Diseases of the hematopoietic organs. Pathological changes in the blood
The total amount of blood for each person is an almost constant value, very rarely changing under the influence of painful phenomena. Even with large blood loss, the total mass of blood decreases only temporarily; it is quickly restored due to the interstitial fluid. In humans, as well as in animals, with significant blood loss, thirst appears, as the tissues become dehydrated. The drunk liquid is quickly absorbed and goes to restore the liquid part of the blood. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the formed elements, as well as changes in the physicochemical properties of the blood, are of clinical importance. Pathological processes in tissues affect the composition of the blood, and therefore most diseases are accompanied by some changes in the blood (in the amount of protein, sugar, lipoids, various salts, metabolic products, etc.). In this section, we will only talk about quantitative and qualitative changes in formed elements, as well as a change in the amount of hemoglobin. The amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells. A decrease in the number of erythrocytes or hemoglobin compared to the norm, and more often both together, indicates the presence of anemia. Hemoglobin under normal conditions occupies 95% of the dense mass of red blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin in relation to the weight of the entire mass of blood is 13%, which is conditional and is taken as 100%. In severe cases of malignant anemia, the amount of hemoglobin can drop to 20% or less. A decrease in hemoglobin does not always correspond to a decrease in the number of red blood cells: the amount of hemoglobin may be reduced, and the number of red blood cells may remain normal and even increased. More often there is a decrease in both the percentage of hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes, but this decrease is not always proportional. Rarely, there is an increase against the norm in the number of erythrocytes (erythrocytosis). This happens with congestion (heart disease, emphysema, etc.). Due to stagnation of blood in the blood vessels, gas exchange is disturbed, the blood is oversaturated with carbon dioxide and an increase in the number of red blood cells compensates for the lack of oxygen. It is necessary to point out a rare disease - erythremia, which is accompanied by a significant increase in the number of red blood cells - up to 7,000,000-10,000,000 or more per 1 mm3. RBC quality. In severe cases of anemia, the quality of erythrocytes also changes - their size, shape and color. Along with normal erythrocytes, erythrocytes of smaller and larger sizes (anisocytosis), as well as irregularly shaped erythrocytes (poikilocytosis) come across. Pathological forms of erythrocytes are observed in malignant anemia, when young nucleated erythrocytes, the so-called erythroblasts and normoblasts, enter the bloodstream. Normoblasts are erythroblasts of normal size (see hematopoiesis diagram). In severe cases of anemia, large erythroblasts, the so-called megaloblasts, appear in the blood. The quantity and quality of white blood cells in many diseases (especially infectious ones) undergo various changes. The enormous diagnostic value of these changes lies in the fact that individual diseases are characterized by certain changes in the quantity and quality of leukocytes. The number of leukocytes. An increase in the number of white blood cells is called leukocytosis, and a decrease is called leukopenia. Most infectious diseases are accompanied by leukocytosis. Leukocytosis and leukopenia in infectious diseases are the body's reactions to an invading infection. Since leukocytes take part in the destruction of bacteria, in the formation of antibodies, and hence immunity, leukocytosis in infectious diseases should be considered as a positive phenomenon. Therefore, the presence or absence of leukocytosis also has a prognostic value. Leukocytosis is observed with lobar inflammation of the lungs, various septic diseases, scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc. Sometimes the number of leukocytes increases several times, for example, with lobar pneumonia, their number reaches 20,000-30,000 or more in 1 mm3. If the mentioned diseases are not accompanied by leukocytosis, then this indicates an insufficient reaction of the body to irritation with a pathogenic onset and serves as a poor prognostic sign. Sometimes there is a so-called physiological leukocytosis 1-2 hours after a meal or after physical exertion. In pregnant women and newborns, an increase in the number of leukocytes is noted. Some infectious diseases are characterized by leukopenia, such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, malaria, measles. The quality of leukocytes. Some blood diseases are characterized by the appearance in the blood of pathological forms of leukocytes, which are younger cells; White blood cells are normally formed from young cells in the bone marrow. Myelocytes and younger forms - hemocytoblasts and myeloblasts appear in very large numbers in the blood during a disease called leukemia, or leukemia. Platelets (platelets), as already mentioned, take part in blood clotting. In some disease states, their number drops to 10,000 per 1 mm3 and below, which leads to the development of bleeding.
Internal illnesses. Diseases of the hematopoietic organs. anemia
Anemia and anemia- synonyms are not entirely accurate, since the word "anemia" means the absence of blood, bloodlessness, and the word "anemia" - a decrease in the amount of blood. Anemia, or anemia, is not understood as a general decrease in blood, but only a decrease in the number of red blood cells and the coloring matter of the blood, i.e., hemoglobin. The constant composition of erythrocytes can be maintained only with the normal functioning of the hematopoietic organs and with the constant flow of new mature formed elements into the peripheral blood.
Anemia- a disease that occurs quite often. It arises "from a variety of causes and has a different clinical course. Anemia can be observed after bleeding, from a lack of iron in the body due to its low content in foods or from a reduced ability of the body to absorb it, from a lack of an antianemic substance necessary for hematopoiesis, from increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) or from a reduced function of the hematopoietic apparatus (hyporegeneration) - hypoplastic and aplastic anemia.
Anemia after bleeding
Acute anemia develops as a result of massive bleeding during injuries, as well as with various bleeding from internal organs: uterine bleeding, pulmonary, hemorrhoidal, gastric, intestinal, nasal, etc. The total blood mass is quickly restored due to tissue fluid, as well as fluid introduced from the outside ( drunk or poured into a vein, under the skin, etc.). Thus, the development of anemia (very significant with large blood loss) can occur due to dilution of the existing blood with liquid.
Immediately after bleeding, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin may remain normal, but then, as fluid enters the blood, a decrease in the number of red blood cells, and hence hemoglobin, is noted. In acute anemia due to severe bleeding, blanching of the skin and mucous membranes occurs, a sharp drop in blood pressure and weakening of the pulse until it disappears completely (collapse), a sharp weakening of cardiac activity, tachycardia, cold extremities. The patient complains of shortness of breath, thirst, palpitations, chilliness. In chronic anemia, frequent and relatively minor bleeding (with chronic dysentery, uterine, hemorrhoidal and other bleeding), pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, fatigue, general weakness, sometimes poor appetite, dizziness and headaches are noted. With a sharp anemia, all these phenomena are expressed so strongly that the patient becomes disabled. Treatment and care. The first step is to stop the bleeding. In acute heavy bleeding, sometimes you have to resort to urgent surgery. Then measures should be taken to restore the lost blood. With severe anemia, especially after bleeding, they resort to blood transfusion. Blood is also transfused in chronic anemia, if, despite treatment, the number of red blood cells and the percentage of hemoglobin remain low or even continue to fall. To increase blood clotting, an infusion of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, vitamin K (Vikasol) is prescribed, to reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries, vitamins: ascorbic acid, vitamin P and rutin. The composition of the blood is restored due to the regeneration (hyperregeneration) of formed elements in the bone marrow, the function of which reflexively increases through the central nervous system. To fully restore the previous composition of the blood, a sufficient amount of nutritious foods and especially proteins, as well as iron, which is the main component of hemoglobin, is required. Therefore, the patient must be given a variety of nutritious foods rich in vitamins. The most effective drug that strengthens the body and improves blood composition is iron. In addition, prescribe calcium preparations, hematogen - (blood preparation), hemostimulin, containing, in addition to hematogen, salts of iron and copper. For the absorption of iron, it is necessary that there is a sufficient amount of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Therefore, in its absence or insufficient amount, iron preparations should be washed down with a solution of hydrochloric acid. In severe chronic anemia due to constant blood loss and insufficient regenerative function of the bone marrow, the patient is in bed in a serious condition for a long time and requires careful care. It is necessary to monitor the skin, preventing the occurrence of bedsores. Much attention should be paid to the nutrition of the patient, especially if he has a weakened appetite. He is fed in bed often and in small portions. It is necessary to monitor bowel movements and the functions of other organs. In case of cardiovascular insufficiency, appropriate measures are taken. It is necessary to take care of the state of the nervous system - to provide the patient with peace, silence in the ward, sufficient sleep, etc. If the treatment is ineffective, they resort to blood transfusion. Prevention. The prevention of anemia consists in the elimination of bleeding. External bleeding is eliminated surgically. Bleeding from the internal organs requires vigorous and often prolonged treatment, and sometimes timely surgical intervention, for example, with a bleeding stomach ulcer, uterine or hemorrhoidal bleeding. Able-bodied patients become only after the cessation of bleeding and with sufficient restoration of blood.
Diseases of the hematopoietic system are a number of pathologies that entail violations in the structure and functional purpose of blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets or plasma. Blood cells can begin to be produced in insufficient quantities or in excess, and the plasma changes due to the ingress of pathological protein structures into it.
Today, more than 100 blood diseases have been studied by science. Hematologists treat patients with such ailments.
Causes of blood diseases
- Hereditary, caused by genetic abnormalities or congenital defects. Here, disorders at the chromosomal level affect the number of blood cells and its general composition for life.
- Acquired due to nutritional deficiencies or drug abuse. Factors provoking these conditions can be radiation, acute poisoning with heavy metals or alcohol surrogates.
Types of blood diseases
Numerous pathologies of hematopoiesis are conditionally combined into 3 large groups:
- anemic, the main characteristic of these diseases is a low hemoglobin content in the blood;
- diathesis of a hemorrhagic nature, when the blood clotting time is disturbed;
- tumor processes that can develop in various organs of the hematopoiesis and circulatory system.
There are also idiopathic diseases of unknown etiology.
Anemia is caused by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin. Its decrease in the blood can be caused by a violation of its synthesis (insufficient production) or pathology in the structure of red blood cells, which deliver it to all body systems. Also, the pathology can be caused by the accelerated breakdown of hemoglobin or red blood cells, in which case they do not have time to perform their functions.
A separate group of anemias are hemorrhagic diseases associated with blood loss. If a person immediately loses half a liter of blood, this is a dangerous acute condition that requires urgent medical attention. Prolonged bleeding of small volumes is classified as chronic, they are not so dangerous, but without appropriate treatment they lead to exhaustion of the body.
Pathologies associated with impaired hemoglobin production are often congenital in nature, but can also occur against the background of poor nutrition, with a decrease in the diet of meat dishes, a deficiency of trace elements (iron, copper, zinc) or B vitamins, folic acid.
Oncological diseases of the blood are characterized by pathologies of the blood at the cellular level, they are divided into leukemia (diseases of the bone marrow) and lymphosis (diseases of the lymphatic system). If the bone marrow is affected, immature atypical cells begin to multiply in it. Oncology of lymphoid vessels is characterized by disturbances in the cellular structure and the formation of pathological nodes and seals.
Hemorrhagic diseases are caused by low blood clotting due to a decrease in the number of platelets, these include thrombopenia, DIC, vasculitis.
The classification of blood diseases includes diseases that cannot be attributed to any of the groups. These are agranulocytosis (deficiency of eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils), eosinophilia - increased production of eosinophils, cytostatic disease - an ailment associated with treatment with anticancer drugs.
Symptoms
There are a lot of diseases of the hematopoietic system, and clinical manifestations depend on which elements of the blood are involved in the process. However, a number of common symptoms can be identified:
- asthenia, decreased performance, weakness, drowsiness;
- palpitations, frequent dizziness, fainting;
- appetite disorders, a feeling of disgust for previously beloved food and smells, or, conversely, an addiction to inhaling toxic substances and eating inedible foods and substances;
- changes in thermoregulation, chronic fever;
- allergic and skin manifestations;
- high susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections;
- tendency to bleeding;
- pain in the region of the liver and spleen, in the bones and muscles.
Common diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
A common hereditary blood disorder is hemophilia. The disease is detected in early childhood and is transmitted through the male line. Due to a defect in the chromosomes, the hematopoietic system is not able to contain the bleeding that has begun, therefore, with this disease, blood loss can be very extensive.
Leukemia is a common systemic blood disease. This is an oncological disease that can occur in both acute and chronic forms. With leukemia, the bone marrow is affected, it begins to produce pathological cells instead of healthy ones. The disease is characterized by fever, bone pain, pronounced asthenic syndrome, pathologies of the oral cavity (stomatitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis).
Of the autoimmune blood pathologies, thrombocytopenia is not uncommon. Important structural elements of the blood, platelets, have defects in the structure, because of this, the clinic of these diseases is dominated by a tendency to external and internal bleeding, headaches and joint pain, and damage to internal organs.
Diagnostics
The presence of blood pathologies is confirmed with the help of laboratory tests, advanced analyzes with the count of formed elements allow you to quickly detect violations in the hematopoietic system. If necessary, the blood is examined for fibrinogen or the rate of blood clotting.
In diseases of the bone marrow, according to the testimony of a doctor, a biopsy is taken using a puncture. To determine the cause of hereditary diseases, genetic studies are prescribed.
Treatment
Therapy of blood diseases requires an accurate diagnosis, only in this case everything can be cured or the pathology corrected. Of the general principles of symptomatic treatment, one can note infusion therapy (to relieve fever and intoxication), blood or plasma transfusion (to replenish blood elements), supportive and restorative therapy. Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation are used to treat blood tumors.
The body is a kind of orchestra, the coordinated work of the instruments of which depends on survival in constantly changing environmental conditions. Each cell in this community is called upon to fulfill its global task. To achieve the goal, nature has provided for each organ all the necessary means. The brain has an extensive network of nerve endings and a high speed of information transfer. The liver has amazing internal architecture. The kidneys have an unusual vascular network. The lungs are designed to absorb oxygen. However, without exception, all cells and tissues need blood every second to live. It does a lot of work in the body. Despite the colossal tensile strength, diseases also affect this special tissue. For most, scientists have developed effective treatments.
The role of blood in the human body
Without blood, the life of the human body is impossible. Cells and tissues need oxygen, nutrients and building material every second. All this is provided by the blood. By its origin, it is a type of connective tissue. Its main difference is its liquid state. Blood composition is heterogeneous. Each of its components is designed to perform its task. Like other types of connective tissue, blood contains cells. Their entire mass is divided into three varieties:
- red blood cells (erythrocytes);
- white blood cells (leukocytes);
- platelets (platelets).
Erythrocytes are the most numerous cells. Their content in the blood in a thousand exceeds that of other cells. In their appearance, they resemble a biconcave disk. Thanks to this shape, they are able to pass without damage even through the narrowest vascular tubes - capillaries. Inside the erythrocyte contains a large amount of hemoglobin protein. Iron, located in the center of this structure, is able to attach oxygen and carry it to other tissues and organs. A mature erythrocyte, as unnecessary, does not contain a nucleus. Such a cell lives for about one hundred and twenty days, after which it is disassembled into its component parts in the spleen. Many components of hemoglobin are reused.
Erythrocyte - the main carrier of oxygen in the bodySecrets of the blood - video
White blood cells - leukocytes - do not contain hemoglobin and are not involved in supplying the body with oxygen. They are part of the immune system that protects organs from intruders, pathogens and viruses. Neutrophil leukocytes attack the enemy directly in close combat. The cell engulfs the microbe and digests it. Under the microscope, a peculiar nucleus of neutrophils in the form of a pearl necklace is clearly visible. Inside they contain multi-colored granules.
Leukocytes - the main defenders of the body from foreign agents Another type of white blood cells are lymphocytes. These immunity fighters do not like to face the enemy face to face. Usually they act in more ingenious ways. Against microbes, lymphocytes produce proteins-antibodies. Traveling through the vessels, antibodies find a bacterium or virus and combine with them. The microbe loses its pathogenic properties and is excreted from the body. A spherical nucleus of a lymphocyte is visible under a microscope. These cells do not contain granules. Platelets are the third type of blood cells. They are thin plates without a core. E These blood cells are involved in the process of clotting and stopping bleeding. All blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow and share a common precursor, the stem cell. From it, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are subsequently formed.
All blood cells are formed from the same precursor, the stem cell. Hematopoietic system - video
The composition of blood, in addition to cells, includes a liquid part - plasma. It is water mixed with various chemicals - proteins, minerals, hormones. Thanks to these substances, blood coagulates if necessary, carries chemical signals to target organs, retains water in the vascular bed, and transports nutrients and building material.
Most of the blood plasma is made up of water. Symptoms and signs
Blood diseases are sometimes manifested by such symptoms, which are primarily attributed to the pathology of individual internal organs. Blood is not located in one part of the body, so the signs of trouble are scattered and can often mislead even a specialist. Quite often, a blood disease is accompanied by several groups of symptoms.
Symptoms of blood diseases - table
| Common name for the syndrome | Cause of symptoms | Symptoms of blood diseases |
| Anemic | Deficiency of red blood cells erythrocytes and hemoglobin (anemia) |
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| Hemorrhagic | Blood clotting disorders |
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| intoxication | Poisoning the body with tumor toxins |
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| Infectious | Resilience Weakening body infections |
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| Lymphadenopathy | White blood cell diseases |
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| Hepatosplenomegaly | Blood diseases |
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| Plethoric | Excess red cells blood (plethora) |
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| sideropenic | iron deficiency in the body |
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| Ossalgic | Blood diseases |
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| Ulcerative necrotic | Blood diseases |
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| hyperplastic | Blood diseases |
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| hemolytic | Excess destruction red blood cells (hemolysis) |
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Symptoms of blood diseases - photo gallery
Paleness is a sign of anemia (anemia) 
Hematoma is one of the symptoms of blood clotting diseases. 
Lymph nodes - an organ of the immune system 
The spleen is involved in hematopoiesis 
Icteric coloration of the skin occurs with excessive breakdown of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) 
Stomatitis is one of the characteristic signs of blood disease 
Hemorrhages on the skin - a symptom of blood diseases
Diagnostic methods
The path to a definitive diagnosis of a blood disease is often long and difficult. Sometimes it is required to carry out many analyzes and studies, standard and more complex. Modern medicine has a wide range of studies that help a specialist make a diagnosis:
- standard inspection. During an external examination of the patient, the doctor pays attention to the color and condition of the skin and mucous membranes, palatine tonsils, tongue, the presence of small hemorrhages and larger hematomas. Without fail, the liver, spleen, all groups of lymph nodes (inguinal, popliteal, axillary, cervical, submandibular, etc.) are probed;
- laboratory blood test according to the standard method. Deviation from the norm of the number of cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) makes the doctor suspect a specific diagnosis. Often, along with normal cells, tumor cells (blasts) are found in the blood;
General analysis - a mandatory study for blood diseases - laboratory analysis of blood coagulation. It includes several tests. It is carried out without fail in cases of suspected coagulation diseases;
- bone marrow research. The most common option for obtaining bone marrow cells is a puncture of the sternum (sternal puncture). The procedure is carried out using a special Kassirsky needle. A small amount of bone marrow is taken into the syringe. The material is examined in detail under a microscope. With the help of this method, tumors of hematopoietic organs (leukemia, erythroblastosis) are effectively diagnosed. For a more detailed study of the bone marrow, the extraction of material with a needle from the ilium (trepanobiopsy) is used;
Bone marrow examination - informative analysis for blood diseases - in some cases, it is required to examine the cells of the lymph node. The material is taken using a conventional syringe without anesthesia, after which it is studied by a specialist under a microscope. In some situations, a site of a lymph node (biopsy) is taken for examination for subsequent histological examination;
Lymph nodes contain white blood cells - spleen examination. The material is taken with a needle, after which smears are prepared from it. The study of this material under a microscope is required for certain types of anemia and tumors;
- x-ray examination is used to look for changes in the lymph nodes of the chest, as well as large and small bones;
- ultrasound is an informative and safe method for examining the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes;
Ultrasound - a method for examining the liver and spleen - computer (magnetic resonance) tomography is a valuable method for studying the anatomical structure of internal organs. Based on a series of images, the specialist will determine the structure and size of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bones;
- modern technologies make it possible to determine a specific type of white blood cells and blasts by immunophenotyping. The reaction involves the cells themselves and proteins-antibodies to them, artificially created by man;
- genetic analysis allows you to establish the nature of hereditary blood diseases (for example, hemophilia). The material for research is blood.
Genetic analysis is used to diagnose blood diseases
What blood tests say - video
Varieties of blood diseases
Blood diseases are a whole group of heterogeneous diseases. The pathological process can affect both cells and the liquid part of the blood. The reasons can be different: hereditary diseases, bone marrow tumors, deficiency of various vitamins and microelements. Each disease differs in the nature of the course and prognosis.
Diseases of red blood cells
Red blood cell diseases can be divided into two broad groups. In the first case, the pathology leads to a deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin. All these diseases are united under the general name of anemia (anemia). The second group of diseases leads to a sharp increase in the number - plethora (polycythemia).
Types of anemia and polycythemia - table
| Name of blood disease | Frequency of occurrence | Cause | Treatment Methods | Forecast | |
| Acquired aplastic anemia |
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| Iron-deficiency anemia |
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| Sideroblastic anemia |
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| Thalassemia | rare disease | hereditary disease |
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| B12-folate deficiency (megaloblastic) anemia |
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| Hemolytic anemia |
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| Polycythemia | rare disease | genetic breakdown |
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| The prognosis is favorable |
Anemia - photo gallery
B12 deficiency anemia is characterized by the presence of megaloblasts 
Microspherocytic anemia is a type of hemolytic anemia. 
sickle cell anemia - hereditary hemolytic anemia 
With thalassemia, the shape and structure of the hemoglobin protein changes. 
With iron deficiency anemia, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin decreases
Anemia - video
Diseases of leukocytes
The disease can affect all types of white blood cells - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes. Against the background of reduced immunity, such people are more likely to suffer from viral and other infectious diseases. There are tumors from leukocyte precursor cells.
Diseases of white blood cells - table
| Name of blood disease | Frequency of occurrence | Cause | Characteristic features of the disease | Treatment Methods | Forecast |
| Neutropenia | rare disease | hereditary disease |
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| Neutropenia | Frequently occurring disease |
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| Eosinophilia | Frequently occurring disease |
| An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood | Treatment of the underlying disease |
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| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Frequently occurring disease |
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| Acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia | Frequently occurring disease | Acquired malignant disease |
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| Chronic meloblastic leukemia | Frequently occurring disease | Acquired malignant disease |
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| Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia | Frequently occurring disease | Acquired malignant disease |
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White blood cell diseases - photo gallery
In leukemia, immature blood cells (blasts) are found in the blood 
Myeloid leukemia is a malignant tumor 
Leukemia is a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow 
Eosinophilia is a rare disease of the blood system
Acute leukemia - video
Platelet diseases
Platelets play an important role in blood clotting. They are all part of one large megakaryocyte progenitor cell located in the bone marrow. A variety of diseases often lead to a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) or a change in their properties (thrombocytopathy). In some cases, the content of platelets is overestimated (thrombophilia).
Thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathies and other diseases - table
| Name of blood disease | Frequency of occurrence | Cause | Characteristic features of the disease | Treatment Methods | Forecast |
| thrombocythemia | rare disease | genetic breakdown |
| Prescribing drugs that inhibit the formation of platelets |
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| Thrombocytopenia | Frequent illness |
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| Thrombocytopathy | rare disease | hereditary disease |
| Prescribing drugs that improve platelet metabolism |
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Diseases of the coagulation system
The blood in the vessels is maintained in a liquid state. If necessary, blood clots (thrombi) are formed from it, closing the hole in the vessel. The blood contains a variety of substances that affect clotting. Deficiency of at least one causes a serious disease with increased bleeding.
Blood coagulation diseases - table
| Name of blood disease | Frequency of occurrence | Cause | Characteristic features of the disease | Treatment Methods | Forecast |
| Hemophilia | rare disease | genetic breakdown |
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| von Willebrand disease | rare disease | genetic breakdown |
| Prescribing a drug containing the missing clotting agent |
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| Afibrinogenemia | rare disease | genetic breakdown |
| Prescribing a drug containing fibrinogen |
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Clotting diseases - photo gallery
Blood clotting takes place in several stages 
Hemophilia is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner 
Fibrin strands help form a clot and stop bleeding
Hemophilia - video
Prevention
Currently, measures have been developed to prevent both congenital and acquired blood diseases. In the first case, genetic analysis and medical genetic counseling play an important role. The specialist will study in detail the pedigree of the parents and the probability of the birth of a sick child in this family. The presence of defective genes can be established even while the fetus is in the womb. For the prevention of acquired blood diseases, it is necessary to follow a number of recommendations:
Diseases of the blood for a long time can be secretive and asymptomatic. Pathological changes usually capture the entire body. Treatment of blood diseases often occurs during life. A timely visit to the doctor at the first signs of trouble in the body is the key to a favorable outcome.
Blood diseases are a fairly large and diverse group of diseases, accompanied by a structural or functional disorder, a pathological change in the number of blood cells such as leukocytes (white blood cells that fight infections), platelets (due to which blood tends to clot) and erythrocytes (red blood cells). oxygen-carrying bodies). Blood diseases also affect the liquid part of the blood - plasma.
Typical examples of blood diseases caused by a change in the number of cellular elements are, for example, anemia or erythremia (increased number of red blood cells in the blood). And an example of a blood disease caused by a change in the structure and functions of cellular elements is sickle cell anemia, lazy leukocyte syndrome, etc. Pathologies in which the quantity, structure, and functions of cellular elements change are hemoblastoses, which are commonly called blood cancer.
Blood diseases
The science of hematology deals with the pathogenesis of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs. Depending on the etiology of occurrence and class, the main types of disorders are distinguished:
- erythrocyte diseases;
- pathology of leukocytes;
- platelet disease;
- blood incoagulability.
Each group brings together a large list of systemic and autoimmune diseases. In total, there are about 100 pathological abnormalities in the process of hematopoiesis.
Descriptions of blood disorders
Causes of blood diseases
The causes of blood diseases are different. So, diseases associated with the problem of blood clotting are usually hereditary. They are diagnosed in young children.
All infectious diseases of the blood, the list of which includes malaria and other diseases, are transmitted through the carrier of the infection. It could be an insect or another person.
The cause of blood disease can also be radiation, radioactive or toxic poisoning. Anemia can occur due to poor nutrition, which does not provide the body with the necessary elements and vitamins.
Symptoms of blood diseases
The greatest danger in the course of blood diseases is the difficulty of early diagnosis, since most of the symptoms are not specific to this nosological group, and the patient most often attributes various types of ailments to overwork, seasonal vitamin deficiency and considers it a transient phenomenon.
Blood disease can be suspected by the following signs:
Diagnosis of blood diseases
In the diagnosis of blood diseases, many laboratory and instrumental research methods are used. Of particular importance are various blood tests. Further, during treatment, diagnostic procedures are carried out with greater frequency to monitor the dynamics of treatment and determine the effectiveness of therapy.
| Morphological study of blood. A detailed analysis allows you to identify the exact cause of the disease of the blood system. The ratio of erythrocytes, the level of hemoglobin, leukocytes and not only are important. With this study, anemia is accurately determined. |
| Puncture. To track clear changes in the hematopoietic organs, a simple blood sampling is not enough. In many cases of leukemia, the cellular composition of the fluid tissue is not altered, so bone marrow from the sternum will help form a more accurate picture of what is happening. Bone marrow is harvested from many parts of the body, such as the ilium. |
| Blood diseases are more reliably determined by the method of trepanobiopsy. The ilium column with fragments of bone marrow tissue is excised to obtain accurate data. There is not a drop of liquid substance in the procedure. |
| All kinds of blood tests for blood diseases that are carried out in any medical institution. |
| Puncture of the spleen and biopsy of the lymph node are also an effective research method. |
| To detect hemorrhagic syndrome, there is a coagulation and differential test. |
| To identify the size of the spleen, evaluate its function and possible focal lesions of the internal organ, they resort to radioisotope methods. |
Treatment of blood diseases
Therapy for a blood disease is determined by the diagnosis.
For anemia:
Leukemias are treated in a hospital using a variety of cytotoxic drug regimens (the choice is based on the type of disease).
Therapy of thrombocytopenia is based on the intake of glucocorticoids, chemotherapy with alkaloid preparations. If indicated, a splenectomy may be performed. With thrombocytopathies, hemostatics (dicinone, etamsylate), vascular strengthening drugs (vitamin C, rutin) are prescribed. Patients are prescribed a special diet.
Coagulopathy is treated by replacing the deficient factor with a donor one. People with congenital coagulopathy should always carry a patient card with them so that if massive bleeding occurs, the ambulance and hospital staff know how to stop it.
Prevention of blood diseases
Prevention of blood diseases consists in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and limiting the influence of negative environmental factors, namely:
Questions and answers on the topic "Blood diseases"
Question:Hello! I have a 1.3-month-old child with hemoglobin 95, they drank the iron preparation Hexavin. It doesn't go higher. What products do you recommend to us? The child is being breastfed.
Answer: If your child's anemia is due to a lack of iron, then it is impossible to replenish it from any food and eliminate anemia when it has already developed. In this case, only iron preparations are indicated. Diet therapy is an auxiliary treatment for anemia and becomes important to prevent its recurrence only when the anemia is eliminated. The drug Geksavit is not an iron preparation, but refers to multivitamins without mineral complexes. You can choose the optimal iron preparation for your child, as well as an adequate dosage and duration of treatment, by signing up for a consultation with a pediatric hematologist.
Blood diseases in humans are manifested in violations of the quantities and ratios of blood cells, their structure, size, and characteristics of plasma. In medical vocabulary, it is customary to use the term "systemic blood diseases". It includes such concepts as diseases of the organs that produce red (erythrocytes), white (leukocytes) and lamellar (platelets) blood cells, that is, bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen.
Prevalence b
Here is a list and the main symptoms of anemia in humans:
- incessant;
- Fainting, dizziness;
- Ringing in the ears constantly;
- Shortness of breath with symptoms;
- There is a constant lack of air;
- Stitching pains in the heart.
- Darkening, ;
- memory impairment;
- Insomnia;
- Short temper.
In older people, a drop in hemoglobin in the blood leads to heart failure. Specific symptoms, for example, an unnatural taste with, yellow staining of the skin or mucous membranes with hemolytic, or hemorrhages with hypoplastic, are not taken into account.
Blood diseases with ulcerative necrotic symptoms
Ulcers and necrotic tissue damage occurs due to the degradation of the granulocyte germ of the bone marrow.
For diseases with the manifestation of ulcerative-necrotic changes, the following symptoms are characteristic:
- Violation of the act of swallowing due to severe pain;
- Salivation;
- bloating, pain and cramps;
- Diarrhea;
- Putrid smell from the mouth;
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa;
- Angina;
- Ulceration in the esophagus;
- Ulcers in the large intestine.
Blood diseases with fever
What are blood diseases with fever? The most common diseases with fever are called hemoblastoses and lymphosarcoma. The cause of fever is a peculiar, raising temperature, effect of tissue decomposition products, formed elements during the occurrence and expansion of ulcers.
Blood diseases are accompanied by fever, chills and profuse sweating.
Diseases with signs of intoxication
Almost all blood diseases are diseases with severe intoxication. But, poisoning by the decomposition products of one's own tissues is manifested in different pathologies in different ways.
Weakness is a consequence of the formation of toxic compounds from decaying tissues and accompanies other symptoms of blood intoxication characteristic of leukemia and anemia.
With the release of histamine from destroyed blood cells, basophilia and erythremia, itching is felt. A characteristic symptom of malignant lymphomas is weight loss in the absence of appetite.
The most common of the diseases with pain in the joints and bones are pathologies accompanied by osteoarthropathic syndrome. In such cases, inflammation of the joints develops, hemorrhages in the cavity of the bone joint. Feeling pain in the bones. The cause of the disease is the germination of the neoplasm tissue into the joint capsule and bone tissue, primarily the bone marrow.
Symptoms of pathology are:
- Pain in the bones of the skull, spine, ribs, ilium;
- Pain in the tubular bones with Rustitzky's disease;
- Radical pain. Caused by the germination of tumor cells inside the bones in myeloma and malignant granuloma;
- Pain in the joints with hemolytic anemia, hemophilia;
- Hyperemia of the skin of the joints, swelling, disruption.
Diseases with symptoms of immunodeficiency
Immunity deficiency occurs for two reasons: insufficient reproduction of leukocytes or the production of antibodies to destroy one's own tissues. Diseases with immunodeficiency are accompanied by an ongoing series of colds.
The patient is observed untreated bronchitis and pneumonia. The slightest scratches of the skin end in suppuration. Kidney diseases are diagnosed: pelvic and glomerular nephritis.
Diseases with abnormal levels of serum proteins
Hodgkin's disease and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia are considered the most common diseases with a violation.
Hodgkin's symptoms and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia:
- Exhausting;
- memory lapses;
- Pain in limbs. Numbness;
- Bleeding from the nose;
- Visual impairment
Viral mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic, sickle-shaped and deficiency anemia are diseases with an enlarged liver and spleen.
These diseases are characterized by the following symptoms:
- Heaviness and pain in the stomach;
- Bloating
- Increasing weakness;
- Yellowness of the skin.
Prevention
You should follow certain rules of prevention in order to learn how to prevent blood diseases:
- Timely treat diseases accompanied by hemorrhages;
- Treat infectious diseases in accordance with the doctor's recommendations;
- Organize a diet balanced in proteins, minerals and vitamins;
- Do not abuse x-ray examinations and control radiation doses;
- Use personal protective equipment when working with aggressive environments, pesticides, paints. lead salts, other toxic substances;
- Avoid hypothermia and overheating;
- Prevent stressful situations;
- Do not abuse alcohol and tobacco
Compliance with these simple rules will help maintain health, ability to work and protect against diseases of the blood system and many others.
