Oral what. What is oral. Dosage forms for oral administration

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Sometimes the instructions for medicines are written so abstrusely that it is very difficult for the average user to understand them. And doctors and pharmacists most often do not have enough time or energy to explain to customers all the features of each medication. At best, they can only explain the recommended dosage in detail. Therefore, today we will clarify some of the most common terms used in drug instructions. So, this is how to apply rectally, orally, buccally, sublingually?

Rectally - how to apply?

Rectal administration of drugs involves their introduction into the rectum - into the anus. This method allows the active components of the drug to quickly enter the blood, they are absorbed by the blood vessels of the rectum and penetrate into the circulatory system. In the future, together with the blood, the drug is distributed throughout the organs, as well as through the systems, providing the expected therapeutic effect.

Medicines taken rectally tend to have a faster effect than tablets, have a higher bioavailability, and have a shorter peak effect than tablets and other drugs taken orally. In addition, the rectal method of administration avoids the occurrence of nausea and makes it possible to achieve a therapeutic effect even with vomiting.

Before administering the medicine rectally, it is imperative to wash and dry your hands well. When using suppositories (candles), it is better to keep your hands cold so that the product does not melt. When administering the medication, it is important to relax and not use force. After using the medicine, you must immediately connect the buttocks so that it does not immediately come out. Most rectal medications are advised to be used after a bowel movement. And after using them, it is advisable to lie down for twenty-five minutes.

Orally - how to apply?

Most medicines are used orally. This is through the mouth, by swallowing the drug. Most drugs for oral consumption are well absorbed by the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Sometimes, on the contrary, medicines are used that are poorly absorbed, due to which it is possible to achieve their significant concentration in the right place in the gastrointestinal tract.

Orally, various solutions are usually used, as well as powders with tablets, capsules and pills. There are a number of medicines of complex forms (for example, tablets with a multilayer shell), they allow the active substance to be released for a particularly long time, which helps to prolong the therapeutic effect.
Almost all oral medications need to be taken with a sufficient amount of liquid. This allows them to easily move through the esophagus.

Some oral medications must be swallowed whole. Others, on the contrary, must be chewed, crushed or dissolved in a small amount of liquid. Similar subtleties of use are indicated in the instructions for the medicine.

Transbuccal - this is how to apply?

A similar method of using drugs involves placing the drug in the area between the upper lip and gum or behind the cheek until completely dissolved. With this method of application, the active substances of the drug enter the circulatory system through the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

It is believed that this method of application allows you to deliver the drug into the bloodstream, bypassing hydrochloric acid in the stomach, as well as bypassing the liver. Medicines used buccally provide a rapid therapeutic effect, which makes them popular in a number of emergency conditions.

However, with this method of application, the drug can be absorbed only by a small surface of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, therefore, only highly active substances are used in this way, which are characterized by a small dosage. Basically, medications for the cardiovascular system (for example, nitroglycerin), some steroids and barbiturates are used buccally. A similar use of certain vitamins and minerals is also possible.

Sublingual - how to apply?

The method of sublingual application of drugs at first glance is very similar to transbuccal. With sublingual use, the medication is placed under the tongue until completely dissolved. In this case, the drug is also quickly absorbed into the blood, injected into the venous circulation and, after passing through the heart, disperses throughout the body with the arterial circulation. Sublingually applied active substances also provide a fast therapeutic effect, are not exposed to the aggressive environment of the digestive tract and do not pass through the liver.

The only difference between the sublingual method and the transbuccal method is that the hyoid artery passes under the tongue, which is the largest vessel in the oral cavity. It is in it that all substances (and medicines) get the fastest.

Basically, for medicines that can be used sublingually, a buccal method of administration is also possible. These drugs include cardiovascular drugs, steroids, as well as barbiturates, certain enzymes, vitamin and mineral elements.

Taking medicines orally is the most traditional and common way of taking medicines. Most tablets dissolve well in the stomach and are absorbed by its walls, as well as the intestinal walls. In some cases, drugs that are very poorly absorbed in the stomach are used to treat stomach diseases. However, this approach allows you to achieve the maximum concentration of the drug in the stomach and thus get the maximum effect from local treatment.

Oral medication also has quite a few disadvantages. The most significant of them is a long time before the onset of action on the body of one or another pill, especially if the therapeutic effect is needed immediately. It is worth noting that the rate of absorption of the drug and the completeness of absorption, called bioavailability, is different for each person. It depends on many factors - on age, the state of the gastrointestinal tract, the time of eating, and sometimes on the gender of the person. Some drugs have very low bioavailability. Therefore, if the drug in the instructions indicates that its bioavailability does not exceed 20%, then it is better to pay attention to some alternative drugs.

Oral medication is usually not possible with vomiting, unconsciousness, and young children. And this can also be attributed to the big minus of this method of taking medications. Among other things, some oral drugs tend to create very harmful metabolites that, when broken down in the liver, cause significant damage to the liver.

At the same time, it is very convenient to take pills by mouth and no one is going to refuse this way of taking drugs.

In addition to tablets, various powders, capsules, dragees, solutions, infusions, decoctions, syrups, and pills are taken orally. Most oral medications should be taken with plenty of water. It should be borne in mind that there are drugs that do an excellent job of healing one organ, but have a negative effect on another organ. Examples include tablets such as otrofen and diclofenac. They help with joint pain and relieve inflammation in arthritis, but at the same time, these drugs can provoke the development of stomach ulcers. Therefore, it is recommended to take them under the guise of an additional drug. It could be omeprazole or some other anti-ulcer drug.

If drugs enter the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, then this method will be called parenteral. And this is, first of all, inhalations and injections.

Together with the article "Orally - how is it?" read:

Modern medicine dates back to ancient times, which is why there are so many Latin and ancient Greek words in it as a tribute. For example, most drugs are prescribed orally: how is it? Even those who are far from Latin can answer this question - the term is used too often in everyday life.

Two main routes of administration.

And what are the methods of introducing drugs into the patient's body? All options are reduced to two - enteral and paraenteral.

The first ones include:

Orally.
Sublingual.
Buccal.
Translingual.
Vaginally.
Rectally.

Inhalation. This can also include the intranasal route of administration.
Injection. All intramuscular, intravenous and subcutaneous injections.
Introduction to cavities. In such cases, the drugs are directed into the abdominal cavity or joint cavities.

The effectiveness of injections and inhalations

The methods described in the second column allow substances to reach the sites of exposure as quickly as possible and influence the outcome of the disease. With the same nasal congestion, it is easier to use a spray than to do intramuscular injections. Since we remembered about the injections.

What does it depend on whether they will be done in a vein, muscle or skin? From the drug to be entered.

Some substances, when administered intramuscularly, can cause acute pain and even rapidly developing tissue death. The second important factor is time of action of the drug. The fastest change in state is given by intravenous injections, a few seconds are enough. But from the muscle tissue, the drug must be absorbed into the bloodstream, and only then can it act on the body.

With skin, the situation is almost the same. Abdominal application is rather an exception to the rule. It is used during and after surgical interventions, in case of serious damage to the joints.

What is oral?

But what about enteral methods? All of them are connected with the veins of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often drugs prescribed orally, i.e. - through the mouth. Ordinary tablets, capsules, powders, tinctures, solutions. It is enough to swallow, drink, chew and after 15-20 minutes you will feel the first changes. The sequence of penetration of the drug is quite simple:

The medicine enters the stomach, where digestion processes begin.
Absorption can begin in the stomach or intestines, in the arteries.
Active molecules are carried by the blood throughout the body.
They pass through the liver, where some of them lose their activity.
Excreted by the kidneys or liver.

Negative aspects of oral administration

The method seems extremely simple, but at the same time it not suitable for critically ill patients. Babies are also very difficult to get to chew or swallow a pill, especially if it is eerily bitter. In this case, you have to look for alternative ways of delivery.

Another significant downside is passage through the liver. As you know, this organ is our main protector against any toxic substances. The action of the drug may well be based on what is perceived as a poison. And here the liver will do us a disservice by reducing the effectiveness of the drug. The drug may become inactive as it is bound by liver proteins.

In this state, the substance will not have any effect on the body, but can be in fairly high concentrations. Negative conditions will contribute to the release of the drug from the bound state.

The effect, given the concentration, can have unfortunate consequences.

But why dramatize? The oral method of administering drugs was one of the first in medicine. And throughout history, it has shown its effectiveness and simplicity. After all, a person does not need outside help to take drugs. Even an exhausted person will quite calmly endure the reception if he is still conscious. No negative emotions and associations are formed. You probably remember the children in the office, before the injection. If all substances were administered by injection, it would be unrealistic to drag the child to the hospital. In addition, this is the best option for influencing the esophagus, stomach and intestines.

And be sure to read the directions carefully before using. Many people decide that it is not necessary to take pills with a large amount of water. But some of the drugs, with such a careless attitude, can lead to the development of stomach ulcers.

Drinking before or after meals is also an important point. No one has yet canceled the features of metabolism and blood circulation. The optimal effectiveness of the drug depends on this, which has been proven in numerous clinical studies.

Knowing how it is orally, you can always consult your grandmother or any other relative. But do not overdo it with drugs, the use of more than 5 drugs at the same time increases the risk of side effects up to 50%.

Video about the method of drug administration

Greetings, dear readers! In the process of treating various diseases, we often have to deal with medical terms, many of which remain incomprehensible to us. For example, when prescribing a drug, the doctor recommends oral administration. And only when we begin to fulfill the prescriptions, the question arises: orally - what does this mean and how to take the medicine. Let's figure it out.

What does oral mean?

I immediately answer the question: orally, this means in the mouth, that is, the pill must be swallowed.

There are two main ways of introducing drugs into the body: enteral and parenteral. The enteral method is directly connected with the gastrointestinal tract, the parenteral method bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. The oral route belongs to the first type.

Traditionally, medicines are taken orally, produced in the form of:

tablets;
powders;
solutions;
capsules;
tinctures.

These drugs can be swallowed, chewed, drunk. Most often, patients have to drink tablets: this is the most popular form of application. They give effect within a quarter of an hour after taking.

Drugs taken orally pass through the body in the following way:

The medication enters the stomach and begins to be digested.
The drug is actively absorbed into the blood and gastrointestinal tract.
Molecules of the drug are carried throughout the body.
Passing through the liver, some of the substances that enter the body become inactive and are excreted by the liver and kidneys.

The use of oral agents has been known in medicine since ancient times. Psychologically, this is the most comfortable way of taking medicines, even for children, especially if the drug has a pleasant taste. Being conscious, a person of any age can take a pill or tincture and alleviate his condition.

However, despite the high popularity, drugs taken orally have their drawbacks along with the advantages.

How do they act?

Today, many patients prefer to administer their medications in the form of injections, especially when it comes to antibiotics. The motivation is simple: when injected, the active substance immediately enters the bloodstream, bypassing the stomach, while when administered internally, the intestinal microflora suffers.

However, injections are always associated with psychological discomfort, and drugs are no less capable of harming the stomach than when taken orally.

Medicines for oral administration (that is, oral administration) are well absorbed through the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The advantages of such an administration are that in some diseases it is possible to use drugs that are poorly absorbed in the intestine, due to which their high concentration is achieved. This method of treatment is very popular for gastrointestinal diseases.

There are quite a few disadvantages of this method of taking medications:

compared to some other methods of administering drugs, this one acts rather slowly;
the duration of absorption and the result of exposure are individual, since they are affected by the food taken, the state of the gastrointestinal tract and other factors;
oral administration is not possible if the patient is unconscious, or he has vomiting;
some drugs are not rapidly absorbed into the mucous membranes, so they require a different form of application.

The intake of many drugs is tied to food intake, which allows you to achieve the best therapeutic effect. For example, many antibiotics are recommended to be drunk after meals in order to injure the intestinal microflora to a lesser extent.

Wash down the preparations, as a rule, with water, less often with milk or juice. It all depends on what effect is expected from the medication, and how it interacts with fluids.

Despite the obvious shortcomings, internal use continues to be actively used in medicine, forming the basis of home treatment.

If the article was useful to you, advise your friends to read it. In the social networks. The information has been provided for informational purposes. We are waiting for you on our blog!

What does oral mean?

I immediately answer the question: orally, this means in the mouth, that is, the pill must be swallowed.

Traditionally, medicines are taken orally, produced in the form of:

tablets;
powders;
solutions;
capsules;
tinctures.

These drugs can be swallowed, chewed, drunk. Most often, patients have to drink tablets: this is the most popular form of application. They give effect within a quarter of an hour after taking.

Drugs taken orally pass through the body in the following way:

The medication enters the stomach and begins to be digested.
The drug is actively absorbed into the blood and gastrointestinal tract.
Molecules of the drug are carried throughout the body.
Passing through the liver, some of the substances that enter the body become inactive and are excreted by the liver and kidneys.

However, despite the high popularity, drugs taken orally have their drawbacks along with the advantages.

How do they act?

However, injections are always associated with psychological discomfort, and drugs are no less capable of harming the stomach than when taken orally.

There are quite a few disadvantages of this method of taking medications:

compared to some other methods of administering drugs, this one acts rather slowly;
the duration of absorption and the result of exposure are individual, since they are affected by the food taken, the state of the gastrointestinal tract and other factors;
oral administration is not possible if the patient is unconscious, or he has vomiting;
some drugs are not rapidly absorbed into the mucous membranes, so they require a different form of application.

Wash down the preparations, as a rule, with water, less often with milk or juice. It all depends on what effect is expected from the medication, and how it interacts with fluids.

Despite the obvious shortcomings, internal use continues to be actively used in medicine, forming the basis of home treatment.

If the article was useful to you, advise your friends to read it. In the social networks. The information has been provided for informational purposes. We are waiting for you on our blog!

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How is it orally?

Often, when reading the instructions for use, some medicine or on TV, we come across the phrase "take the drug orally." The natural question, which, for sure, everyone once asked, was “but, in fact, how is it orally?”

Oral means through the mouth, that is, in other words, the medicine must be swallowed.

There are many ways for the drug to enter the body, oral is usually prescribed with the condition that the drug will be well absorbed by the stomach.

If these are tablets, then a special outer capsule is made for them - a special shell that increases the absorption of the drug by the food system.

The oral route has its drawbacks.

Before the therapeutic effect of the drug occurs, a sufficiently large amount of time will pass, since the stomach does not immediately determine where exactly, it is necessary to “deliver” the drug.

The absorption rate, as well as the absorption process, are strictly individual for each patient, since the body has individual, only one of its inherent features of the digestive system.

Drugs can form ineffective metabolites that are very poorly absorbed by the stomach. In addition, the liver and pancreas can simply not “pass” the drug into the blood, thereby blocking any manifestation of the therapeutic effect of the drug.

The oral route of administration of drugs is ineffective if the patient has an increased level of gag reflexes or if the person is unconscious.

Oral medications are most often prescribed for medicines that are available in the following dosage forms: tablets, solutions, capsules, pills and powders.

Well, now we can say with confidence that you are familiar with the term "oral" and, if necessary, will be able to deal with the features of the annotations.

The article was prepared specifically for the site - http://zhenskiy-sait.ru

Types of medication

Of the shortcomings, it should be noted, firstly, possible problems when using children's medicines. Even sweet-tasting fruit mixtures are not always readily accepted by babies, not to mention bitter pills or powders. Secondly, some drugs, when interacting with gastric juice, lose their properties, and some, on the contrary, can harm the digestive organs. Thirdly, it takes time for orally administered substances to enter the bloodstream, which sometimes simply does not exist in stock. It is for this reason that the method of administering medications should be prescribed by a specialist, based on the current situation.

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Taking medications orally - how is it?

Most prophylactic drugs and vitamins are usually prescribed to patients orally. This, as a rule, allows you to carry out the course with minimal discomfort. After all, the patient simply consumes powders, tablets or capsules, drinking them with a sufficient amount of liquid.

If a medicine is prescribed to be taken orally, how is it?

Unfortunately, some patients do not understand medical terminology, and are embarrassed to ask when prescribing treatment (or do not want to look stupid). Therefore, having received a prescription, they try to figure out what oral medication means. Well, if we are talking about pills (here, as a rule, everything is clear anyway). And if incomprehensible powders or liquids in ampoules are prescribed, you can get confused.

But everything is not so difficult. This method of treatment is perhaps the simplest of all available. And it means elementary ingestion, that is, the introduction into the body through the mouth. So taking medicine orally is like simply swallowing food. Usually, when prescribing such treatment, the specialist also indicates the dosage, the number of doses per day and recommends treatment before, after or during meals.

Types of medication

When are oral medications given? These are, as a rule, cases of the patient being on home (outpatient) treatment, as well as in a hospital in cases where immediate administration of the drug is not required, there are no contraindications to this method of application. In more severe situations, when the patient is unconscious, there are certain digestive problems that prevent the normal ingestion of drugs, another is used - enteral administration of drugs (already using probes and other devices). By the same method, nutritional mixtures can be delivered directly to the stomach of patients who, for one reason or another, are deprived of the ability to swallow food on their own.

In the case when instant administration of the drug is required, parenteral routes of its administration (subcutaneous, intravenous or intramuscular) are used. They are also used for drugs whose contact with the digestive tract is undesirable or contraindicated.

Advantages and disadvantages of oral medication

Undoubtedly, this is the easiest and least unpleasant way to introduce a substance into the body. Its main advantage is naturalness. A person daily eats food to get enough nutrients, water and other drinks to replenish fluids. Therefore, it will not be difficult for him to swallow an additional few tablets or capsules. With powders and liquids, things are a little more complicated, but they can also be drunk.