Cognitive processes and its components. Mental cognitive processes. Memory as a mental cognitive process. Types and processes of thinking

Human cognitive activity consists of a series of cognitive mental processes: sensation, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking and speech.

The concept of the surrounding world is carried out at two levels: sensory cognition, which includes sensations, perceptions, representations, and logical cognition through concepts, judgments, conclusions.

Feeling

Feeling - it is a reflection of individual properties of objects that directly affect our senses.

The human body receives a variety of information about the state of the external and internal environment in the form of sensations with the help of the senses. Feelings are the source of our knowledge about the world and about ourselves. All living beings with a nervous system have the ability to sense. Conscious sensations exist only in living beings that have a brain and a cerebral cortex.

Objects and phenomena of reality that affect our senses are called stimuli. Sensation arises as a reaction of the nervous system to a particular stimulus and, like any mental phenomenon, has a reflex character.

The physiological mechanism of sensation is the activity of special nervous apparatuses called analyzers. Analyzers take the impact of certain stimuli on from the external and internal environment and convert them into sensations. The analyzer consists of three parts:

Receptors, or sensory organs that convert the energies of external influences into nerve signals (each receptor is capable of only a certain type of influence);

The nerve pathways that carry these signals back to the brain and back to the receptors;

Cortical projection zones of the brain.

Feelings can be classified in different ways. According to the leading modality, sensations are distinguished:

Visual sensations are a reflection of colors, both achromatic and chromatic. Visual sensations are caused by exposure to light, i.e. electromagnetic waves emitted by bodies to the visual analyzer.

Auditory sensations are a reflection of sounds of different heights, strengths and qualities. They are caused by the action of sound waves created by vibrations of bodies.

Olfactory sensations - a reflection of odors. They arise due to the penetration of particles of odorous substances that spread in the air into the upper part of the nasopharynx, where they act on the peripheral endings of the olfactory analyzer.

Taste sensations reflect some of the chemical properties of flavoring substances dissolved in water or saliva.

Tactile sensations are a reflection of the mechanical properties of objects that are detected when they are touched, rubbed against them, or hit. These sensations also reflect the temperature of environmental objects and external pain effects.

These sensations are called exteroceptive, and in turn are divided into contact and distant.

Another group of sensations are those that reflect the movements and states of the body itself. They are called motor or proprioceptive.

There is also a group of organic sensations - internal (iteroceptive). These sensations reflect the internal state of the body.

Feel properties:

quality - an essential feature of sensations, which makes it possible to distinguish one type of sensation from another, as well as various variations within a species;

intensity - a quantitative characteristic of sensations, which is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.

· Duration - the temporal characteristic of sensations.

The main characteristics of the sensitivity of the analyzers:

The lower threshold of sensations is the minimum value of the stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation;

upper threshold of sensations - the maximum value of the stimulus that the analyzer is able to adequately perceive;

Sensitivity range - the interval between the upper and lower thresholds;

differential threshold - the smallest detectable value of differences between stimuli;

operational threshold - the value of the difference between the signals, at which the accuracy and speed of the difference reach a maximum;

time threshold - the minimum duration of exposure to the stimulus necessary for the sensation to occur;

The latent period of the reaction is the period of time from the moment the signal is given to the moment the sensation occurs;

· inertia - the time of disappearance of sensations after the end of exposure.

A change in the sensitivity of analyzers under the influence of irritation of other sense organs is called the interaction of sensations, which is observed in the following phenomena:

Sensitization - an increase in the sensitivity of the nerve centers under the influence of the stimulus.

Synesthesia is the occurrence under the influence of irritation of one analyzer of a sensation characteristic of another analyzer.

Perception

Perception - a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their direct impact at a given moment on the senses. Together with the processes of sensation, perception provides a direct-sensory orientation in the surrounding world.

Perception is subjective - people perceive the same information in different ways, depending on their interests, abilities, needs. The dependence of perception on past experience, individual characteristics of a person is called apperception.

Perception properties:

1. Integrity - internal organic relationship in the image. It manifests itself in two aspects: the union of different elements as a whole; the independence of the formed whole from the quality of its constituent elements.

2. Objectivity - the object is perceived by us as a separate physical body isolated in space and time.

3. Generalization - the assignment of each image to a certain class of objects.

4. Constancy - the relative constancy of the perception of the image.

5. Meaningfulness - connection with understanding the essence of objects and phenomena through the process of thinking.

6. Selectivity - the predominant selection of some objects over others in the process of perception.

Types of perception:

Perception of a person by a person;

Perception of time;

Perception of movement;

Perception of space;

Perception of the type of activity.

Perception is externally directed and internally directed.

Perception can be erroneous (illusory). An illusion is a distorted perception of a real-life reality. Illusions are found in the activities of various analyzers. Perception can be not only erroneous, but also ineffective.

Attention

Attention - the orientation and concentration of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities while abstracting from everything else.

Attention is continuously connected with consciousness as a whole. Directivity and selectivity of cognitive processes are connected with attention. Attention is given to:

Perceptual accuracy, which is a kind of amplifier that allows you to distinguish image details;

The strength and selectivity of memory, acting as a factor contributing to the preservation of the necessary information in short-term and short-term memory;

Orientation and productivity of thinking, acting as an obligatory factor in the correct understanding and solution of problems.

Main functions of attention:

selection of significant impacts and ignoring others;

preservation in the mind of a certain content of the activity until the moment of its completion;

regulation and control of the course of activities.

Main types of attention:

1. Depending on the volitional efforts of the individual:

· involuntary attention occurs without a person's intention to see or hear something, without a pre-set goal, without an effort of will;

Voluntary attention is an active, purposeful focus of consciousness, the maintenance of the level of which is associated with certain volitional efforts aimed at combating stronger influences;

post-voluntary attention - comes after voluntary, but qualitatively differs from it. When the first positive results appear in solving a problem, interest arises, automation of activity occurs, its implementation no longer requires special volitional efforts and is limited only by fatigue, although the goal of the work remains.

2. By the nature of the orientation:

Outwardly directed attention is directed to surrounding objects;

Inner attention - focused on one's own thoughts and experiences.

3. By origin:

natural attention - the innate ability of a person to selectively respond to certain internal or external stimuli that carry elements of informational novelty;

socially conditioned attention develops in the process of life, as a result of training, education, is associated with a selective conscious response to objects, with volitional regulation of behavior;

4. By the mechanism of regulation:

direct attention is not controlled by anything other than the object to which it is directed;

mediated attention is regulated with the help of special means.

5. According to the direction to the object:

sensory;

intellectual.

The main properties of attention:

1. Concentration of attention - keeping attention on one object or one activity while distracting from everything else.

2. Stability of attention - the duration of concentration on an object or phenomenon, is determined by the individual physiological characteristics of the organism, mental state, motivation, external circumstances of the activity.

3. The amount of attention - is determined by the number of objects to which attention can be directed simultaneously in the process of perception.

4. Distribution of attention - the ability of an individual to simultaneously perform two or more types of activities.

With the help of such cognitive mental processes as: speech, sensation, thinking, memory, attention, a person perceives reality and carries out his life activity.

Features of mental cognitive processes

It is thanks to these processes that the brain responds to influences from the external and internal environment. If it were not for cognitive phenomena, human activity would be in danger. So, without perception, sensations, you would not be able to feel the irritant, which, it is possible, could well pose a threat to your life. Without imagination, the psychic regulators that are in every person would not be able to analyze the threat, to foresee the result of its influence. And without memory, you would not remember your past experience, you would not know what the resulting irritation would lead to.

Types of mental cognitive processes

Consider in detail the above classification of processes:

1. Feel are the simplest among all mental phenomena. They contain all the ideas about annoying factors that you have ever encountered. In this case, the following types of sensations are distinguished:

from the outside: taste, tactile, auditory, skin, visual, olfactory sensations, through which we learn the world around us;
internal: nausea, hunger, thirst, etc., arising as a result of signals from the receptors of certain organs;
motor sensations appear due to a change in the position of your body.

2. Perception reflects not only what you see, what surrounds you, but also complements all this with their properties, affecting the senses.

3. Attention is a concentrated focus of your consciousness on the phenomena or objects of the real world. It is worth noting that it is difficult for each person to simultaneously perceive information from many sources, but you will definitely hear your name, for example, pronounced in the crowd during a stormy party. Scientists explain this by the fact that the main mechanisms of attention are always focused on phrases, words that have a special meaning for a person.

4. Memory reflects everything that was previously perceived by you, committed, experienced. There is a genetic and lifetime:

hereditary memory includes instincts, all the information that characterizes your physiological structure. It is not particularly affected by the living conditions of a person;
lifetime stores what has accumulated, starting from the moment you were born. In addition, unlike the previous one, it is dependent on external influences.

5. Thinking also refers to higher mental cognitive processes. It helps to discover new knowledge for a person, promotes creative development, problem solving. It is in the process of the latter that it manifests itself most clearly.

6. Speech combines sound signals, symbols that contribute to the presentation of information, its processing, storage in memory and, in which case, transmission.

Violation of cognitive mental processes

A person may be subject to violations of mental cognitive processes. This is due to various diseases. So, with epilepsy, the amount of memory decreases, problems with thinking appear (it is very difficult for the patient to solve elementary tasks). As a result of craniocerebral injuries, a decrease in mental capacity for work was noticed. If there is an assumption of such a mental disorder, it should be urgently seek the advice of a psychiatrist.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Diagnostics of cognitive processes in adults and children

In psychiatry, there are a huge number of tests and techniques that diagnose cognitive processes.

Children's tests can be divided by age:

From 3 to 6.
From 7 to 16.

Tests for schoolchildren from 3 to 6 years old:

"Cut out the shapes." For psychodiagnostics of visual-effective thinking.
"Remember and dot". The amount of attention.
“Who is missing something? ". For psychodiagnostics of children's thinking.
"Find the sound." To test phonemic awareness.
"Divide into groups." For the diagnosis of figurative-logical thinking.

Tests for children from 7 to 16 years old:

"20 words". To assess the development of memorization techniques.
"Comparison of concepts". To assess the ability to carry out analytical and synthetic activities.

Adult Tests:

"Anagrams - 2011. Form A". To identify the level of fluency of abstract-logical thinking and combinatorial abilities.
"Learning words according to A. R. Luria". For the study of memory processes.
"Quantitative Relations". To assess logical thinking.
"Munstenberg test". Noise immunity and selectivity of attention.

Whatever the level of your cognitive processes, you must train them, and ideally you need to do this constantly.

Let's focus on each cognitive process and find out what games and exercises exist to develop it. Of course, a full disclosure of the topic in the volume of an article for a blog is impossible, so this is only basic information.

Memory

Exercise One: memorization of words.

Read the following list: drum, chair, carpet, letter, cork, implement, saucepan, painting, vase, pin, bag. Take 30 seconds to memorize them. Don't try to use mnemonics.

Exercise two: remember yesterday.

Our memory deteriorates because we very rarely try to remember past events and do not keep a diary. So sit down in a quiet place and try to recreate in great detail yesterday.

Exercise three: kitchen.

Right now, try to remember how your kitchen (or any other room you know well) looks like in detail.

Attention

Exercise One: Stroop test.

Look at the picture and name the colors in which each word is written.

Exercise two: radio.

Turn on a song that has a lot of words. After 10 seconds, start to gradually reduce the volume. Set the lowest limit where you can still make out what is being said. Start listening to this song again. This exercise will allow you to focus only on her.

Exercise three: observation.

Find an image of an unknown painting on the Internet. Look at her for one minute. Close your eyes and try to reproduce it exactly. Open your eyes and compare the results.

Perception

Exercise: overcoming noise (selectivity of perception).

This exercise will require at least four people. The members of each pair are placed from each other at the maximum possible distance (in the corners of the room). After that, everyone starts talking at the same time. The task of each participant is to carry on a dialogue with their partner, despite the noise.

Thinking

Exercise One: brain box.

Choose any three topics. This may be the plot of a recently watched movie, an idea, news. Now start meditating on the first topic for three minutes. When finished, move on to the second topic, then to the third.

Exercise two: find the reason.

The exercise must be done in a company. One person performs an action from only one reason known to him, and the second participant must guess it. And so on until all the motives of the behavior of the first participant are clarified.

Imagination

Exercise One: random words.

Pick ten random words from a book or magazine. Tie them together to make a short story, diluting them with other words.

Exercise two: idea from chaos.

Take a sheet of paper and randomly place a few dots on it. Connect them with lines. What associations does the figure evoke? What does she look like? Two people can play the same game. One draws, the second guesses and vice versa.

Speech

These exercises are suitable for a child from 2 to 6 years.

Exercise One: words starting with a certain letter.

Ask your child to name as many words starting with a certain letter as possible.

Exercise two: search for verbs.

Choose nouns for your child (“house”, “road”, “car”) and let him choose verbs for them. For example, a car - rides, slows down, turns, stops, accelerates.

Exercise three: a retelling of what was read.

Choose a story that is likely to be of interest to your child. Read it. Now invite him to retell the text, ask clarifying questions.

Performance

For the formation and development of spatial representation, we recommend that you collect puzzles as much as possible and play with the Lego constructor. This activity is useful both for a child and is not shameful for an adult.

Feel

Exercise One: watching a tree (visual sensation).

Look out the window and watch a tree or any other large object. Appreciate its height, beauty, colors. Compare with other trees.

Exercise two: compare sounds.

Go out to the balcony again and listen to the sounds. Choose the two most intense and loudest. Start comparing.

Exercise three: taste sensations.

If you have two types of cheese or other product, cut it into small pieces and try alternately. What is the difference? Find 5 differences.

We wish you good luck!

Target: To acquaint students with the concept of "cognitive processes". To study the types, structure, mechanisms of the following cognitive processes: sensations, perceptions, memory, attention, thinking and imagination. To acquaint with the methods of development of mental processes. Organize an independent study of the issue "Pathology of cognitive processes."

Plan:

1. Feelings.

2. Perception.

3. Memory.

4. Attention.

5. Thinking.

6. Imagination.

Today we are starting to study an important section of psychology: “Cognitive processes”. The study will take 4 hours.

We all have the ability to perceive beauty, smell flowers, analyze events and our actions, forget the bad and remember the good, and much more.

Why do we have this opportunity? This possibility is provided to us by cognitive processes.

What are cognitive processes? We give a definition.

1. Cognitive processes- these are mental phenomena that provide, directly in their totality, knowledge, i.e. perception of information, its processing, storage and use. These include: sensations, perceptions, ideas, attention and memory, imagination and thinking.

The most important function of all cognitive processes is to report various kinds of information about the surrounding reality and about ourselves in order to plan further actions. Our task is to understand and understand the content and features of various cognitive processes.

Feelings are the foundation of all cognitive processes. The world around us is wide and varied; complicated and confusing. To learn how to navigate and live in this world, you need to start somewhere. This function of orientation in the simplest, elementary properties of the surrounding life is performed by sensations.

The properties and signs of surrounding objects and phenomena - colors, smells, taste, heat, sounds - a person learns through sensations. If we didn't have sensations, we wouldn't be able to get a picture of the world!

What are sensations?

Feel- this is the simplest mental process, reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena with the direct impact of stimuli on the senses. All living beings that have a nervous system have sensations. But only those who have a brain, and most importantly a cerebral cortex, are aware of their sensations.

Human sense organs from birth are adapted to perceive and process various influences - irritants.

Yes, man has vision. The retina of the eye captures colors, their brightness, contrast, movement and size of objects. On a clear dark night, a person is able to see the flame of a candle located at a distance of 27 km.

In order for a sensation to arise, the impact of a stimulus of a certain strength is necessary.

How many grains of sugar, for example, do you need to put in a glass of water to make you feel sweet? That's right, everyone will have their own answer.

The minimum amount of stimulus that causes a barely perceptible sensation is called lower absolute threshold sensitivity. - Everyone, as we found out, has his own threshold.

upper threshold sensitivity is the maximum value of the stimulus at which the sensation still retains its qualitative characteristics.

What is the relationship between threshold value and sensitivity? Remember our sugar example: who will be more sensitive? The lower the threshold value, the higher the sensitivity.

What is the mechanism of sensation?

Feeling arises when some object or phenomenon affects its specific property - taste, smell, color, temperature, etc. - to the receptor. In the receptor, special sensitive cells are irritated. This is how irritation is a physical process. Under the influence of irritation, a physiological process occurs - excitation. Through afferent nerves, excitation is transmitted to the corresponding part of the cerebral cortex, where it turns into a mental process. - feeling, and a person feels one or another property of an object or phenomenon.

Already in ancient Greece, five organ senses and their corresponding sensations were known.

Which? Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory.

At present, tactile (sensations of touch, pressure, roughness, hardness), pain, temperature, vestibular (balance and acceleration), vibration and others are known.

According to the location of the receptors, sensations are divided into three groups:

1. exteroceptive- sensations located on the surface of the body. They reflect information about the properties of objects from the outside world (visual, auditory, tactile).

2. proprioceptive- sensations located in the muscles and ligaments. They transmit information about body position and movement (kinesthetic, vestibular).

3. Interoreceptive- sensations located in the internal organs. They reflect information about the state of internal organs (pain, burning, nausea).

So, we said that each of us has his own threshold of sensitivity. Do you think it is possible to change the sensitivity threshold? How?

What color is this notebook? But an employee of a paint and varnish company will be surprised at such an answer and name up to 100 (!) Shades of black. He sees, but we don't.

Why? Because in the course of activity (read exercises) the threshold of sensation has sharply decreased. And the lower the threshold of sensation, the higher the sensitivity. This phenomenon is called sensitization– changes in the threshold of sensitivity. In medical practice, we find the following examples of sensitization. So, in case of organic loss of any analyzer ( deprivation), for example, with blindness or deafness, the sensitivity of other analyzers increases sharply. True, this is due to the processes compensation organism.

What do you think, and if blindness developed with age, it came after 70 years. Will the sensitivity of other organs change in this case? Why?

In a practical lesson, we will conduct an experiment that will help us understand the role of sensations in the process of cognition.

Can a health worker use his feelings in professional activities?

The health worker needs to distinguish the color of the patient's skin, listen to the sound of breathing, heart work, intestinal motility; by touch to determine the shape, size, density of various organs of the body. You should know what olfactory and gustatory sensations can occur in a patient, especially in a child, when taking certain drugs. Changes occurring in the human body are not always accessible to external observation. Pain can signal internal trouble. It is the sensation of pain that always indicates a serious violation in the work of the human body.

Thus, a health worker not only can, but must improve his sensitivity in every possible way in order to put it at the service of his professional activity.

2. - Sensation is the process that gives knowledge about the elementary simple properties of the environment: about sounds in general, about smells in general, about colors in general, etc. But let me say, you say, I do not see a color in general, I see a colored thing. I hear not just sound - I hear speech, music, noise, finally. It's exactly like that. Although the process of sensation provides us with the opportunity to sensually reflect individual properties of reality, in life we perceive not individual properties, but real things. Perception is such a human ability that allows you to get a holistic view of things.

Take any item. Give me your notebook, please. Look. You see something. However, you see how a holistic thing. A thing that has a certain shape, color, size. In life we reflect things in the integrity of their properties. So.

Perception- this is a complex mental process of reflecting a holistic image of objects and phenomena with all their properties and qualities with the direct impact of the stimulus on the senses.

The process of perception includes memory, thinking, early acquired experience and knowledge. Perception is always an active and even creative process.

Why do you think visiting the same exhibition will evoke completely different stories about it? Perception works selectively. Depending on the interests, the significance of certain events and objects for a particular individual.

has a great influence on the process of perception. emotional condition. If a person is in a state of depression, he is pessimistic, anticipates some kind of trouble, while he is inclined to see even joyful events in black. And vice versa. If a person feels good and pleasant, then he tends to perceive the surrounding world and people as?

Such quality of perception, as speed, accuracy and completeness, largely depend on the knowledge and experience of a person. Therefore, an experienced health worker and a beginner may see different manifestations of the disease. Now you understand why it is so important to know the theory well. Someone from the wise said: "Theory without practice is empty, and practice without theory is criminal."

Perception carried out for a specific purpose is called observation. For a health worker, observation is a professionally important quality that needs to be constantly developed in oneself.

Remember which of the literary heroes had exceptional powers of observation?

An interesting fact: the prototype of Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle (who at one time worked as a doctor for several years) was Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Edinburgh Hospital. The author at that time studied at the University of Edinburgh. Everyone who knew Bell noted one feature in the character of the professor - his exceptional powers of observation.

Observation of the medical staff will help to see changes in the patient's painful manifestations: complexion, features of facial expressions, gait and other signs, which is important for diagnosis.

For example, for a therapist, auditory sensitivity is especially important - for listening to heart sounds, breathing patterns. For a dermatologist and an infectious disease specialist, the sensitivity of the visual analyzer is important - to determine the nature of the rash.

For a surgeon who manipulates by touch, tactile sensitivity is important.

Unfortunately, there is a serious disease in which people cannot classify a thing otherwise than as something. So, for example, pointing to a nurse, we ask the patient a question:

Who is this?

What does it look like?

Long. (An outstanding domestic psychologist V.V. Davydov cited such an example in his lecture)

As you can see, there is a violation of the processes of perception. A person cannot give any objective characteristics, he sees only separate aspects of an object and cannot synthesize them into a real thing.

3. Let's move on to the issue of memory. Memory is the basis of any mental phenomenon. The personality, its attitudes, skills, habits, hopes and desires exist thanks to memory. Violations of memory processes entail the disintegration of personality. It is no coincidence that in ancient Greek mythology, the mother of all muses is the goddess Mnemosyne. According to legend, if a person is deprived of the gift of Mnemosyne, then all the wisdom and beauty of the world become inaccessible to him, the past and the future disappear.... They say that somewhere in Greece, near one of the caves, there are two sources: Leta - oblivion and Mnemosyne - memory. If you get to that cave and take three sips from the source of Mnemosyne, the memory will return, and the person will gain the ability to create.

Memory- this is a form of mental reflection of past experience, which consists in remembering, preserving, then reproducing and forgetting what was perceived, experienced, or done.

Memory connects the subject's past with his present and future. Memory is the most important cognitive process underlying development and learning. Not by chance. I.M. Sechenov considered memory "the cornerstone of mental development." Therefore, the future health worker must develop and train his memory in every way to effectively perform his professional activities.

Memory is involved in all the diversity of human life and manifests itself in a wide variety of forms.

By retention time material distinguish short-term, long-term, working memory.

short term memory involves saving information from a few seconds to 1-2 days.

long term memory has practically unlimited volume and storage time (well-learned verses or the multiplication table are stored in memory throughout life).

RAM includes elements of both short-term and long-term memory and manifests itself in the process of a specific activity, to solve a specific problem. To store information in working memory, a person must systematically repeat it.

This means that in order to use the knowledge you have gained in your professional activities, you must constantly return to the previously studied.

According to the goals of the activity allocate arbitrary and involuntary memory.

Who among you did not pay attention to the fact that sometimes information is remembered as if by itself. We do not want to remember, for example, advertising of certain goods. However, any of you, for sure, will remember now, more than one such advertisement. And for sure, the thought occurred to you: “I wish I could memorize educational material like that!” This type of memory is called involuntary. What is involuntary memory?

Involuntary memorization- this is memorization, which is carried out without special efforts, without the desire to memorize.

How does it happen? Why do we remember, even though we don’t put any effort into it? This is facilitated by the presence of interest, curiosity, joy, i.e. having a strong feeling. The advantage of such memorization is a large volume and high strength.

The question arises: “Why, then, can we not use such memory when memorizing, for example, educational information?”

Not all knowledge is carried out in the presence of this or that feeling - this is firstly. And secondly, this type of memory is characterized by incompleteness, inaccuracy. And sometimes a distortion of reality.

Arbitrary memorization characterized by the presence of a motive (it is necessary!), has a purposeful character and is accompanied by arbitrary attention. It is this kind of memory that underlies learning.

Each of you has a motive - wants to become a great health worker. To do this, you need to know anatomy, pharmacology, psychology, etc. this is our goal. To achieve it, you need to make some strong-willed efforts.

By way of remembering distinguish between mechanical and semantic memory. mechanical memory a person successfully uses when remembering dates, phone numbers, addresses and other information that does not require understanding. If we are talking about the phone, then what is there to understand? And he also uses it when the material is incomprehensible or there is no desire to learn it (“cramming”).

Semantic (logical) memory consists in analyzing (understanding) what should be remembered. Such memory includes logical comprehension, systematization of the material, breaking it into parts, highlighting the main logical components of information, establishing links between parts, retelling in your own words.

What do you think is the best memory? What memory should be used in the learning process? It has been proven that the efficiency of semantic memory is 20 times higher than mechanical memory.

How to boost memory strength?

The strength of memory depends largely on repetition. When memorizing large amounts of information, one should divide it into parts and memorize it in parts, combining, then into a single whole. Strength also depends on the method of memorization, on goals and motives. What else affects our memory?

The following experiment was carried out. High school students were invited to an exhibition in an art gallery. After the tour, all participants were asked to remember all the paintings they saw at the exhibition. The results were as follows. Those schoolchildren who liked the tour remembered all 50 pictures. Those who didn't like it - 28. And those who didn't care could remember only 7 pictures. What do you think these results say? In which case was the best result?

Positive impact on learning efficiency emotional involvement, a person's interest in the material. So, if you want to remember well and for a long time, make the material interesting for yourself.

It must be remembered that when memorizing, the so-called edge effect: I remember the beginning and end better. And the information that was in the middle is remembered worse.

Depending on the predominant type of mental activity, the following types of memory are distinguished: figurative, emotional, motor and verbal-logical.

figurative memory- this is a type of memory, which is based on sensations, perceptions, ideas. A person with a figurative memory remembers faces, sights, colors of objects, sounds, smells well. Depending on which sense organ serves as the basis for memorization and reproduction, visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile and gustatory memory are distinguished.

emotional is the memory of emotions. It has been proven that facts and situations that have a positive connotation are better remembered.

motor memory It's movement memory. It is included in the work when developing motor skills (walking, writing, dancing and sports movements).

Verbal-logical memory- this is a memory for verbal, abstract material. These are categories, concepts, judgments. This is the leading type of memory in humans.

What type of memory do you think is better?

According to psychologists, the more types of memory a person uses when memorizing, the more firmly the material is preserved and better reproduced. In addition, the memory processes are greatly influenced by the properties and characteristics of the individual. Our memory depends on the level of development of the emotional, volitional and intellectual spheres. By developing and improving these areas, we objectively contribute to the improvement of our memory. However, no matter what kind of memory a person has, he will not be able to remember anything. If you are not careful.

4. – Before we start talking about attention, I want to tell you a story about how the Maharaja chose the minister…

Attention- this is the orientation of the consciousness of a person's mental activity to certain objects with a simultaneous distraction from others. A person consciously or unconsciously focuses on certain objects and phenomena of the external world or his own feelings, distracting from everything else.

Attention cannot be considered an independent process, like perception or memory. Attention does not exist outside of these processes. You can't just be mindful, regardless of perception, memory or thinking. Attention is manifested in specific mental processes, creating optimal conditions for mental activity.

physiological basis attention is excitation concentration in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, while the rest of the cortex is in a state of inhibition.

Psychologists distinguish three types of attention: voluntary, involuntary and after arbitrary.

Arbitrary attention- this is attention associated with a consciously set goal, with an effort of will.

involuntary attention- this is attention, which is characterized by the fact that mental activity goes on as if by itself, without volitional efforts, without the desire to be attentive.

Imagine that now the door suddenly opens and enters, for example, head teacher Tatyana Vasilievna. – What will happen? No matter how busy we are, we will definitely be distracted by this noise: the mechanism of involuntary attention is triggered. But then the man went out, closed the door behind him, and he had to go back to work. Sometimes it takes a lot of willpower to do that. In this case, voluntary attention works.

Post-voluntary attention- this is the attention that naturally accompanies human activity. Occurs when an activity generates interest. In this case, the tension caused by volitional effort disappears, and the person continues to work purposefully.

What draws our attention?

Attention is drawn to the novelty of impressions, the intensity of sounds and bright colors, everything unusual and unexpected. If we are bored, it is difficult for us to focus our attention, and interest increases the degree of its concentration. Attention may wander if we feel bad or are disturbed. The longer we do one thing, the less attentive we are. Therefore, it is important to switch your attention from time to time. The most important thing: each person pays attention, first of all, to what is connected with his professional interests.

Attention has a number properties.

1. Concentration is the degree of focus on an object. For example, if during the lesson you hear any rustle, turn around, do not understand the explanation, then you have not concentrated. Sometimes the degree of concentration is absolutely complete, and then the surrounding world disappears for a person. It happened in Germany in 1794...

2. attention span- this is the number of objects that can be grasped by attention at the same time. Average attention span - 5-9

3. Switching is the conscious transfer of attention from one object to another.

4. Distribution- this is the ability to keep several objects in the field of attention at the same time, to perform several types of activities. For example, Julius Caesar was able to simultaneously conduct a conversation, listen to reports and write a speech.

5. Sustainability is a prolonged focus on an object. Often attention in a particular person turns into an important personality trait - mindfulness. For a health worker, this feature is a professionally important quality. The opposite of mindfulness is distraction. What can be said about such a person? There are many stories about the distraction of talented people, for example, scientists (A.P. Borodin, I. Newton). What do you think explains this disparity?

4. – There is such an expression: “If God wants to punish a person, he deprives him of reason”... Mind, thinking, reason have always been considered the dignity of a person, and the absence of mind is a big misfortune. In many fairy tales, the main character has to solve 3 riddles in order to save his life or get the hand and heart of a beautiful princess. One of the most difficult is this: “What is the fastest in the world?”. And the smart hero replies: "The fastest thing is human thought."

What is a thought? Thinking? Is it necessary to specifically learn to think and is it possible to learn this?

The possession of reason, the ability to think is the most important difference between a person and other living beings. Thinking allows a person to adapt to the environment, set goals and achieve them, penetrate into the essence of things and phenomena, communicate with other people.

What is thinking?

Thinking- this is a mediated and generalized reflection by a person of reality in its essential connections and relations. Thinking is seen as a process, and thought as the result of this process.

We perceive the world around us with the help of sensations and perceptions. We see an object, we try it by touch, by taste; we perceive color and form and thus we learn its properties, qualities, features. But in this way we can perceive only single facts of the surrounding world. In the process of thinking, a person goes beyond sensory knowledge, i.e. begins to cognize such phenomena of the external world, their properties and relations, which are not directly given in perception, and therefore not observable.

So, for example, the following facts are known: sand is free-flowing, a cube has six faces, and an apple has a spherical shape. At the same time, the volume of the Earth, the chemical composition of glass (the main component of which is sand), the design features of a building that has the shape of a cube, etc. - all this is not amenable to knowledge by direct perception. The process of thinking helps to know their nature.

Albert Einstein, when asked by his son what he is famous for, replied: “A blind beetle crawling along the surface of a ball believes that it moves along a plane, but I managed to see this curved surface.”

In thinking we are dealing with the reflection of the most general and essential properties, objects and phenomena. - Think about what unites us all, so different? We are all living, intelligent beings - people. Pronouncing the word "man", we immediately understand that we are talking about a living being with consciousness, able to speak, work, etc. This is the generalized idea of who a person is.

Thinking is not only a process of generalized, but also mediated knowledge of reality. The mediation of our thinking lies in the fact that we reflect reality, relying on the knowledge and skills already known, accumulated by mankind, enshrined in the language. Mastering speech, language, we learn to think. And vice versa: "He who thinks clearly, he clearly states." Speech allows in one word, phrase to reflect a whole class of concepts, the meaning of certain phenomena. Thinking allows us to anticipate the course of events and the results of our own actions. So, for example, it is impossible to observe many disease processes occurring in the human body, however, by studying the symptoms of the disease, analyzing the cause-and-effect relationships, the doctor draws a conclusion about the origins of the disease and how to treat it.

Thinking activity proceeds in the form mental (mental) operations .

- Consider the basic mental operations .

Analysis is the mental division of the whole into parts. It is based on the desire to know the whole deeper by studying each of its parts.

Synthesis is a mental connection of parts into a single whole.

Comparison- this is the establishment of similarities and differences between objects and phenomena, their properties or qualitative features.

Abstraction- this is a mental selection of the essential properties of objects and phenomena while simultaneously abstracting from the non-essential. To think abstractly means to be able to consider some property, to consider a side of a cognized object without connection with other features of the same object. (Example)

Generalization- the mental unification of objects or phenomena not on the basis of properties and features that are common and essential for them, the process of reducing less general concepts into more general ones. (Example)

Specification- this is a selection from a general, one or another specific feature or property. (Example)

Systematization (classification) is a mental distribution of objects and phenomena into groups depending on similarities and differences.

All thought processes do not occur in isolation, but in various combinations.

There are the following kinds thinking:

Visual Action Thinking- a type of thinking involving the solution of mental problems in terms of practical activity. (Examples)

Visual-figurative- a kind of thinking that does not require systematic practical manipulation of the object, but in all cases involves a clear perception and representation of this object. Such thinking operates with visual images - drawings, diagrams, plans.

Logical (abstract) thinking is a type of thinking that relies on concepts and reasoning, as well as logical actions with them to obtain conclusions and conclusions.

Main forms of abstract thinking are concepts, judgments and inferences.

concept- this is such a form of thinking that reflects the most common features and properties of objects or phenomena of the objective world, expressed in a word.

Judgment- this is a form of thinking that reflects the relationship between concepts, expressed in the form of an affirmation or negation. Usually a judgment consists of two concepts: the subject and the predicate. For example, "white robe". Any judgment can be true or false, i.e. correspond or not correspond to reality. For example: “Some students are excellent students”, “All buildings are architectural monuments”.

inference- this is a form of thinking, by means of which a new judgment is derived from two or more judgments - a conclusion. Inference, like new knowledge, we get by deriving from existing knowledge.

For example: "All fish breathe with gills"

"Perch is a fish" "Perch breathes with gills."

The following qualities of the mind are considered to be individual features of thinking: depth, criticality, flexibility, breadth of mind, speed, originality and inquisitiveness.

How do you understand each of these properties?

5. Imagination- this is a mental process of creating new images of objects and phenomena, by transforming existing ones. This is a leading reflection of reality in new, unexpected and unusual combinations and connections.

Like thinking, imagination is an analytical-synthetic activity that is carried out under the influence of a consciously set goal, or feelings and experiences that possess a person at the moment.

Most often, imagination occurs in a problem situation where a quick search for a solution is required. However, unlike thinking, anticipatory reflection (anticipating specific practical actions) in the imagination occurs in the form of vivid representations. Thanks to the imagination, even before the start of work, we can imagine the finished result of labor.

Allocate two kinds imagination: active and passive.

active imagination characterized by the arbitrariness of occurrence, with the active participation of consciousness and will. A person sets a goal: to invent, present something in the form of an image, and, controlling the whole process, solves a certain problem (creativity of writers, artists).

Active imagination is recreating, in which the image of an object or phenomenon is created from words, according to a description; And creative.

creative imagination- this is imagination, in which completely new images are created, in general and in parts different from everything known.

passive imagination characterized by the involuntary appearance of images without the participation of consciousness and will (dreams, hallucinations, images that arise in delirium).

Imagination has a psychotherapeutic function. Through imagination, it is possible to have a positive impact on the mental state and behavior of a person. By arbitrarily invoking certain images in himself, a person can change his own physical and mental state. For example, imagining a hot summer, we may feel warm; imagining that we are in the cold, we will feel the cold. Often there are facts of suggestion of various diseases. So, medical students in the first years of study, find themselves in many different diseases. This is especially evident in impressionable persons with a rich imagination.

Finally, imagination allows a person to satisfy his needs to some extent. If, for example, someone offended a person, then, imagining what he would say to the offender, the person, to a certain extent, will satisfy the need to take revenge and this will calm him down.

There are cases when a careless statement by a doctor caused the patient to think that he was ill with a dangerous disease. In this case, the corresponding symptoms may develop, and there will be a so-called. iatrogenic disease. Thus, in medical institutions, when communicating with a patient, a health worker must always clearly weigh and think over every word.