gas distribution

Gas meters with a dimensional aperture (diaphragm gas meter) are the most common type of gas meters for measuring the volume of gas consumption (to pay for gas by household consumers and small industries).

The principle of operation of a gas meter with a diaphragm

In the gas meter, a measured volume is made, separated by a flexible diaphragm - two measured volumes are obtained: gas enters volume A, gas is squeezed out of volume B by the diaphragm. In the next cycle, gas enters volume B, and is squeezed out of volume A.
The principle of operation of a gas meter with a diaphragm is to count the number of gas extrusion to the consumer.

Obviously, the gas meter does not count the mass of supplied-sold combustible gas, but the volume of gas.

Reduced gas pressure automatically increases the price of gas

Reduced gas pressure reduces the density of the gas supplied to the consumer, and hence its mass in cubic meters. That is, the price of natural gas per kilogram increases.

Do seasonal adjustment factors apply? In winter, in cold weather, is it considered that gas is denser?
This is precisely why in winter, when the consumer burns more gas for the sake of heat, it is beneficial for the gas distribution company - "gorgaz" - "oblgaz" (in general, national fuel gas distribution corporation) that the gas in the gas pipe be at reduced pressure.

Do you have information about what gas enters your home?
For example, I did not find natfuel.com on the National Fuel Gas Company website (Western New York and Pennsylvania - natural gas supplier). The site has everything - how to pay for gas, how to read the gas meter, about gas household appliances, even about working in a company.

But I did not find a description of the subject - for what the gas company collects money from consumers, that is, a description of the gas itself - how much is its calorie content in a cubic meter according to the meter: pressure, gas composition.
Are they hiding?

The gas meter counted 100 cubic meters of gas.
And how much heat did the gas company actually supply to me?

Such "household gas meters SGBET G6 "Pegas" (with electronic thermal compensation) ITRON (Germany), made in the city of Engels"...
By the way, verification of meters (checking the accuracy of the meter) of natural gas is carried out with air, according to the verification methodology.
Or American Meter AC-250 Diaphragm Gas Meter from IMAC Systems, Inc. (Tullytown, PA).
Imported Chinese mechanical diaphragm gas meter G series "company" Hangzhou Beta Gas Meter Co. has even a more frank description - it is intended to measure the volume of gases: natural gas, LPG and all non-aggressive gases:
Total pressure loss ≤ 200Pa
Working pressure in the range of 0.5 ~ 50 kPa
Cyclic volume 1.2 dm3 (liters).
Yes, gas meters measure the flow of a certain gas, but this makes the consumer warmer by an unknown number of degrees.

And a storage manometer, according to the readings of which one can judge the density of natural gas, that is, the mass of purchased gas, is completely absent in the gas meter. That is, the principle pay for an unknown amount of gas (calories) and be satisfied.

The price of gas (natural household gas, propane, fuel gas, fuel gas, natural gas, propane) is determined by the gas supplier in money (euros, dollars, etc.) per cubic meter of gas.
A consumer (subscriber, apartment) gas meter measures the volume of gas, but heat-calories are given to the consumer by the mass of burned hydrocarbon-natural gas.

The higher the pressure - the higher the density of the gas, the mass of a cubic meter of gas - the greater the calorific value of a cubic meter of gas.

Here is the main way to deceive natural gas consumers equipped with a gas meter - to supply gas with lower pressure.

Cubic meters of gas are considered under standard conditions (pressure 0.101325 MPa, temperature 20 ° C), but gas is supplied from the gas distribution station to the house wiring under pressure - low-pressure gas pipelines have excess pressure before 0.005 MPa. And under what exact pressure gas is supplied to the consumer is a total mystery.

Selling gas by cubic meters is the same as selling gasoline by liters, only ten times more profitable. Gasoline is supplied to the gas station in tons, and they sell it in liters. Naturally, a kilogram of gasoline is more expensive in summer than in winter - due to different density depending on temperature.

The composition of the gas and the heat of its combustion

For the example of the composition of natural gas in various gas pipelines of the Russian Federation, see (1), the average composition of natural gas, its calorific value, and density.
Gas composition, in percent by volume - CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, CO2, N2, H20, He
density of natural gas - kg / m3 (kilogram per cubic meter at atmospheric pressure - normal conditions) - from 0.712 to 1.036.

A cubic meter of gas is how much heat?

The calorific value of a cubic meter of gas is from 45.85 (10950) to 28.30 (6760) MJ/m3 (Kcal/m3).
And domestic tariffs for gas supply do not indicate how much heat the consumer will receive for the purchased cubic meter of gas, which was counted by the gas meter.

LPG, LPG (propane) - liquefied gas has the same problem, but to a lesser extent: if propane, then propane, if methane, then methane; with a very specific heat of combustion of a kilogram of "gas". Besides, liquefied gas is sold in specific kilograms, and not in conditional cubic meters of gas. It is not a conditional cat in a poke that is bought, but specific heat. Question: which is more profitable? Network gas or gas cylinders / gas tank?
Answer: it is not profitable to buy either one or the other, but it is more profitable not to buy gas for fuel at all - see about self-home

Any fuel, when burned, releases heat (energy), quantified in joules or calories (4.3J = 1cal). In practice, to measure the amount of heat that is released during the combustion of fuel, calorimeters are used - complex devices for laboratory use. The heat of combustion is also called the calorific value.

The amount of heat obtained from the combustion of fuel depends not only on its calorific value, but also on its mass.

To compare substances in terms of the amount of energy released during combustion, the value of the specific heat of combustion is more convenient. It shows the amount of heat generated during the combustion of one kilogram (mass specific heat of combustion) or one liter, cubic meter (volume specific heat of combustion) of fuel.

The units of specific heat of combustion of fuel accepted in the SI system are kcal / kg, MJ / kg, kcal / m³, MJ / m³, as well as their derivatives.

The energy value of fuel is determined precisely by the value of its specific heat of combustion. The relationship between the amount of heat generated during the combustion of fuel, its mass and the specific heat of combustion is expressed by a simple formula:

Q = qm, where Q is the amount of heat in J, q is the specific heat of combustion in J/kg, m is the mass of the substance in kg.

For all types of fuel and most combustible substances, the values ​​of the specific heat of combustion have long been determined and tabulated, which are used by specialists when calculating the heat released during the combustion of fuel or other materials. In different tables, slight discrepancies are possible, obviously explained by slightly different measurement methods or different calorific value of the same type of combustible materials extracted from different deposits.

Specific heat of combustion of some types of fuel

Of the solid fuels, coal has the highest energy intensity - 27 MJ / kg (anthracite - 28 MJ / kg). Charcoal has similar indicators (27 MJ / kg). Brown coal is much less calorific - 13 MJ/kg. In addition, it usually contains a lot of moisture (up to 60%), which, evaporating, reduces the value of the total calorific value.

Peat burns with a heat of 14-17 MJ/kg (depending on its condition - crumb, pressed, briquette). Firewood dried to 20% moisture emits from 8 to 15 MJ/kg. At the same time, the amount of energy received from aspen and from birch can almost double. Approximately the same indicators are given by pellets from different materials - from 14 to 18 MJ / kg.

Much less than solid fuels, liquid fuels differ in specific heat of combustion. Thus, the specific heat of combustion of diesel fuel is 43 MJ / l, gasoline - 44 MJ / l, kerosene - 43.5 MJ / l, fuel oil - 40.6 MJ / l.

The specific heat of combustion of natural gas is 33.5 MJ/m³, propane - 45 MJ/m³. The most energy-intensive gaseous fuel is hydrogen gas (120 MJ/m³). It is very promising for use as a fuel, but to date, optimal options for its storage and transportation have not yet been found.

Comparison of the energy intensity of different types of fuel

When comparing the energy value of the main types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, it can be established that one liter of gasoline or diesel fuel corresponds to 1.3 m³ of natural gas, one kilogram of coal - 0.8 m³ of gas, one kg of firewood - 0.4 m³ of gas.

The calorific value of fuel is the most important indicator of efficiency, however, the breadth of its distribution in the areas of human activity depends on the technical capabilities and economic indicators of use.

Calorific value of natural gas kcal m3

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Physical quantities

The heat output of heating equipment is usually presented in kilowatts (kW), kilocalories per hour (kcal/ h) or in megajoules per hour (MJ/ h) .

1 kW = 0.86 kcal/h = 3.6 MJ/h

Energy consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), kilocalories (kcal) or megajoules (MJ).

1 kWh = 0.86 kcal = 3.6 MJ

Most domestic heating appliances have a capacity of

within 10 - 45 kW.

Natural gas

Natural gas consumption is usually measured in cubic meters (m3 ) . This value is recorded by your gas meter and it is the gas worker who records it when he takes readings. One cubic meter of natural gas contains 37.5 MJ or 8,958 kcal of energy.

Propane (liquefied gas, LPG)*

Propane consumption is usually measured in liters (l) . One liter of propane contains 25.3 MJ or 6,044 kcal of energy. Basically, all the rules and concepts that apply to natural gas apply to propane, with a slight adjustment for calorie content. Propane has a lower hydrogen content than natural gas. When propane is burned, the amount of heat released in latent form is about 3% less than that of natural gas. This suggests that traditional propane fuel pumps are slightly more productive than those fueled by natural gas. On the other hand, when we are dealing with high-efficiency condensing heaters, the reduced hydrogen content complicates the condensation process and propane heaters are slightly inferior to those that run on natural gas.

* Unlike Canada, not pure propane is common in Ukraine, and propane - butane mixtures, in which the proportion of propane can vary from 20 before 80 %. Butane has a calorie content 6 742 kcal/ l. Important to remember, that the boiling point of propane is minus 43 ° c, and the boiling point of butane – only minus 0,5 ° C. In practice, this leads to, that with a high content of butane in a gas cylinder in the cold, the gas from the cylinder does not evaporate without additional heating .

darnik_truda

Notes of a wandering locksmith - Malaga Truth

How much gas is in the bottle

Oxygen, argon, helium, welding mixtures: 40 liters cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cubic meters
Acetylene: 40 liters cylinder at 19 atm - 4.5 cubic meters
Carbon dioxide: 40 liters cylinder - 24 kg - 12 cubic meters
Propane: 50 liters cylinder - 42 liters of liquid gas - 21 kg - 10 cubic meters.

The pressure of oxygen in the cylinder depending on the temperature

40C - 105 atm
-20C - 120 atm
0C - 135 atm
+20C - 150 atm (nominal)
+40C - 165 atm

Welding wire Sv-08 and its derivatives, weight 1 kilometer in length

0.6 - 2.222 kg
0.8 - 3.950 kg
1.0 - 6.173 kg
1.2 - 8.888 kg

Calorific value (calorific value) of liquefied and natural gas

Natural gas – 8500 kcal/m3
Liquefied gas - 21800 kcal / m3

Examples of using the above data

Question: How long will gas and wire last when welding with a semiautomatic device with a 0.8 mm wire cassette weighing 5 kg and a 10 liter carbon dioxide cylinder?
Answer: Welding wire SV-08 with a diameter of 0.8 mm weighs 3.950 kg 1 kilometer, which means that there are about 1200 meters of wire on a 5 kg cassette. If the average feed rate for such a wire is 4 meters per minute, then the cassette will go in 300 minutes. Carbon dioxide in a “large” 40-liter cylinder is 12 cubic meters or 12,000 liters, if counted for a “small” 10-liter cylinder, then there will be 3 cubic meters of carbon dioxide in it. meters or 3000 liters. If the gas flow rate for purge is 10 liters per minute, then a 10-liter cylinder should last 300 minutes or for 1 0.8 wire cassette weighing 5 kg, or a “large” 40 liter cylinder for 4 5 kg cassettes.

Question: I want to put a gas boiler in the country and be heated from cylinders, how long will one cylinder last?
Answer: In a 50-liter "large" propane cylinder, there are 21 kg of liquefied gas or 10 cubic meters of gas in gaseous form. We find the boiler data, for example, take the very common AOGV-11.6 boiler with a capacity of 11.6 kW and designed for heating 110 square meters. meters. On the ZhMZ website, the consumption is immediately indicated in kilograms per hour for liquefied gas - 0.86 kg per hour when operating at full capacity. We divide 21 kg of gas in a cylinder by 0.86 kg / hour = 18 hours of continuous burning of such a boiler on 1 cylinder, in reality this will happen if it is -30C outside with a standard house and the usual requirement for air temperature in it, and if it is outside will be only -20C, then 1 cylinder will be enough for 24 hours (day). We can conclude that in order to heat an ordinary house of 110 square meters. meters of bottled gas in the cold months of the year, you need about 30 bottles per month. It must be remembered that due to the different calorific value of liquefied and natural gas, the consumption of liquefied and natural gas at the same power for boilers is different. To switch from one type of gas to another in boilers, it is usually necessary to change jets / nozzles. When making calculations, be sure to take this into account and take the flow data specifically for a boiler with jets for the correct gas.

Calorific value of natural gas kcal m3

How much gas is in the cylinder Oxygen, argon, helium, welding mixtures: 40 liters cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cubic meters Acetylene: 40 liters cylinder at 19 atm - 4.5 cubic meters Carbon dioxide: 40 liters cylinder - 24 kg - 12 cubic meters .m Propane: 50 liters cylinder - 42 liters of liquid gas - 21 kg - 10 cubic meters. The oxygen pressure in the cylinder...

Quick reference guide for the beginner welder

How much gas is in the bottle

Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, welding mixtures: 40-liter cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cu. m / helium 1 kg, other compressed gases 8-10 kg
Acetylene: 40-liter cylinder at 19 kgf / cm2 - 4.5 cu. m / 5.5 kg of dissolved gas
Carbonic acid: 40-liter bottle - 12 cu. m / 24 kg liquid gas
Propane: 50 liter tank - 10 cu. m / 42 liters liquid gas / 21 kg liquid gas

How much do balloons weigh

Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, welding mixtures: the weight of an empty 40-liter cylinder is 70 kg
Acetylene: weight of an empty 40-liter cylinder - 90 kg
Propane: weight of an empty 50-liter cylinder - 22 kg

What is the thread on the cylinders

Thread for valves in cylinder necks according to GOST 9909-81
W19.2 - 10-liter and smaller cylinders for any gases, as well as carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
W27.8 - 40 liters of oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, as well as 5, 12, 27 and 50 liters of propane
W30.3 - 40 liter acetylene
М18х1,5 - fire extinguishers

Thread on the valve for connecting the reducer
G1 / 2 ″ - often found on 10-liter cylinders, an adapter is needed for a standard gearbox
G3/4″ - standard for 40-liter oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, welding mixtures
SP 21.8×1/14″ — for propane, left thread

Pressure of oxygen or argon in a fully charged cylinder depending on temperature

40C - 105 kgf/cm2
-20C - 120 kgf/cm2
0C - 135 kgf/cm2
+20C - 150 kgf/cm2 (nominal)
+40C - 165 kgf/cm2

Helium pressure in a fully filled cylinder as a function of temperature

40C - 120 kgf/cm2
-20C - 130 kgf/cm2
0C - 140 kgf/cm2
+20C - 150 kgf/cm2 (nominal)
+40C - 160 kgf/cm2

The pressure of acetylene in a fully filled cylinder depending on the temperature

5C - 13.4 kgf/cm2
0C - 14.0 kgf/cm2
+20C - 19.0 kgf/cm2 (nominal)
+30C - 23.5 kgf/cm2
+40C - 30.0 kgf/cm2

Welding wire Sv-08, weight of 1 kilometer of wire along the length, depending on the diameter

0.6 mm - 2.222 kg
0.8 mm - 3.950 kg
1.0 mm - 6.173 kg
1.2 mm - 8.888 kg

Calorific value (calorific value) of natural and liquefied gas

Natural gas - 8570 kcal/m3
Propane - 22260 kcal/m3
Butane - 29415 kcal/m3
Liquefied gas SUG (average propane-butane mixture) - 25800 kcal/m3
In terms of calorific value, 1 cubic meter of liquefied gas = 3 cubic meters of natural gas!

Differences between household propane cylinders and industrial ones

Household gearboxes for gas stoves such as RDSG-1-1.2 "Frog" and RDSG-2-1.2 "Baltika" - capacity 1.2 m3 / h, outlet pressure 2000 - 3600 Pa (0.02 - 0.036 kgf/cm2).
Industrial gearboxes for flame treatment type BPO-5 - capacity 5 m3/hour, outlet pressure 1 - 3 kgf/cm2.

Basic information about gas welding torches

Torches type G2 "Baby", "Asterisk" are the most common and versatile welding torches, and when buying a torch for general purposes, it is worth buying them. Burners can be equipped with different tips, and depending on the installed tip, have different characteristics:

Tip No. 1 - thickness of the welded metal 0.5 - 1.5 mm - average consumption of acetylene / oxygen 75/90 l / h
Tip No. 2 - thickness of the welded metal 1 - 3 mm - average consumption of acetylene / oxygen 150/180 l / h
Tip No. 3 - thickness of the welded metal 2 - 4 mm - average consumption of acetylene / oxygen 260/300 l / h

It is important to know and remember that acetylene torches cannot work stably on propane, and for welding, soldering, heating parts with a propane-oxygen flame, it is necessary to use GZU type burners and others specially designed to work on propane-butane. It must be borne in mind that welding with a propane-oxygen flame gives worse weld characteristics than welding with acetylene or electric welding, and therefore it should be resorted to only in exceptional cases, but soldering or heating with propane can be even more comfortable than with acetylene. The characteristics of propane-oxygen burners, depending on the installed tip, are as follows:

Tip No. 1 - average consumption of propane-butane / oxygen 50/175 l / h
Tip No. 2 - average consumption of propane-butane / oxygen 100/350 l / h
Tip No. 3 - average consumption of propane-butane / oxygen 200/700 l / h

For the correct and safe operation of the burner, it is very important to set the correct gas pressure at the inlet to it. All modern burners are injector, i.e. combustible gas is sucked into them by an oxygen jet passing through the central channel of the injector, and therefore the oxygen pressure must be higher than the pressure of the combustible gas. Usually set the following pressure:

Oxygen pressure at the burner inlet - 3 kgf/cm2
The pressure of acetylene or propane at the inlet to the burner is 1 kgf / cm2

Injection burners are the most resistant to backfire and are recommended for use. In older, non-injector torches, the pressure of oxygen and combustible gas is set equal, whereby the development of backfire is facilitated, this makes such a torch more dangerous, especially for beginner gas welders who often manage to dip the torch mouthpiece into the weld pool, which is extremely dangerous.

Also, always follow the correct sequence of opening / closing the burner valves when igniting / extinguishing it. When ignited, oxygen is always opened first, then combustible gas. When extinguishing, the combustible gas is closed first, and then oxygen. Please note that when the burner is extinguished in this sequence, popping may occur - do not be afraid, this is normal.

Be sure to correctly set the ratio of gases in the flame of the burner. With the correct ratio of combustible gas and oxygen, the core of the flame (a small bright luminous area right at the mouthpiece) is fat, thick, clearly defined, does not have a veil in the flame of the torch around. With an excess of combustible gas, there will be a veil around the core. With an excess of oxygen, the nucleus will become pale, sharp, prickly. To correctly set the composition of the flame, first give an excess of combustible gas so that a veil appears around the core, and then gradually add oxygen or remove combustible gas until the veil completely disappears, and immediately stop turning the valves, this will be the optimal welding flame. Welding should be carried out with a flame zone at the very tip of the core, but in no case should the core itself be stuck into the weld pool, and not carried too far.

Do not confuse a welding torch and a gas cutter. Welding torches have two valves, and a cutting torch has three valves. Two gas cutter valves are responsible for the preheating flame, and the third additional valve opens a jet of cutting oxygen, which, passing through the central channel of the mouthpiece, causes the metal to burn in the cut zone. It is important to understand that a gas cutter cuts not by melting metal from the cut zone, but by burning it out, followed by removal of slag by the dynamic action of a jet of cutting oxygen. In order to cut metal with a gas cutter, it is necessary to light a preheating flame, acting in the same way as in the case of ignition of a welding torch, bring the cutter to the edge of the cut, heat a small local area of ​​metal to a red glow and abruptly open the cutting oxygen valve. After the metal catches fire and a cut begins to form, the cutter begins to move in accordance with the required cut path. At the end of the cut, the cutting oxygen valve must be closed, leaving only the preheating flame. The cut should always start only from the edge, but if there is an urgent need to start the cut not from the edge, but from the middle, then you should not “pierce” the metal with a cutter, it is better to drill a through hole and start cutting from it, it is much safer. Some acrobatic welders manage to cut thin metal with conventional welding torches by deftly manipulating the fuel gas valve, periodically shutting it off and leaving pure oxygen, and then re-igniting the torch on hot metal, and although this can be seen quite often, it is worth warning that you do this dangerous, and the cut quality is poor.

How many cylinders can be transported without special permits

The rules for the carriage of gases by road are regulated by the Regulations for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road (POGAT), which in turn are consistent with the requirements of the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods (ADR).

Paragraph POGAT 1.2 states that “The Rules do not apply to. transportation of a limited number of hazardous substances in one vehicle, the carriage of which can be considered as the carriage of non-dangerous goods. The limited quantity of dangerous goods is defined in the requirements for the safe transport of a particular type of dangerous goods. When determining it, it is possible to use the requirements of the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)."

According to ADR, all gases belong to the second class of dangerous substances, while different gases may have different dangerous properties: A - asphyxiating gases, O - oxidizing substances, F - flammable substances. Asphyxiating and oxidizing gases belong to the third transport category, and flammable gases to the second. The maximum amount of dangerous goods, the carriage of which is not subject to the Rules, is indicated in ADR clause 1.1.3.6, and is 1000 units for the third transport category (classes 2A and 2O), and for the second transport category (class 2F) the maximum amount is 333 units . For gases, one unit is understood as 1 liter of vessel capacity, or 1 kg of liquefied or dissolved gas.

Thus, according to POGAT and ADR, the following number of cylinders can be freely transported by car: oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium and welding mixtures - 24 cylinders of 40 liters each; carbon dioxide - 41 cylinders of 40 liters; propane - 15 cylinders of 50 liters, acetylene - 18 cylinders of 40 liters. (Note: acetylene is stored in cylinders dissolved in acetone, and each cylinder, in addition to gas, contains 12.5 kg of the same combustible acetone, which is taken into account in the calculations.)

When transporting various gases together, ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4 should be followed: “If dangerous goods belonging to different transport categories are transported in the same transport unit, the sum of the number of substances and articles of transport category 2, multiplied by “3”, and the quantity of substances and articles of transport category 3 should not exceed 1000 units.

Also, ADR clause 1.1.3.1 contains an indication that: “The provisions of ADR do not apply. to the carriage of dangerous goods by private persons when these goods are packaged for retail sale and are intended for their personal consumption, domestic use, leisure or sport, provided that steps are taken to prevent any leakage of the contents under normal conditions of carriage.”

Additionally, there is an explanation of the DOBDD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13/2-121, according to which “Transportation of compressed argon, dissolved acetylene, compressed oxygen and propane in cylinders of 50 liters. without complying with the requirements of the Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods by road, it is possible to carry out on one transport unit in the following quantities: dissolved acetylene or propane - no more than 6 cylinders, argon or compressed oxygen - no more than 20 cylinders. In the case of the joint transportation of two of the indicated dangerous goods, the following ratios by the number of cylinders are possible: 1 cylinder with acetylene and 17 cylinders with oxygen or argon; 2 and 14; 3 and 11; 4 and 8; 5 and 5; 6 and 2. The same ratios are possible in the case of transportation of propane and compressed oxygen or argon. When transporting compressed argon and oxygen together, the maximum number should not exceed 20 cylinders, regardless of their ratio, and when transporting acetylene and propane together - 6 cylinders, also regardless of their ratio.

Based on the foregoing, it is recommended to be guided by the instructions of the DOBDD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13 / 2-121, the least is allowed there and the amount is directly indicated, what is possible and how. In this instruction, of course, they forgot about carbon dioxide, but you can always say that it is equal to argon, traffic police officers, as a rule, are not great chemists and this is enough for them. Remember that POGAT / ADR is completely on your side here, carbon dioxide can be transported through them even more than argon. The truth will be yours anyway. As of 2014, the author is aware of at least 4 lawsuits won against the traffic police, when people were tried to be punished for transporting fewer cylinders than fall under the POGAT / ADR.

Examples of using the above data in practice and in calculations

Question: How long will gas and wire last when welding with a semiautomatic device with a 0.8 mm wire cassette weighing 5 kg and a 10 liter carbon dioxide cylinder?
Answer: Welding wire SV-08 with a diameter of 0.8 mm weighs 3.950 kg 1 kilometer, which means that there are approximately 1200 meters of wire on a 5 kg cassette. If the average feed rate for such a wire is 4 meters per minute, then the cassette will go in 300 minutes. Carbon dioxide in a “large” 40-liter cylinder is 12 cubic meters or 12,000 liters, if counted for a “small” 10-liter cylinder, then there will be 3 cubic meters of carbon dioxide in it. meters or 3000 liters. If the gas flow rate for purge is 10 liters per minute, then a 10-liter cylinder should last 300 minutes or for 1 0.8 wire cassette weighing 5 kg, or a “large” 40 liter cylinder for 4 5 kg cassettes.

Question: I want to put a gas boiler in the country and be heated from cylinders, how long will one cylinder last?
Answer: In a 50-liter “large” propane cylinder, there are 21 kg of liquefied gas or 10 cubic meters of gas in gaseous form, but it’s impossible to convert it directly into cubic meters and calculate the consumption from them, because the calorific value of liquefied propane-butane is 3 times higher than the calorific value of natural gas, and the consumption of natural gas is usually written on boilers! It’s more correct to do this: we find the boiler data immediately for liquefied gas, for example, take the very common AOGV-11.6 boiler with a capacity of 11.6 kW and designed for heating 110 square meters. meters. On the ZhMZ website, the consumption is immediately indicated in kilograms per hour for liquefied gas - 0.86 kg per hour when operating at full capacity. We divide 21 kg of gas in a cylinder by 0.86 kg / hour = 18 hours of continuous burning of such a boiler on 1 cylinder, in reality this will happen if it is -30C outside with a standard house and the usual requirement for air temperature in it, and if it is outside will be only -20C, then 1 cylinder will be enough for 24 hours (day). We can conclude that in order to heat an ordinary house of 110 square meters. meters of bottled gas in the cold months of the year, you need about 30 bottles per month. It must be remembered that due to the different calorific value of liquefied and natural gas, the consumption of liquefied and natural gas at the same power for boilers is different. To switch from one type of gas to another in boilers, it is usually necessary to change jets / nozzles. And now, for those who are interested, you can also calculate through cubes. On the same website of ZhMZ, the consumption of the AOGV-11.6 boiler for natural gas is also given, it is 1.3 cubic meters per hour, i.e. 1.3 cubic meters of natural gas per hour are equal to the consumption of liquefied gas 0.86 kg / hour. In gaseous form, 0.86 kg of liquefied propane-butane is approximately equal to 0.43 cubic meters of gaseous propane-butane. Remember that propane-butane is three times "more powerful" than natural gas. We check: 0.43 x 3 \u003d 1.26 cubes. Bingo!

Question: I bought a burner of the GV-1 type (GVN-1, GVM-1), connected it to the cylinder through the RDSG-1 "Frog", but it barely burns. Why?
Answer: For the operation of gas-air propane burners used for flame treatment, a gas pressure of 1-3 kgf / cm2 is required, and a household gearbox designed for gas stoves produces 0.02 - 0.036 kg / cm2, which is clearly not enough. Also, household propane reducers are not designed for large capacity to work with powerful industrial burners. In your case, you need to use a gearbox type BPO-5.

Question: I bought a gas heater for the garage, found a propane reducer from a BPO-5 gas cutter, connected the heater through it. The heater blazes with fire and burns unsteadily. What to do?
Answer: Household gas appliances are usually designed for a gas pressure of 0.02 - 0.036 kg / cm2, this is how much a household reducer of the RDSG-1 “Frog” type produces, and industrial cylinder reducers are designed for a pressure of 1 - 3 kgf / cm2, which is at least 50 times more . Naturally, when such excess pressure is blown into a household gas appliance, it cannot work correctly. You need to study the instructions for your gas appliance and use the correct reducer that produces exactly the gas pressure at the inlet to the appliance that it requires.

Question: How much acetylene and oxygen is enough when welding pipes in plumbing work?
Answer: A 40 liter bottle contains 6 cu. m of oxygen or 4.5 cubic meters. m of acetylene. The average gas consumption of a G2 type burner with a No. 3 nozzle installed, most often used for plumbing work, is 260 liters of acetylene and 300 liters of oxygen per hour. So oxygen is enough for: 6 cubic meters. m = 6000 liters / 300 l / h = 20 hours, and acetylene: 4500 liters / 260 l / h = 17 hours. Total: a pair of fully charged 40-liter acetylene + oxygen cylinders is approximately enough for 17 hours of continuous burning of the burner, which in practice is usually 3 shifts of the welder's work for 8 hours each.

Question: Is it necessary or not, according to POGAT / ADR, to issue special permits for the transportation of 2 propane cylinders and 4 oxygen cylinders in one car?
Answer: According to ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4, we calculate: 21 (weight of liquid propane in each cylinder) * 2 (number of propane cylinders) * 3 (coefficient from ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4) + 40 (volume of oxygen in the cylinder in liters, compressed oxygen in the cylinder) * 4 (number of oxygen cylinders) = 286 units. The result is less than 1000 units, such a number of cylinders and in such a combination can be transported freely, without issuing special documents. In addition, there is an explanation of the DOBDD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13/2-121, expressly indicating that such transportation is allowed to be carried out without complying with the requirements of the POGAT.

Quick reference guide for the beginner welder

Quick reference guide for a beginner welder How much gas is in a cylinder Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, welding mixtures: 40-liter cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cubic meters. m / helium 1 kg, other compressed gases 8-10 kg

Quality of natural gas - this is the correspondence of the values ​​of its physical and chemical indicators to the established regulatory documents.

According to the interstate GOST 5542-87 “Flammable natural gases for industrial and municipal purposes. TECHNICAL CONDITIONS”, in terms of physical and chemical parameters, natural combustible gases must comply with the requirements and standards specified in the table.

Name of indicator	Norm	Test method
1. The lowest calorific value, MJ / m 3 (kcal / m 3), at 20 ° C 101.325 kPa, not less	31,8 (7600)	GOST 27193-86 GOST 22667-82 GOST 10062-75
2. Range of values ​​of the Wobbe number (highest), MJ / m 3 (kcal / m 3)	41,2-54,5 (9850-13000)	GOST 22667-82
3. Permissible deviation of the Wobbe number from the nominal value,%, no more	5	-
4. Mass concentration of hydrogen sulfide, g/m 3 , no more	0,02	GOST 22387.2-83
5. Mass concentration of mercaptan sulfur, g/m 3 , no more	0,036	GOST 22387.2-83 GOST 22387.3-77
6. Volume fraction of oxygen, %, no more	1,0	GOST 23781-83
7. Mass of mechanical impurities in 1 m 3, g, no more	0,001	GOST 22387.4-77
8. The intensity of the smell of gas at a volume fraction of 1% in the air, points, not less than	3	GOST 22387.5-77

Determining the quality indicators of gas entering Ukraine, that is, determining the compliance of its physical and chemical indicators (hereinafter - FHP) with those stipulated by contracts, is carried out at gas measuring stations and gas flow measurement points (GIS and PIRG), which are located at the inlet of main gas pipelines to Ukraine. GIS and PIRG are equipped with modern main and backup automated gas metering systems with a fiscal non-volatile archive of gas quantity and composition, as well as interventions. Determination of the FHP of gas entering the territory of Ukraine is carried out daily in chemical analytical laboratories and using flow chromatographs installed on the hot water supply.

Control over the operation of measuring systems and the flow of gas into the Ukrainian GTS is carried out by representatives of the National Joint Stock Company Naftogaz of Ukraine,
which are permanently located on each DHW. FHP of gas coming from the gas transmission system to gas distribution networks are measured and controlled at gas distribution stations (GDS), which are installed at the outlet of the gas transmission system. 69 chemical-analytical laboratories, accredited and certified by Gospotrebstandart, have been set up in DC Ukrtransgaz to analyze the quality of gas. All chemical analytical laboratories comply with sanitary norms, rules and requirements of labor protection and fire safety, are equipped with modern equipment - chromatographs, photocolorimeter, moisture meters, hygrometers, analytical balances, etc…..

Checking the quality of gas supplied from the gas transmission system to gas distribution networks is carried out once a week. The results of the gas FHP analysis are drawn up in the form of a gas quality protocol, which is approved by the head of the linear production department of the AC "Ukrtransgaz", one copy of which is provided to enterprises operating gas distribution networks.

Relationships between gas supply organizations and consumers, legal entities,
are conditioned by the "Rules for accounting for gas during its transportation by gas distribution networks, supply and consumption", approved by order of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Mining of December 27, 2005 No. 618 and registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on January 26, 2006 under No. 5.19. The parties to the agreement may exercise control and be present during the performance of work to determine the physical and chemical parameters of the gas.

Checking the quality (calorie content) of natural gas used by the population can be carried out at the request of citizens,
under the conditions stipulated by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of December 9, 1999 No. N 2246 and Decree of the NERC of Ukraine dated December 29, 2003 No. 476 “On Approval of the Procedure for Compensation for Losses Caused to a Natural Gas Consumer Due to Violation by a Gas Supply or Gas Transportation Organization of the “Rules for Providing Gas Supply Services to the Population”.

That is, in case of doubt, the consumer can independently order an additional analysis of the FHP gas.

In addition, the analysis of the quality of natural gas in the oil and gas industry of Ukraine has been carried out for almost 20 years by UkrNIIgaz, which since 1999 has been entrusted with the functions of the branch Center for gas quality control of the National Joint Stock Company Naftogaz of Ukraine.

According to the results of the analyzes of this Center, the calorific value lower than (calorific value) of natural gas on the territory of Ukraine varies within 8,000-8250 kcal/m3, which exceeds the value of gas calorific value established by GOST 5542-87 - not lower than 7600 kcal/m3.