite (depolen), beta-carotene oil solution can be used. A sterile aqueous 0.5% solution at a dose of 10 ml (0.1 ml of sodium selenite per 1 kg of body weight) is administered to cows once intramuscularly 20-30 days before the expected birth. Depolen (10 ml) is administered once at the beginning of the dry period. An oily solution of beta-carotene is used intramuscularly 30-45 days before the expected calving, 40 ml per injection for 5-7 days in a row.

The maternity ward needs a room for obstetric care, clinical and gynecological examinations and medical procedures, and a hospital for 10-12 heads for keeping sick animals. These rooms should be provided with obstetric and surgical kits, other necessary tools and medicines, solutions of disinfectants, and a fixation machine.

The number of livestock places in the maternity ward should be 16% of the number of cows and heifers in the complex (farm). The placement of internal equipment, the parameters of the microclimate of the premises of the maternity ward (as workshops for dry cows and heifers) are determined by the norms of technological design. The temperature in the maternity ward should be 16°C, relative humidity 70%, illumination 300 lux, allowable concentration of carbon dioxide 0.15%, ammonia 10 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide 5 mg/m3, microbial contamination 50,000 m one animal 25 m.

For sections of the maternity ward, permanent attendants are assigned, trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and round-the-clock duty is organized.

When keeping animals in the insemination and milking group, they provide proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, daily active exercise, communication of cows with a probe bull, the correct mode of machine milking and timely detection of heat and insemination of animals mainly in the first month after birth. The milking of cows in the first month after birth is carried out gradually. The set of feed should be varied and fully meet the needs of animals for digestible protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. In winter, high-quality hay and fodder root-tubers are necessarily fed.

Specific prevention of postpartum endometritis and increase in reproductive function in cows.

The data obtained on the participation of RTI and VD viruses in the etiology of endometritis provided a basis for studying the effect of specific prevention of these infections on the incidence of mastitis and endometritis in cows.

For this purpose, a bivalent live cultural virus-vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea of ​​cattle was used in 11 farms, unsuccessful for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of calves of viral etiology, clinically expressed and subclinical mastitis and gynecological diseases of cows. Experimental batches of the vaccine were produced in the conditions of the Belarusian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which were used in accordance with the instructions for its use.

It was found that before the use of vaccines, the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves reached 93.3-95.1%, in cows with mastitis - 47.2-52.3%, endometritis - 42.9-48.0%.

In the first year of application of the vaccine, the incidence of pneumoentritis in calves decreased to 82.2%, in cows with mastitis to 41.1% and endometritis - to 37.2%, and after 3 years, respectively, to 44.3%; 12.1% and 9.3%.

Thus, the conducted studies indicate the need to introduce specific prevention of infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea in cattle into the system of measures to combat calf pneumoentritis, mastitis and endometritis of cows.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Altai State Agrarian University"

Field Practice Report

"Obstetrics"

Barnaul 2013

Introduction

Animal insemination methods

Examination of cows for mastitis

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

I had an internship at the Prigorodnoye educational institution, which is located in the suburbs of Barnaul. Form of ownership - federal state unitary enterprise, specialization - dairy farm. The total land area is 10429 hectares, including agricultural land - 9144 hectares. Arable land - 7209 ha, hayfields - 762 ha. Communication with the above farm is carried out by public roads. The average distance from the farm to residential areas and production centers does not exceed 1 km. Along the perimeter, the complex is fenced with a fence, 1.9 m high. There is an entrance to the territory, which is closed with iron gates. The Uchkhoz includes 2 departments: Central and Mikhailovskoye.

UOH "Prigorodnoye" was organized in 1956 on the basis of the State Land Fund of economically weak collective farms. In 1958, it was transferred to the ASHI as a pilot production facility.

This geographical zone is dominated by a temperate continental climate; thinned chernozems predominate in the soils. The soil cover of land use is relatively uniform. The total land use area is 100 ha.

The enterprise breeds cattle - black-motley Holsteinized breed. Tribal farm. The livestock of the first lactation is 400 heads, the second lactation - 470 heads, the third lactation and older - 367 heads. The average live weight of cows of 1st lactation is 480 kg, 2nd lactation - 498, 3rd lactation and older weight is 520 kg. The average percentage of fat is 3.45%. Almost all animals in the herd are of elite-record and elite classes; only 19 goals - 1 class. The milk productivity of the assessed cows was 3903 kg. Also, the Prigorodnoye educational farm is the base farm for the supply of breeding young animals of the black-motley breed and bulls to the Barnaul breeding enterprise to enterprises in the Altai Territory. Annually, from 10 to 20% of the livestock of the main herd of breeding young animals is sold.

For the accelerated development of dairy cattle breeding, the development of a forage base is important. The basis of the herbage on pastures and adjacent areas are: creeping clover, awnless bonfire, yellow alfalfa, meadow rank, creeping wheatgrass, large plantain, wild strawberries, silver cinquefoil, dioica nettle, bitter wormwood, common yarrow, medicinal dandelion, horsetail.

Gynecological diseases occurring on the farm

The main, most common disease in the Prigorodnoye school is endometriosis.

Endometriosis. This is a common gynecological disease in which cells of the endometrium (the inner layer of the uterine wall) grow outside this layer. Since the endometrioid tissue has receptors for hormones, the same changes occur in it as in the normal endometrium, manifested by bleeding. These small bleedings lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues and cause the main manifestations of the disease: pain, an increase in the volume of the organ, infertility. Symptoms of endometriosis depend on the location of its foci. There are genital (within the genital organs - the uterus, ovaries) and extragenital (outside the reproductive system - the navel, intestines, etc.) endometriosis. Classification Genital endometriosis is divided into:

1. External genital endometriosis, which includes endometriosis of the ovaries and pelvic peritoneum.

2. Internal genital endometriosis, in which the endometrium "grows" into the myometrium. The uterus at the same time acquires a rounded or spherical shape and can be enlarged.

According to the distribution and depth of tissue damage by endometriosis, 4 stages of the disease are distinguished: I degree - single superficial foci. II degree - several deeper foci.

III degree - many deep foci of endometriosis, small endometrioid cysts of one or both ovaries, thin adhesions of the peritoneum. Grade IV-- Multiple deep lesions, large bilateral endometrioid ovarian cysts, dense organ adhesions, vaginal or rectal invasion.

Animal insemination methods

gynecological disease cow insemination

During my internship, I consolidated my theoretical knowledge on mastering obstetric methods of obstetrics, pregnancy diagnostics, obstetric and gynecological medical examinations, differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the genital organs and breast.

Cows are inseminated by the manocervical method. For this, sterile disposable instruments are used: a polyethylene ampoule with a polystyrene catheter and a polyethylene glove. Previously, the animal is subjected to a thorough clinical examination.

The farm draws up a calendar plan for the insemination of animals, the livestock is divided into 3 groups:

pregnant women with clarification of pregnancy;

animals in the postpartum period;

infertile, not pregnant one month after birth.

The uterine composition of all heifers is taken into account, taking into account the time they reach physiological maturity, and they are included in the insemination plan at the appropriate time.

The correct choice of the time of insemination is one of the main conditions for obtaining high fertility. Since in cows, compared with other animals, estrus is much shorter and estrous cycles are recorded more often, much attention is paid to the issue of choosing the time of insemination. Fertilization must be carried out at the moment most favorable for the meeting of spermatozoa with the egg. Therefore, under production conditions, hunting in females must be determined by a male probe.

Pathologies of the postpartum period

In the postpartum period, diseases often occur. Postpartum diseases include:

prolapse of the uterus;

subinvolution of the uterus;

postpartum sapremiya;

stagnation after childbirth;

postpartum eclampsia;

postpartum insanity;

postpartum paresis, etc.

The causes of occurrence are different, but a number of predisposing factors can be distinguished: lack of active exercise during pregnancy; incorrect operation; insufficient or one-sided feeding; vitamin and mineral nutritional deficiency, etc.

Diagnosis of neonatal diseases and their prevention are an important part of reproduction. The body of a newborn, entering the external environment for the first time, must undergo a number of changes and adapt to new conditions of existence. This process can be complicated by a violation of the functions of individual organs and systems of the newborn, sometimes causing their pathological condition. Diseases in newborns develop as a result of errors in feeding, exploitation and maintenance of pregnant females or newborns, improper selection of parental pairs for mating, pathological births and congenital anomalies. The main diseases of newborns are: large-fruitedness, small-fruitedness; asphyxia of newborns; constipation in newborns; congenital absence of the anus and rectum; diseases of the circulatory system; bleeding from the navel; inflammation of the navel; umbilical ulcer; fistula irachus. Therefore, the prevention of diseases of newborns is so important, it includes:

Complete, competent feeding, operation and maintenance of pregnant females and newborns

Careful selection of parent pairs for mating

Carrying out childbirth in cows in boxes

Growing newborn calves in section dispensaries

Examination of cows for pregnancy

During my internship, I also took part in the rectal examination of cows for pregnancy.

This method of detecting pregnancy is based on determining the condition: ovaries, uterine horns, body and cervix, uterine mesentery. And also the uterine arteries and the fetus passing through them.

Rectal examination was carried out with gloves, the hand was lathered before insertion, the assistant takes the tail of the animal to the side, for the convenience of rectal examination. The fingers are folded in the form of a cone and gently inserted into the rectum. After clearing it of feces and passing through an ampulla-shaped expansion, they proceeded to palpation.

At the bottom of the pelvis, she felt the cervix in the form of a dense tourniquet running along the pelvic cavity. Without releasing the cervix, continued palpation in front and behind. Behind, she felt the vaginal part of the cervix, and in front she felt the body and horns of the uterus, moving forward, the interhorny groove was felt. Then, in turn, the left and right horns of the uterus are palpated.

A rectal examination was carried out at the Prigorodnoye educational farm, where out of 10 examined cows, only 8 cows were pregnant:

2 cows with a period of 2 months. The horns of the uterus and the ovary are located in the abdominal cavity. The cervix has moved to the entrance to the pelvis. The horn is twice as large as the free horn; a slight fluctuation is felt on palpation. The horns, when stroked, almost do not shrink. The ovary of the horn (fetus) is larger than the ovary of the free horn, the corpus luteum is not palpable in it. - 3 cows with a period of 3 months. The horn is 3-4 times larger than the free horn. The interhorny furrow is almost not palpable. The uterus is enlarged, fluctuating to the touch. The ovaries are in front of the pubic fusion on the lower abdominal wall.

3 cows with a pregnancy of 6 months. uterus in the abdomen. The fetus is not palpable. The placenta is palpable to the touch with a chicken egg. Fluctuation is not felt, because the wall of the uterus is not tense, the middle uterine artery of the horn (fetus) is strongly expressed.

2 cows were not pregnant, they have symptomatic infertility due to various diseases.

Infertility is a violation of the reproduction of offspring caused by improper conditions for the existence of females and males (errors in feeding, maintenance and operation, improper insemination, diseases of the reproductive apparatus and other organs).

Infertility is characterized by 4 main concepts:

1) Infertility - a violation of the reproduction of offspring by incorrect conditions for the existence of females and males or diseases of the genital and other organs;

2) infertile animal - an animal that has not fertilized within one month after giving birth, and a young female - within one month after reaching physiological maturity;

infertility is a biological phenomenon;

elimination of infertility - obtaining offspring from each female at the time necessary for pregnancy and the postpartum period (maximum offspring).

Examination of cows for mastitis

In the Prigorodnoye educational farm, part of the milk received on the farm is sold. Therefore, cows are checked for mastitis once a month. To do this, 1 ml of milk is poured into straws from each quarter of the udder, and 1 ml of a 2% mastidine solution is added to each. The reaction is considered positive if a clot is formed in the form of a jelly. The reaction is negative if the mixture remains homogeneous. A clinical examination is also carried out, paying special attention to the udder of the animals.

During my internship, I took part in the planned clinical examination of cattle, namely in the clinical examination of animals, in conducting reactions with mastidine and evaluating the results. Mastitis in cows

Also in the UOH "Prigorodnoye" such a disease as mastitis is quite common.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs as a result of exposure to external and internal environmental factors with a decrease in the resistance of the animal organism and complication of infection. There are 2 forms of mastitis - clinical, with obvious signs of inflammation of the mammary gland (redness, soreness, swelling, temperature and impaired secretory activity) and subclinical, which is hidden, in which there are no signs of inflammation, except for a decrease in milk production. Among the clinical forms of mastitis, there are: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, specific.

Serous mastitis is characterized by: effusion of serous exudate into the subcutaneous tissue and interlobular tissue of the udder. In animals, slight depression is sometimes noted, appetite decreases, body temperature rises slightly (up to 39.8 ° C). More often one or two quarters of the udder are affected, they increase in volume, become painful, compacted, with reddened skin and increased local temperature. The nipples are enlarged, the supra-vaginal lymph node on the side of the affected part of the udder is enlarged, painful. Milk secretion is reduced by 10-30%, and in the affected quarter by 50-70%. At the beginning of the disease, milk is not externally changed, later it becomes watery, flakes, casein clots appear.

Differentiated from congestive edema, from which serous mastitis is distinguished by severe redness of the skin, an increase in local temperature with pain, in addition, with edema, the mammary gland tissue is testy, which is easy to establish by palpation, and with serous mastitis, the consistency of the udder is stony, dense. Also differentiated from:

1) clinical mastitis (Mastitis catarrhalis) - Differs in damage to the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the milk tank, milk passages and canals, glandular epithelium of the alveoli. The general condition of the animal remains satisfactory. Most often, only one quarter of the udder is affected, seals are found in it, but the pain is mild. The nipple is testy to the touch. Liquid milk with a bluish or yellowish tint, contains a lot of flakes and clots of casein.

2) fibrinous (Mastitis fibrinosa) - Inflammation of the udder, in which fibrin is deposited in the thickness of its tissues, the lumen of the alveoli and milk ducts. The animal is depressed, often refuses to feed, the body temperature is greatly increased (40-41.0 C), lameness is noted. A quarter, half or all of the udder is affected. The affected quarters are greatly enlarged, reddened, hot, very painful. Their tissues are strongly compacted, the nipple is edematous. The supraventricular lymph node is enlarged, painful and inactive. The total milk yield is reduced by 30-70%, the milk from the affected quarters is yellowish-gray, with fibrinous clots, films, often with an admixture of blood, is milked with difficulty.

3) purulent mastitis (Mastitis purulenta) - Inflammation of the milk ducts and udder alveoli with the formation of purulent or purulent-mucous exudate. The animal is depressed, appetite is sharply reduced, body temperature is increased to 40-41.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, painful, hot, the skin is reddened, very dense. The supraventricular lymph node is greatly enlarged. The total milk yield is reduced to 80%. A small amount of thick purulent or mucopurulent exudate with yellowish or white flakes is milked from the affected quarters.

4) hemorrhagic mastitis (Mastitis haemorragia) - acute inflammation of the udder with multiple hemorrhages and tissue soaking with hemorrhagic exudate. The disease occurs more often in the first days after childbirth. The cow is depressed, body temperature is increased to 40.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, their skin is swollen, covered with burgundy spots, hot, painful. The nipple is swollen, edematous. The total milk yield is reduced by 25-40%, and from the affected quarters - by 60-95%. The milk is watery, reddish in color, with flakes.

If the animal is not helped in a timely manner, acute mastitis can turn into a chronic form already on the 5-7th day, and then slow atrophy of the parenchyma occurs in the tissues of the udder, it is replaced by connective tissue. Milk yield is steadily declining, milk becomes mucopurulent. Complications are possible, up to gangrene of the udder.

5) Subclinical mastitis, visible signs are absent or weakly expressed, milk secretion and its quality are slightly changed.

The latent inflammatory process is accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of somatic cells in milk, which number over 500 thousand in 1 ml.

The following treatments were prescribed:

Frequent careful milking

Rp.: Olii camphoralis 10%-10ml.

D.S. intercisternally, during the first 2 milkings after milking

3) Rp.: Solutionis Calсii chloridi

D.S. i/v once

4) Rp.: Masticidum 150000 ED 5% -10.0 S.: intercisternally, inject 2 p. per day for 5 days.

5) Light massage from the bottom up for 10-15 minutes for 5 days.

Conclusion

During the internship, I had the opportunity to practically get acquainted with the nuances of veterinary work and consolidate the theoretical knowledge gained during the training.

I got a lot of practical skills - this is the ability to diagnose, prescribe and treat animals, got acquainted with the methodology for testing animals for latent forms of mastitis, in practice I studied the method of intravenous administration of solutions to animals, took part in some surgical operations, in preventive and anti-epizootic measures , got acquainted with the rules for issuing the necessary veterinary documentation.

Bibliographic list

1. Goncharov V.L., Cherepakhin D.A. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M .: Kolos, 2--4,328 p.

2.Mirolubov M.G. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M .: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

3. Nebogatikov G.V. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. St. Petersburg: Mir, 2005, 272 p.

4.G. D. Nekrasov, I. A. Sumanova. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M .: Forum, 2008, 176 p.

5. Studentsov A.P., Shipilov V.S., Nikitin V.Ya. Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of reproduction.-M.: Kolos, 1999.495 p.

6. Porfiriev I.A., Petrov A.M. Obstetrics and biotechnology of animal reproduction. Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan, 2009, 352 p.

7. Taranov A.G. Laboratory diagnostics in obstetrics and gynecology. M.: Eliskom, 2004, 80 p.

8. Khramtsov V.V. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M .: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

9. Shipilov V.S., Zvereva G.V., Rodin I.I., Nikitin V.Ya. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and artificial insemination of farm animals.-M.: Agropromizdat, 1988.335 p.

10. Elenschleger A.A., Zhukov V.M., Ponamarev N.M., Baryshnikov P.I., Medvedeva L.V., Fedotov V.P., Kolesnichenko I.D., Borisenko N.E., Chernyshov S.E. Guidelines for educational, clinical and industrial practice for students of 4-5 courses of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine.: Barnaul. AGAU Publishing House, 2007.27 p.

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Violations of the function of the genital organs (vagina, uterus, oviducts and ovaries) in females after the postpartum period are considered as gynecological diseases, in contrast to the obstetric pathology observed in animals during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Andrology- the doctrine of diseases of the urinary and genital organs of males (penis, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, accessory sex glands - prostate, vesicle and bulbous glands, etc.).

The main causes of diseases of the genital organs in females are very diverse: errors in feeding and maintenance, poor animal care, unsatisfactory zoohygienic conditions in the premises, lack of active walks with a run (grazing), non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during natural and artificial insemination, infectious and invasive diseases, etc. In veterinary practice, obstetric and gynecological diseases are interrelated and constitute a complex of diseases of the genital organs (veterinary gynecology) that cause infertility in animals.

Diseases of the vulva and vagina often occur simultaneously. Their inflammation can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, etc.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina consists in the use of antiseptic solutions, powders, ointments, emulsions, antibiotics, sulfonamides, ichthyol, furacilin, furazolidone, potassium permanganate and other drugs.

Diseases of the uterus (inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis, inflammation of the uterus - metritis, inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus - endometritis) can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, etc. They arise as a result of infection during childbirth, insemination or spread from neighboring organs.

Treatment consists of douching with antiseptic solutions, the use of ready-made gynecological products (candles, tablets, powders, emulsions, etc.). Diseases of the uterus, including its subinvolution, require complex treatment.

Diseases of the oviducts are more often recorded in cows and mares. Inflammatory processes (salpingitis) occur as complications during retention of the placenta, metritis, subinvolution of the uterus, with rough examination of the genital organs, the penetration of microbes from the pathological focus with blood flow, etc.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. Apply agents that enhance the contraction of the oviducts (oxytocin, pituitrin, etc.), as well as antiseptics (antibiotics, sulfa drugs, etc.).

Diseases of the ovaries often cause infertility in females of all animal species, but most often in cows and mares. There is a violation of reproductive and hormonal functions, so there are no or incomplete sexual cycles. Ovarian diseases are manifested by the following disorders: anaphrodisia, nymphomania, ovaritis, cysts (follicular, corpus luteum cyst), persistent corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, etc.

Treatment for ovarian diseases is carried out comprehensively, all types of therapy are used: pathogenetic (blockades, tissue preparations, vitamins, etc.), drugs (antibiotics, hormones, neurotropic substances, prostaglandins, etc.), surgery (removal of corpus luteum, ovarian cysts, etc.). in large animals through the rectum or abdominal wall), physiotherapy (ultrasound and laser therapy).

Infertility is a violation of the sexual (reproductive) function in an adult animal (female, male), associated with the inability to produce offspring. Signs of infertility in females are a long absence of estrus, repeated infertile insemination, etc. Infertility of females is established during a gynecological examination. Signs of infertility in males are the absence of sexual reflexes (different types of impotence), the absence of sperm in the ejaculate or their low activity, etc.

By origin, infertility can be congenital and acquired; according to the course of the process and the indications of the forecast - temporary (removable) and permanent (unremovable).

Illness (idleness)- the concept of economic and economic. It only applies to breeding stock. Barrenness is the number (in percent) of cows, sheep, mares that did not give birth during the calendar year, calculated per 100 queens. To eliminate barrenness means to annually receive 100 or more offspring from 100 queens. In the practice of animal husbandry, the main causes of infertility and barrenness can be shortcomings and errors in feeding and keeping queens; diseases; violations of the rules and technology of insemination of females (organizational shortcomings - poor preparation for insemination of females and males); violations of the rules for carrying out the brood of animals and rearing young animals at an early age.

According to the classification of A.P. Studentsov, there are seven forms of infertility in females and males.

1. Congenital (infantilism, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, anomalies in the development of the genital organs).

2. Senile (atrophic processes in the genitals).

3. Symptomatic (diseases of the genital organs, mastitis, etc.).

4. Alimentary (due to malnutrition or obesity).

5. Operational (exhaustion and overload of the animal organism).

6. Climatic (the effect of cold and heat on sexual function).

7. Artificial (artificially acquired and artificially directed, depending on human activity).

In pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits and bitches (multiple animals), the pathology of reproduction can manifest itself not only in infertility, but also in infertility (when a pig has 3-4 piglets instead of 8-12, in sheep and goats - 1 lamb instead of 2 - 3, in rabbits - 2 - 4 rabbits instead of 6 - 8).

Infertility in animals (females and males) can be eliminated by a complex of zootechnical, veterinary, agronomic, organizational and economic measures, taking into account zonal characteristics.