Introduction.

Massage (from the French massage, masser - rub, from the Arabic mass - touch, feel) - a therapeutic method, which consists in a dosed mechanical and reflex effect on the organs and tissues of the body, carried out by the masseur's hand or a special apparatus.

Massage originated in ancient times. The word "massage" comes from the Greek word and means "knead, knead, stroke." Massage as a method of treatment was used already in the third millennium BC. e. in China, then Japan, India, Greece, Rome. Records of massage appear among the Arabs. From the depths of centuries, a description of the therapeutic methods of acupuncture, acupressure, pressure on certain points has come down to us. Ancient monuments, such as preserved alabaster bas-reliefs, papyri, which depict various massage manipulations, indicate that the Assyrians, Persians, Egyptians and other peoples knew massage and self-massage well.

Rice. 1. Image of massage techniques on an Egyptian papyrus.

In Europe, in the Middle Ages, massage was not used due to the persecution of the Inquisition. It was not until the Renaissance that interest in body culture and massage arose again. in Russia in the 18th century. massage was promoted by M. Ya. Mudrov. In the 19th century The development of massage was facilitated by the work of the Swedish specialist P. Ling, the creator of the “Swedish massage”. A great merit in the spread of massage belongs to I. V. Zabludovsky; The massage technique he proposed has retained its significance to this day. Among the founders of therapeutic and sports massage in our country, we should mention A. E. Shcherbak, A. F. Verbov, I. M. Sarkizova-Serazini, and others. Nowadays, massage is used in almost all medical and recreational institutions. The technique of massage and self-massage, built taking into account clinical and physiological, and not anatomical and topographic principles, is an effective means of treatment, restoration of working capacity, relieving fatigue, and most importantly, it serves to prevent and prevent diseases, being an active means of healing the body.

Massage is a way to treat and prevent diseases. Its essence lies in the mechanical impact of special techniques on the surface of the body or any organ. Massage is mainly done with hands, but there is also a hardware massage, carried out with the help of special tools. Massage is scientifically grounded, proven by many years of practice, the most physiological healing tool for the human body. It is used both for preventive purposes - for general strengthening of the body, and in various fields of medicine: surgery, orthopedics, gynecology, therapy, neurology, etc. Therapeutic massage can be used as an independent method, or can be used in combination with other methods of treatment. But you can use massage for therapeutic purposes only as prescribed by a doctor. With the help of massage, you can relieve fatigue, or you can prepare for great physical exertion, so massage is necessary for athletes, as well as people of those professions that are characterized by significant physical and mental stress. Massage is widely used for hygienic and cosmetic purposes. Massage is indicated for all healthy people, but depending on the age and reactivity of the nervous system, the approach to each patient should be strictly differentiated. For the elderly and debilitated people, the massage session should be less long and intense; not all massage techniques are shown to them. Even in ancient times, massage was known as a remedy. Massage was used by primitive people. Obviously, stroking, rubbing, kneading the sore spot was at first purely instinctive. It was made at the earliest stages of the development of traditional medicine. It has been established that many centuries ago massage was used as a remedy by the peoples living on the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

History of massage.

The history of the origin of the word “massage” is very interesting. So, some authors believe that the word massage comes from the Arabic “mass” or “masch” - “gently press, touch”, others - from the Greek “masso” - “squeeze with hands”, others - from the Latin “massa” - “sticking to the fingers."

Since ancient times, massage has been part of the medical art. Massage techniques were first described by the Indians and Chinese. In China, massage began to be used in the third millennium BC. There it was used to treat rheumatic pains, dislocations, relieve fatigue, muscle spasms and more. At the same time, while doing a massage, the Chinese rubbed the whole body with their hands, gently squeezing the muscles and producing special twitches in the joints. When twitching, a crack was heard. In one of the medical treatises of Ancient India, known as “Ayurveda”, massage techniques used by Indians for various diseases are described in detail. At the same time, the whole body was kneaded - from the upper limbs to the feet. The Indians were the first to combine steam baths with massage. During a massage in the bath, a certain amount of water was poured onto hot iron plates, which, evaporating, penetrated the skin of everyone in the room. When the body of a person was sufficiently moistened, the person being massaged was stretched on the floor, and two servants, one on each side, squeezed the relaxed muscles of the limbs with different strength, and then massaged the stomach and chest. After that, the person was turned over and massaged on the back of the body. In both India and China, massage was performed by priests. In addition, schools were established in these countries that taught massage techniques. In ancient China, the origins of preventive medicine were laid. There, in almost all provinces, medical gymnastic schools were created, in which they trained doctors who were fluent in massage techniques and therapeutic exercises. They did a primitive massage in the countries of America and Africa. The natives used the simplest massage techniques for many illnesses. Massage was also used in ancient Egypt, Abyssinia, Libya, Nubia. He was known in these countries as early as 12 centuries BC. e. In Egypt, massage was combined with the effect of a bath. No one left the bathhouse without being massaged. A steamed person was rubbed, stretched, crushed, and various parts of the body were pressed into various frets with hands. All joints were massaged. Initially, a person was massaged from the front, and then from behind and from the sides. The hands were massaged separately: they were bent, various joints of the whole arm were stretched, then each finger separately, then they were transferred to the forearm, shoulder, chest, back, bending them in different directions. In addition to flexion, stretching and massage of the joints, kneading and rubbing of all other muscles were used. Judging by the images preserved on ancient bas-reliefs and on some Egyptian papyri, we can conclude that the Assyrians, Persians, Egyptians were not only familiar with massage, but also used it for therapeutic purposes. So, during the excavation of the grave of an Egyptian commander, a papyrus was found depicting the main massage techniques: stroking the calf muscle, rubbing the foot, tapping the muscles of the back and gluteal muscles. From Egypt, massage became widespread in ancient Greece, where, in combination with gymnastics, it occupied an important place in the art of treating diseases. Massage was considered one of the main elements of Greek medicine. Its use was mandatory. Homer's Odyssey tells how Circe anointed Odysseus with oils and rubbed him with ointments in the bath, and women kneaded the bodies of warriors before battles. An ancient bas-relief depicting Odysseus shows the massage techniques used by the ancient Greeks. Such well-known Greek doctors as Gerodikos, Hippocrates and others also described in detail many massage techniques in their writings. Massage in those days was used for hygienic and therapeutic purposes (for diseases of the joints and dislocations). Hippocrates (459-377 BC) empirically tested all the theoretical provisions about massage. In his writings, he wrote: “... the articulation can be compressed and relaxed by massage. Friction causes contraction or relaxation of tissues, leads to emaciation or fullness, dry and frequent friction tightens, and soft, gentle and moderate thickens tissues. During the time of Emperor Julian, massage was also widespread. Massage in ancient Greece was carried out in baths in combination with bodily exercises of an active or passive nature, rubbing with oils and ointments. In ancient Greece, they attached great importance to massage and believed that it should be used not only in medicine, but also in everyday life and sports, they introduced it in schools and the army. There were special salons for the care of the skin of the face and hands, in which hygienic and cosmetic massages were carried out. In ancient Rome, as in their time in China and India, massage schools were opened. They were founded by Greek doctors - Asklepiad and his students. Asklepiad divided massage into dry and with oils, strong and weak, short-term and long; Celsus recommended rubbing to remove deposits and edema; the famous Galen established nine types of massage and described their methodology. In the Roman baths (terms) massage was widely used - there were rooms specially designed for massage. In them, the slaves kneaded and rubbed the bodies of the bathers. Before the massage, the Romans did a series of gymnastic exercises. After that, the whole body was massaged and rubbed with oils. Thanks to the Romans, massage became part of the system of military and physical education. According to Plutarch, the great commander of Rome, Gaius Julius Caesar, constantly used massage, using specially trained massage slaves for this. Oriental medicine reached its peak in the 10th-11th centuries. At this time, much attention was paid to the development of new methods of treatment and prevention of various diseases. In the well-known works of Avicenna, “The Canon of Medicine” and “The Book of Healing”, recommendations are given regarding body hygiene, the use of mineral water for therapeutic purposes, and a detailed description of massage techniques. Baths and massage were widely used in Turkey and Persia. The school of oriental massage differed from the school of ancient Greece and Rome. The difference was that the Turks massaged like the Egyptians and Africans: they rubbed and pressed with their fingers, frayed the tissues. Massage was done in baths in a separate dry and heated room. Oriental massage specialists worked with their hands and feet, focusing on rubbing and movements in the joints. In ancient Russia, hardening procedures and massage were used. These included tapping, rubbing with a broom, active movements. Among the ancient Slavs, this form of massage was called "tailing", it was described in the annals. Slavs with rheumatic pains and injuries rubbed joints and kneaded muscles and other parts of the body. At the same time, they rubbed various ointments prepared on the basis of various herbs and roots. After washing, they went into a very heated steam room, and there the attendant whipped them with a birch broom, previously steamed in hot water, then rubbed them, then doused the whole body from head to toe with several buckets of warm and cold water. Strong whipping with a broom can be imagined as nothing more than vigorous rubbing. In addition, scraping and rubbing of the whole body from top to bottom was carried out with a broom. This double technique provides hardening, excites the skin and protects against disease when immersed in snow or ice water after a bath. At a time when science flourished in the East, massage and physical exercises were practically not used in Europe. At that time, the Middle Ages reigned in the West, the power of the church and its dogmas dominated. The ideas of mortification and asceticism could not contribute to the expanded use of massage. The massage was carried out by various charlatans, while scientists were engaged in alchemy, the search for the philosopher's stone, and raved about the elixir of life. It was not until the Renaissance that interest in gymnastics and massage arose. This happened in the XIV-XV centuries. after the appearance of works on the anatomy of Mondi de Siuchi. European doctors began to analyze and develop the works of the doctors of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Some interest in therapeutic gymnastics and massage began to arise. Books were written about the baths and bodily exercises of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The development of medical science during the Renaissance was promoted by the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) and the English physician William Harvey (1578-1657). Andreas Vesalius is rightfully considered the creator of anatomy as a science, since he was one of the first to describe many human organs. Harvey made a huge contribution to physiology by discovering and describing the circulatory system. The famous Merculius collected all the literature of that time on massage and gymnastics and wrote the famous essay “The Art of Gymnastics”, which describes three types of rubbing: weak, strong and medium. In addition, the author provided his publication with illustrations and detailed guidelines. After the publication of Giovanni Borelli's treatise "The Movement of Animals", massage began to develop rapidly. In it, Borelli shows the physiological way of studying movement. Fuller in the book "Medical Gymnastics" tried to explain the process of massage on the human body by physiological processes. In 1771, Andre published a two-volume orthopedic book, where he spoke in detail about massage. The German scientist Hoffmann wrote a voluminous work, consisting of nine volumes: “A radical indication of how a person should act in order to avoid early death and all kinds of diseases.” In this work, Hoffmann widely promotes massage, recommends the use of rubbing techniques. In 1780, the work of the famous French clinician Clement Joseph Tissot “Medical and Surgical Gymnastics” appeared. In this work, he provides numerous data on how effective the massage used in gymnastics and surgery turned out to be. He wrote that "movement can often replace various medicines, but no medicine can replace movement." He considered rubbing to be the most effective massage technique, recommending two methods: dry and wet. At the same time, he described in detail the method of conducting the receptions: “If every morning, lying on your back in bed and lifting your legs slightly bent at the knees, rub your stomach and stomach with a piece of flannel, then this increases the peristaltic movements in all the intestines of the abdominal cavity. If the whole body is rubbed, it promotes evaporation and blood circulation. The ancients, who knew all the benefits of rubbing, used it not only as a medical remedy, but it was, so to speak, their daily remedy for maintaining health. The methodological justification for therapeutic massage was given by the founder of the “Swedish” gymnastics system, Heinrich Ling (1776-1839). He began to promote massage after he himself was convinced of its effectiveness. Having received a wound in the shoulder joint in battle, which was complicated by a violation of the mobility of the arm, Ling took up fencing and began to constantly use massage. After some time, the functions of the hand were practically restored. Inspired by what happened to him, Ling began to develop methods of gymnastics and massage. After numerous studies, he published the scientific work “General Foundations of Gymnastics”, in which he wrote that “massage is an integral part of all kinds of movements that have a beneficial effect on the human body.” Ling also attached great importance to massage in the system of medical gymnastics. He considered massage to be a very effective tool in the fight against fatigue, emphasized its therapeutic effect in movement disorders resulting from injuries, as well as in surgical diseases and diseases of internal organs. Some scientists believe that Ling in his treatise did not give a clear classification and sufficient scientific justification for massage techniques. However, despite this, Ling's work played a significant role in the fact that massage became widespread in Europe. Over time, massage and therapeutic exercises begin to be used on all continents. In the 19th century in France, Germany, England and other countries, there are numerous works on massage and the results of its use in the treatment of various diseases. This is facilitated by the development of such sciences as biology, anatomy, physiology. Until the 19th century there was no scientific justification for massage, and only in the seventies in Europe and Russia did the first clinical and experimental work on massage appear. They laid down the basic principles of the scientific substantiation of the influence of massage on the human body, described and brought into the system massage techniques, developed recommendations for its implementation, clearly stipulated all indications and contraindications. The benefits of physical education are recognized in most countries. Sports and physical culture are becoming a recognized necessity of the state. Especially quickly begins to develop sports massage, which is a successful tool for preparing athletes for competitions and quickly relieving fatigue. There are many works that scientifically substantiate the methodology and indications for the use of massage, depending on the sport. The Russian scientists M. Ya. Mudrov, A. A. Ostroumov, V. A. Manassein, S. P. Botkin, G. A. Zakharyin, A. A. Velyaminov, V. I. Zabludovsky, I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini and many others. Back in India and China, Ancient Greece and Rome, massage was widely used in the system of physical education of warriors, gladiators and fist fighters. The Romans and Greeks singled out such types of massage as preliminary (performed before the athlete enters the arena), training, restorative (to relieve fatigue). At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in many developed countries of Europe, active physical exercises began, competitions were held in many sports. The magazine "Sport" (1897) described the use of massage by cyclists participating in the Moscow-Petersburg race. Athletes were massaged legs, arms and pectoral muscles. At the Olympic Games in Paris (1900), Americans used massage in preparing athletes for competitions. I. V. Zabludovsky (1906) noticed that massage helps to increase the efficiency of athletes. The French physiologist R. Costa (1906) gave a physiological rationale and methodology for sports massage. In 1907, Russian athletes (skaters and cyclists) used massage and self-massage of the feet. In 1912, the Swedes and Finns already had full-time massage therapists in the Olympic team. In our country, sports massage began to develop widely since 1923, when the course of massage began to be taught at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education by I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini. In 1928, the department of exercise therapy was created at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, which marked the beginning of training in exercise therapy and massage. Much has been done to introduce massage into sports practice by I. V. Zabludovsky, I. P. Kalistov, V. K. Kramarenko, I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini and others. I. Dubrovsky. The massage techniques developed by him are widely used not only in our country, but also abroad.

Types of massage.

There are many types of massage in the world. The most common of these are:

hygienic (improving) massage;

massotherapy;

sports massage;

cosmetic massage.

Let's dwell on each type of massage in more detail.

Hygienic (improving) massage.

Massage used to promote health, care for the body, prevent diseases, relieve fatigue (overwork), etc. ;, is called hygienic. Hygienic massage was used by ancient Egyptian, Roman and Greek warriors as a means of taking care of their bodies. For this purpose, the ancient Greeks had experienced specialists - "pedotribes", or gymnastics teachers who knew massage. When using a bath in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Hellas, massage was combined with rubbing (anointing) the body with oils and ointments. The Greek baths were dedicated to Hercules and included massages and bodily exercises. The art of massage in Ancient Greece was owned by almost the entire population. During the massage, aromatic oils, sanding, gymnastic exercises, bathing, wiping the body with water were used. Greek doctors and athletes attached great importance to massage, using almost all massage techniques. The famous Galen developed various indications for morning and evening massage. Hygienic massage can be general or private (local) and performed by a professional massage therapist or in the form of self-massage. Tasks of hygienic massage: strengthening blood and lymph circulation. Normalization of the psycho-emotional state, preparing a person for the upcoming work. 15-25 minutes are allotted for general hygienic massage, while the duration of massage of individual parts of the body is: neck, back - 5-8 minutes, legs - 4-7 minutes, chest - 3-4 minutes, stomach - 1-2 minutes, hands - 2-4 min. The time for individual massage techniques is distributed as follows (in%): stroking - 10; rubbing - 20; kneading - 65; percussion techniques - 2; vibration - 3. The predominance of certain techniques depends on the time of the massage. If the massage is performed in the morning, then preference is given to stimulating techniques (kneading, vibration and shock techniques), if the massage is performed in the evening, soothing techniques predominate (stroking, shaking and shallow kneading). Of the kneading techniques, the most commonly used is the ordinary, double ring; rubbing - rubbing with weights, the base of the palm, fingertips; vibrations - labile, shaking of muscles. Hygienic massage can be performed in the bath, under the shower, as well as various devices (vibrating, vacuum, etc.), massagers. General hygienic massage is carried out 2-3 times a week, private - daily. The technique and methodology of hygienic massage depends on the nature of human activity, living conditions, and gender; and for athletes - on the type of sport, the frequency of training sessions, the intensity of the load performed, seasonality, etc. Scheme of general hygienic massage: first massage the collar area, back, then the lower limbs, chest, abdomen, arms. The duration of local hygienic massage depends on the massaged area and ranges from 3 to 10 minutes.

Methodical instructions:

1. General hygienic massage is carried out in the morning after sleep or morning exercises (exercises) or 1-2 hours before bedtime.

2. Massage can also be carried out through light clothing (training suit).

3. The number of techniques used, their intensity often changes during the procedure so that addiction does not occur.

4. You should take into account the age, gender of the person being massaged and his state of health.

5. The first massage procedures should be gentle and short in time.

6. After the massage, the patient should rest for 20-30 minutes.

7. The tolerance of massage should be noted in the self-control diary.

Massotherapy.

Almost all known types of massage can be attributed to therapeutic massage, because. they have certain medicinal properties.

Therapeutic massage is an effective method of treating various injuries and diseases.

In practice, therapeutic massage includes:

1) Classic massage (Swedish massage)- It uses 4 main methods:

stroking,

Trituration,

kneading

vibration.

It does not take into account the reflex effect, and is carried out over or near the sore spot. It helps a lot with a large number of diseases and pain syndromes.

Massage is necessary for everyone - adults, children, and the elderly (in the absence of contraindications).

First of all massage for healthy people to maintain good health and prevent various diseases.

Indications (cases when therapeutic massage is necessary):

1. Pain in the back, lower back, neck.

2. Headaches.

3. Osteochondrosis.

4. Bruises, sprains of muscles, tendons and ligaments.

5. Fractures at all stages of healing.

6. Functional disorders after fracture and dislocation (joint stiffness,

muscle changes, cicatricial tissue adhesions).

7. Arthritis in subacute and chronic stages.

8. Neuralgia and neuritis.

9. Radiculitis.

10. Paralysis.

11. Chronic insufficiency of the heart muscle.

12. Angina.

13. Hypertension.

14. Arterial hypotension

15. Rehabilitation period after myocardial infarction.

16. Chronic gastritis.

17. Violation of the motor function of the large intestine.

18. Bronchitis.

19. Pneumonia.

20. Bronchial asthma.

21. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (without exacerbation).

Contraindications:

Given in generalized form.

1. In acute febrile conditions and high temperature.

2. Bleeding and inclination to it.

3. Diseases of the blood.

4. Purulent processes of any localization.

5. Various diseases of the skin, nails, hair.

6. With any acute inflammation of the blood and lymphatic vessels, thrombosis, severe varicose veins.

7. Atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels and vessels of the brain.

8. Aneurysm of the aorta and heart.

9. Allergic diseases with skin rashes.

10. Diseases of the abdominal organs with a tendency to bleeding.

11. Chronic osteomyelitis.

12. Tumors.

13. Mental illness with excessive excitement.

14. Insufficiency of blood circulation of the 3rd degree.

15. In the period of hyper- and hypotonic crises.

16. Acute myocardial ischemia.

17. Severe sclerosis of cerebral vessels.

18. Acute respiratory disease (ARI).

19. With a disorder of intestinal functions (nausea, vomiting, loose stools).

20. Pulmonary heart failure of the 3rd degree.

2) Reflex - segmental massage.

The development of the reflex-segmental massage technique in our country is associated with the name of a prominent Soviet scientist, one of the founders of Soviet physiotherapy A.E. Shcherbak. Based on his numerous experimental studies and clinical observations, as well as on the work of his students (E.A. Nielsen, B.V. Likhterman, G.N. Slavsky, I.Ya. Bruk, E.D. Tykochinskaya, V.L. Tovbin, R. L. Georgievskaya and others), A. E. Shcherbak found that the most pronounced reaction during physiotherapeutic effects on organs and tissues can be obtained from certain areas, especially rich in autonomic innervation and metameric relationships associated with the skin. According to A.E. Shcherbak, the most clear character of metameric segmental reactions is revealed when exposed to the following areas:

a) cervical-occipital and upper chest, covering the skin of the back of the neck, starting from the scalp, the area of ​​​​the shoulder girdle and the upper back and chest. Irritation of the skin receptors of this reflexogenic zone causes a reaction of the cervical vegetative apparatus, including the following formations: three lower cervical and two upper thoracic spinal segments (C4 - D2), the cervical part of the borderline sympathetic trunk with the corresponding connecting branches, three cervical ganglia (upper, middle and lower ) of the sympathetic trunk, including vegetative fibers coming from the ganglia and ending in the skin, muscles, vessel walls, etc., the nucleus of the vagus nerve with peripheral nerve nodes.

Massage of this area, which A.E. Shcherbak gave the name "collar" (it resembles a wide folding collar in shape), has a regulatory, normalizing effect on the most important functions of organs and systems located within the above segments of the spinal cord. Excitation of the cervical vegetative apparatus with its complex connections can cause significant functional changes in all parts of the central nervous system, in which all the control of the body's vegetative activity is concentrated - the trophism of organs and tissues, metabolic processes, thermoregulation, etc. The method developed by the school of A. E. Shcherbak reflex -segmental effect in the form of a massage "collar" is very successfully used in hypertension, neurotic conditions, especially in violations

sleep, migraine of vasomotor origin, trophic disorders on the upper

limbs, etc.;

b) lumbosacral covers the skin surface of the lumbar region, buttocks to the lower gluteal fold, the lower half of the abdomen and the upper third of the thighs. Impact on this reflexogenic zone causes a reaction of the lumbosacral vegetative apparatus associated with the lower thoracic (D10), lumbar, sacral segments of the spinal cord and with the corresponding part of the borderline sympathetic trunk and its autonomic ganglia. Massage of this area has a reflex effect on the functional state of the organs innervated by the lumbosacral vegetative apparatus (intestine, pelvic organs, external genitalia, lower extremities), on the course of inflammatory processes in the small pelvis, which contributes to the resorption of infiltrates and adhesions in this area and improve blood circulation in the pelvis. This technique of reflex-segmental influence, called "belt", has a stimulating effect on the hormonal functions of the gonads, as well as a neurotrophic effect in vascular diseases and injuries of the lower extremities, reducing vascular spasms and activating separative processes in tissues (healing of wounds, trophic ulcers) . The school of A.E. Shcherbak also developed methods based on the study of the therapeutic effect of local or regional reflexes (vibration of the cervical vertebrae, which has a positive therapeutic effect in the treatment of catarrh of the pharynx, vibration of the symphysis in order to stimulate the sexual reflex, etc.). According to A.E. Shcherbak, the impact on the body when exposed to the above reflexogenic zones is carried out mainly through the autonomic nervous system, since it is connected with all organs and physiological systems (Fig. 1), providing trophic innervation of all tissues and organs of the body.

Modern physiology, in accordance with the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, considers the autonomic nervous system not as an autonomous self-sufficient system, but as a specialized part of a single nervous system, the most important function of which is the adaptive-trophic function that regulates the level of metabolism in the body. Involved in the process under the influence of any factor, the autonomic nervous system, like the humoral system, is one of the most important links in the chain of regulatory mechanisms subordinate to the central nervous system, and forms a single neurohumoral system with it. It follows from this that the metameric segmental reaction is not isolated from the central nervous system, but is inextricably linked with it. As A.R. created by the general adaptive reaction". This "figure against the background" - the segmental reflex - can manifest itself under the condition:

a) integrity and safety of all pathways;

b) relatively limited area of ​​irritation; with a large area of ​​irritation, the segmental effect is obscured or extinguished, since in this case the response takes on a generalized character;

in) small force and short duration of irritation.

Studies by a number of authors have established a therapeutic effect, which is based on the same mechanism of segmental reflexes when exposed to the area of ​​​​the mammary glands (increased contractile function of the muscles and vessels of the uterus, causing the cessation of uterine bleeding), as well as on the epigastric region, covering the skin surface, respectively, with segments D8- 12. Massage of this area causes functional shifts in the work of the stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and also has a therapeutic effect in solaritis and solar pain. One of the forms of the reflex-segmental massage technique is also a selective effect on the reflexogenic zones, reflecting the segmental connections of the visceral organs with certain areas of the integument of the body. These reflex zonal changes in diseases of individual internal organs can occur:

a) on the skin(viscero-cutaneous reflex Zakharyin - Ged) in the form of hyperesthesia in the dermatomes corresponding to the segments of the spinal cord. For the first time, G. A. Zakharyin (1889) paid attention to the appearance of skin hyperesthesia in the upper part of the chest under the left clavicle in case of heart diseases. A detailed description of the regular connection of various internal organs with skin metameres was given by Head (1898). Zonal changes in skin sensitivity, representing the projection of irritations coming from a diseased internal organ, may depend not only on sympathetic, but also on its parasympathetic innervation, since the sensitivity of a number of internal organs (heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach and other organs) is associated with the vagus nerve . This nature of innervation provides a finer regulation of the activity of the corresponding internal organs, causing an increase or decrease in their activity in accordance with certain changing conditions of the organism's vital activity. In diseases of a number of internal organs (heart, lungs, intestines, etc.), the Zakharyin-Ged zones can be localized in the head, face and upper neck because the sensitive nucleus of the vagus nerve has a connection with the trigeminal nerve. Irritations from the internal organs can also spread along the sensitive fibers of the phrenic nerve, the nucleus of which is located in the III-IV cervical segment of the spinal cord, which explains the appearance of these zones in the area of ​​the shoulder girdle and lower neck in case of heart disease.

Along with hyperesthesia of the skin, hypesthesia can be observed - a phenomenon first described by B. I. Vilyamovsky (1909). To identify zonal disorders of skin sensitivity, namely, violations of pain sensitivity, pricks are applied with a pin or a pointed match on different parts of the body in accordance with the segmental localization of the affected internal organ, while offering the patient to assess his feelings for each touch with the words: "sharply" or "stupidly". Injections or stroke irritation should be applied very superficially and as evenly as possible, on symmetrical areas of the skin on the right and left, while the patient's eyes should be closed. Normally, touching the pin to the skin is slightly painful; in the presence of damage to one or another visceral organ

skin sensitivity in some places is sharply increased - a gentle and dull touch is felt as sharp and painful. Within the Zakharyin-Ged zone, as a rule, one can find an area characterized by an even more significant increase in skin sensitivity, the so-called maximum point of the Zakharyin-Ged zone. The identification of such a point is of great therapeutic importance when applying reflex-segmental massage (see below).

Particular care is required to determine the degree of violations of pain sensitivity of the skin in neuropaths, who often have a perverted assessment of their sensations. To clarify the boundaries of individual reflexogenic zones, it is recommended to conduct repeated studies, and to evaluate the results of treatment - periodic studies of reflex changes in various layers of the body integument.

In diseases of the internal organs, one can also observe in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe reflexogenic skin zones of Zakharyin - Ged, soreness of the skin when it is captured in a fold, which in these places is usually significantly thickened and its mobility is limited. The change in the consistency of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is a valuable additional clinical and diagnostic sign, indicating in turn an increase in the reflex excitability of the segmental apparatus;

b) in the muscles[Mackenzie's viscero-motor reflex (Mackenzie, 1921)]. These changes consist in tonic long-term tension of the striated muscles of the body. So, for example, with angina pectoris, there is an increase in the muscle tone of the pectoral muscles on the left, with diseases of the gallbladder, tension of the intercostal muscles in the region of the VII - IX ribs on the right can be detected, etc. The mechanism of the origin of this phenomenon is that the irritation that occurs in the diseased internal organ, is transmitted to the cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, resulting in a contraction of the striated muscles. The state of muscle tone is determined by palpation. Kibler (1958), Kohlrausch (1955), as well as our observations indicate that the Mekenzi zones, as well as the Zakharyin-Ged zones, most often coincide;

c) in the subcutaneous connective tissue(Leube and Dicke, 1948);

d) in vessels(viscero-vasomotor reflex). For example, with coronary spasm, a pronounced and prolonged dermographism can be observed on the left side of the chest. The same is found in lung diseases on the diseased side;

e) in the periosteal tissue[viscero-periosteal Vogler-Kraus reflex (Vogler and KrauB, 1955)]. Changes are expressed in the appearance of limited roller-like thickenings on the ribs in cardiovascular diseases, the appearance of pain in the costal arch on the right - in chronic diseases of the gallbladder or stomach;

e) Finally, the projection zone of a diseased internal organ can also be changes in local skin temperature, impaired sweating, skin electrical conductivity, skin bioelectric potential, and other changes. Most often, patients do not know about the existence of reflexogenic zones in them, but sometimes they note the presence of paresthesia, itching, burning and other unpleasant sensations that are determined in these places. It follows from the foregoing that the condition of not only the skin, but also the deep tissues can indicate diseases of the visceral organs, in other words, when a visceral organ becomes ill, a response occurs in all layers of the tissues of the integument of the body. Given the segmental innervation of these tissues, reflex-segmental massage is also successfully used for diseases of the musculoskeletal system (damage to bones, muscles, joints), vascular, nervous and other systems.

The data on the regular connection between the internal organs and skin metamers - dermatomes (Zakharyin-Ged zones) have been the most studied and summarized to date. These links are presented in the table:

Segmental innervation of internal organs (according to Hansen-Staa, Dietmar)

Organ name	Segments of the spinal cord
Heart, ascending aorta
Lungs and bronchi
Intestines
Rectum
Liver, gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidneys, ureters
Bladder	D11 - L3(S2 - S4)
Prostate	D10-12(L5), (S1-3)
Testicles, epididymis
Note. C - cervical segments; D - thoracic segments; L - lumbar segments; S - sacral segments.

The object of influence in this type of massage, as already mentioned above, is not the initially diseased visceral organ, joint or affected vessels, but the reflected reflex changes caused and maintained by them in the tissues of the integument of the body. The earlier these reflex changes are revealed, the more accurately the boundaries of the reflexogenic zones are determined, the more successful the results of the use of reflex-segmental massage.

There are various methods of reflex-segmental massage. The technique proposed by Leube and Dicke (Sperling, 1954, 1955; Kohlrausch 1955 Glaser and Dalicho, 1955; Klein, 1957; Mahoney, 1957; Kibler, 1958; Gross, 1961, etc.) has become widely used. The merit of these authors lies in the fact that they were the first to draw attention to the pronounced reflex changes in the subcutaneous connective tissue in diseases of the visceral organs, blood vessels and affected joints.

These changes consist in a violation of the elasticity of the subcutaneous connective tissue, which, when it is tense, seems to be tightly stretched from the inside, and therefore its mobility and displacement in relation to the underlying layer are disturbed. An increase in the tension of the subcutaneous connective tissue causes a change in the relief of the body surface in this area in the form of retraction, indentation, swelling, etc. Leube and Dicke indicate the following signs that characterize the increased tension of the subcutaneous connective tissue:

a) tense subcutaneous connective tissue, due to the increase in its resistance, always has a pronounced resistance to the massaging finger; the finger, during its stretching, periodically seems to get stuck in this tissue, and only after several vibrational movements can it be moved forward. Healthy tissue does not resist the massaging finger;

b) while massaging tense subcutaneous connective tissue, the patient experiences pain; when massaging healthy tissue, even with significant stretching, there is no pain;

in) when massaging tense subcutaneous connective tissue, a dermographic reaction occurs in the form of a comparatively wide strip; the wider and longer it holds, the more pronounced is the tension of the subcutaneous connective tissue. The color of the dermographic reaction may vary from light red to brownish red. The last type of coloration is observed in the region of maximum points of the reflexogenic zones. With a sharp increase in tension, the formation of a skin roller at the site of the stroke (dermographismus elevatus) is possible.

The swelling of the skin is similar to the tissue reaction during the application of histamine electrophoresis.

This skin reaction can last up to 24 hours. As the improvement is clearly palpable (decrease in tissue tension), the vascular response weakens.

With rheumatic tissue damage, hemorrhages can form at the massage sites.

The massaging technique developed by these authors is peculiar.

Of all the massage techniques, they use only rubbing with the palmar surface of the fingertip (preferably III or IV) in the form of a stroke, which aims to stretch a certain area of ​​overstressed subcutaneous connective tissue. Massage movements are made in the direction of the Benningoff lines, which, as you know, characterize the greatest resistance of individual skin areas to its stretching. The stroke movement is done slowly. The amount of pressure depends on the desired depth of exposure. Stroke massage movement can be short and long.

A long stroke has a more intense effect on fabrics. The slower it is produced, the deeper its impact. The length of the stroke, for example, when massaging the muscles of the back, can be done within 30 seconds.

Rubbing, performed in the form of a stroke movement and in the form of stretching, differs significantly from the massage rubbing technique used in the classical massage technique, when the massaging finger moves sagittally during this massage technique in order to penetrate as much as possible deep into the tissues. Rubbing can be done in different directions - longitudinally, transversely and zigzag.

With segmental massage according to the Leube and Dicke method, the massaging finger, having penetrated into the subcutaneous connective layer and remaining in it, moves tangentially, rectilinearly or slightly arcuately in accordance with the direction of the Benningoff lines. It is very important that the massaging finger does not move forward in jerks, but slowly slides, stretching the tense subcutaneous connective tissue, so that the massaging finger feels the tension of this tissue gradually leaving under it. When massaging the palmar surface of the entire terminal phalanx or the palmar surface of the terminal phalanges of 2-4 fingers, this massage technique has a calming effect on the massaged tissue. The wider and more superficial stroke massage effect, the more pronounced its calming effect.

1. In the first massage sessions, the exit points of the roots in the back area are processed. First, the lower (sacral and lower thoracic) segments are massaged, and only after the tension in the tissues innervated by these segments is weakened, you can proceed to massage the segments lying above.

2. When massaging, first of all, tension in the surface layers of tissues (skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, etc.) must be eliminated. As the tension weakens, deeper tissues should be massaged, while it is important that the massager consistently and gradually penetrates deep into the reflex-changed tissues. The better the massager will know in which layer and to what extent the reflex changes in the tissues are expressed, the more clearly he will be able to identify them, the more successful the therapeutic effect of the reflex-segmental massage will be.

3. When massaging tense tissues, strong stretching or pressure should be avoided. Penetrating to the appropriate depth, it is necessary to ensure that the massager all the time feels the “leaving of the tense tissue” from under the massaging finger.

4. Once the selected layer depth should not change during massaging.

For example, when the subcutaneous connective tissue is stretched, the underlying tissue

should not be affected.

5. The tissues of the back and front surface of the body are massaged towards the spine. Massage of the tissues of the extremities is performed in a centripetal direction, while the technique of suction massage is used.

6. When massaging in the area of ​​reflexogenic zones, the massaging finger should move along the border of the zone or in its direction. Crossing the zone causes an increase in tissue tension in this area. Kohlrausch explains this phenomenon by the displacement of the Benningoff lines, as well as by the "stretching" of the collagen fibers of the subcutaneous connective tissue in the area of ​​the reflexogenic zone.

7. In the first massage sessions, until the sensitivity of the skin is normalized, as well as the tension of the subcutaneous connective tissue and muscles in the area of ​​the reflexogenic zones of the back, these zones, especially their maximum points located on the front surface of the body, should not be massaged. The same technique is followed by Glaser and Dalicho. There are, however, other opinions. Puttkamer (1948) believes that early massage of hyperesthetic zones is the shortest way to successful treatment of the patient. Kibler (1958), based on his clinical and self-observations, also follows this tactic. Suffering from angina pectoris, he achieved the disappearance of pain by applying massage in the form of kneading in the area of ​​hyperesthesia zones 2 times a day.

8. The course of reflex-segmental massage should not end with the elimination of the clinical manifestations of the disease, since this is not yet proof of the restoration of the normal state of the body. According to Hattinberg (quoted by Kohlrausch), zonal reflex changes in skin sensitivity associated with a disease of one or another visceral organ can exist from 2 to 8 weeks after the disappearance of clinical phenomena. Sperling (1955) also recommends not to stop the massage even after the disappearance of zonal reflex tissue changes, but to continue it for some more time, lengthening the intervals between massage sessions.

Of the other methods of reflex-segmental massage, one should first of all point to the Glaser and Dalicho methods, which mainly use the impact on the Zakharyin-Ged zones. Unlike the massage technique developed by Leube and Dicke, the authors also use all the main massage techniques (stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration), as well as auxiliary ones - felting, shading, shaking, etc. places of their exit to the surface, they then massage the tissues from segment to segment in the direction from the bottom up, taking into account the sequence of relaxation of various layers of tense tissues. When massaging reflexogenic zones, the authors in the first massage sessions, like Leube and Dicke, avoid exposure to the maximum points of these zones. They proceed to massaging the zones located on the front surface of the body only when the zonal reflex changes in the tissues of the back are weakened. We adhere to this massage technique.

Kohlrausch, following the method of Leube and Dicke (impact on the subcutaneous connective tissue), also pays great attention to the elimination of reflex changes in muscle tone (Meckenzie's muscle zones).

Volger and Krauss attach great importance to the reflected reflex changes in the periosteal tissue. In 1953, the authors proposed their own method of reflex-segmental massage, the so-called periostomassage, which consists in rhythmic pressure on the periosteum in certain places, reflecting zonal reflex changes in this tissue.

Here are the relevant instructions from Glaser and Dalicho:

1) when massaging the lumbar and lower thoracic segments, discomfort may appear in the bladder area (pain, heaviness in the lower abdomen). To eliminate these disorders, massage the lower abdomen above the symphysis;

2) during back massage, there may be an increase in muscle tension in the neck and chest (primarily in the angle between the collarbone and the sternum). This tension can be eliminated by massaging the anterior surface of the chest;

3) massage in the area of ​​the scapula, directly above or below the spina scapulae along the back of the deltoid muscle, can cause a feeling of numbness, itching in the hands. These unpleasant sensations can be eliminated with the help of vigorous massage in the area of ​​the axillary cavity;

4) with a vigorous massage of the occipital muscles and cervical segments (the place where the roots exit), patients often experience headaches, nausea, dizziness, and general weakness. Stroking the eyelids and the forehead muscle eliminates these negative reactions;

5) in patients suffering from angina pectoris, discomfort may occur in the region of the heart when massaging the muscles in the area between the medial edge of the scapula, especially between its upper angle and the spine on the left. These unpleasant sensations are eliminated by massaging the left half of the chest, closer to the sternum, as well as the lower edge of the chest;

6) massage of the area of ​​the left axillary cavity can cause discomfort in the region of the heart, which are eliminated by massaging the left half of the chest and especially its lower edge;

7) in diseases of the stomach, the maximum point of the reflexogenic zone is located below the spina scapulae, not far from the acromion. You can massage this point when the muscle tension under the lower half of the shoulder blade has weakened. If this is not observed, then pain in the stomach area may appear or intensify. To eliminate them, the lower left edge of the chest is massaged to the sternum;

8) tissue massage (rubbing) in the area of ​​​​attachment of the ribs to the sternum can cause nausea and the urge to vomit. These unpleasant sensations disappear with deep stroking in the region of C7 (Bernhardt, cited in Glaser and Dalicho).

In conclusion, it should be pointed out that when constructing a reflex-segmental massage, the massager should be guided not only by the existing schemes for the location of reflexogenic zones in a particular disease, but also determine them himself before starting the massage. This is necessary because not all segments can be equally involved in the process. In addition, the localization and severity of the reflected reflex changes in the tissues may vary depending on the duration, the stage of the disease, and especially on the reactivity of the organism. For the same reasons, in order to clarify the massage technique and its subsequent dosage, it is necessary to periodically conduct functional control studies during the massage process.

Sports massage.

Sports massage, adopted in our country, was developed and systematized by I.M. Sarkizov-Serazini based on classical massage.

1. hygienic massage in the form of self-massage, which is applied daily in the morning along with gymnastics.

2. training massage (used to strengthen the muscles and physical improvement of the athlete during the training period).

3. pre-massage (used before sports performances to improve sports performance).

4. restorative massage (appointed for a faster recovery of muscle performance after a performance).

Features of massage in various sports.

Different sports affect the muscles of the body in different ways. Even if two sports involve the same body parts, the muscles involved are different. While both running and tennis work the legs, the two types involve different muscle groups. Carrying out sports massage depends on the sport and does not focus on the body as a whole, but on the individual muscles most used in this type. Therefore, a cyclist and a runner, a basketball player and a tennis player require different massage treatments. To better highlight potential vulnerabilities, this table mentions injuries associated with various sports; however, if you think you have been injured, check with your doctor. Sudden, severe and chronic pain should be diagnosed before you start a massage course, and the prescribed rehabilitation massage should be performed only by a certified specialist.

AEROBICS.

When doing aerobics, improper landing after jumping unnecessarily loads the lower body. The most common ailments are: pain in the legs, tension in the knees, pain in the feet, cramps in the calf muscles and fatigue in the lower back.

RUNNING, WALKING.

These sports primarily use the leg muscles. Foot massage will help to avoid the most common troubles - inflammation of the Achilles tendon, fatigue of the gluteal muscles, pain in the heels, in the legs and stretching of the tendon muscles.

BASKETBALL.

Frequent jerks and stops in basketball put strain on the legs, especially the ankles, knees, and hip joints. The chest, arms and shoulders are used to dribble and send the ball. Possible troubles: sprained ankles, tension in the knees, muscle cramps in the thighs.

SKIS.

Skiers and alpine skiers show tension in the lower back, quadriceps, and calf muscles. Strong reliance on sticks when walking flat can also strain the arms and shoulders.

CYCLING.

Like running, cycling puts the most stress on your legs, arms, lower back, neck, and shoulders. Usually cyclists complain of tension in the knees, wrists, quadriceps muscles of the thighs.

FOOTBALL.

The work of the leg muscles in football is associated with both the increase in speed and the duration of the game. Quick stops and jerks cause damage to the knees and sprains in the muscles of the thighs. Numerous blows can completely stretch the gluteal muscles.

GOLF.

Although golf is not considered a particularly demanding sport, frequent bending can lead to lower back strain. Golf also requires muscular coordination and flexibility of the shoulders, which is mainly facilitated by massaging the arms, chest and back.

SWIMMING.

In this sport, which exercises almost all major muscle groups, the likelihood of injury is low. Possible vulnerabilities are arms, shoulders and neck.

VOLLEYBALL.

In volleyball, the hands, arms and shoulders are widely used. You also have to perform jumps, which can lead to fatigue of the joints of the legs.

SPORTS GAMES WITH ROCKET.

Different types of tennis lead to uneven tension in the arms, shoulders and neck, so these areas are the main ones that require massaging. Foot massage is also useful, which is associated with quick jerks and stops in these sports.

ROWING.

When rowing, the sipa of the arms and legs is used, the back is actively working. But the back accounts for a small proportion of injuries. Useful massage of the hands, quadriceps muscles of the thighs and back.

WEIGHTLIFTING.

Most weightlifters try to develop the whole body, alternately loading its lower and upper parts. The usual problems they have are shoulders and lower back; it is also useful to massage the chest and knees.

Cosmetic massage.

Cosmetic massage- a necessary component in the general cosmetic care for the skin of the face and neck. Without a combination with this type of massage, many cosmetic procedures will not achieve the desired result. Cosmetic massage, carried out correctly and systematically, helps to slow down the aging process of the skin of the face and neck. Cosmetic massage is performed on open areas of the body and is used to improve the condition of the skin. In addition, cosmetic massage is performed to eliminate cosmetic flaws and defects. The objects of cosmetic massage are the face, neck and scalp. But cosmetic massage affects not only the skin and muscles of the face, neck and head, but also the entire body. This happens due to the fact that as a result of exposure to the skin, nerve impulses enter the cerebral cortex. Such a massage technique as stroking calms the nervous system, while other techniques used in performing cosmetic massage (rubbing, kneading, shock vibration) have an exciting effect on the nervous system. Properly performed cosmetic massage helps to activate metabolism, cleanses the skin, accelerates blood circulation, helps to remove waste products from the tissues, facilitates skin breathing, and maintains muscle tone. As a result of the cosmetic massage procedure, a significant improvement in the patient's well-being occurs, the mood rises, the person becomes vigorous and energetic.

Systematic cosmetic massage helps to achieve the following results:

Significantly slows down withering and aging of the skin;

A good face shape is preserved or restored;

The appearance of wrinkles slows down, in addition, cosmetic massage can reduce and even eliminate wrinkles that have already appeared;

The muscles of the face and neck are strengthened;

The condition of the skin improves, it becomes smooth and elastic, the healthy color of the skin of the face and neck is restored;

The process of sebum secretion of the skin is normalized, the skin is cleansed of sebaceous plugs and dead cells;

There is a resorption of scars on the skin of the face, as well as seals resulting from juvenile acne;

Eliminates puffiness and puffiness of the face;

Fat deposits are reduced, wrinkles and “double chin” disappear.

Cosmetic massage of the scalp is usually carried out in order to strengthen the hair and improve their condition. Techniques and techniques for conducting cosmetic massage are similar to the techniques and techniques for bringing classical massage. Beauty massage begins and ends with light stroking movements. Cosmetic massage should be performed gradually and in stages. It should also be borne in mind that all stages of the massage should have the same time duration. The best results are achieved by cosmetic massage in combination with cosmetic masks, compresses and steam baths. It is advisable to conduct a session of cosmetic massage at least 1 time per week.

The following types of cosmetic massage can be distinguished:

Hygienic massage;

Preventive massage;

Massotherapy;

Plastic massage.

Purpose hygienic massage - maintaining the skin of the face and neck in good condition. Carrying out hygienic massage contributes to the preservation of healthy skin color, its freshness, firmness and elasticity. This type of massage helps to prevent the appearance of premature wrinkles. Techniques used in hygienic massage: stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration. Movements are made in a straight line, circular, zigzag. Each dose should be repeated 3 to 5 times. The forehead and neck areas are massaged separately. When performing cosmetic hygienic massage, it is necessary to take into account the type of skin. With normal facial skin, a weekly cosmetic massage session will be sufficient. If wrinkles appear under the eyes, it is recommended to carry out a course of treatment by performing 10-15 massage procedures (depending on the condition of the skin). With dry skin of the face, regular hygienic massage is indicated at least 1-2 times a week. Each session should be held for 10-12 minutes. With dry, aging facial skin, hygienic massage should be carried out only after applying the cream to the face. In addition to rubbing and kneading techniques, tapping will be useful. At the end of the massage, the remaining cream must be removed with a napkin, and then it is recommended to make a hot compress. With extreme caution, cosmetic hygienic massage should be carried out with swelling of the face. In this case, it is better to limit yourself to stroking. Massage of the eyelids and eye area is completely excluded. Preventive massage includes cryomassage (Greek kryos means “cold, ice”). During cryomassage, carbonic acid snow is used, to which the skin is very sensitive. Cryomassage helps to reduce sebum secretion, so it is usually used for oily skin. Cryomassage is successfully used for massaging aging and sagging skin, as well as porous and wrinkled skin. To protect the skin from hypothermia, when performing cryomassage, only surface stroking should be used. After applying carbonic acid snow, hyperemia appears, i.e. reddening of the skin, at the same time fatigue disappears and an increase in vitality is felt. As a result of an increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients, the process of blood circulation in the face and neck is normalized. Therapeutic cosmetic massage compared with hygienic should be performed with greater intensity. It is used to eliminate skin imperfections: acne, excessive sebum secretion, circulatory disorders. A therapeutic massage is performed according to one method or another. The Jacquet technique is an intensive effect on tissues, which stabilizes the blood circulation process. This massage is used to treat oily and problem skin. The technique of this massage is quite difficult. It should consist of rhythmic tingling with the capture of both the surface layer of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, performed with the thumb and forefinger. In this case, it is necessary to remember the direction of the skin lines. Lubricants are not used when performing massage according to the Jacquet method, talc is used instead. The session lasts for 10 minutes. First sessions are held daily, then every other day, gradually reaching 2-3 times a week. To achieve maximum results, you need to spend more than 10 sessions. For the treatment of oily and problematic skin, as well as for cleansing the ducts of the sebaceous glands, massage is used according to the method of A. I. Pospelov, which is based on techniques such as stroking and pinching. They should be performed with the pads of the thumb and forefinger. Before performing a massage, the skin should be treated with a disinfectant, and immediately before the session, the use of lubricants should be abandoned. The session should be performed for 15 minutes every 2-3 days; in total, 10-15 sessions should be carried out. In the presence of any skin diseases, pustules, therapeutic massage is not recommended. Also a contraindication is atony, or loss of skin elasticity. With fading skin of the face and neck, as well as numerous wrinkles and folds, plastic massage is recommended. Due to the fact that it has a beneficial effect on facial muscles, massage should be used by people who have a large load on the muscles of the face. Along with this, plastic massage is used to give the skin elasticity, firmness, restore a healthy complexion and slow down the aging process. This type of massage has a wide range of effects: it activates the activity of the sebaceous glands, normalizes blood and lymph circulation, affects the subcutaneous fat, lymphatic vessels and nodes, nerves, relieves swelling of the face. Plastic massage is used for people over 30 years old, but it is not uncommon for younger people to treat problematic skin. During massage according to the method of A. I. Pospelov, lubricants are not used - they are replaced by talc. Pressing is one of the main techniques, which is pressure combined with vibration, by means of which the tissues are pressed against the bones, but do not move. Massage should be performed vigorously and rhythmically, taking into account the direction of the skin lines. The patient should not experience pain. After the massage, it is necessary to treat the skin with a lotion or a decoction of herbs, then you need to apply a mask that was recommended by the doctor. After 25-30 minutes, the mask should be removed and a cool compress applied. The duration of plastic massage should be 10-20 minutes. Sessions should be carried out at intervals of 1-2 to 3-4 times a week, depending on the age characteristics of the patient. The average course of treatment consists of 15 sessions, but it can increase or decrease. In some cases, plastic massage is performed in alternation with hygienic, the first of them requires the use of talcum powder, and the second is performed with a cream or other lubricant.

Various lubricants (oils, creams, lotions) are used in massage in order to achieve a soft glide of the massage therapist's hands on the patient's skin. For hygienic massage sessions, as well as when performing certain techniques, such as stroking and rubbing, massage cream or muscle oil is used. Preference is given to these products for the reason that they are easily distributed over the surface of the skin, and after the end of the session they are easily washed off. Essential oils are widely used in massage. One of these oils is easy to prepare: to do this, mix equal parts (2 drops each) of ylang-ylang, sandalwood and bergamot oils and add 5 drops of lavender oil. The components that make up this oil have a relaxing effect on the muscles and also nourish the skin. For massage sessions every day, it is better to use essential oils of low concentration or oil prepared according to the above recipe with a ratio of components in smaller quantities. To perform a massage on the entire body of the patient, no more than 20-30 ml of oil will be required. Ready essential oil must be used immediately, it is not recommended to leave it for long-term storage. If the oil is to be preserved, it should be placed in a dark glass container and closed tightly. For normal skin, it is recommended to use lavender, cedar, sandalwood or patchouli essential oil; for dry skin, chamomile, ylang-ylang and jasmine oils are suitable, as well as nutmeg oil; for oily skin, it is better to give preference to bergamot, eucalyptus, juniper, mint, lemon or orange oils. Chamomile, jasmine, lavender and rose oils are most suitable for combination skin types, while clary sage essential oil, ylang ylang, cedar and lavender oils are most suitable for sensitive skin. For aging skin, it is better to use clary sage essential oil. Care must be taken when using any of the listed oils to avoid an allergic reaction of the body. Particular attention should be paid to those people who have a predisposition to allergies or those who have sensitive skin. To protect yourself from negative consequences, it is necessary to test for skin sensitivity: oil of low concentration should be applied to a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin and left for 2-3 days. If after that no changes are observed on the skin, then the oil can be used to perform a massage. When performing cosmetic massage, along with essential oils, special creams and imported vegetable oils are used. They should be treated with caution, because among the components that make up their composition, there are astringents that slow down the process of sliding over the skin and close the pores. In addition, they are poorly washed off, and their constant use can lead to a loss of sensitivity in the fingers, which is very important when performing a massage. Alcohol can be used as a lubricant. It cleanses the pores of the skin well, and also has a disinfecting effect. This remedy is best for skin with enlarged pores. It is easy to use: with gentle movements, the skin needs to be treated with a small amount of the substance. To avoid irritation on the skin, care should be taken during processing and excessive rubbing should be avoided. Often cosmetic massage is accompanied by various cosmetic masks. They cleanse the pores of the skin, soften and nourish it, and also contribute to the achievement of the greatest effect from the massage. The mask should be applied to clean facial skin for 20-25 minutes (during this time, all facial movements should be kept to a minimum). Then the mask should be washed off with cool water. The most suitable for oily skin are masks based on sage, chamomile, calendula. The main components of masks for oily skin can be yeast, perhydrol, lemon juice. Masks with extracts of St. John's wort, chamomile, coltsfoot, linden flowers have a positive effect on dry skin. Also, masks using olive and peach oils have a good effect on dry skin. With fading skin, it is better to use masks from dill, strawberry leaves, rose petals, as well as blackcurrant, plantain, yarrow. For all skin types, masks with an extract of needles, young leaves and buds of birch, nettle are useful.

Before a massage session, it is necessary to prepare the skin. It should be treated with lotion or other special agent. You can clean the pores of oily skin with alcohol or tincture based on medicinal herbs. The easiest way to cleanse the skin is washing with soap or a special foam. To cleanse the pores of dry and normal skin, you need to use a lotion or cosmetic milk that is suitable for this type of skin. When cleaning the pores, it is necessary to remember the direction of the skin lines.

Lines of minimal stretching of the skin are called skin lines. Their directions are:

From the center of the forehead to the temples, parallel to the eyebrows;

From the outer corner of the eye to the inner;

From the inner corner of the eye to the outer;

From top to bottom along the protruding part of the nose;

From the middle of the protruding part of the nose to its wings;

From the wings of the nose and the center of the upper lip to the upper parts of the ears;

From the corners of the mouth to the tragus of the auricles;

From the center of the lower lip to the earlobes;

From bottom to top in front of the neck;

From top to bottom on both sides of the neck;

Behind the neck - from the bottom up.

After cleaning the skin of the face, it should be well wiped. The skin then needs to be warmed up to soothe the facial muscles. Also, heat affects the vessels, their expansion occurs. Moist warming is most useful before a massage session, which helps to easily eliminate dying cells. This warming can be done with a steam bath (for 5 minutes) or a hot wet compress (for 2-3 minutes). For a compress, you can use a terry towel. It should be dipped in hot water, squeezed out, and then applied to the face; while such parts of the face as the chin, cheeks and temples should be covered, and the nose and mouth should be left open. Dry skin before applying a hot compress should be lubricated with cream.

The technique of performing cosmetic massage has its own characteristics. When it is carried out, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the skin lines. Movements should be performed rhythmically, they should be light, smooth and uniform.

The technique of performing cosmetic massage consists of 4 main techniques:

stroking;

Trituration;

kneading;

Vibration.

Massage should begin and end with lighter and gentler techniques, and vigorous movements should be made in the middle of the session. In cosmetic massage, each technique consists of a couple of basic movements. The technique of their implementation is slightly different compared to classical massage. The greatest cosmetic effect can be achieved only under certain conditions. It is necessary that the execution of all movements begins at the peripheral end of the muscle, and ends at its beginning. The place of attachment of one of the ends of the muscle to the surrounding tissues or bone is its beginning, and the place of its attachment to a joint or other muscle is its end. If massaging movements are performed incorrectly, that is, in the direction from the beginning of the muscle to its end, the skin may lose elasticity. The effectiveness of massage also depends on the frequency of application of its various techniques. Usually, techniques are performed 3-5 times and alternate with each other, in some cases their number and intensity may increase.

Stroking

Stroking is carried out with a half-bent hand, while the fingers only lightly touch the skin. In order to facilitate the performance of massaging movements, you should relax your hands. Stroking should be done with fingertips. This technique should be performed in only one direction: along the lymphatic vessels and veins. In edematous areas, stroking begins from the upper peripheral zone, which activates the outflow of fluid, accelerates blood and lymph circulation, relieves accumulated tension in the muscles, and also helps to cleanse the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands. When performing this technique, strong pressure on the skin should not be made, the movement should be light and smooth.

Trituration

Unlike stroking, this technique must be performed more vigorously, but with less intensity compared to kneading. Massaging movements should be carried out with the fingertips or the inner sides of the palms. Surface rubbing accelerates blood circulation in the massaged part, as a result of which seals dissolve, and tissues become more elastic. Rubbed with fingertips. The most effective effect on tissues is massage, during which movements are made by the middle phalanges of fingers folded into a fist. Deep rubbing helps to soften scars and adhesions, smoothing tissues. It is performed by the outer side of the hand, folded into a fist. Such rubbing should be done in slow motion.

kneading

This technique is performed with the fingertips of one or both hands with smooth movements. It provides for the capture and maximum approximation of tissues to the bones: you need to grab a piece of tissue, pull it, then squeeze it by creating a rolling effect and a slight pinching. The kneading technique should be performed at a slow pace, but with a high frequency of movements, while they should not cause pain. When conducting a massage, you need to tightly grab the skin, making soft and intense movements, but avoid strong pressure on it. This technique activates lymph and blood circulation, stimulates the muscles. As a result of kneading, the nutrition of the skin of the massaged area is stabilized.

Vibration

One of the energetic massage techniques is vibration. It is performed with the whole palm or fingertips. Vibration is performed using oscillatory movements of the hands on one of the skin areas, gradually moving over the entire massaged surface. This technique helps to increase muscle tone, has a beneficial effect on tissues. Most often it is used at the final stage of the massage.

Tapping and tapping

Along with the above techniques in cosmetic massage, shock vibration techniques are used: tapping and tapping. Despite the fact that they are used in very limited quantities and with great care, the effectiveness of massage is significantly increased when using them. When performing a facial massage, you can only lightly tap with your fingertips. It must be performed at regular intervals and represent movements in the form of separate repetitive shocks. At the same time, it is necessary to exert a light effect on all other areas of the skin as a soft pressure. If facial skin with a thick layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue is massaged, the “finger shower” method is used: tapping is performed simultaneously with the pads of all: fingers. Most often, effleurage, like vibration, is used in the middle of a massage session, due to its energy. Thanks to it, the activity of the central nervous system is normalized, nutritional and metabolic processes in the area of ​​the massaged area are stabilized, and muscle tone is increased. The massaged person should take a position, sitting, lying or reclining, and the position of the massage therapist during the session can be any convenient for him.

SCALP MASSAGE

As a preventive measure to maintain the normal state of the hair, as well as strengthen their roots, a scalp massage is performed. For people with normal hair type, it is recommended to use this massage once a week and 2-3 times for those who have a different type of hair.

When performing a massage, the massage therapist's fingers should be completely located on the surface of the scalp. Grasping his head, the massage therapist should make alternating strokes, starting from the forehead and gradually moving to the back of the head (Fig. 1).

Rice. one

After that, you should separate your fingers and continue stroking in the same way. Stroking should be done with both hands, placing them parallel to each other. Finishing the movements from the forehead to the back of the head, one should gradually move on to performing massaging movements in the temporal areas (Fig. 2).

After that, it is necessary to perform rubbing: with the tips of the spread fingers, semicircular massaging movements should be carried out over the entire surface of the scalp (Fig. 3).

The next technique performed during massaging is pressure. It also needs to be done over the entire surface of the scalp with the pads of spaced fingers. In this case, the movements should be intermittent (Fig. 4).

This is followed by tapping with the fingertips. With it, the movements should be similar to drumsticks hitting the drum and performed alternately with all fingers (Fig. 5).

Gradually moving to the end of the massage, you should make a deep stroking with the base of the brush, heading from the temporal part of the head to the corner of the lower jaw, bypassing the auricle from above. Massaging should be performed on both sides of the head, while the hands should be parallel (Fig. 6).

The final technique when performing a scalp massage is superficial stroking. It is produced by the inner parts of the palms in the direction from the forehead to the back of the head (Fig. 7).

FOREWORD MASSAGE

Before performing a massage of the frontal part of the face, it is necessary to pre-cleanse the skin. After that, a cream should be applied to it (strictly along the skin lines). First, in the forehead area, stroking should be performed, which is done with both hands using three fingers (index, middle, ring). Movements should be carried out from the bottom up to the border with the hair roots. Stroking the right half of the forehead is performed with the right hand, and stroking the left side with the left (Fig. 8).

Rice. eight

After that, you should perform stroking with your palms in the direction from the center of the frontal part to the temples. Then you need to once again stroke with three fingers from the eyebrows to the hair roots. Then you should use a technique such as vibration. It is necessary to put the palms on the forehead and make several movements, then perform tapping in the vertical and horizontal directions.

The following technique is used to smooth wrinkles above the bridge of the nose. Lubricate the inner surface of the wrist with a cream (nourishing or moisturizing), then press it to the area above the bridge of the nose and fix it in this position for 5-7 seconds. The final technique is stroking, but to achieve maximum efficiency after it, all of the above techniques should be repeated 2-3 times, without changing the sequence of execution.

Self-massage.

Self-massage - massage performed with one's own hand, on one's body. The mechanism of action on the body, all types and forms, as well as massage and self-massage techniques are similar. The only difference is that the possibilities of self-massage are limited by the areas of the body available for its implementation.

The mechanism of action of massage is based on irritation of the mechanoreceptors of the skin, which convert the energy of mechanical stimuli into impulses that enter the central nervous system (CNS). The responses formed in the central nervous system contribute to the normalization of its regulatory and coordinating function, the removal or reduction of "stationary" excitation, and the stimulation of regeneration processes.

Depending on the massage technique and the initial functional state of the central nervous system, the excitability of the nervous system may decrease or increase.

Massage improves metabolism in the skin, cleansing it from the exfoliating epidermis, stimulates the function of sweat and sebaceous glands, increases gas exchange in organs and tissues. Under the influence of massage, blood flow and lymph circulation improve, the tone of blood and lymphatic vessels normalizes, muscle tone and elasticity increase, their contractile function improves, as a result of which muscle performance increases, muscle strength increases, blood supply to the joints improves, joints and ligaments strengthen, absorption of effusion and harmful deposits in the joints and tissues surrounding the joint.

All types and forms of manual massage begin with smoothing techniques and always end with them. Stroking can be superficial and deep. Superficial stroking has a calming effect on the nervous system, promotes muscle relaxation, improves skin vascular tone, stimulates metabolic processes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and improves skin elasticity. Deep stroking stimulates the outflow of lymph and venous blood, actively influences blood circulation in the massaged area, promotes faster removal of metabolic products from tissues, elimination of congestion.

Stroking is performed mainly with the entire plane of the inner part of the palm. A moderately relaxed masseur's brush tightly and gently covers the muscles of the massaged area of ​​the body and rhythmically glides over the surface of the skin. In the most thickened places of the muscle masses, the effect of the reception is somewhat enhanced, closer to the place of attachment of the muscles, it decreases.

Basic stroking techniques:

1) stroking with one hand;

2) alternating stroking with both hands;

3) spiral strokes with one hand;

4) combined strokes.

Additional strokes:

a) comb-like stroking;

b) stroking with the ends of the fingers;

c) forceps-like stroking;

d) concentric stroking.

Additional techniques are used when massaging joints, individual bundles of muscles, tendons, fingers of extremities.

All stroking techniques are performed along the course of the blood and lymphatic vessels, in the direction of the nearest lymph nodes.

After stroking techniques, rubbing techniques are performed. They play a very important role in massaging the joints, muscle attachments, fascia and flat muscles of the body.

When rubbing, the massaging hand does not slide over the skin, as when stroking, but by applying pressure, it displaces the underlying tissues in various directions, forming a skin fold in front of itself in the form of a roller, shifting, separating, stretching the tissues and “rubbing”.

Basic grinding techniques:

1) rectilinear rubbing with fingertips;

2) rectilinear rubbing with pads and tubercles of the thumbs;

3) spiral rubbing with tongs;

4) spiral rubbing with the base of the palm;

5) rubbing with phalanges of fingers clenched into a fist;

6) rake-like and circular rubbing with fingertips.

Rubbing techniques are carried out with one and two hands. Considerable attention is paid to rubbing with weights, relying on the fingers and on the base of the palm. Rubbing should be preceded by the necessary warming of the massaged areas of the body using stroking techniques. The ideal condition for performing rubbing is a bath or other procedures associated with preliminary warming up of the muscles and ligaments of the joints. Simultaneously with rubbing the joints, active-passive movements are performed in all possible directions and axes of rotation in order to increase the mobility of the musculoskeletal system, strengthen the muscles and ligaments of the joints, etc.

Rubbing is complemented by squeezing techniques for enhanced impact on the neuromuscular apparatus and circulatory system. Squeezing is done with only one hand and with weights. When squeezing with weights, the force of impact should fall on the pad and tubercle of the thumb.

The kneading technique is more difficult than others, it requires great skill and experience to achieve an enhanced and detailed effect on the muscular system of the body. The massaged muscle is captured, lifted and pulled, squeezed and, as it were, squeezed out. There are intermittent and continuous kneading, in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The pace of stretching is slow. The impact should be deep, but completely painless.

1. Ordinary kneading. First, with straight fingers, you need to tightly grab the muscle across so that there is no gap between the palm and the massaged area, and, bringing your fingers together (the big one tends to four, and four - to the big one), lift the muscle and make a rotational movement in the direction of four fingers to failure . Then, without opening the fingers (the muscle is not released from the hand), return the hand together with the muscle to its original position. At the end of this movement, the fingers slightly release the muscle, but the palm remains firmly pressed against it; the brush moves forward 2-3 cm, captures another area and repeats the first cycle. Reception should be carried out rhythmically, without jerks.

2. Double neck. It is performed in the same way as ordinary kneading, but one hand weighs down the other (four fingers are superimposed on four, and a large one on a large one). An energetic, deep-acting technique. It is used on large and highly developed muscles.

3. Double ring kneading. The most important trick. The brushes are placed across the massaged area at a distance of 7-10 cm from one another so that the thumbs are on the outside, and the rest are on the inside. Grab the muscle tightly with both hands, pull it up, squeezing and shifting with one hand away from you, and with the other towards you. There is a characteristic weave of raised muscle mass (resembling a zigzag in a horizontal position), which should not slip out of the masseur's hands throughout the massaged part of the body.

4. Longitudinal kneading. The masseur puts both hands on the muscle longitudinally and alternately one or the other kneads.

5. Kneading with one hand. The brush is applied longitudinally, the reception is performed with the pad of the thumb. It is used most often on flat muscles.

6. Kneading with the base of the palm can be done with one hand or two. It is performed from a position perpendicular and longitudinal to the area to be massaged. The muscle is pressed down and shifted towards the little finger.

7. Kneading with the phalanges of the fingers. Four fingers are slightly clenched into a fist, the muscles are pressed down with the middle phalanges of the fingers and shifted towards the little finger. The effect can be enhanced by weighting with the other hand.

8. Kneading with fists is carried out on strong and large muscles. Most often used in the shower and bath, using soap.

Of great importance in the system of hygienic (sports) massage is a group of percussion techniques (patting, tapping, chopping), as well as shaking and shaking.

Shaking is applied after kneading and in combination with kneading. Promotes a better outflow of blood and lymph, evenly distributes interstitial fluid, has a calming effect on the central nervous system and relaxes the muscles. Shaking is performed with the little finger and thumb, the rest are slightly raised. The frequency of shaking movements is 12-15 in 2 seconds.

Percussion techniques are most often carried out on large muscle groups (back, hips, chest, calf muscles), which should be extremely relaxed. These techniques cause a contraction of muscle fibers, which spreads along the entire length of the muscle, thereby increasing blood flow, increasing tone. It has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

1. Tapping is carried out with fists (slightly bent fingers), the blow is applied from the side of the little finger. In this case, the brush should be relaxed, the little finger is somewhat retracted.

2. Patting is performed with a relaxed brush, which takes the form of a box, the bottom of which is the palm. In this case, the fingers are bent and turned to the massaged area. The blow is applied with the phalanges of all fingers, slightly clenched into a fist.

3. Chopped is carried out along the muscle. The fingers are spread, straightened and relaxed, the blows are carried out with the little finger, while the other fingers are closed, and then again divorced.

Shaking. According to the physiological effects, the reception is similar to shaking. It is carried out after all receptions, when it is necessary to remove tension from the legs or arms, increase blood circulation in the limbs or quickly refresh (restore) the muscles.

When studying massage techniques, one must learn to perform each of them with one and the other hand in order to treat different parts of the body.

Self-massage is practically no different from massage. It is only somewhat tiring, so by using it, you can reduce the time of sessions. However, the movements that you make during self-massage will only benefit.

The segmental reflex massage is based on the use of the features of the segmental structure of the body: irritation of the skin receptors of certain zones has an effect on the internal organs and systems of the body, innervated by the same segments of the spinal cord.

A variety of segmental-reflex massage is acupressure of narrowly limited tissue areas. The choice of points is determined by their functional adequacy and topographic correspondence of the projection of the nerve trunks and neurovascular bundles passing through the tissues to individual organs and systems.

There are varieties of hardware massage: vibromassage, hydromassage, vacuum massage (pneumomassage), baromassage, etc.

Massage technique. The main methodological requirement for all types of massage is the maximum relaxation of the massaged muscles. The dosage of massage techniques and their intensity should increase gradually. All methods are used, as a rule, in combination. Massage of the chest, abdomen, back, limbs to enhance lymph and blood circulation and improve venous outflow is performed along the lymphatic and blood vessels in the direction of blood and lymph flow. The massage therapist's hands should move rhythmically, slowly at the beginning of the procedure, and then faster. *

Knowledge of the anatomical and physiological foundations of the human body and the mechanism of action of various massage elements allows you to correctly select the necessary techniques and apply them appropriately to various parts of the body. So, for example, you can not make energetic and strong movements on the chest and abdomen. Massage manipulations on the inner parts of the limbs, inguinal cavities and some other parts of the body are less intense.

THEM. Sarkizov-Serazini recommends the following distribution of massage techniques by duration: 10% of the total time - for stroking techniques, active-passive movements, shaking and percussive elements; 40% - for rubbing and squeezing techniques.

The rest of the time is devoted to kneading techniques. The order of distribution of techniques varies depending on the form and type of massage.

The use of massage is contraindicated in acute febrile conditions, acute inflammatory processes, bleeding, blood and lymph diseases, purulent processes, skin lesions and irritations, thrombosis and tumors, acute mental agitation, etc.

In view of the foregoing, massage should be carried out: 1. During the period of forced and significant loads, 2-3 times a week; on other days, a partial massage should be carried out, limited to massage of the legs and buttocks, or only the torso and arms, depending on the type of sport and the nature of the load.

2. In cases where there is a weakening of the body's forces and it is necessary to counteract the onset of overwork, light techniques of stroking and squeezing, felting are used. In such cases, it is unacceptable to use shock elements of massage and all methods and means that have a strong effect on the body and excite the nervous system.

3. With moderate physical activity, reduced activity of an athlete, when it is necessary to increase his muscle tone, vigorous stroking, squeezing, kneading, patting, tapping, chopping techniques should be used. As a result of such a massage, the flow of blood to the massaged areas increases, the nutrition of the muscles improves, and the initial working capacity of the body is restored faster.

4. When complex techniques are mastered and the physical load on the ligamentous apparatus and on the muscles of the limbs increases sharply, the musculoskeletal system often cannot withstand such tension and damage to the ligaments, muscle and tendon sprains, ruptures of individual fibers, subluxations of the joints, etc. occur. In these cases, it is necessary to use a variety of rubbing techniques, active-passive movements in combination with physiotherapy procedures. A well-organized and timely massage strengthens the body and prevents injuries.

5. In those sports where the main load falls on the lower limbs, a general training massage should begin from the back. The primary effect on less tired muscle masses contributes to the uniform distribution of blood and lymph, temporarily disturbed as a result of unequal tension. After first massaging the back, neck and lower back, they move on to massaging the buttocks, calf muscles and lower parts of the foot. Then, lying on your back, the massage begins with the legs. The forefoot, ankle joints, tibial muscles, knee joints and hips are massaged. Then the chest and upper limbs are massaged, and lastly, the stomach.

6. In sports where the maximum load falls on the trunk and upper limbs, it is advisable to start the massage from the legs. In this case, the lower part of the foot and the Achilles tendon are first rubbed, then the calf muscle, knee ligaments, back of the thigh and buttock are massaged. The same actions are done on the other limb. Then they start massaging the lower back, and then the back and neck. In the supine position, the massage continues again from the feet according to the above scheme.

The purpose of the work is to teach massage techniques and master the principles of self-massage techniques.

As a result of the preparation, students should:

know the basic techniques of massage, their impact on the body, the simplest methods of massage;

be able to do self-massage of individual muscle groups upon presentation of the proposed situation.

Equipment: posters on the anatomy of the human muscular system depicting the basic techniques of massage, massage tables, massagers, massage cream.

Conclusion.

Massage has a variety of physiological effects on the body. Subjective sensations during and after the massage, with the right choice of massage techniques and the method of their application, dosages are expressed in the appearance of a feeling of pleasant warmth throughout the body, improving well-being and increasing overall tone. If the massage is applied incorrectly, general weakness, a feeling of weakness and other negative general and local reactions may occur. Such phenomena are often observed with an overdose of massage movements, even in healthy people, but especially in the elderly, whose tissues are hypersensitive.

There are many ways to keep the body in excellent condition and one of them is massage. Massage is a multifaceted art used in almost any situation. People of many professions spend almost all their working time on their feet. This negatively affects blood circulation, leading to pain, spasms and swelling of the ankles. Most people periodically feel tension in the neck and shoulders. Often, after a hard day at work, it seems that terrible fatigue is falling on your shoulders. Awkward weight lifting causes pain in the lower back, the most vulnerable area of ​​the back. Many people also suffer from headaches. Headache is a common symptom of stress. There can be many reasons.

Apply massage after all massage:

reduces muscle tension, sprains, cramps,

gives more energy

releases endorphins (natural pain suppressors)

with the help of diet and exercise, massage restores body contours and reduces subcutaneous fat,

muscles become elastic, which allows athletes to train with heavy loads without the danger of harming themselves,

helps reduce swelling

helps to strengthen the back and complements the treatment by a chiropractor,

increases the number of red and white blood cells,

enhances blood circulation.

Bibliography.

Vasechkin V.I. Handbook of massage "Medicine" 1990.

Verbov A.F. Massotherapy. 1998

Dubrovsky V. I. “Sports massage Moscow, ed. "Nedra", 2000.

From the book "MASSAGE" Moscow, ed. "Terra" 1997

Zalesova E.N. Encyclopedia of therapeutic massage and gymnastics. Original edition of the early 20th century. "TrustPress" 1999

Valeology is the science of health. Educational - methodical manual \ ed. HELL. Sokolova, 3.S. Abisheva Alma-Ata, 1999

Start with smoothing techniques... and shaking. METHODOLOGY SELF MASSAGE The main methodological requirement for all types massage- maximum relaxation of massaged...

Correction-developing and health-saving effect of the technology "Massage and self-massage"

Teaching a child the skills of self-massage is best done in several stages. First, the adult massages his body himself, then with the hands of the child himself, putting his hands on top, only after that the child performs self-massage on his own.

In addition to improving tissue nutrition, increasing the secretory function of the sebaceous and sweat glands, improving thermoregulation, massage and self-massage have a beneficial effect on the activity of the child's central nervous system. Under the influence of massage and self-massage, impulses arise in the receptors of the skin and muscles, which, reaching the cerebral cortex, have a tonic effect on the central nervous system, resulting in an increase in its regulatory effect on all systems and organs. Massages of the fingers, palms, ears, feet, and back are especially effective.

Massage is also known to reduce feelings of anxiety in preschool and primary school children.

Self-massage for babies

Self-massage "Hello!".

Rub your palms to make them warm-warm. Pat yourself: on the legs, on the stomach, on the chest, on the cheeks. And greet your whole body (sharp hands up): "Hi!"

Exercise "A giraffe has spots ..."

The giraffe has spots, spots everywhere (touch with palms or fingers): On the forehead, on the nose, on the ears, on the neck, on the stomach, on the knees and socks.

Elephants have folds, folds everywhere(we pinch, as if collecting folds):On the forehead, on the cheeks, on the stomach and on the back.

And the fish have scales, scales everywhere(scratching movements)

On the forehead, on the nose, on the ears, on the neck, on the stomach, on the knees and socks.

And the zebra has stripes, there are stripes everywhere(draw the edges of the palm along the body (draw stripes): On the forehead, on the nose, on the ears, on the stomach, on the back, legs, etc.

Kittens have fur, fur is everywhere(we stroke ourselves, as if smoothing the fur):On the forehead, ears, neck, elbows, noses, stomachs, knees and socks.

With both index fingers, touch the corresponding parts of the body.

Self-massage options for middle and older children:

Exercise "MASSAGE of active points"

The techniques of this massage are easy to master for adults, and then teach children. Magic point massagerotational movements, must be done daily three times a day for 3 seconds.(9 times in one direction, 9 in the opposite direction).

If you find a painful area in yourself or your child, then it should be massaged in the indicated way every 40 minutes. until normal sensation is restored. In addition to its other effects, constant massage is beneficial for the child because:

Point 1 - associated with the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi, as well as with the bone marrow. When massaging this zone, coughing decreases, blood formation improves.

point 2 - regulates the body's immune functions. Increases resistance to infectious diseases.

Point 3 - controls the chemical composition of the blood and the mucous membrane of the larynx

Point 4 - the neck area is connected with the regulator of the activity of the vessels of the head, neck and trunk. Massage of this point normalizes the functioning of the vestibular apparatus. This point should be massaged not with rotational, but only with translational,pressing or vibrating movements from top to bottom, also
like point 5.

Point 5 - located in the region of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae. Working with it gives a variety of positive effects, including: improving general circulation, reducing irritability and sensitivity to allergic agents.

Point 6 - massage of this point improves the blood supply to the mucous membranes of the nose and the maxillary cavity. The nose clears, the runny nose goes away.

Point 7 - improves blood circulation in the eyeball and frontal parts of the brain.

Point 8 - massage affects the hearing organs and the vestibular apparatus.

Point 9 - massage gives a multilateral effect; edema is removed, many functions of the body are normalized.

Indicator of good effect: soreness at the point (So you press correctly)

Self-massage "Head wash"

A) Fingers slightly apart and slightly bent at the joints. With your fingertips, massage your head in the direction: from the forehead to the crown; from the forehead to the back of the head and from the ears to the neck.

b) The fingers are slightly bent, the surface of the nails and the first phalanges are in close contact with the surface of the head behind the ears; massage is performed by the child with both hands towards each other from the ears to the top of the head.

Self-massage "Lepim ears"

We sculpt, sculpt ears for children and animals(the auricles are kneaded from top to bottom and from bottom to top).

sensitive bunny(pull the ears up)

To the wise baby elephant(pull the earlobes down).

Cheerful monkey(pull the ears to the sides).

Dog Kashtanka(take from above by the ears and lower them down).

And they blinded themselves (knead the ears with a downward movement).

Stroked behind the ears(with a stroking movement of the index finger behind the auricles).

Fitted with palms(stroking in a circular motion to run over the ears with palms).

Self-massage "Funny noses"

Rub the nose area with your fingers, then with your palms until a feeling of warmth appears. Rotate the tip of the nose to the right and left 3-5 times. After that, do 3-5 stroking rotational movements with the index fingers of both hands along the nose, from top to bottom on both sides.

Exercise "Self-massage of hands"

1. massage the nail bed (around the nail)
2. tweezers: with two fingers we bite along the edge of the finger, towards the hand. IMPORTANT: take a step as small as possible
3. clasp each finger in a circle, movement from the palm down to the nail (relieve tension)
4. watch-bracelets: rub the wrists in a circular motion, with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd fingers
5. wash the palm at the center point
6. wash the point between the 1st and 2nd finger
7. circular movements of the wrists
8. circular movements of the arms bent at the elbows
9. circular movements of the arms from the shoulder

Self-massage is not only a replenishment of health, but also a cool procedure that gives the body a pleasant rest, relax, stretch tired muscles, increase the outflow of stagnant blood and lymph not only at home, but also at work.

How to do self-massage of the body, methodology, basic techniques and techniques for its implementation - our today's topic. This knowledge is necessary for every person. After all, even when bathing in the bathroom, you need to use them in the shower so as not to harm yourself by improperly treating the body and areas of the lymph nodes with a washcloth. Therefore, let's learn how to use and pamper ourselves with massage correctly.

Self-massage - rules, techniques, technique

Massage is a therapeutic and hygienic procedure that promotes the removal of dead cells, better skin respiration, increased work of the sebaceous and sweat glands. The movement of lymph and blood circulation is accelerated, the metabolism in the whole body is normalized. The skin and muscles receive good nutrition and oxygen, toxins are quickly washed out of them, stagnation of fluids disappears.

Ligaments and joints also begin to work better due to their cleansing, improved nutrition, strengthening, increasing elasticity - diseases, the consequences of injuries, sprains, and muscle strain are cured. The nervous system calms down, getting relaxation, getting rid of stress - general well-being, mood stabilizes, sleep becomes deeper and calmer, the body receives proper rest and recovery.

To master all the massage techniques, to see how to use them correctly for self-massage, a video lesson with a demonstration and expert recommendations will help you. I advise you to first visually familiarize yourself with all the intricacies of the process, and then continue reading the article and analyze the techniques in detail.

Self-massage - basic rules

The technique of performing self-massage follows strict rules that have developed over the centuries. And the most important of them - do not harm yourself! Just as it is necessary to strictly follow the rules of the road on the road, it is necessary to strictly follow the general rules of massage.

1. You can massage yourself daily or every other day, spending about 20 minutes on the procedure. Be sure to warm up your hands to a very warm state, intensively rubbing them against each other until the palms are slightly red.
2. For better sliding of the palms, the skin can be sprinkled with talc, baby powder, or a special massage cream can be used.
3. If the male body is abundantly covered with hair, the massage is performed over tight natural underwear or a sheet.
4. Carry out the procedure one hour before meals, or a couple of hours after it. Do not give yourself a massage before going to bed, so as not to disturb it.
5. Any rough influences leading to bruises, vascular ruptures, pain and muscle contraction are categorically contraindicated.
6. Any massage must be performed strictly in the direction of the massage lines, which pass in accordance with the movement of the lymph towards the lymph nodes located in the groin, under the knees, on the elbows, in the armpits, on the neck. Massage effects begin from the periphery to the center of the body.
7. Only along the massage lines it is necessary to carry out any manipulations with the body - apply nourishing and healing agents, masks, use skin cleansing procedures, rubbing. For their correct use, carefully consider the picture and remember - the arrows indicate the lines of massage, and the dots indicate the location of the lymph nodes.

The zones where the nodes are located cannot be massaged - the lymph nodes are very fragile, damaged by any rough impact and will never be restored again. Do not be surprised, for example, by the appearance of incurable swelling of the legs after damage to the inguinal or popliteal lymph nodes.

Contraindications. Self-massage, like any type of massage, is contraindicated in stage 3 hypertension, acute cardiovascular insufficiency, varicose veins, febrile conditions, elevated body temperature, inflammatory and purulent processes, skin irritation, bleeding. Areas with tumor processes, moles, spots, skin changes are not processed.

Self-massage technique

When processing any part of the body, try to observe a single rhythm and speed of movement. Do not pause between massage techniques - after completing one, smoothly move on to the next.

1. The muscles, muscles, surface of the body treated by the massage should lie comfortably without movement, be as relaxed as possible. For such preparation, use relaxing music, special exercises.
2. Hands are massaged from the fingertips and hands from the bottom up, driving blood and lymph to the armpits and the lymph nodes located in them.
3. The legs are stretched from the foot up towards the popliteal lymph nodes, then towards the inguinal triangle.
4. The pelvic, gluteal, and lower back are worked out in the direction of the inguinal region, as shown in the photo above.
5. The back along the spinal column is worked out from the coccyx, the sacrum up to the cervical nodes, and the sides - towards the armpits.
6. The neck is massaged from the beginning of hairline growth down to the clavicular region.
7. Movements on the chest and chest follow from the center of the sternum to the axillary recesses. The mammary glands are massaged in a circular motion.
8. The muscles of the abdomen are first warmed up in circular light movements in a clockwise direction, then alternately from top to bottom and from bottom to top.

Self-massage - basic techniques

In total, six basic movements are actively used: stroking the skin, squeezing, kneading, rubbing, pressure and vibration. Researchers in this field emphasize that they are performed in this sequence.

It is advised to start the massage with calm stroking movements, thus preparing the surface of the body and skin for future influences. Then come squeezing - stronger and more sensitive touches, followed by kneading, rubbing. Further - dynamic and systematic active movements - pressure, shaking and vibration. Such a scheme can be used in a different order, depending on the purpose for which you are doing the massage. Consider the basic, basic massage techniques.

Stroking

This is the most famous and commonly used technique. It is used at the beginning of the massage in order to establish contact with the skin surface, in the middle of the massage to soothe the skin after rough actions, at the end of the session as a calming effect. The surface of the palm is received with four closed fingers, and the large one is maximally retracted to the side. It is performed calmly, easily, gently, with sliding movements over the skin.

Squeezing

A firm, vigorous movement aimed at increasing blood flow, eliminating puffiness and fluid retention. It is performed with collected relaxed fingers, while the thumb is pressed against the index finger.

kneading

A technique that increases muscle elasticity. This most complex technique is performed in three phases:

• muscle grip,
• lifting and contraction of the trapped muscles,
• kneading and rolling muscles.

Performing this technique is similar to working with a test.

Trituration

Reception, during the reproduction of which, the skin is shifted in various directions. It is performed either with fingertips or with the palm of your hand. These are dynamic, sharp movements in different directions that cause a rush of blood with reddening of the skin.

Pressure

A technique similar to squeezing, but performed by pressing the entire surface of the palm, or with rounded fists.

Vibration

A technique that creates therapeutic vibrating oscillatory movements in the treated part of the body. It is performed with a soft surface of several fingers closed together, with the palmar surface, with a fist, with a special massager.

Self-massage should be performed with the muscles of the body as relaxed as possible, preferably in front of a mirror. I prefer to do it lying down or sitting, comfortably leaning back against the wall or back of the sofa. It is believed that during self-massage it is inconvenient to massage the back. But this problem can be solved by using a bath brush with a long handle, a tape massager for the back. It is even easier to approach the door frame, lean against it with your back and turn around, easily rubbing the skin of your back with it. Then, gradually moving, lean more intensively on the jamb, deeply pushing the muscles - this is what people did in the old days for deep study and improvement of the back, they even reduced subluxations and intervertebral hernias.

I also highly recommend getting acquainted with the dynamic self-massage technique of Dr. Kirillov, I have never seen such an effective technique before. Classical techniques are not needed here, and parts of the body are worked out with the help of movements and are charged with energy!

Use, friends, the knowledge gained, please your body with the right massage and be healthy forever!

Massage and self-massage- a wonderful means of physical influence on the body, which has come down to us from time immemorial and which was highly appreciated by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, Tissot and other prominent doctors of human history. Modern science has figured out the mechanism that causes the healing effect of massage. Acting on the skin and underlying tissues, the hand irritates numerous nerve endings (receptors). Those, in turn, transmit excitation signals to the central nervous system, and from there comes the "response" - various changes in organs and tissues, as a result of which blood circulation increases, the activity of the glands (sebaceous and sweat) is activated, metabolism improves, and the work of the heart is stimulated and the like.

Below I will share with you, the readers of the House of Knowledge, massage exercises that are done on your own, without the help of a professional massage therapist. This type of massage is called self-massage.

Self-massage.

Separate techniques of self-massage are not at all complicated, and each person can easily learn them. Self-massage will help you get rid of fatigue, increase efficiency.

Self-massage can be practiced not only at home, but also in the bath, where to improve the sliding of hands over the body, they are soaped.

Who is contraindicated massage or self-massage?
But if a person is sick, especially if he has acute inflammation, skin diseases and other body disorders, massage and self-massage should wait. And after recovery, before returning to the exercises, consult a doctor.

Tips for the technique of self-massage.

1. Hands and feet begin to massage from the periphery, and gradually move towards the center.
2. The back is massaged from the spine to the collarbones.
3. Breast massage begins on the sternum, moving towards the armpits.
4. The face is massaged in different directions, starting from the nose and temples, moving down.
5. The upper back is massaged from the bottom up to the armpits, and the lower back is massaged in different directions from the spine.
6. Before starting self-massage, relax those muscles that you are going to physically influence well, and also try not to strain them until the end of the session.

Self-massage techniques.

Stroking.
It is performed with the palms, and on the face - with the fingertips or the back of the hand. Proper stroking helps to calm the nervous system, relax muscles, and reduce pain.

If you press harder on the body, in particular, with the thumb of the bent thumb, this helps to increase the tone of the skin and muscles, and also improves their nutrition. This technique is called squeezing. It is good to use it before intense physical activities - training, competitions, work, and the like.

Trituration.
Massage and self-massage of tendons, joints, intercostal and other muscles is performed by rubbing. Do this with the pads of the fingers, the base of the palm or the knoll of the thumb. This is done by pressing (not sliding) on ​​certain parts of the body, shifting them in different directions. This helps to relieve pain from sprains, bruises and other injuries, and also improves tissue nutrition.

Kneading.
Kneading is the most difficult and at the same time the most effective method of self-massage. To do this, with one or both hands, you need to tightly grasp the muscle, then slightly pull it away from the bone and begin to knead, that is, make circular movements, gradually rhythmically or slowly moving your fingers along the entire muscle, as if crushing it. This reduces, and sometimes completely removes physical fatigue, because when kneading, metabolism, blood circulation are significantly activated, and the contractility of tissues increases, etc.

Slaps and cuts.
Most often used for self-massage of large muscles. Patting is performed with a brush folded in the form of a "box". The section is carried out with the palm, or rather with its edge, and the straightened fingers must be slightly spread apart to improve shock absorption.

Having mastered the basic techniques of self-massage, you need to know how, when and in what sequence it is better to apply them.

Self-massage can be done both for individual parts of the body, and completely for the whole body.

Read also: Rejuvenation of the body with stem cells.

The sequence of self-massage or what to do?

Self-massage of the foot and ankle joint.
Start with a foot and ankle massage. To do this, it is advisable to sit on a chair and put your leg in a half-bent state on a stool. Under the foot on its outer side, place a bundle of soft cloth. Rub your fingers, stroke and rub your foot, and then your heel. First, stroke the back of the foot, and then rub the interosseous spaces. Rub the Achilles tendon with "pinch" - a technique in which four fingers on the outside and one on the inside slide from the heel up. On the ankle joint, circular rubbing and stroking should be carried out. Without changing position, massage the lower leg as well, first stroke with both hands, then with the base of the palm, squeeze and knead the lower leg muscles and the front surface of the lower leg. After that, stroke these areas again.

Now stretch your leg forward and slightly bend at the knee. Slide a roll of cloth under it and stroke, and then rub the knee.

Self-massage of the thigh.
For self-massage of the thigh, straighten one or both legs. First do stroking and then kneading. The last technique (kneading) can be performed with both hands: put them side by side, and as if tearing a sheet of paper, pull the captured muscle with each hand either in one direction or in the opposite direction. Make sure that the fingers do not bend, and there is no gap between the palms and the muscles that you massage. Then make shaking, in which the little finger and thumb cover the muscle, and with the hand, together with the hand, they carry out zigzag fast movements, moving along the body at the same time. Finish the exercises by stroking the thigh.

Self-massage of the buttocks.
With the help of stroking, squeezing, massage the buttock, putting one leg back a little.

Self-massage of the lower back and sacrum.
Spread your legs shoulder-width apart and bend forward a little. This position is intended for massaging the lower back and sacrum. Place the palm of one hand on the coccyx, and the palm of the other - a little higher above the first. Perform stroking from the bottom up to the lower back, after which - from the spine in both directions. Next, with your fingertips, make a circular rubbing, slowly pressing on the skin, as if probing the body. Hands move in translational movements from the coccyx up to the waist, and then back.

Back massage.
Self-massage of the back can be done both standing and sitting, that is, as you like. It is done by rubbing, using, as a rule, the back sides of the hands, which move in different directions from the spine and vice versa. However, those who find it more convenient to do this with their palms may deviate from the established methodology.

Self-massage of the neck and shoulders.
Sit at the table, lean your right elbow on its surface, put your left hand behind your head. Turn your head slightly to the left. Now you can stroke the skin from the back of the head along the neck to the shoulder joint, and then with the tips of four fingers gathered together, these places must be rubbed and kneaded. The same must be done on the other, that is, on the left side.

Self-massage of the head.
To perform self-massage of the head, place the palm of one hand on the forehead, and the other on the crown of the head. Stroke your skin with them, as if combing them up with one hand and down with the other. Fingertips should touch the skin through the hair, even if it is long. Then stroke the temples from the outer corners of the eyes to the back of the head, and then down to the neck.

Read also: Self-massage of the body.

Self-massage of the temples and neck.
For self-massage of the temples and the back of the head, sit on a chair. Slightly leaning on his back, bend forward a little. With your fingertips (index and middle), lightly stroke, and then gently rub from top to bottom behind the ear. Without changing position, massage the back of the head: first, stroke it with slightly bent and spread fingers, and then rub it in a circular motion - from the crown of the head and vice versa.

Rub the skin with short, straight, and then circular movements from the crown of the head to the ears and neck. After that, without pressing too hard with your fingers, stretch and move the skin over the entire surface of the head.

Breast massage.
For self-massage of the chest, sit comfortably in a chair, lean back and relax. Put your left hand on your thigh, and your right hand on the lower part of the chest on the right (I’ll warn you right away - girls should not massage the breast in any case, but only the skin area above it). Now stroke, moving your hand up towards the armpit, then to the shoulder joint, further to the neck. With pinches of bent fingers on the left side of the sternum, with soft circular movements, rub the skin first to the shoulder joint, and then over the collarbone to the chest and vice versa. Knead the pectoralis major muscle by grabbing it lightly and gently "processing" between your thumb and four other fingers, moving your hand towards the armpit.

Fundamentals of self-massage technique

Massage- a method of prevention and treatment, which is a set of methods of dosed mechanical impact on various parts of the human body, produced by the hands of a massage therapist or special devices.

When doing physical exercises, sports or the occurrence of a particular disease, it is not always possible to use the services of a qualified massage therapist. Therefore, massage performed independently can be of great help.

Self-massage - massage performed with one's own hand, on one's own body. The mechanism of action on the body, all types and forms, as well as massage and self-massage techniques are similar. The only difference is that the possibilities of self-massage are limited by the areas of the body available for its implementation.

Different kinds massage (cosmetic, sports, therapeutic, hygienic) is an effective means of restoring and improving efficiency. Massage techniques, acting on the nerve endings embedded in the skin, muscles and ligaments, affect the central nervous system, and through it - on the functional state of all organs and systems; improves blood circulation, increases muscle performance. They are better supplied with oxygen and nutrients, are quickly released from decay products; improves the strength of muscle tendons, joint mobility; the flow of lymph and blood is accelerated. That is why after a massage a person feels more cheerful, his strength recovers faster.

Forms massage and self-massage: general, when the whole body is massaged, and private (local), in which a separate part of the body is massaged (arms, legs, back, etc.).

Basic tricks massage and self-massage: stroking, rubbing, kneading, squeezing, percussion techniques (effleurage, chopping, slapping), vibrations (shaking). To perform self-massage, you can limit yourself to stroking, rubbing, kneading, squeezing.

Massage techniques are performed in a certain sequence. Massage and self-massage begin with stroking, then rubbing and squeezing, after which they perform shock techniques and vibration, then proceed to kneading. Stroking is done between sessions and at the end of the massage.

Stroking. This is the most commonly used massage technique. All types and forms of manual massage begin with strokes and always end with them. Stroking can be superficial and deep. Superficial stroking has a calming effect on the nervous system, promotes muscle relaxation, improves skin vascular tone, stimulates metabolic processes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and improves skin elasticity. Deep stroking stimulates the outflow of lymph and venous blood, actively influences blood circulation in the massaged area, promotes faster removal of metabolic products from tissues, elimination of congestion.

Types of stroking: planar, embracing; continuous, intermittent. With planar stroking, the palmar (Fig. 1.4.1, 1.4.2) or back (Fig. 1.4.3, 1.4.4) surface of the hand, the base of the palm (Fig. 1.4.5.) glide over the skin, tightly adhering to it. The touch should be gentle, soft. Stroking is performed with one or two hands. These types of stroking are mainly used on large areas of the body (thigh, lower leg, back, chest).