Speech etiquette. Rules of etiquette. Basic rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations: examples. National features of Russian speech etiquette

It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of the archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world around them; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes, once perceived as effective: Hello (also Be healthy); Thank you (from God Save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions, which are considered swear words in the modern language, go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.

Later layers associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure, with religious beliefs, etc. are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. Of particular note is the rather complex system of speech etiquette in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the semiotics of the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch (the medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). In such societies, etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the Petrine era and subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, is well known.

In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; Thus, almost all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, the most detailed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. At the same time, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can say that the comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages, as it were. A closed traditional culture is characterized by the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior in general and for speech behavior in particular. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person, or as an insulter. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a source of pride for a member of society.

In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication. Relics of hierarchical representations are also subject to these tasks; compare, for example, the history of addressing Mr. and the corresponding addresses in other languages: an element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the addressee's social status, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of foreign language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. For example, each language has its own system of addresses that has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is sometimes distorted; thus, the English Dear is used in formal address, while the corresponding Russian Dear is used, as a rule, in less formal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West to the question How are you? should answer: Good. The answer Bad or Not very considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing; Little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and, in general, in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and cultural studies.

Every language has its own history, its ups and downs. At especially critical moments of state reforms, there is always a danger of losing attention to this national treasure, being distracted by the seemingly more important needs and problems of society. In our time of great social and spiritual changes, this danger has increased many times over.

The Russian language over the past two decades has endured many not the best influences and intrusions. The alarm was sounded by dozens of scientific and cultural figures. Back in the early 90s, realizing that there was an ugly pollution of the Russian language, the writers of the St. Petersburg organization of the Writers' Union of Russia raised the issue of adopting the Law on the Protection of the Russian Language at the state level. And only at the beginning of the 98th year, this Law was adopted, which refers to the mandatory introduction of the Russian language course, the culture of speech in all universities of the country and the adoption of special measures to increase the level of literacy of the population.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.

There are few personal pronouns in Russian, but their weight in speech etiquette is quite large. The choice between you and you is especially important. You instead of You in addressing one among Russians appeared relatively recently (in the 18th century). This kind of you was entrenched primarily among the educated nobles. Prior to that, You in itself had no etiquette content. But in comparison with you, it acquired the meaning of closeness, and in the communication of people who are not close, it began to express social inequality, communication from top to bottom. You spoke to the commoners, the servants. Gradually capturing more and more layers of the townspeople, the use of You and You, respectively, received various shades in accordance with the attitude typical of each social group.

The presence in the Russian language of the forms of address to "you" and "you" gives us an effective means of being polite. Personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-naming and naming of the interlocutor, with the feeling that "decent" and "indecent" in such naming. For example, when a person corrects an interlocutor: “Tell me“ you ”,“ Don’t poke, please ”, he expresses dissatisfaction with the“ disrespectful ”pronoun directed at him. So, “you” is not always empty, and “you” is not always cordial? Usually "you" is used when referring to a loved one, in an informal setting, and when the address is rudely familiar; "you" - in a polite manner, in a formal setting, in an appeal to a stranger, unfamiliar. Although there are many nuances here.

It is not customary for Russians to call the third person present during the conversation with the pronoun he (she). Russian speech etiquette provides for naming a third person present during a conversation by name (and patronymic), if you already have to speak with him and for him. Apparently, Russians clearly feel that I and You, We and You are, as it were, inclusive pronouns, that is, those that distinguish interlocutors from all the others, and He, She, They are exclusive pronouns, indicating not the one with whom this time communicate, but on something third. Meanwhile, the etiquette of many countries does not prohibit such a speech action - the "exclusion" of the present.

Among the many introductory words of the Russian language, there are those that, like etiquette means of confirmation or denial, can be considered a special technique of etiquette modulation of speech. For example, introductory words you see, you know, you understand, believe me, imagine.

It is clear that the introductory words whose behavior we observe, although they serve mainly to express the connection with the interlocutor, i.e. have the most common etiquette meanings, nevertheless retained traces of the meaning of the corresponding verbs. Therefore, with the same etiquette content, you see, you know, you understand, imagine that introductory words like them are completely semantic, but they are still not equal. Each of them has its own additional meaning.

If we compare the etiquette possibilities of Russian speech with the etiquette possibilities of other languages, it turns out that etiquette means are obligatory and optional, or optional. This is reminiscent of how different languages convey the meaning of certainty/uncertainty. Speaking in Russian, reporting that a boy is coming, he can emphasize that this is a very definite boy, the same one that has already been discussed, can show that this is some kind of boy about whom nothing is known, but may not express in this definition/uncertainty value sentence: A boy is coming. Of course, the whole situation of speech, as well as the preceding and following phrases, usually make it clear whether we are talking about a definite or indefinite boy, but in Russian the means of expressing these meanings are not obligatory: Russian grammar does not require that a special indicator of definiteness be attached to a noun. or uncertainty of the subject. But the English, French, German grammar, as you know, requires this when translating a sentence. There is a boy in French, German, English, we are obliged to choose a definite or indefinite article, use the obligatory means of conveying the meaning of certainty / uncertainty.

In the same way, in some languages there are only non-mandatory etiquette means, while in other languages there are also mandatory ones. Such is, say, the Japanese language. Almost all Japanese verbs can have an emphatically polite form in relation to the addressee of the speech and a familiar form.

Whatever we talk about in Japanese (even if not about the addressee of the speech!), We have to choose either a polite or familiar form of the verb, i.e., whether we want it or not, show our attitude towards the addressee. But in the Russian language there are no grammatical prescriptions when and in what way the etiquette content must certainly be expressed. This means that the etiquette means of the Russian language are optional.

However, as we have already seen, the etiquette possibilities not only do not decrease, but become more subtle and flexible!

There are incredibly many ways to convey etiquette meanings in speech. Every time we choose what to say and how to say it, we necessarily take into account (although we do not always notice it ourselves) also with whom and in what environment we are talking. Therefore, speeches that have nothing to do with etiquette, perhaps, do not exist at all. If several styles have developed in the language (book speech, colloquial, scientific style, business, etc.) and there is a difference in the speech of individual social groups (speech of educated people and not educated, literary and dialect, speech of young and elderly, etc. .), then the very choice of the type of speech turns out to be an etiquette sign, expresses the attitude towards the listener or to the one we mention.

Surprisingly diverse etiquette signs in the speech of different peoples. For example, the types of interjections that accompany the appeal. In some languages, they differ depending on who is speaking to whom. Thus, they indicate the composition of those communicating, and, therefore, carry important etiquette information.

In many languages, in order to convey etiquette content, intentional deviations of the grammatical number, grammatical gender, the replacement of one face shape with another, special "polite" and "over-polite" words, and a peculiar sentence structure are used. It is difficult to list the etiquette means of oral speech alone, but also the etiquette techniques that are used in writing! Remember at least the capitalization of polite forms you, you, you, yours, yours, etc.

In speech etiquette, there are situations when body language is very important. Each nation has its own specific gesture:

Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture.

The Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself.

The Laplanders rub their noses.

A young American greets a friend by patting him on the back.

Latinos embrace.

The French kiss each other on the cheek.

Without knowing the national characteristics of gestures, you can get into an awkward position. For example, in Bulgaria, the signs "yes" and "no" are the opposite of the common European form, and representatives of the indigenous population may misinterpret the answer to the question asked.

What should a Japanese think if a European, entering into a business conversation, does not shake hands with him? He may assume that the interlocutor respects his national customs - in Japan it is not customary to shake hands. But, on the other hand, he may consider this disrespectful to him personally - the Japanese know that in the society to which the partner belongs, the handshake gesture is accepted.

Even similar gestures can be used differently in different national cultures. For example, in Hungary, a man always raises his hat when greeting, but in our country this is not at all necessary and is more common for older people.

The handshake gesture when greeting in Bulgaria is used much more often than it is customary in our country. There, when greeting a group of interlocutors, it is advisable to shake hands with everyone. It's optional for us.

Thus, a gesture can say a lot. In particular, to characterize the person making the gesture in terms of national characteristics. For example, in Czechoslovakia, when listing something, the fingers are not bent into a fist, starting with the little finger, as is customary with us, but, on the contrary, from the clenched fist they “open”, starting with the thumb, finger after finger. In a Russian environment, such a gesture immediately betrays a foreigner.

In some situations, speech etiquette shows more gestures, in others less. In some situations, a complete replacement of replicas is acceptable, in others it is not, and of course, each gesture is distinguished by its "style", and each time a person chooses the most appropriate in a given situation.

There are many examples of the national specificity of speech and non-speech behavior of different peoples. In China, even when talking about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk to you about you more than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, shading themselves very delicately. But at the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, still being able to insist on your interest in him.

In Japan, in conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these are some kind of curses, something that cannot be said directly, but only allegorically, in general terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses an expression that literally means "I already feel great."

If a Tokyo acquaintance says: "Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife," then one should not think that he is a champion of women's equality. This is just one way to not say the word "no".

In the speech etiquette of different nations there are many completely dissimilar, peculiar expressions, but even similar ones (like please and please) are still not completely identical. From an American point of view, our please has forty thousand different shades of meaning and is as similar to the English please as, for example, the phrase "I love you, dear" to the phrase "Let's get married."

In essence, each language is a unique national system of signs. In speech etiquette, the specifics of the habits and customs of the people are superimposed on the national specifics of the language. Therefore, in the forms of speech etiquette, a peculiar phraseology is formed.

Features of Russian etiquette can be traced in the preparation of proposals and their writing.

synonyms - these are words with the same or very close meaning (firm - organization, agreement - contract, request - application, grateful - grateful, ...);
pleonasms - they call a partial coincidence of the meanings of words that form a phrase;
· tautology - semantic repetitions that occur in cases where cognate words are adjacent in a sentence;
Homonyms are words that sound the same but differ in meaning.

The concept of the stylistic coloring of a word is usually associated with the attachment of the word to a particular area of use and with the emotional and expressive qualities of the word, i.e. with his ability not only to name the phenomenon, but also to express the attitude to the subject of thought.

The area of use differs:

1. Vocabulary interstyle, i.e. those words that are used by everyone and in any conditions (quality, receive, offer ...).
2. Book and written vocabulary, i.e. words that are predominantly used in book-writing styles and are associated with those areas of language use for which the written form of expression is the main one. In its composition, one can single out “bookish” words (payment, contract, contract ...), terms (catalog - a magazine indicating the goods produced by the enterprise), clericalism, poeticism.
3. Vocabulary of oral speech, i.e. words inherent in everyday speech, everyday business language, etc. The vocabulary of oral speech includes colloquial, vernacular, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms.

Abbreviations of words (abbreviation) - a new productive way of word production, which is actively used in business correspondence.

The phraseology of a language is a set of stable, integral in composition and meaning combinations of words and expressions. In business correspondence, the role of phraseological units is performed by standard syntactic constructions, which are divided into:

Request letter: “We will be grateful if you send to our address ...” etiquette requirement speech activity

Inquiry response: "Thank you for your inquiry from..."

Letter of request: "We appeal to you with a request ..."

Reminder letter: "We inform you that..."

Cover letter: “According to your request, we are sending you…”

Notification letter: “In response to your letter of ... we inform you ...”

Letter of invitation: "Let me invite you to ..."

Letter of gratitude: "We received your invitation to ... .., for which we are grateful to you."

Russian has a relatively free word order in a sentence. This means that the members of the sentence do not have a fixed place (as in some other languages) and their relative position can change depending on the type of sentence or at the will of the speaker. The rearrangement of words in order to emphasize the semantic significance of a word is called inversion.

Inversion is an important stylistic device. Its significance increases in written speech, since the writer is deprived of the opportunity to highlight the desired word with intonation. A thoughtful change in word order allows the writer to draw the reader's attention to a particular word and thereby set off important points in the content of the statement.

A sentence may contain phrases that are not its members, but perform a certain semantic function. This includes introductory words (to our great regret, also in connection with this).

In business correspondence, complex sentences are more common than simple ones. A complex sentence allows you to link a large number of words into a single whole and thereby express a more complex idea - emphasize important semantic shades, give arguments, give a detailed justification of the main provisions, etc. In addition, the use of conjunctions and allied words makes it possible to accurately determine those semantic relationships that exist between the individual parts of a detailed statement.

In business letters, in addition to introductory words, participial and participle phrases are often used, which also add semantic nuances.

In general, the use of such constructions in business speech is not a mistake. But in some cases the proposal should be simplified.

Etiquette communication plays a big role in the life of each of us, but, of course, human communication is not at all reduced to rituals alone.

Etiquette situations are only a part of communication.

All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech, of course, is built differently depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those who communicate. We are so accustomed to changing the type of speech depending on the conditions of communication that we do this most often unconsciously, automatically. The perception of information about human relations transmitted by the features of speech also occurs automatically. But it is worth making a mistake in choosing the type of speech, as the automaticity of perception is violated and we immediately notice what previously eluded our attention. Speech fluctuates in time with human relations - this is the etiquette modulation of speech. Special etiquette communication takes place, as we already know, only from time to time, but modifications (modulation) of verbal and non-verbal behavior under the influence of human relations always occur. This means that this is one of the most important means of expressing etiquette content - a means that is always at our disposal.

Eastern wisdom says: "Friendliness is the golden key that opens the iron locks of people's hearts" and, conversely, ignorance of the rules of good manners, inability to behave in society, at work, lack of skills and habits of decent manners put a person in a dead end, in which complexes of inferiority and inferiority are intensively formed.

Before proceeding to the exchange of meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into verbal contact, and this is done according to certain rules. We hardly notice them, because for many they are familiar. It is just the violation of unwritten rules that becomes noticeable: the seller addressed the buyer with “you”, the head did not say hello at the meeting, the official was rude to the elderly visitor, someone did not apologize for the misconduct.

Speech culture is not limited only to the concepts of correctness, knowledge of language norms; rules of speech behavior are regulated and speech etiquette- the system of set expressions that has developed in the language and speech, used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact. Typical communication situations - address, acquaintance, greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, invitation, condolence and etc.

Served by a certain group of etiquette formulas that create a favorable climate for communication. The performance of the sign system is perceived by the addressee as a social “stroking”. Psychologists and educators know how important it is to approve, cheer up, pat a child on the head in time, and, probably, an adult. The language also responded to such a need and created a system of verbal "strokes" - speech etiquette: hello– be healthy; thank you – thank you; Thanks– saved and God bless you for a good deed; sorry– I admit my guilt and ask to take away my sin, etc.

Being polite and striving not to offend communication partners with a word is what a person learns through etiquette formulas. And in this regard, speech etiquette has great potential in terms of educating a culture of communication in general and determines not only the appearance of speech, but also the way of thinking, the norm in relationships.

Let us dwell on some situations of establishing and maintaining contact with the interlocutor, which we often encounter.

Any communication, as a rule, begins with an appeal. APPEAL- a word or a group of words with which we perform an important speech action: we call, we call, we attract the attention of the person we are addressing with the speech. Each specific type of relationship has its own appeal.

Many nations have a universal appeal "Madam – mister, which are a manifestation of politeness, regardless of the social, official, property status of a person and can be addressed to a man or a woman. These are widely known "Mister – Mrs", "Monsieur - Madame", "Herr - Frau", "Pan - Pani", etc. There is no such universal form of address in modern Russian. In pre-revolutionary Russia, service relations were strictly ranked in accordance with the "Table of Ranks": excellency, excellency, nobility, nobility etc. Appeals were used to express personal and social relationships "gracious sovereign" - "gracious sovereign", "sir - madam", "sir - madam".

After the revolution, formulas served as an appeal "comrade", "citizen - citizen". Appeal "comrade" used regardless of gender, could be combined with a surname, name and patronymic, profession, title: comrade Smirnov; comrade rector, come in, comrades, etc.

At present, attempts to simply replace the treatment "comrade" on the "Mr. often cause a comical effect: “Gentlemen, do not throw cigarette butts past the urn!”; “Gentlemen, do not leave dirty dishes on the tables!”

The choice of address in official relations is rather limited. Speech etiquette provides for two forms of official respectful treatment. The first one is purely formal. "mister - madam" plus name or position. The second is the traditional Russian address by name and patronymic. Some linguists express confidence that someday we will return to the pre-existing address "sir - madam".

The following addresses to strangers are considered indecent and impolite. : man, woman, granny, etc. It is better to contact a stranger using the formulas: " I'm sorry you couldn't would ... "; “Be kind, please pass it on ...”, etc. Having met a person, you should remember his name, and in the future address him by his first name and patronymic, trying not to make mistakes and not call Boris Matveyevich Matvey Borisovich. Lack of appeal excludes the interlocutor from the communication process. Response to communication should be adequate : Instead of “Huh? What?" should say: “Yes, Tatyana Alekseevna… Excuse me, Nikolai Petrovich… What did you say, Irina Ivanovna?”

The most important rule of speech behavior is the use of "You-You" forms of address. Referring to "you" emphasizes respect. Appeal to "you" is possible in communication with well-known people, in an informal setting, with familiar communication.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with GREETINGS. The forms and rituals of greeting are influenced by national and cultural traditions, the sphere of life, and the environment of communication. In an official setting, most often a greeting is expressed by a neutral-friendly wish for health, well-being - "hello". The following formulas are widely used "good morning"(till 12 o'clock), "Good afternoon"(after 12 pm) and after 6 pm "good evening".

Sometimes the words of greeting can be followed by polite questions about the affairs, health, family of the interlocutor. This is not the signal for a lengthy conversation; they should be taken as signs of attention, courtesy, so the answers should be given short, such as "thank you", "everything is fine", "can't complain", etc.

In civil etiquette, a man is the first to greet a woman; junior - senior; subordinate - leader. However, there is also such a generally accepted position: the first to say hello is the one who is more polite and well-mannered.

Ends the conversation, greeting started, procedure farewell. When people break up, they usually say to each other " goodbye". You may wish "good evening" or " good night, have a good trip etc. Word "Farewell» is used in cases where there is no hope or plans for the next meeting, or they want to defiantly emphasize that the relationship ends there.

Who says goodbye first? Outgoing. Otherwise, the situation runs the risk of becoming impolite, as if the departing person is being pushed to the door, “shed out”.

There are generally accepted etiquette formulas that are used when acquaintance: « let (allow) to get to know you ... "; « allow me to introduce you to Pyotr Ivanovich…”; “Let me introduce you to Lyudmila Ivanovna”; "I would like to introduce you to Andrey Petrovich" and etc. Phrases may follow in response: “very nice”, “glad to meet you”, “heard a lot about you”, etc.. At the same time, you should politely bow, smile, and show sincere interest in the person.

There is a special order acquaintance introductions. The younger is introduced to the older; subordinate - to the head; a man - a woman, turning to her for permission to get acquainted. The exception is situations where a man has a high social status. During an official acquaintance, the name, patronymic, surname and position of a person are called.

There are special formulas sorry, which are used in various situations: "Sorry, please, for being late"; "My apologies…"; “Forgive me for the fact that…”; "I'm sorry I misled you..."; "I'm sorry I caused you so much trouble..." and others. Expressions are not recommended. "I'm sorry", "sorry", "I'm wildly sorry ...".

Special formulas of speech etiquette also exist for expressing a mournful situation, which can be associated with death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, it is expressed condolence. It should not be "dry", official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: “Unfortunately, we have to inform you…”; “Please accept my most sincere condolences on…”; “We express our deep regrets about the grief that has befallen you and are ready to take an active part in providing the necessary assistance ...”, etc.

The stable etiquette formulas that serve some typical situations of speech communication are simple at first glance. Speech etiquette- this is extremely useful and convenient communication tool. The main condition for communication - effective, correct, comfortable - is the respect of the interlocutors for each other.

Questions for consolidation

1. Is it possible to call cultural speech obviously false, but skillful?

2. By what criteria do you evaluate speech in terms of its culture?

3. What violations of speech etiquette have you noticed most often?

4. What is meant by speech etiquette?

5. Why do you think there is a low culture of speech in modern society?

Training exercises

Task number 1. (12 points) K

Which of the speech formulas of refusal listed below do you consider the most polite, not offending the interlocutor? Arrange the listed formulas in descending order of categoricity.

I cant…

No I can not…

There's no way I can…

Unfortunately I can not…

Unfortunately, I can't...

I am unable to do this...

In no case…

I'd love to, but I can't...

I would like to...but I can't...

I can't go for this...

It's out of the question…

Don't even bother about it...

No, it won't work...

Task number 2. (16 points)

Choose synonymous options for sentences using different types of two-part and one-part sentences. When compiling synonymous options, try to keep the original meaning.

Sample: I read a book with pleasure. - What a book! It cannot be read without pleasure. - Reading a book will definitely give you pleasure! - I am reading today: the book is very interesting, etc.

1. The weather seems to be starting to deteriorate. 2. I would like to spend the day with my friends. 3. Finishing work on this composition, the sculptor suddenly thought if he should have worked so hard. 4. A lyrical hero cannot but look like a poet.

Task number 3. (10 points)

Analyze questions that often arise in specific communication situations. Answer them based on your own understanding of ethical standards.

1. What to do if the speaker, a person older than you, forgot what he was talking about, thought? Be silent? Remind me what he was talking about? Overlook?

Introduction

What is etiquette? The concept is philosophical. According to the dictionary, “Etiquette is a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (treatment with others, formulas for addressing and greetings, behavior in public places, manners, clothes)”.

Etiquette determines the behavior of any person. These are not only the rules that must be followed at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of human relationships. With the help of such rules, interactions with others are regulated. Indeed, etiquette is expressed in different aspects of our behavior. For example, a variety of human movements, postures and positions that he takes can have etiquette meaning: a polite position facing the speaker and not at all polite - with his back to him. For etiquette purposes, we often use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers), clothing features (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothes shows well how we understand the situation, how we treat participants in communication). Our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people.

Speech etiquette is a wide area of communication stereotypes.

In the process of upbringing, socialization, a person, becoming a personality and more and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this it is necessary to navigate in the situation of communication, in the role characteristics of the partner, correspond to one’s own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “model” that has developed in the minds of native speakers, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, master oral and written forms of communication, be able to communicate in contact and remotely, and also master the whole gamut of non-verbal means of communication.

So let's take a closer look at the features of Russian etiquette and the norms for its implementation.

The specifics of Russian speech etiquette

It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of the archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world around them; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes, once perceived as effective: Hello (also Be healthy); Thank you (from God Save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that are considered swear words in modern language go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of foreign language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. For example, each language has its own system of addresses that has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is sometimes distorted; thus, the English Dear is used in formal address, while the corresponding Russian Dear is used, as a rule, in less formal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West to the question How are you? should answer: Good. The answer Bad or Not very considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing; Little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and in general in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and regional studies.

Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.

A person's speech is a very important characterological feature; it can be used to determine not only the level of education, but also the degree of his responsibility and discipline. Speech betrays his attitude towards other people, himself, his work. Therefore, any person who wants to achieve success in communicating with other people needs to work on his speech. The rules of speech etiquette, a summary of which each of us learns in childhood, contribute to a better understanding between people and help establish relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules of conduct, usually an unwritten code that each person learns along with culture. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is usually not required by anyone to be executed in order or in writing, but they are mandatory for anyone who wants to establish relationships with other people. Speech etiquette prescribes the desired verbal design of typical communication situations. Nobody invented these rules intentionally, they were formed in the course of human communication over millennia. Each etiquette formula has its roots, functions and variants. Speech etiquette, etiquette rules are a sign of a well-mannered and polite person and subconsciously tune in to a positive perception of the person using them.

History of occurrence

The word "etiquette" in French came from Greece. Etymologically, it goes back to the root, meaning order, rule. In France, the word was used to refer to a special card on which the rules of seating and behavior at the royal table were written. But in the time of Louis the Fourteenth, the very phenomenon of etiquette, of course, does not arise, it has a much more ancient origin. The rules of speech etiquette, a summary of which can be described by the phrase "successful communication", begin to take shape when people had to learn to build relationships and negotiate with each other. Already in ancient times, there were rules of conduct that helped interlocutors overcome mutual distrust and establish interaction. So, the code of good behavior is described in the texts of the ancient Greeks, Egyptians. Etiquette rules in ancient times were a kind of ritual that prompted interlocutors that they were “of the same blood”, that they did not pose a threat. Each ritual had a verbal and non-verbal component. Gradually, the original meaning of many actions is lost, but the ritual and its verbal design are preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Functions of speech etiquette

A modern person often has a question about why the rules of speech etiquette are needed? Briefly, you can answer - to please other people. The main function of speech etiquette is to establish contact. When the interlocutor follows the general rules, this makes him more understandable and predictable, we subconsciously trust what is familiar to us more. This has been going on since primitive times, when the world around was very unguaranteed and danger threatened from everywhere, the observance of rituals was then extremely important. And when a communication partner performed a familiar set of actions, said the right words, this removed some of the distrust and facilitated contact. Today, our genetic memory also tells us that a person who follows the rules can be more trusted. The rules and norms of speech etiquette perform the function of forming a positive emotional atmosphere, helping to have a beneficial effect on the interlocutor. Speech etiquette also acts as a means of demonstrating respect for the interlocutor, helps to emphasize the status distribution of roles between communicants and the status of the communication situation itself - business, informal, friendly. Thus, the rules of speech etiquette are a tool Part of the tension is removed by simple etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette as a formal part of ethics performs a regulatory function, it helps to establish contacts, influences people's behavior in typical situations.

Types of speech etiquette

Like any speech, etiquette speech behavior is very different in its written and oral form. The written variety has more stringent rules, and in this form, etiquette formulas are more mandatory for use. The oral form is more democratic, some omissions or replacement of words with actions are allowed here. For example, sometimes instead of the word “Hello”, you can get by with a nod of your head or a slight bow.

Etiquette dictates the rules of behavior in certain areas and situations. It is customary to distinguish several different types of speech etiquette. Official, business or professional speech etiquette defines the rules of speech behavior in the performance of official duties, in negotiations, and in the preparation of documents. This view is rather highly formalized, especially in its written form. The rules of Russian speech etiquette in formal and informal settings can be very different, the first signal of the transition from one type of etiquette to another may be the change of appeal to “you” to the appeal to “you”. Everyday speech etiquette is more free than official, there is a large variability in key etiquette formulas. There are also such varieties of speech etiquette as diplomatic, military and religious.

Principles of modern speech etiquette

Any rules of conduct come from the universal principles of morality, and speech etiquette is no exception. The golden rule of speech etiquette is based on the main moral principle formulated by I. Kant: act towards others as you would like to be treated towards you. Thus, polite speech should also include such formulas that the person himself would be pleased to hear. The basic principles of speech etiquette are relevance, accuracy, brevity and correctness. The speaker must select speech formulas in accordance with the situation, the status of the interlocutor, the degree of acquaintance with him. In any case, you should speak as briefly as possible, but do not lose the meaning of what was said. And, of course, the speaker must respect his communication partner and try to build his statement in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. Speech etiquette is based on two more important principles: goodwill and cooperation. treats other people with an initial attitude of kindness, he must be sincere and friendly. Communicators on both sides should do everything to make communication productive, mutually beneficial and enjoyable for all participants.

Etiquette situations

Etiquette regulates behavior in various situations. Traditionally, speech differs significantly in official settings and in everyday life, as well as in different forms of its existence: in written or oral. However, there are general rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations. The list of such cases is the same for any spheres, cultures and forms. Standard etiquette situations include:

Greetings;

Attracting attention and appeal;

introduction and introduction;

Invitation;

Sentence;

Request;

Gratitude;

Refusal and consent;

Congratulations;

condolences;

Sympathy and consolation;

Compliment.

Each etiquette situation has a stable set of speech formulas that are recommended for use.

National features of etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on universal, universal moral principles. Therefore, its basis is the same in all cultures. Such universal principles, characteristic of all countries, include restraint in the manifestation of emotions, politeness, literacy and the ability to use standard speech formulas appropriate to the situation, and a positive attitude towards the interlocutor. But the private implementation of universal norms can vary significantly in different national cultures. Variation usually manifests itself in the speech design of a standard situation. The general culture of communication affects the national speech etiquette. The rules of etiquette, for example, in Russian, involve maintaining a conversation even with strangers if you happened to be with them in a confined space (in a train compartment), while the Japanese and the British will try to remain silent in the same circumstances or speak on the most neutral topics. In order not to get into trouble in communicating with foreigners, you should, in preparation for the meeting, familiarize yourself with their etiquette rules.

Contact situation

The basic rules of speech etiquette at the beginning of a conversation are related to the speech design of greetings and appeals. For the Russian language, the main greeting formula is the word "hello". Its synonyms can be the phrases “greeting you” with an archaic connotation and “good afternoon, morning, evening” are more sincere than the main wording. The stage of greeting is one of the most important in establishing contact, the words should be pronounced with sincere intonation, with notes of positive emotionality.

The means of attracting attention are the words: “let / allow me to turn”, “forgive”, “sorry” and adding an explanatory phrase to them: representations, requests, suggestions.

Treatment situation

Appeal is one of the difficult etiquette situations, as it can be difficult to find the right name for the person you need to address. In the Russian language today, the address “mister / madam” is considered universal, but in speech they still do not always take root well due to negative connotations in Soviet times. The best treatment is by name, patronymic or by name, but it is not always possible. Worst option: handling the words "girl", "woman", "man". In a situation of professional communication, you can refer to the name of the position of a person, for example, “Mr. Director”. The general rules of speech etiquette can be briefly described as the desire for the comfort of communicants. In no case should the appeal indicate any personal characteristics (age, nationality, faith).

Contact termination situation

The final stage in communication is also very important, the interlocutors will remember it and you need to try to leave a positive impression. The usual rules of speech etiquette, examples of which we know from childhood, recommend using traditional phrases for parting: “goodbye”, “see you”, “goodbye”. However, the final stage should also include words of gratitude for the time spent on communication, perhaps for joint work. You can also additionally express hopes for continued cooperation, say parting words. Speech etiquette, rules of etiquette recommend maintaining a favorable impression at the end of contact, creating an emotional atmosphere of sincerity and warmth. This is helped by more stable formulas: “It was very pleasant to talk with you, I hope for further cooperation.” But formulaic phrases must be pronounced as sincerely and with feeling as possible, so that they acquire a true meaning. Otherwise, farewell will not leave the desired emotional response in the memory of the interlocutor.

Introduction and dating rules

The situation of acquaintance requires a solution to the issue of treatment. Business communication, contacts with unfamiliar people imply an appeal to “you”. According to the rules of speech etiquette, “you” is only possible within the framework of friendly and everyday communication. The presentation is made out with such phrases as “let me introduce you”, “get acquainted, please”, “let me introduce you”. The presenter also gives a brief description of the represented: “position, full name, place of work, or some particularly noteworthy detail.” Acquaintances must, in addition to voicing their name, say positive words: “pleased to meet you”, “very nice”.

Rules for congratulations and thanks

Modern rules of speech etiquette in Russian offer a fairly large range of formulas for From simple "thank you" and "thank you" to "infinitely grateful" and "much grateful." It is customary for a great service or gift to add an additional positive phrase to the words of gratitude, for example, “very nice”, “I am touched”, “you are so kind”. There are a lot of formulas for congratulations. When composing a congratulation on any occasion, it is worth considering individual words, in addition to the usual “congratulations”, which would emphasize the peculiarity of the occasion and the personality of the person being honored. The text of the congratulations necessarily includes any wishes, it is desirable that they are not stereotyped, but correspond to the personality of the hero of the occasion. Congratulation should be pronounced with a special feeling that will give the words great value.

Rules for invitation, offer, request, consent and refusal

When inviting someone to take part in something, you should also follow the rules of speech etiquette. The situations of invitations, offers and requests are somewhat similar, in which the speaker always slightly lowers the status of his role in communication and emphasizes the importance of the interlocutor. The stable expressions of the invitation is the phrase “we have the honor to invite”, which notes the special importance of the invitee. For invitation, offer and request, the words “please”, “be kind”, “please” are used. In the invitation and the proposal, you can additionally say about your feelings for the invitee: “we will be glad / happy to see you”, “we are happy to offer you”. Request - a situation in which the speaker deliberately lowers his position in communication, but you should not overdo it, the traditional design of the request is the words: “please”, “could you”. Consent and refusal require different speech behavior. If consent can be extremely concise, then the refusal must be accompanied by mitigating and motivating wording, for example, “unfortunately, we are forced to refuse your offer, because at the moment ...”.

Rules of condolence, sympathy and apology

In dramatic and tragic etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend expressing only sincere feelings. Usually regret and sympathy should be accompanied by encouraging words, for example, "we sympathize with you in connection ... and sincerely hope that ...". Condolences are brought only on truly tragic occasions, it is also appropriate to tell about your feelings in them, it is worth offering help. For example, “I bring you my sincere condolences in connection with ... this loss caused me bitter feelings. If necessary, you can count on me."

Rules of approval and praise

Compliments are an important part of establishing a good relationship, these social strokes are an effective tool for establishing a good relationship. But giving compliments is an art. What distinguishes them from flattery is the degree of exaggeration. A compliment is just a slight exaggeration of the truth. The rules of speech etiquette in Russian say that a compliment and praise should always refer to a person, not to things, so the words: “how does this dress suit you” is a violation of the rules of etiquette, and the real compliment will be the phrase: “how beautiful you are in this dress". It is possible and necessary to praise people for everything: for skills, character traits, for the results of their activities, for feelings.

Etiquette in Russia, if it has national features, is too weak, most historians testify to their absence. At first, Peter I did everything to “uproot” the traditions of the boyars, considering them obsolete and reeking of mothballs. Then the revolutionaries made a lot of efforts to destroy the traditions of the nobility as a relic of the past.

Etiquette in the Russian Empire and in the life of modern society

If in the countries of Europe the rules and norms of behavior developed in a natural way - from the depths of centuries, then on the land of our ancestors - exclusively by revolutionary attacks.

Peter I can be considered the founder of the history of Russian etiquette with a big stretch, who at the beginning of the 18th century decided to eradicate the rules of the “mossy” boyar housing construction existing in Russia and introduce new standards of behavior adopted in Europe, this was a completely tangible revolutionary (and monstrous for most) coup in the world order. But it is quite obvious that it is impossible to get rid of centuries-old traditions overnight, therefore the concepts of house building in the form of fragments, nuances and ideas of “right - wrong” remained in society under Peter the Great, and some have survived to this day.

For the next 200 years, the traditions and norms of etiquette in the Russian Empire had the opportunity to develop evolutionarily - they crystallized gradually and logically, drawing closer and closer to common European standards. What is the reason for the general course of development of Russia as a European country, and the countless marriages of reigning persons with princes and princesses of European countries, who brought to the culture and traditions of the behavior of the Russian aristocracy what they themselves were taught.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century, a new revolutionary upheaval took place - the Bolshevik one. And again - an attempt to eradicate the old features of Russian etiquette and introduce new ones, invented almost on the go! So our society has lost its basic moral and ethical guidelines. The ideas of “what is good, what is bad” during the period of the revolution and the Civil War mixed up and were sometimes diametrically opposed for different social strata.

And now, for almost 100 years, gentlemen, citizens and comrades have coexisted in Russia - communities in which the rules of decency are very different. Etiquette in the life of modern Russian society is distinguished by a complex mix: the base contains the remnants of European traditions, however, for the majority of fellow citizens, the layers of the Soviet period, sometimes ridiculous and stupid, have become familiar. And what is accepted by the majority is usually considered the norm.

In fact, etiquette is the quintessence of the psychology of communication, collected by generations as the most effective system of interaction between people. This system changes over time and due to new circumstances - technological progress, emancipation, globalization, democratization, etc.

Rules of social etiquette in Russia

If we turn to the "official" formulation of the concept of "etiquette" - the rules and norms of behavior adopted in any society - then we can say unequivocally: in Russia it has European traditions in its foundation. The general rules of etiquette in Russia are as follows:

We wear a European costume, not kaftans with kokoshnik caps.
We greet each other with a handshake, and do not rub our noses when we meet, like the Eskimos.
Social etiquette in Russia dictates that any contact begins with an exchange of views - otherwise communication will not come out pleasant, while in Arab countries it is considered indecent to look intently and directly into the eyes of the interlocutor.
With us, a well-mannered man gets up when a woman enters the room and helps her, for example, take off her outer clothing or get into a comfortable chair, and in the East all this will seem strange.
In Russia, unhurried conversation with an average level of emotions is considered “normal”, which, however, may seem overly expressive to the Bedouins of the desert and absolutely inexpressive to the inhabitants of South American countries.
We usually eat while sitting on a chair and at a high table, we use appliances adopted in European civilization, and only as an exotic thing can we drink a bowl of tea while sitting on a carpet, or pick up chopsticks in a Chinese restaurant.

But here's what's interesting: because of the last revolutionary breakdown of traditions - the abolition of many Bolshevik rules - the society felt a void, which is gradually being filled. Often - the ideas of poor people about a rich life!

And today, the main feature of etiquette in Russia is that in a certain sense it is a "mutant-shifter" outside of logic and psychological content, it will take effort and time to put it on its head.

It is for this reason that we - it seems, it seems, the inhabitants of a country with a European way of life - for confident behavior and the manifestation of good breeding, it is absolutely necessary to learn the norms and rules of common European etiquette. Or, at the very least, “compare watches” – your ideas and skills with current European traditions.

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