The past year has been very fruitful for science. Special progress scientists have achieved in the field of medicine. made amazing discoveries, scientific breakthroughs and created many useful medicines that will certainly soon be freely available. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the ten most amazing medical breakthroughs of 2015, which are sure to make a serious contribution to the development of medical services in the very near future.
In 2014, the World Health Organization warned everyone that humanity was entering the so-called post-antibiotic era. And she turned out to be right. Since 1987, science and medicine have not produced really new types of antibiotics. However, diseases do not stand still. Every year, new infections appear that are more resistant to existing drugs. It has become a real world problem. However, in 2015, scientists made a discovery that they believe will bring dramatic changes.
Scientists have discovered a new class of antibiotics from 25 antimicrobials, including a very important one called teixobactin. This antibiotic destroys microbes by blocking their ability to produce new cells. In other words, microbes under the influence of this drug cannot develop and develop resistance to the drug over time. Teixobactin has now proven to be highly effective against resistant Staphylococcus aureus and several bacteria that cause tuberculosis.
Laboratory tests of teixobactin were carried out on mice. The vast majority of experiments have shown the effectiveness of the drug. Human trials are due to begin in 2017.
Doctors have grown new vocal cords
One of the most interesting and promising areas in medicine is tissue regeneration. In 2015, a new item was added to the list of artificially recreated organs. Doctors from the University of Wisconsin have learned to grow human vocal cords from virtually nothing.
A group of scientists led by Dr. Nathan Welhan bioengineered a tissue that can mimic the work of the mucous membrane of the vocal cords, namely the tissue that is represented by two lobes of the cords, which vibrate to create human speech. Donor cells, from which new ligaments were subsequently grown, were taken from five volunteer patients. In the laboratory, in two weeks, scientists grew the necessary tissue, after which they added it to an artificial model of the larynx.
The sound created by the resulting vocal cords is described by scientists as metallic and compared to the sound of a robotic kazoo (a toy wind musical instrument). However, scientists are confident that the vocal cords they have created in real conditions (that is, when implanted into a living organism) will sound almost like real ones.
In one of the latest experiments on lab mice grafted with human immunity, the researchers decided to test whether the body of rodents would reject the new tissue. Fortunately, this did not happen. Dr. Welham is confident that the tissue will not be rejected by the human body either.
Cancer drug could help Parkinson's patients
Tisinga (or nilotinib) is a tested and approved drug commonly used to treat people with signs of leukemia. However, a new study from Georgetown University Medical Center shows that Tasinga's drug may be a very powerful tool for controlling motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease, improving their motor function and controlling the disease's non-motor symptoms.
Fernando Pagan, one of the doctors who conducted this study, believes that nilotinib therapy may be the first effective method of its kind to reduce the degradation of cognitive and motor function in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
The scientists gave increased doses of nilotinib to 12 volunteer patients for six months. All 12 patients who completed this trial of the drug to the end, there was an improvement in motor functions. 10 of them showed significant improvement.
The main objective of this study was to test the safety and harmlessness of nilotinib in humans. The dose of the drug used was much less than the dose usually given to patients with leukemia. Despite the fact that the drug showed its effectiveness, the study was still conducted on a small group of people without involving control groups. Therefore, before Tasinga is used as a therapy for Parkinson's disease, several more trials and scientific studies will have to be done.
The world's first 3D printed chest
Over the past few years, 3D printing technology has penetrated many areas, leading to amazing discoveries, developments and new production methods. In 2015, doctors from the Salamanca University Hospital in Spain performed the world's first surgery to replace a patient's damaged chest with a new 3D printed prosthesis.
The man suffered from a rare type of sarcoma, and the doctors had no other choice. To avoid spreading the tumor further throughout the body, experts removed almost the entire sternum from a person and replaced the bones with a titanium implant.
As a rule, implants for large parts of the skeleton are made from a wide variety of materials, which can wear out over time. In addition, the replacement of bones as complex as the sternum, which is typically unique to each individual case, required physicians to carefully scan a person's sternum to design an implant of the right size.
It was decided to use as a material for a new sternum. After performing high-precision 3D CT scans, the scientists used a $1.3 million Arcam printer to create a new titanium chest. The operation to install a new sternum for the patient was successful, and the person has already completed a full course of rehabilitation.
From skin cells to brain cells
Scientists from California's Salk Institute in La Jolla devoted the past year to research on the human brain. They have developed a method for transforming skin cells into brain cells and have already found several useful applications for the new technology.
It should be noted that scientists have found a way to turn skin cells into old brain cells, which simplifies their further use, for example, in research on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and their relationship with the effects of aging. Historically, animal brain cells have been used for such research, but scientists in this case were limited in their capabilities.
More recently, scientists have been able to turn stem cells into brain cells that can be used for research. However, this is a rather laborious process, and the result is cells that are not able to imitate the brain of an elderly person.
Once researchers developed a way to artificially create brain cells, they turned their attention to creating neurons that would have the ability to produce serotonin. And although the resulting cells have only a tiny fraction of the capabilities of the human brain, they are actively helping scientists in research and finding cures for diseases and disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and depression.
Contraceptive pills for men
Japanese scientists from the Microbial Disease Research Institute in Osaka have published a new scientific paper, according to which, in the near future, we will be able to produce real-life birth control pills for men. In their work, scientists describe studies of the drugs "Tacrolimus" and "Cyxlosporin A".
Typically, these drugs are used after organ transplants to suppress the body's immune system so that it does not reject the new tissue. The blockade occurs due to inhibition of the production of the calcineurin enzyme, which contains the PPP3R2 and PPP3CC proteins normally found in male semen.
In their study on laboratory mice, the scientists found that as soon as the PPP3CC protein is not produced in the organisms of rodents, their reproductive functions are sharply reduced. This prompted the researchers to conclude that an insufficient amount of this protein can lead to sterility. After more careful study, experts concluded that this protein gives the sperm cells the flexibility and the necessary strength and energy to penetrate the membrane of the egg.
Testing on healthy mice only confirmed their discovery. Only five days of using the drugs "Tacrolimus" and "Cyxlosporin A" led to complete infertility of mice. However, their reproductive function fully recovered just a week after they stopped giving these drugs. It is important to note that calcineurin is not a hormone, so the use of drugs in no way reduces sexual desire and excitability of the body.
Despite the promising results, it will take several years to create real male birth control pills. About 80 percent of mouse studies are not applicable to human cases. However, scientists still hope for success, as the effectiveness of the drugs has been proven. In addition, similar drugs have already passed human clinical trials and are widely used.
DNA seal
3D printing technologies have led to a unique new industry - printing and selling DNA. True, the term “printing” here is more likely to be used specifically for commercial purposes, and does not necessarily describe what is actually happening in this area.
The chief executive of Cambrian Genomics explains that the process is best described by the phrase "error checking" rather than "printing." Millions of pieces of DNA are placed on tiny metal substrates and scanned by a computer, which selects the strands that will eventually make up the entire DNA strand. After that, the necessary links are carefully cut out with a laser and placed in a new chain, pre-ordered by the client.
Companies like Cambrian believe that in the future, humans will be able to create new organisms just for fun with special computer hardware and software. Of course, such assumptions will immediately cause the righteous anger of people who doubt the ethical correctness and practical usefulness of these studies and opportunities, but sooner or later, no matter how we want it or not, we will come to this.
Now, DNA printing is showing little promise in the medical field. Drug makers and research companies are among the first customers of companies like Cambrian.
Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have gone one step further and have begun to create various figurines from DNA strands. DNA origami, as they call it, may at first glance seem like ordinary pampering, but this technology also has practical potential for use. For example, it can be used in the delivery of drugs to the body.
Nanobots in a living organism
In early 2015, the field of robotics won a big victory when a group of researchers from the University of California, San Diego announced that they had conducted the first successful tests using nanobots that performed their task from inside a living organism.
In this case, laboratory mice acted as a living organism. After placing the nanobots inside the animals, the micromachines went to the stomachs of the rodents and delivered the cargo placed on them, which was microscopic particles of gold. By the end of the procedure, the scientists did not notice any damage to the internal organs of mice and thus confirmed the usefulness, safety and effectiveness of nanobots.
Further tests showed that more particles of gold delivered by nanobots remain in the stomachs than those that were simply introduced there with a meal. This prompted scientists to think that nanobots in the future will be able to deliver the necessary drugs into the body much more efficiently than with more traditional methods of their administration.
The motor chain of the tiny robots is made of zinc. When it comes into contact with the body's acid-base environment, a chemical reaction occurs that produces hydrogen bubbles that propel the nanobots inside. After some time, the nanobots simply dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach.
Although the technology has been in development for nearly a decade, it wasn't until 2015 that scientists were able to actually test it in a living environment, rather than in conventional petri dishes, as had been done so many times before. In the future, nanobots can be used to detect and even treat various diseases of internal organs by influencing individual cells with the right drugs.
Injectable brain nanoimplant
A team of Harvard scientists has developed an implant that promises to treat a number of neurodegenerative disorders that lead to paralysis. The implant is an electronic device consisting of a universal frame (mesh), to which various nanodevices can later be connected after it has been inserted into the patient's brain. Thanks to the implant, it will be possible to monitor the neural activity of the brain, stimulate the work of certain tissues, and also accelerate the regeneration of neurons.
The electronic grid consists of conductive polymer filaments, transistors, or nanoelectrodes that connect intersections. Almost the entire area of the mesh is made up of holes, which allows living cells to form new connections around it.
As of early 2016, a team of scientists from Harvard is still testing the safety of using such an implant. For example, two mice were implanted in the brain with a device consisting of 16 electrical components. Devices have been successfully used to monitor and stimulate specific neurons.
Artificial production of tetrahydrocannabinol
For many years, marijuana has been used medicinally as a pain reliever and, in particular, to improve the condition of patients with cancer and AIDS. In medicine, a synthetic substitute for marijuana, or rather its main psychoactive component, tetrahydrocannabinol (or THC), is also actively used.
However, biochemists at the Technical University of Dortmund have announced the creation of a new species of yeast that produces THC. What's more, unpublished data indicate that the same scientists created another type of yeast that produces cannabidiol, another psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.
Marijuana contains several molecular compounds that are of interest to researchers. Therefore, the discovery of an effective artificial way to create these components in large quantities could be of great benefit to medicine. However, the method of conventional cultivation of plants and the subsequent extraction of the necessary molecular compounds is now the most effective method. Within 30 percent of the dry weight of modern marijuana can contain the right THC component.
Despite this, Dortmund scientists are confident that they will be able to find a more efficient and faster way to extract THC in the future. To date, the yeast created has been re-grown on molecules of the same fungus instead of the preferred alternative of simple saccharides. All this leads to the fact that with each new batch of yeast, the amount of free THC component also decreases.
In the future, the scientists promise to streamline the process, maximize THC production, and scale up to industrial use, ultimately meeting the needs of medical research and European regulators looking for new ways to produce THC without growing marijuana itself.
The medicine of tomorrow and its latest technologies are confidently entering today's day. Minimally invasive microsurgery and high-precision computer diagnostics are widely practiced, and the possibilities of tomography, ultrasound, dopplerometry and other innovative techniques have not surprised anyone for a long time. And the scientific world is already offering new progressive technologies in the field of medicine, many of which have already been adopted by it in the fight against healthy humanity.
3D printers for the production of implants
3D printers have recently entered our lives, immensely expanding human capabilities to create not only engineering and design objects, but also medical models. With their help, prostheses and all kinds of implants are already being created - both individual bones and entire amputated limbs.
For bedridden patients, a special Smart-E-Pants underwear with an electronic “filling” has been developed, which every 10 minutes gives an electrical impulse to the muscles, causing them to contract. The system is effective even for long-term paralyzed body parts and almost completely immobilized patients.
Arterial stenting
The development of new technologies in medicine and the creation of innovative materials have made it possible to widely introduce balloon angioplasty - the installation of the thinnest metal frames into the lumen of vital arteries narrowed by atherosclerotic plaques. The operation is carried out through a small puncture, is minimally invasive and anaemic, and at the same time belongs to the so-called "one day" surgery.
Glasses that allow you to see the disease
A new message on the topic of innovative medical technologies has come from the 2AI Labs research group. The “O2amp” glasses developed by them make it possible to determine blood oxygen saturation, hemoglobin levels, and the state of the saphenous veins. With their help, it is possible to detect internal vascular injuries and fix pathologies that do not yet give obvious symptoms.
The creators claim that glasses allow you to see not only hidden diseases, but even the mood of a person.
The penetration of bacteria into the bone screws of medical implants threatens the patient with severe postoperative infection, life-threatening. At the same time, they can usually be detected only when the process becomes irreversible.
Microbiologists at the University of Groningen (Netherlands) have found a method for early diagnosis of an emerging focus of infection using luminescent antibiotics that give a fluorescent glow to the affected tissues. You can see it with a specially designed camera. Scientists hope that the time is not far off when the practical use of this marker of bacterial infection of implants will become available to a wide range of the world's population.
Blood glucose monitoring for people with diabetes will become easier with the advent of laser blood glucose meters in the healthcare market. This is a non-invasive method without punctures and test strips, developed by a group of medical scientists in Germany. It is enough to direct the laser beam of infrared rays to the skin area, as the device will determine the level of glucose in seconds.
The only drawback of the experimental samples is their volume (the size of a shoe box), however, in the future, scientists plan to improve the model to a convenient portable size.
Sweat based glucose chip
Another new method for non-invasive monitoring of blood sugar levels is the development of a chip that can provide the necessary information when in contact with the skin. To do this, he only needs a drop of sweat. The disadvantage of the sensor is the impossibility of measuring at rest - you will have to sweat a little to get the data.
transparent organs
A message about new technologies in medicine came from Stanford University, where scientists have developed a technique that allows you to see the internal organs as if they were transparent. The introduction of certain chemical compounds into them highlights their individual internal structures (cell types) and allows the doctor to see a complete picture of the state of the organ.
So far, this technique is being tested on rodents and human bodies bequeathed to science, but the success of these studies allows us to hope for an early introduction into everyday clinical practice.
Three-dimensional full-functional muscles designed for both robots and humans are a new word in medical technologies in this area. The authors of the invention, as expected, were the country of advanced robotics Japan. An artificially grown muscle can contract, has great strength with high precision, can be transplanted into the human body and even connect to its nervous system. The mechanism of its work is similar to natural.
Toric lenses that correct astigmatism
The glasses that correct this pathology, which require long-term wear, and the old generation contact lenses, which do not guarantee the exact position on the eyeball, are being replaced by toric lenses, which are practically devoid of all previously existing shortcomings. Stable fixation of these lenses is ensured by their uneven thickness, increasing downwards and providing prismatic ballast and no movement during any movements.
Wearing toric lenses allows you to minimize the period of correction of astigmatism.
Drills will become a thing of the past
The new breakthrough in medical technology that is about to happen in dentistry will affect the broadest masses of the population. The biggest fear of patients, the drill, will disappear from dental clinics. Researchers from medicine provide new technologies for the treatment of caries - the restoration of affected tissues from stem cells. When a jelly-like protein hydrogel created on their basis is introduced into the tooth, it begins to transform into pulp. Scientists claim that stem cells are able to form dental tissues not only in caries-affected areas, but also to completely grow new teeth.
Every year, science discovers and tests many new methods and technologies in the field of medicine, many of which have already become part of public health care. A lot of them are under development and testing, so that tomorrow they will help world medicine save human lives and steadily improve its quality.
Today we can observe the grandiose achievements of progress in science and technology, which are involuntarily reflected in modern technologies in medicine. You and I have long been accustomed to such diagnostic methods as computed tomography, ultrasound, Doppler sonography, accustomed to microsurgical and minimally invasive interventions. But progress never stands still. Every year, more and more new technologies appear in medicine, which simply surprise many patients with their capabilities and effectiveness. Many diseases that were considered intractable just a little more than a decade ago are now easily subjected to modern medical interventions.
Innovations concern almost all areas of medicine, but, above all, this applies to those where it is simply impossible to do without high technologies and innovative methods. These include oncology, cardiac and vascular surgery, stem cell therapy, orthopedics, laparoscopic interventions, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, etc.
Separately, it is worth talking about innovations in oncology, since this area is one of the critical ones. In oncology, various other areas of medicine are often intertwined - diagnostics, surgery and microsurgery, plastic surgery, vascular surgery, pharmacology, radiation therapy, etc.
Modern diagnostic methods today make it possible to detect tumors at the earliest stage, when treatment can completely cure the patient of cancer, and most importantly, minimally injure him.
As you know, in oncology, it is most important to make the most accurate diagnosis in order to start treatment faster. The purpose of diagnostics in oncology is to identify the presence of the tumor itself, assess its nature, degree of malignancy, localization and prevalence with the presence of metastases. Today, for these purposes, one of the radiation diagnostic methods can be used - computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, as well as such a new type of diagnostics as positron emission tomography (PET).
A feature of PET is that this method is isotopic, that is, it is based on the registration of radiation from special radiopharmaceutical substances. Thus, this method allows us to evaluate the functionality of the tumor, namely, its nature - malignant or benign. Since this method makes it much worse to assess the anatomical parameters of the formation, it is usually combined with another method of radiation diagnostics, for example, with CT. This combination of two technologies of radiation diagnostics allows to achieve high efficiency. Using PET-CT, "scan" the entire body of the patient, and identify tumors up to 5-6 mm in size. In addition, PET-CT allows you to monitor the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. Separately, it is worth noting such a method as scintigraphy. At its core, this method is, so to speak, the progenitor of PET-CT. In this case, a special radiopharmaceutical preparation is introduced into the patient's blood, after which a scan is performed on a special gamma tomograph. As in the case of PET, scintigraphy allows you to assess the functional state of the organ, but does not allow you to get a clear image of the affected organ.
Of the radiation methods of treatment in oncology, it is worth noting today the methods of stereotactic radiation therapy, the essence of which boils down to one thing - irradiation of the tumor with a thin and powerful beam of radiation from different angles. These methods include Novalis, Gamma Knife, Cyber Knife and proton therapy. The advantages of using the CyberKnife technology are that it allows you to minimize the radiation exposure to the patient and healthy tissues, and is also a completely non-invasive method of treating tumors, which in many cases allows, if not completely destroying the tumor, then stopping its spread without resorting to to the surgeon's scalpel.
Proton therapy, perhaps, is the so-called. the latest fashion, an innovative method of radiation therapy, which uses positively charged particles - protons, dispersed in a special device - a cyclotron. Due to its physical characteristics, proton therapy is considered the most gentle method of radiation therapy for tumors, since it achieves a more selective dose distribution.
Modern chemotherapy in oncology also allows to achieve good results with minimal side effects due to the fact that today the pharmaceutical industry is developing newer and more effective types of drugs.
Targeted cancer therapy is a new direction in oncology and is a molecular targeted therapy. One group of targeted drugs is the so-called. monoclonal antibodies like those involved in the body's immune response. Another group of drugs affects the enzymes needed for cancer cell division. Finally, the third group of targeted drugs blocks the development of new blood vessels in the tissue, thereby disrupting its growth and nutrition.
Stem cell therapy is another promising treatment for many diseases. The essence of cell therapy lies in the fact that, after being introduced into the patient's body, stem cells can replace and stimulate functionally defective cells in organs, and promote reparative processes.
Innovations and joint arthroplasty did not bypass.
Modern endoprostheses make it possible to almost completely restore the activity of a patient with severe arthrosis. Bioprostheses are the very area of orthopedics, which at first may seem like a fantasy. Today, motorized prosthetic limbs allow the amputee to comfortably ride a bike, ski, walk backwards, and climb and descend stairs without difficulty. Such activity is not available to the owners of conventional prostheses.
Bariatric surgery is one of the modern methods of combating obesity. The essence of bariatric interventions is to reduce the capacity of the stomach, narrowing its inlet, as well as bypassing the stomach, intestines or bile ducts to reduce the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. Most of these interventions today are performed by the laparoscopic method, that is, with minimal incisions, minimal trauma to the patient and, accordingly, a reduction in the risk of complications.
7 (495) 50-254-50 – innovative methods of treatment
World leadership in the development of medical innovations in the US, Switzerland, UK, Japan and Germany. List of funded projects in the field of innovative medicine and pharmaceuticals. Nanobiopharmaceutical cluster "Biocity" as the main investor.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"
Tambov branch of RANEPA
Essay by discipline:
"Innovation Management"
"Innovations in Medicine"
innovation medicine nanobiopharmaceutical cluster
Performed:
4th year student, 2 groups
Popova Tatyana Gennadievna
Tambov, 2015
By 2020, the share of imported drugs should be reduced from 80 to 50%, while domestic ones should become innovative, the government decided.
In my opinion, innovations in medicine are understood as original technologies for the production or use of a medicinal or diagnostic product, device or method with a proven level of competitiveness in relation to existing ones. “Today, these are primarily new molecules, new delivery methods, biotechnologies, new principles of diagnostics and treatment,” lists Irina Gushchina, a representative of the Russian office of Pfizer (one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world). diagnostic and therapeutic medical technologies”.
World leadership in R&D of medical innovations is traditionally held by the USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, Japan and Germany. Recently, India and China have been actively declaring themselves. “The United States is far ahead of any country in the world in terms of the number of projects to create new drugs. This was facilitated by the long-term policy of local manufacturers, which are constantly increasing investments in R&D, as well as the insurance medicine system, ”says the director of the department of programs and projects and a member of the board of the Russian Venture Company (RVC).
I think Russia is at the bottom of the list. The share of domestic innovative drugs, even in the domestic market, is a few percent, Vvedensky estimates. About 70% of the production of substances necessary for the production of finished drugs comes from India, China and other countries, and the volume of exports of finished drugs and pharmaceutical substances from Russia is, according to him, less than 0.1% of global sales. The main reasons for this, in his opinion, are the sharp reduction in scientific research in 1990-2007, the developers’ lack of skills and experience in protecting the rights to the results of intellectual activity, the shortage of qualified personnel, the lack of integration into the international biopharmaceutical market, as well as the reluctance of large Russian pharmaceutical companies finance innovative developments. Although in the world the leading role in innovative developments in medicine belongs to big business, notes Gushchina. Small research companies, universities, as well as joint projects of large pharmaceutical companies and scientific organizations are also actively involved in the creation of innovative drugs.
Innovations in medicine are a profitable business, but large investments are required for a long time, explains Igor Pivovarov, CEO of Hematological Corporation LLC (Gemakor). The development of a new drug costs several hundred million dollars and pays off in 5-8 years, and the result will not necessarily be positive.
In the last year or two, the state has taken a number of steps to support innovative pharmaceuticals: development institutions and state-owned companies have been launched, legislation has been adjusted, priorities and conditions for interaction between Russian developers and global pharmaceutical companies have been formulated, says Vvedensky. The Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere, the RVC Seed Investment Fund (Russian Venture Company) (2 billion rubles), venture funds with the participation of RVC - Bioprocess Capital Ventures (3 billion rubles) and " Maxwellbiotech (3.061 billion rubles), Rosnano.
This year, RVC will also launch a specialized Biopharmaceutical Cluster Fund, and next year, a special federal targeted program under the auspices of the Ministry of Industry and Trade should be launched. Biomedical projects should also appear in the Skolkovo science city that is being created. In addition, small and medium-sized domestic companies are becoming more active, their portfolio may contain only a few drugs, but they are innovative and unique in their mechanism of action, Vvedensky adds. He has about 50 such companies - and each has up to 10 drugs.
There are seven funded projects in the field of innovative medicine and pharmaceuticals in the portfolios of RVC funds, and four more have been approved by investment committees.
One of the first projects of the Seed Investment Fund, Oncomax, is developing a therapeutic monoclonal antibody for the treatment of kidney cancer. The drug should be more effective and much cheaper than foreign analogues. Last year, he entered the "golden hundred" of the "Zvorykinsky project" (a program of the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs to support innovative developments).
The Supervisory Board of Rosnano approved 14 projects in the field of medicine and biotechnology related to innovative medicine. By the end of 2012, the Hemacor project company (total budget - 1.08 billion rubles) plans to start mass production of diagnostic equipment and disposable test systems that can detect violations of the blood coagulation system and determine the risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism (blockage of the vessel by a detached thrombus) . The device will simulate the natural mechanisms of blood clotting: a blood sample is placed in a cuvette with a specially formed nano-coating that activates the clotting process and allows diagnosing disorders in 30 minutes.
In the field of pharmaceuticals, Rosnano has a joint iPharma project with NP CVT Khimrar (total budget - 5.1 billion rubles). The goal is to create drugs that block or activate a specific biotarget in the human body. For example, an AIDS drug blocks one of the enzymes necessary for the reproduction of the human immunodeficiency virus, and the development of the disease stops. “Our drugs will not have direct analogues, there may be competing drugs, others on their own, but working on similar mechanisms in humans,” says a company representative. “We will fight to make our products more effective and less toxic.”
In addition to Rosnano, RVC and Skolkovo, among the main investors in Russian innovative medical technologies, experts name the Biocity nanobiopharmaceutical cluster. Its main participants are the “daughter” of AFK “Sistema” “Binnopharm”, the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Biocity has 11 projects, including a joint project between Binnopharm and Moscow State University, which recently won a state subsidy at the competition of the Ministry of Education and Science. The goal of the project is to create a technological platform for the production of cellular products intended for the treatment of "socially significant diseases" (burns, long-term non-healing wounds, fistulas and other defects of the skin, bone tissue, etc.) using regenerative medicine methods. The subsidy will be directed to R&D, and the production of products will be organized in Zelenograd at the expense of Binnopharm's own funds.
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The concept of innovation. Risks in innovation activity. Methods of risk management in innovation. Methods for assessing commercial risks in innovation. Risk factors and criteria for their assessment. Innovation management.
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Innovation strategy. Innovation process. Classification of innovations. Introduction of a new product. Methods for selecting innovative projects. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of innovative projects. The state of the innovation sphere of the Russian Federation.
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The essence of the concepts of "innovation", "innovation process". Classification of innovations. Management of the innovation process. Project evaluation methods. Examination of innovative projects. Innovations in modern Russia. Analysis of the state of the Russian innovation sphere.
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Innovative enterprises of the future predetermine the further development of the economy and society as a whole.
This is our work, education, medicine, ecology, security, home and other areas of life. Science and technology do not stop and progress rapidly, helping us to facilitate or improve our everyday life. Therefore, in this article, innovative cluster complexes that improve the economic and state condition were considered. We believe that in the future this type of enterprise is extremely important to develop.
Modern society is rapidly progressing, thanks to new technologies. To support this movement, it is necessary to develop enterprises by offering all the necessary resources. The company must have high performance, for this it is necessary to build cluster centers so that the enterprise has everything it needs in one territory. Therefore, the relevance of the topic of this article is due to the fact that in the future it is extremely important to have innovative cluster complexes, helping the enterprise to function most efficiently, satisfying the consumer with greater returns, while developing the state economy.
Innovation is one of the important areas of life, and every person encounters it in everyday life. Innovation is an innovation that helps us to carry out any activity most efficiently, and any enterprise helps us to do our business easier, more rationally. Anything can be expected from our future. Science is developing very rapidly and even the famous writer K.E. Tsiolkovsky long ago predicted that for the first time a person would fly into space only in 2017, but this happened 55 years ago and this proves that innovations help the development of any sphere of life and all this is thanks to people and innovative enterprises.
We can also predict and dream about flying skyscrapers, cleaning robots, teleportation and other seemingly magical and unrealistic things, but this is realizable! We can contribute to this by organizing the work of enterprises in the most efficient way. How to do it? At the moment, the most famous innovation centers can be considered clear evidence - the Silicon Valley, located in San Francisco and Skolkovo, a complex under construction in Moscow. Huge innovation clusters equipped with equipment, specialists and institutions, everything is located in one place and works smoothly and smoothly. An innovative enterprise of the future must have a huge technical and human potential. The cluster is convenient because it has everything you need in one area. Cluster enterprises provide many bonuses and play a decisive role in economic development. It can be observed that this phenomenon is highly effective. The cluster enterprise will provide a huge number of jobs, and this means benefits for the state, unemployment payments will decrease, i.e. The amount of payments from the state budget is reduced.
In Russia, there are now quite a lot of clusters that deal with innovations and the latest developments.
Many districts have such territorial centers, but the Southern Federal District of Russia cannot yet boast of its innovative complexes.
The government has approved 25 territorial innovation clusters officially operating in Russia. There are much more such innovative associations in the world. Cluster innovative enterprises open up great opportunities for humanity and for the future. In terms of what kind of enterprises will expect us, at a minimum, companies must quickly adapt and change in accordance with changing conditions.
We believe that they should not be limited to responding to trends, but should strive to shape and stimulate them on their own. At the same time, it is advisable to consider market or industry changes as an opportunity to get ahead of competitors. Any enterprise of the future, not necessarily innovative, will have the property of surpassing consumer expectations. The formation and development of partnerships are designed to ensure that an innovative enterprise implements such innovations that can bring success to both customers and their own business. The businesses of the future must integrate to maximize the opportunities of the globalized economy. The organization of their activities should be built in such a way that at any time and anywhere in the world they can have access to the best resources and knowledge, and apply them under absolutely any circumstances.
Innovation in medicine is a profitable business, but it requires large investments for a long time. For example, the development of a new drug costs several hundred million dollars and pays off in 5-8 years.
The world leadership in the development of medical innovations traditionally belongs to the USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, Japan and Germany. Recently, India and China have been actively declaring themselves. However, the United States is still far ahead of any country in the world in terms of the number of projects to create new drugs. This is largely because manufacturers are constantly increasing investments in the development of innovations. Although Russia lags far behind in this direction, it nevertheless boasts of some achievements. We bring to your attention several medical innovations.
IN THE USA
After the decoding of the human genome in 2001, work began on introducing the latest scientific knowledge in the field of post-genomic technologies into clinical practice. First of all, this will make it possible to counteract socially significant diseases, among which one can distinguish oncological diseases and Alzheimer's disease.
But nanodiamonds, which are embedded in contact lenses, will fight against glaucoma. Scientists predict that by 2020 about 80 million people will suffer from glaucoma. If this disease is not started to be treated, then the consequences will become sad - it causes damage to the optic nerve, and then completely leads to blindness. Nanodiamond paired with a drug improves the strength of the lenses. To make the drug better penetrate the eyes, the UCLA researchers added maleate, a compound used in eye drops, to the nanodiamonds of timolol. This remedy belongs to the group of beta-blockers. When used in the form of drops, it lowers the pressure inside the eye, blocking the formation of excess fluid. Timolol begins to work by coming into contact with lysozyme, as well as enzymes, in the composition of tears.
Researchers at the University of Washington and Illinois, using high-definition imaging and 3D printing techniques, have prototyped a thin outer membrane that wraps around the heart. Such a membrane with built-in electrodes can imitate the natural outer shell of the heart muscle - the pericardium. The device completely covers the organ and is able to support its work outside the body. The development was tested on a rabbit heart placed in a nutrient solution. The device can control the work of the heart muscle, detect signs of arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, and, if necessary, send impulses to the muscle, like a traditional pacemaker. The use of multiple electrodes that are in contact with the organ gives the maximum result. At the same time, the efficiency of the device is higher than that of pacemakers.
And with the help of gene therapy, doctors managed to increase the resistance of people with HIV to the immunodeficiency virus. This technique is likely to be the most effective way to treat both HIV and other viral diseases. Tests show that the gene editing method is reasonably safe when used on humans. The researchers used ZFN enzymes to destroy and identify a gene that makes human cells vulnerable to HIV.
In Switzerland
Microscopic robots are developed in the ETH laboratory for targeted drug delivery to the body. When turned off, the devices look like plant pods, and when turned on, they look like a star. It is this form that gives ample opportunities for their use in medicine. The electromagnetic manipulation system allows you to deliver the capsules to the right place. After that, the capsule is irradiated with a laser beam, which changes the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel filling it. The capsule opens and releases the drug pellets.
In Russia
By the end of 2015, Perm State National Research University will create a device that can quickly, safely and accurately determine the condition of the respiratory organs in patients.
His work is based on the analysis of the impedance (electrical complex resistance) of the respiratory organs to alternating current. This technology will require only the application of electrodes to the patient's body (in part, it resembles manipulation during the registration of an electrocardiogram). The procedure is painless, harmless, and it can be used in monitoring the dynamics of the patient's condition.
And scientists from the Novosibirsk State Medical University have developed a program that can determine the effectiveness of a surgical intervention to remove malignant tumors with an accuracy of 99%.
Experts explain that the program can calculate the remains of cancer cells in "three mouse clicks", highlighting them among the blood, brain tissue, hemostatic substance. In addition to malignant tumors, the program allows you to work with congenital vascular pathology - arteriovenous malformation.
In Singapore
Another innovation is the transdermal glucosamine complex (GLUCOTEK), which is micelles - glucosamine sulfate molecules enclosed in a lipophilic shell. It is used to improve the flow of glucosamine directly into the joint cavity, such a complex is in the drug Chondroxide® Maximum. This is a new drug in the line of products for the treatment of joint pain.
Chondroxide® Maximum has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and chondroprotective effects, is available in the form of a cream for external use. The active substance is glucosamine sulfate, which helps to restore the cartilaginous surfaces of the peripheral joints and joints of the spine, restores their function, reduces the need for NSAIDs, and therefore reduces the likelihood of side effects from the use of the latter from the gastrointestinal tract. It is thanks to the transdermal glucosamine complex that Chondroxide® Maximum cream has a high bioavailability comparable to injectable forms of glucosamine and almost 2 times higher than the bioavailability of oral forms of glucosamine 1 . This, in turn, determines the high efficiency of Chondroxide® Maximum, comparable to injectable and tablet forms of chondroprotectors 2,3 . Thus, Chondroxide® Maximum cream can be called an alternative to systemic (tablets and injections) chondroprotectors. The drug is supplied to Russia and sold in our pharmacies.
1. Relative bioavailability of glucosamine after oral, injection and transdermal routes of administration of Chondroxid® Maximum in the experiment.
Blair Yasso, Yinghe Li, Asafov Alexander, N.B. Melnikova, I.V. Mukhina. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 2014, Volume 77, No. 12.
2. "The effectiveness of the transdermal glucosamine complex "Chondroxide maximum" in osteoarthritis of the knee" E.A. Belyaeva Department of Internal Diseases of the Medical Institute of TulSU, "Doctor" No. 5 2014;
3. Lapshina S.A., Afanas'eva M.A., Sukhorukova E.V. et al. Comparative efficacy of the drug "Chondroxide® Maximum", a cream for external use, and an injectable form of glucosamine sulfate ("Dona") in patients with gonarthrosis. Consilium Medicum Neurology/Rheumatology. 2014, №4
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On June 8–9, Krasnogorsk, near Moscow, hosted the Second Regional Social Innovation Forum, where 85 subjects of the Russian Federation presented the best practices of social work aimed at achieving the main goal - the development of social infrastructure and improving the quality of life of Russians. Forum participants could visit discussion platforms and an exhibition of innovative social projects of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
The large-scale event opened with a plenary session, where the speakers shared their experience in implementing innovative social practices in the regions. The Minister of Health of the Russian Federation Veronika Skvortsova delivered a welcoming speech, talking about the work done by the department to improve the quality and accessibility of medical care in the country.
“The Second Regional Social Innovation Forum embodies not only the unity of all branches of government at the federal and regional levels, but also the connection with the entire civil society to solve the main task – improving the quality of life of our citizens and creating conditions in which Russians will live happily ever after . The Ministry of Health is an example of a public and state cluster for solving the problems that medicine faces today,” Veronika Skvortsova noted at the plenary session.
The speaker stressed that the Ministry of Health consistently introduces the most modern technologies and methods in all processes of medical care.
Thus, over 10 years, the volume of high-tech assistance in Russia has increased 16 times and is increasing every year in those areas that are most in demand by citizens. According to Veronika Skvortsova, already in 2016, 936,000 patients were provided with high-tech medical care, and this year it is planned to significantly exceed this figure.
It is also important that high technologies have become available to the population of our country: already 932 medical organizations, most of which are regional, have the opportunity to provide high-tech assistance in various medical fields. Moreover, over the past three years, some types of high technology have moved from elective to emergency medicine.
“In 2016, the Russian Federation was one of the first to introduce thromboextraction technologies that allow saving patients who were doomed to death three years ago due to thrombosis of large vessels. And the multidisciplinary introduction of new rehabilitation technologies at the earliest stages of the disease allowed us to reduce primary disability. Now more than 60% of patients who have suffered vascular accidents leave clinics on their own legs, with full recovery or minimal functional impairment,” the head of the Ministry of Health said.
Innovations in the field of health care are also aimed at providing citizens with comfortable access to medical care. According to Veronika Skvortsova, information and digital healthcare technologies are currently being actively developed. Thus, to date, more than 90% of the regions have fully digitalized the work of ambulances, including the introduction of GLONASS technology.
The Minister of Health also noted that every year more and more new additional electronic opportunities appear. In this regard, the following tasks will be solved already in the coming year: 14 million citizens will be able to create a personal account of the patient "My Health" on the Unified Portal of Public Services; the formation of a multilevel system of telemedicine consultations between medical organizations of the federal and regional levels will be completed. And from 2019, remote monitoring of the health of patients from risk groups will be introduced using individual devices that measure blood pressure, pulse, glucose and cholesterol concentrations, position in space, etc.
“Currently, the Ministry of Health has prepared a new priority project aimed at increasing the availability of primary health care. As part of the implementation of this project, about a thousand feldsher-obstetric stations and rural medical outpatient clinics will be built. A new impetus will be given to the development of traveling forms of work,” Veronika Skvortsova emphasized.
The speaker noted that innovative approaches can be not only technological, but also organizational, and cited as an example the actively developing Lean Polyclinic project, the implementation of which allows dividing the flow of healthy and sick patients, reducing the waiting time for a doctor's appointment, etc. “Already 20 regions have joined this project. Our task is to spread it and make the help that people receive in polyclinics become more comfortable and accessible throughout the country,” the head of the Ministry of Health said.
At the end of her speech, Veronika Skvortsova thanked the leader of the social movement Valentina Ivanovna Matvienko, Galina Nikolaevna Karelova and all the leaders of the social direction, and also cordially congratulated her colleagues on the social worker's holiday and wished them deep satisfaction from serving their profession.
Ekaterina Kudryavtseva,
news agency of the Eurasian Women's Community
Modern technologies are increasingly entering medical practice, the use of which makes it possible to improve the quality of medical services, optimize the management of various structural medical units and create the basis for reaching the world level of medical care for the population.
The quality of medical care, the standard of living of the population, and the overall level of development of the country as a whole depend on how effectively new technologies are used by doctors and specialists.
Therefore, today there is an urgent need to use modern technologies in medicine, while also constantly improving, used in solving various diagnostic, therapeutic, surgical and other problems.
In this section of the independent scientific and technical portal www.site you can get acquainted with detailed illustrated descriptions of modern methodological and technical developments, both domestic and foreign, from various fields of medicine.
Today, it has been experimentally proven that the subjects of civilization exchange energies in the radio frequency range. The energy exchange node, according to ancient civilizations, is located in the human body just below the navel and is a transceiver (that is, it both receives and transmits energy) ...
Today, the main method of dealing with this disease is considered to be surgical intervention. Other methods that relate to the field of conservative treatment (immuno- and chemotherapy, embolization, etc.) play a rather auxiliary role ...
Patients with gastric cancer should undergo a thorough preoperative diagnosis in order to choose the most effective gastric cancer treatment option in israel. The MedicalTourIsrael.com examination may include a CT scan of the chest and abdomen to determine the presence or absence of metastases. Additionally, a chest x-ray, transabdominal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, gastroscopy can be performed.
Osteochondrosis of the spine is a formidable disease that leads to degenerative and dystrophic changes in the joints of the spine due to aging of the body. As a result of this disease, the thickness and elasticity of the intervertebral discs decrease, osteophytes (growths) form on the vertebrae, the lumen of the opening for the passage of the nerve roots narrows, and there is a risk of injury.
How a full-fledged lifestyle a person can lead very often depends on the state of his musculoskeletal system. And this is no exaggeration. Those who are familiar with the feeling of pain and stiffness in the joints, the spine know firsthand how much the usual way of life is violated - this makes it difficult to move, perform daily work, and fully rest at night. According to the World Health Organization, more than 70% of the population over the age of forty suffer from certain diseases of the musculoskeletal system...
Every year, men and women visit polyclinics and hospitals for examination and treatment. Thousands of women every year, after seeing a doctor, find out about the presence in their body of any pathology, some disease that requires urgent treatment in order to prevent its subsequent development. More than 30% of women over thirty have mastopathy, that is, a pathological process occurring in the mammary glands, characterized by regressive tissue changes. The diagnosis of "mastopathy" is made by a doctor to a woman only after he listens to her complaints, probes the mammary glands and makes them a mammogram, and also analyzes the level of hormones in her blood ...
To demonstrate the deplorable state of medicine in Moldova, local doctors created a video that allegedly performs an operation on a child using a construction drill and rusty wire cutters. And this is against the background of how in developed countries every day there are more and more accurate and and technology. This review is devoted to the ten most interesting of them.
American researchers from Boston have come up with a way that allows a person to perfectly do without the need to breathe air. Just one injection is enough for your body to be adequately supplied with oxygen for half an hour. This will eliminate the tracheotomy procedure and will be very useful in disaster medicine and military field surgery.
Swedish scientists have come up with a way to turn an ordinary DVD player into a universal medical laboratory. It turns out that the disk-reading laser can be used to test blood for various components, DNA testing, and also search for the human immunodeficiency virus in the submitted samples.
Scientists have created a device called Scanadu, which is the real embodiment of the tricorder known from the Star Trek television series and films. This small tool will allow you to determine a person's body temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiogram readings, heart rate and breathing, as well as the amount of oxygen in the blood in a matter of seconds.
The Israeli company Tikun Olam has planted several fields in the north of the country with genetically modified hemp, which does not lead to drug intoxication, but will help doctors and patients in the treatment of cancer, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, post-traumatic stress disorder and some other ailments.
By the way, about cannabis. In some US states, derivatives from this plant may well be used for medical purposes, for example, to improve mood with depression or get rid of cancer pain. This remedy has become so popular that even a special Autospense machine has appeared that sells it. True, when making a purchase, you must not only pay for the goods, but also indicate a unique digital code received from the attending doctor.
3D printers became widely available only a few years ago, but now they are being used with might and main not only by scientists, engineers and designers, but also by doctors who use these technologies to create prostheses and implants that replace amputated body parts and even bones.
Smart-E-Pants are designed for bedridden patients who are at risk of pressure sores. Every ten minutes, it will send out an electrical impulse that will cause the muscle to contract. And it does not matter that this part of the human body has long been paralyzed.
The 2AI Labs research team has created the O2amp goggles, which measure a person's skin oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration in the blood, and heart rate. They can also help locate veins under the skin, reveal internal and superficial injuries, and some types of disease.
Dutch scientists from Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen have created a gel that does not melt when heated, but, on the contrary, solidifies, which makes it look like filamentous protein structures. This substance can be used for injuries to stop bleeding and temporarily "repair" damaged organs, which will allow a person to live before surgery.
Da Vinci is a robot that will not be able to play the guitar, as the creators of the film "Guest from the Future" dreamed about, but will easily carry out the most complex medical operations. True, under the control of a living person who will sit at the droid standing next to the control panel. This complex mechanism will automate many processes and carry out even the smallest manipulations as accurately and confidently as possible.
