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Working off tasks 31, 32 of part "C" of the OGE Master class Bryleva Alla Lvovna teacher of biology of the highest qualification category
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Skill test Task 31 tests the ability to determine energy expenditure in various activities and make up a diet Task 32 tests the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet
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Types of tasks in the task 31 1 type: A task in the condition of which various types of training or competitions and their duration are indicated. In the task, it is necessary to determine: 1) the energy consumption of the activity, 2) make a menu corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner, 3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates in it. The task may also have additional conditions that must be taken into account when compiling the menu
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2nd type: The task in the condition of which the visit of excursions with a ready-made menu is indicated. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended calorie content of breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2) the actual calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm - No set menu. It is necessary: 1) to make a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with a maximum content of BJU with four meals a day, 2) the recommended calorie content for breakfast, lunch or dinner corresponding to age, and 3) the amount of BJU in it
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Algorithm for solving the problem of the first type Tamara participated in city badminton competitions, and then decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data of tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara an optimal menu in terms of calories, with the maximum content of proteins, from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during the competition, which lasted for the girl for 2.4 hours. When choosing, keep in mind that Tamara will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling. In your answer, indicate: Tamara's energy consumption during the competition; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the competition, and the amount of protein in it.
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answer Energy expenditure - 1080 kcal Meals ordered - chocolate ice cream, double McMuffin, rustic potatoes, tea without sugar Dinner calories - 1065 kcal Protein amount - 50g
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Mastering the skill of solving problems of the 1st type Olga, the master of sports in tennis, is at a training camp, where every day for four hours (in the morning and in the evening) she actively trains with her friends. In their free time between two workouts, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data of tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the menu that is optimal in terms of calories and protein ratio from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for your energy consumption of a two-hour morning workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, as well as a sweet drink. However, the coach asked Olga to consume meals with the highest protein content. In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, the recommended meals, the calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.
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Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling, so he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10 km / h. In the first half of the day, he works 4 hours and then goes to lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, offer the man an optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy expenditures for a four-hour bike ride. When choosing, keep in mind that Ivan Petrovich loves rustic potatoes very much and will definitely order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the energy consumption of the postman; ordered dishes; the amount of carbohydrates; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed the energy consumption while cycling.
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Nikolai and Vasily are tennis lovers (singles). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Nikolay the menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with the maximum content of proteins from the list of proposed dishes and drinks, in order to compensate for his energy consumption in the game, which lasted 2 hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelette with ham and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the game, and the amount of protein in it.
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Nikolai and Vasily are tennis lovers. Every Sunday they compete in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily the optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks to compensate for his expenses in the game, which lasted 2 hours and 5 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the amount of carbohydrates and calories, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the game.
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Piotr, the defender of the basketball team, after an evening practice decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Petr an optimal caloric, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy expenditure during a workout that lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
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Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After a morning workout, he decided to have a bite to eat at a fast food restaurant. Using the data of tables 1 and 2, offer Garik an optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during training, if its duration was 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik will definitely order an omelette with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of breakfast, which should not exceed the energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
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Algorithm for solving the problem of the second type 15-year-old Nikolai visited the Stolby State Nature Reserve in Krasnoyarsk during his winter holidays. After the tour, he had dinner at a local fast food cafe. Nikolay ordered the following dishes and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, rustic potatoes and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data of tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content of dinner, the energy value of the ordered dishes, the amount of carbohydrates received with food and the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.
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Answer The recommended calorie content of dinner is 522 kcal The energy value of the ordered dishes is 865 kcal The amount of carbohydrates received with food is 115 g The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm: 0.3 or 30%
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Practicing the skill of solving problems of the 2nd type During the autumn holidays, 17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and Natural Reserve “Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the start of the tour, Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her first breakfast: an omelet with ham, a small portion of french fries, a vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake. 14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during his winter holidays. Before an excursion to the Kazan Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, a small portion of french fries. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content for Peter's first breakfast if he eats four times a day; the real energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in breakfast dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.
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14-year-old Sofia visited Pskov and its environs during the winter holidays. Before an excursion to the State Pushkin Reserve, she had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast: Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of french fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, if Sophia eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast dishes, the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, and the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm. 17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before an excursion to the Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast: an omelette with ham, orange juice, and a serving of rustic potatoes. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.
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14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting the tour of the Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, a small portion of french fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast if Artyom eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake. 17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Before starting the tour “Tobolsk Kremlin – a masterpiece of stone architecture”, she had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks: a small portion of french fries, Fresh McMuffin, Caesar salad and orange juice. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of lunch if Tatyana eats four times a day; the energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.
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Algorithm for solving the problem of the third type 10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
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Answer Calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar Energy value of the ordered dishes 355 kcal Amount of carbohydrates - 42 g
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Practicing the skill of solving problems of the 3rd type 15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during her spring break. After an excursion to the Ipatiev Monastery, she decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day. Offer the girl the optimal calorie content, with the maximum protein content menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order a double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of lunch; ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in it. 12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to have dinner at a local fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1, 2, and 3, calculate Olga's recommended dinner calories if she eats four times a day. Offer your teenager an optimal calorie, low-fat menu from the list of suggested dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order a Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoonful of sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.
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10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before a tour of the Tretyakov Gallery, he decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie, maximum fat menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order a small portion of french fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.
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14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening she had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of dinner if the girl eats four times a day. Offer Zinaida the optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before an excursion to the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie, maximum fat menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.
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Task 32 Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet. In this task, several types can also be distinguished: Questions on the digestive system; Questions on metabolism and energy; Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation; Questions on thermoregulation and excretion.
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Examples of tasks on the digestive system: Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 hours and not later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should not be 20-25 minutes. Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons. Why can't humans digest undigested food? Give at least two reasons. What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? List at least two of its functions. What is dangerous for a person low acidity of gastric juice? Give at least two reasons. What negative effect does smoking tobacco have on the digestion process? List at least two changes. What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach causes alcohol? List at least two changes.
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During dinner, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with? What changes in the processes of digestion in the small intestine are caused by alcohol? List at least two changes. A German proverb says: "Well chewed is half overcooked." Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations. What organs does the dentist warn about violations of the work of a smoking person and why? Name at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs. During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.
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Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health. Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products displayed on the window and the dishes offered from them, and after the ordered menu, he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the actions of a teenager. Name two diseases of the digestive system. Give reasons for each of them. Name two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them? Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit drinks, tea, compote, and generally more liquid In people who are used to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach is greatly stretched, and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the work of other organs and the process of digestion. Why? Food poisoning causes vomiting, abdominal pain. Explain their importance to the body. What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist of the smoker warn about? What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.
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Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy: Thirteen-year-old Nikolai visited fast food coffee with his parents in the evening. Nikolai's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calorie content and the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (in g) in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account that the teenager eats four times a day. Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when compiling a diet? Give two arguments. What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values What foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body? How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your diet? Specify two ways. What plant foods are a good source of protein? Why are adolescents advised not to cut out animal foods from their diet?
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Name two outward signs that a person's diet is deficient in protein. Often, with a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, but why don’t they talk about carbohydrate or fat deficiency? Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body. In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin. What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet? Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons. The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot. What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body? Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga's protein content in the ordered dishes? Specify at least two arguments.
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Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation: Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Specify at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce. Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Give at least two arguments. What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures? Why is the preparation of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, are taken as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs in the form of tablets? What part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?
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Questions on thermoregulation and excretion What is the purpose of a patient's health check when asked to do a urinalysis? What can a specialist detect in the urine if the patient has inflammation of the kidneys? Give at least two examples. During a many-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was cold. Using knowledge about the thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl experienced discomfort on the street. In the human body in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the temperature of the human body practically does not change. Why? Name at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.
The purpose of the lesson: to create a holistic picture of biological and chemical processes,
occurring in the human body during the breakdown of organic substances.
Equipment, instruments, reagents:
The whole class is divided into three teams:
1st team - "Amino acids";
2nd team - "Carbohydrates";
3rd team - "Lipids".
During the classes
1st competition “Warm-up” (2 points).
2nd competition “Sound the Movie!” (2 points).
3rd competition “Creative” (7 points).
4th contest “Define!” (3 points).
5th competition “Modeling” (2 points).
6th Function Knowledge Contest (4 points).
Summarizing:
a) scoring
b) grading
on “5” - 18–21 points;
on “4” - 14–17 points;
on “3” - 11–13 points.
1st competition "Warm-up".
(The team gets 1 point for a quick and correct answer.)
Biology teacher: The diet must necessarily include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, but overweight people are not recommended to consume a lot of carbohydrates. Why?
Answer: Excess carbohydrates turn into fats, which are deposited on the kidneys, heart, in the omentum on the abdomen, increasing body weight.
Chemistry teacher:Find the excess: starch, cellulose, galactose, glycogen, dextrin.
Answer: Galactose is a monosaccharide.
Biology teacher: P the experimental animal was fed only proteins and did not give him carbohydrates. After the animal died, animal starch was found in its liver. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.
Answer: In the process of metabolism, proteins are converted into carbohydrates.
Chemistry teacher: Is the statement true: All vegetable fats are liquid, and animal fats are solid.
Answer: No, not true, as there are exceptions: fish oil, palm (coconut) oil.
Biology teacher: The nutritional norms for workers of heavy physical labor provide for a relative increase in carbohydrates. Why?
Answer: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy.
Chemistry teacher: What is the name of the reaction underlying the production of margarine?
Answer: Hydrogenation.
2nd competition “Sound the Movie!” (2 points).
All teams watch the film “Protein Denaturation”, which consists of 3 experiments.
After viewing, each team will voice 1 experience.
3rd competition “Creative” (7 points).
Now, we will give each team a food product.
1st team - a piece of bread.
2nd team - sunflower oil.
3rd team - boiled egg.
Answer the questions.
1. What organic matter is the nutritional value of this product?
For the correct definition of organic matter - 1 point.
2. Define this class.
For a correct answer - 1 point.
3. Complete the tasks according to the scheme: “The human digestive system”
a) Designate the organs of the digestive system, where the splitting of the organic matter given to you takes place.
For a correctly completed task, the team will receive 1 point.
b) Write down the names of enzymes, under the action of which the breakdown of these organic substances occurs.
For a correctly completed task, the team will receive 2 points.
c) Write the equation for the hydrolysis reaction of this substance.
This task is worth 2 points.
4. Prepare an oral response.
Preparation time 4-5 minutes.
One student on the board lays out a diagram
Protein hydrolysis reaction
(NH - CHR - CO) n + nH 2 O → n NH 2 - CHR - COOH
Carbohydrates
starch hydrolysis reaction
(C 6 H 10 O 5) n + nH 2 O → nC 6 H 12 O 6
(C 6 H 10 O 5) n → C 12 H 22 O 11 → C 6 H 12 O 6
4th contest “Define!” (practical rear).
(2 points.)
Each team is given a tray with a specific task and equipment.
1st team.
Equipment:
- 1 glass with natural honey;
- 1 cup with honey and starch solution;
- 2 chemical glasses;
- pipette;
- iodine solution;
- water, 2 spoons.
The task: Some sellers of honey, to increase weight, mix a starch solution into honey. In front of you are 2 glasses of honey: in one natural, and in the other with the addition of starch. Determine which glass contains natural honey.
Solution: Add a few drops of iodine solution to each glass. In the glass where the mixture of honey and starch is located, blue coloration is observed (qualitative reaction to starch).
2nd team.
Equipment:
- 1 glass of chicken protein solution;
- 1 cup with potassium chloride;
- CuSO 4 solution;
- NaOH solution;
- HNO3;
- spirit lamp, holder;
- matches;
- rubber gloves;
- 2 glasses.
The task: The laboratory assistant prepared two solutions: a protein solution in one glass, and KCl in the other, and he forgot to stick the labels. The glasses are messed up. Help the lab!
Solution: (1 option) Let's carry out a biuret reaction to determine the peptide bond of a protein. Add freshly prepared Cu(OH) 2 to the test cups. Where a violet-blue color is observed, there is a protein solution.
(2nd option) You can carry out a xantoprotein reaction to determine aromatic cycles. To do this, add concentrated HNO 3 to each glass. A yellow color will show the presence of the protein.
(3rd option) Carry out a qualitative reaction for the presence of Cl ions by adding a solution of silver nitrate. The appearance of a white precipitate of AgCl will indicate the presence of a KCl solution.
3rd team.
Equipment:
- 1 glass with a piece of margarine;
- 1 cup with a piece of butter;
- potassium permanganate solution;
- scalpel;
- 2 glass rods.
The task: Natural butter contains mixed fats containing residues of both saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids. How, using a solution of potassium permanganate, to distinguish margarine from butter?
Solution: In 1 cup with a solution of KMnO 4 we throw a piece of butter, and in another cup - a piece of margarine. Where the discoloration of the solution occurs, there is butter (qualitative reaction to unsaturated substances).
5th competition "Modeling".
(2 points)
Before you is a wire, this is the model of the primary structure of the protein, that is, the order of alternation of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain.
Your task:
- Simulate secondary (1st team), tertiary (2nd team); and quaternary (3rd team) structure of the protein molecule. (1 point)
- Define this structure. (1 point)
Answers:
6th competition for knowledge of the functions of organic substances.
(4 points)
1 player from each team participates.
The task: Write down the four main functions of this class of organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates).
1) What function did the ants participating in the experiment perform in the anthill?
2) What did the experimenters feed the ants before the start of the experiment?
3) What is the optimal ratio of proteins and carbohydrates in the diet of black garden ants that provided them with life up to 400 days?
WHAT DOES THE ANT PREFER TO EAT?
Black garden ants turn out to be a very convenient object for studying the influence of nutrition on life expectancy. Under natural conditions, they feed on honeydew - the sweet juice of plants, as well as dead insects. But it is difficult to understand what and how much an individual ant eats, because the distribution of prey brought by forager ants occurs in the depths of the nest. Before the experiment, it was known that the protein part of the food goes mainly to feed the larvae, while adults prefer plant foods. It turned out to be difficult to study the problem of nutrition, since ant colonies are heterogeneous in composition, so an experiment was set up.
Previously, scientists formed more than 100 experimental groups of 200 forager worker ants each. Insects were sampled outside the nest when they were foraging. In these homogeneous groups, there was neither a queen nor larvae. Each group was placed in a "nest" - a plastic cup with a diameter of 10 cm, the bottom of which was lined with damp cotton wool. The nest was placed on a round support 12 cm in diameter with very slippery walls that did not allow the insects to escape. In the same zone, the ants were fed from a single feeder - it was easier to take into account the food consumed per day, the number of ants at the feeder, and the number of feeding insects. First, they were given a 15% solution of bee honey and flour worms (larvae of mealworm), and a week later, when the insects got used to the new place, they began the experiment.
At the first stage of the experiment, scientists decided to check how the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates affects the lifespan of ants. Artificial feeds were prepared for insects, in which the total concentration of nutrients was constant, the content of vitamins, minerals and fats remained unchanged, and the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates was 5:1, 3:1, 1:3 and 1:5. Each of these four diets was tested by 32 experimental groups. Every day, the researchers removed dead ants from the nest; The experiment lasted until all the insects died. As a result, it was found that the groups that are predominantly on a carbohydrate diet lasted about 400 days, and with the maximum predominance of proteins, they barely made it to 50 days. Thus, the scientists were able to establish the most optimal ratio of carbohydrate and protein foods in the diet of forager ants.
Target
Show in practiceperformance
tasks 31 and 32
Skill check
Task 31 tests skilldetermine energy consumption at various
activities and make a diet
nutrition
In task 32, the skill is tested
justify the need
rational and healthy nutrition
Types of tasks in task 31
Type 1: The task in the condition of which various types are indicatedtrainings or competitions and their duration. In the task
it is necessary to determine: 1) energy consumption of activities, 2) draw up a menu
appropriate according to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner,
3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of protein in it,
fats or carbohydrates. The task may also include
additional conditions that must be taken into account when
menu planning Type 2: The task in the condition of which the visit of excursions with
ready menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended calorie content
breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2)
the real calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount
proteins, fats or carbohydrates received with food to their daily
norm
Type 3: The task, in the condition of which the visit of excursions without a ready-made menu is indicated. It is necessary: 1) to draw up the optimal
calories, with the maximum content of BJU menu at
four meals a day, 2) the recommended calorie content
an age-appropriate breakfast, lunch or dinner, and 3)
the amount of BJU in it
Algorithm for solving the problem of the first type
Tamara participated in city badminton competitions, and afterI decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using Data
tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara the optimal calorie content, with
the maximum protein content of the menu from the list of dishes and drinks
in order to compensate for the energy consumption during the competition,
lasting for the girl 2.4 hours. When choosing, please note that Tamara
Definitely order chocolate ice cream. In response
specify:
energy costs
Tamara
in
time
competitions; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
the calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during
the time of the competition, and the amount of protein in it. 1. Carefully read the condition of the problem, write out the type of competition and their
duration: badminton - 2.4 hours;
2. If the time is indicated in hours, convert it to minutes: 60 minutes x 2.4 = 144 minutes;
3. Using the data of table No. 2 “Energy costs for various types of physical
activity "to determine the energy consumption of the competition: 144 min x 7.5 kcal / min = 1080
kcal;
4. We compose a menu taking into account additional conditions (dinner, maximum
protein content, ice cream with chocolate filling will be ordered,
calorie content should not exceed 1080 kcal), we enter the data in the table
Menu
Calorie content of dishes / Quantity
kcal
proteins/g
chocolate 325 / balance 755
6
1. Ice cream
from
filler
2. Double McMuffin (bun, 425 / remainder 330
39
mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese,
pork)
3. Rustic potatoes
4. Tea without sugar
Total
315
0
1065 kcal
5
0
50 g
answer
1) Energy consumption - 1080 kcal2) Ordered
dishes
–
filler, double
rustic tea without sugar
ice cream
from
chocolate
McMuffin, potatoes
3) Dinner calorie content - 1065 kcal
4) The amount of protein - 50g
Practicing the skill of solving problems of the 1st type
Olga, master of sports in tennis, is at trainingtraining camps, where every day for four hours (morning and evening)
training with her friends. Free time between two
training, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data of tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the optimal
calorie content and protein ratio of the menu from the list of proposed dishes
and drinks in order to compensate for their energy expenditure in the morning
two hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and
will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, as well as
sweet drink. However, the coach asked Olga to consume meals with
greatest
content
squirrel.
In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, recommended
dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.
10.
Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling,Therefore, he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10
km/h In the morning he works 4 hours and then goes to lunch at
fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1 and 2,
offer the man the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for their energy expenditure on
four hour bike ride. When choosing, please note that Ivan
Petrovich is very fond of rustic potatoes and is sure to
order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the energy consumption of the postman;
ordered dishes; the amount of carbohydrates; lunch calories,
which should not exceed the energy consumption while driving
bicycle.
11.
Nikolai and Vasily are tennis lovers (singledischarge). Every Sunday they compete against each other in this
kind of sport. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, offer Nikolai
optimal in calories, with a maximum protein content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks to
compensate for his energy costs in a game that lasted 2
hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelet with ham
and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing
the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed the energy consumption during
game time, and the amount of proteins in it.
12.
Nikolai and Vasily are tennis lovers. EachSunday they compete in this sport. Using
data of tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily the optimal
calories, with the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from
a list of suggested meals and drinks to compensate
his costs in a game that lasted 2 hours and 5 minutes. At
when choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin
and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing
tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
the amount of carbohydrates and calories that should not
exceed energy consumption during the game.
13.
Piotr, defender of the basketball team, after an evening practiceDecided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using Data
tables 1 and 2, offer Peter the optimal calorie content, with
the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during
workout lasting 1 hour 40 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that
Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. Please indicate in your answer:
athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed
energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
14.
Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After morningworkout, he decided to have a bite to eat at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data of tables 1 and 2, offer Garik the optimal
by calorie content, with the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu
from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate
energy consumption during training, if its duration
was 130 minutes. When choosing, please note that Garik must
order an omelet with ham. In your answer, please indicate: energy consumption
athlete during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; breakfast calories that should not
exceed energy expenditure during training, and the amount
carbohydrates in it.
15. Algorithm for solving a problem of the second type
15 year oldNicholas
in
winter
vacation
visited
State natural reserve "Stolby" in
Krasnoyarsk. After the tour, he had dinner at a local cafe
fast food. Nikolai ordered the following dishes for himself
and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, rustic potatoes and
a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3,
define
recommended
calories
supper,
energy value of ordered dishes, quantity
carbohydrates ingested with food and the ratio of the amount
dietary carbohydrates to their daily intake.
16.
1)2)
3)
Carefully read the condition of the problem, determine its type;
Write out age: 15 years;
Write out the menu, fill in the table:
Menu
1) Fresh McMuffin
2) Rustic potatoes
3) A glass of Coca-Cola
Total
chlorine content
kcal
380
315
170
865 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbs/g
35
38
42
115 g
4) According to table No. 2 "Daily dietary allowances and energy needs of children"
find the daily energy requirement and the recommended amount of carbohydrates
for a 15 year old teenager: 2900 kcal, 375 g;
5) According to table No. 3 "Calorie content with four meals a day" we find
recommended dinner calories:
100% - 2900 kcal
18% - X kcal
X = 2900 x 18/100
X = 522 kcal
6) We find the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily
normal: 115g / 375g \u003d 0.3
17. Reply
1) The recommended calorie content of dinner is 522 kcal2) Energy value of the ordered dishes - 865 kcal
3) The amount of carbohydrates received with food - 115 g
4) The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate: 0.3 or 30%
18. Working out the skill of solving problems of 2 types
17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial andnatural reserve “Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the beginning
Excursions Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered
first breakfast the following dishes and drinks: omelette with ham, a small portion
french fries, vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: recommended calorie content
the first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast;
the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate.
14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during his winter holidays. Before the excursion to Kazansky
Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered
breakfast the following dishes and drinks: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small
portion of french fries. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended
the calorie content of Peter's first breakfast, if he eats four times a day; real
energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks
breakfast, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.
19.
14-year-old Sofia visited Pskov and its environs during the winter holidays. Frontexcursion to the State Pushkin Reserve, she had breakfast at a local
fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast:
Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using Data
tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Sophia
eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered dishes of the second
breakfast, the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of those received with food
carbohydrates to their daily intake.
17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe
nutrition. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast:
omelet with ham, orange juice and a portion of country potatoes. Using
data of tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast,
if Nicholas eats four times a day; real energy value
ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, and
the ratio of carbohydrates ingested with food to their daily intake.
20.
14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting the tourOlympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe.
The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken
Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, small fries and a glass
"Coca-Cola". Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended
calorie content of the second breakfast, if Artyom eats four times a day; real
the energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in
meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate.
17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Front
the beginning of the tour "Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture" she
I had lunch at a local fast food restaurant. The girl ordered the following
dishes and drinks: a small portion of french fries, Fresh McMuffin, salad
Caesar and orange juice. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine:
the recommended calorie content of lunch if Tatyana eats four times a day;
the energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and
drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.
21. Algorithm for solving a problem of the third type
10-year-old Alexander, together with his parents, visited the GreatNovgorod. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family
Decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food restaurant. Using
data of tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content
Alexander's first breakfast, if he eats four times a day.
Suggest
schoolboy
optimal
on
calories,
from
maximum
content
carbohydrates
menu
from
list
offered food and drinks. When choosing, please note that Alexander
Will definitely order tea without sugar. Answer: calories
first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes,
which should not be repeated; their energy value, which
should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first
breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
22.
Carefully read the condition of the problem, determine its type;Write out the age -10 years;
Write out the type of "snack" - the first breakfast;
Write out additional conditions: optimality in terms of calorie content for
first breakfast, maximum carbohydrate content, will order tea without
sugar, dishes should not be repeated;
5) According to table No. 2 "Daily dietary allowances and energy needs of children"
we find the daily energy requirement for a 10 year old teenager: 2550
kcal;
6) According to table No. 3 "Calorie content with four meals a day" we find
recommended calorie content for the first breakfast:
1)
2)
3)
4)
100% - 2550 kcal
14% - X kcal
X = 2550 x 14/100
X = 357 kcal
7) We compose the menu taking into account additional conditions
Menu
1) Tea without sugar
2) Chicken Fresh McMuffin
Total
chlorine content
kcal
0
355
355 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbs/g
0
42
42 g
23. Answer
1) Calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal2) Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar
3) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 355 kcal
4) The amount of carbohydrates - 42 g
24. Working out the skill of solving problems of 3 types
15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during her spring break. After the excursion to Ipatievmonastery, she decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data of tables 1, 2 and
3, calculate the recommended calorie content of lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day.
Offer the girl the optimal calorie content, with the maximum protein content of the menu from
list of suggested dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that Svetlana will definitely order
a double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of lunch;
ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy
value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in
him.
12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting
Golden Gate family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using table data
1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Olga's dinner if she eats four times a day.
day. Offer your teenager the optimal calorie content, with a minimum fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that Olga will definitely order
Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoonful of sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner at
four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy
value and amount of fat in it.
25.
10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tourin the ancient city, the family decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using Data
tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander's first breakfast, if he
eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
the carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that
Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; at
four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Tretyakovskaya
he decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3,
calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day
day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order
a small portion of french fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second
breakfast ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.
26.
14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner atfast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate
the recommended calorie content of dinner if the girl eats four times a day.
Offer Zinaida the optimal calorie content, with the maximum content
menu carbohydrates from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that
Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In response
specify: calorie content of dinner with four meals a day; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed
the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe.
Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of the second
breakfast, if Nikolay eats four times a day. Offer the student the best
by calorie content, with the maximum fat content of the menu from the list of proposed
meals and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola.
In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered
dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not
exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.
27. Task 32
Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the needrational and healthy nutrition. In this task, you can also
identify several types:
1. Questions about the digestive system;
2. Questions on metabolism and energy;
3. Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation;
4. Questions on thermoregulation and excretion.
28. Examples of tasks on the digestive system:
Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 hours and not later than 4.5 hours after the previousmeal, and its duration should not be 20-25 minutes.
Why are substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, introduced
directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons.
Why can't humans digest undigested food? Give at least two reasons.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? List at least two of its functions.
What is dangerous for a person low acidity of gastric juice? Give at least two reasons.
What negative effect does smoking tobacco have on the digestion process? List at least two
changes.
What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach causes alcohol? List at least two
changes.
29.
During dinner, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and whyis she tied?
What changes in the processes of digestion in the small intestine are caused by alcohol? Specify
at least two changes.
A German proverb says: "Well chewed is half overcooked." Explain it
meaning from the position of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.
What organs does the dentist warn about violations of the work of a smoking person and why?
Name at least two organs and two examples of the negative impact of smoking on these organs.
organs.
During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions, consider
photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Petr do not
take a break and do other things. Give at least two arguments.
30.
Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health.Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products laid out in the window.
and the dishes offered from them, and after the ordered menu went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the teenager's actions
Name two diseases of the digestive system. Give reasons for each of them.
Name two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?
Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit drink, tea,
compote and generally more liquid
In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach is greatly stretched and its muscles become weak. This
negatively affects the work of other organs and the process of digestion. Why?
Food poisoning causes vomiting, abdominal pain. Explain their importance to the body.
What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist warn about
smoker?
What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.
31. Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy:
Thirteen-year-old Nikolay visited fast food coffee with his parents in the evening. WeightNikolai's body is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calorie and amount of proteins, fats and
carbohydrates
(in
G)
in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account the fact that the teenager eats four times a day.
Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only caloric content when compiling a diet
products? Give two arguments.
What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values
What foods contain cholesterol? What is dangerous for the human body is a high level
blood cholesterol?
How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your diet? Specify two ways.
What plant foods are a good source of protein? Why teenagers are not recommended
exclude animal products from the diet?
32.
Name two outward signs that a person's diet is deficient in protein.Often, with a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, and why not
talk about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?
Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least
two functions of vitamins in the human body.
In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not
containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What's happened
glycogen? Explain its origin.
What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?
Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food?
Give two reasons.
The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In human food
contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.
What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?
Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga's protein content
in ordered dishes? Specify at least two arguments.
33. Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation:
Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Specifyat least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.
Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Bring at least two
arguments
What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously,
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?
Why is the pancreatic hormone drug, insulin, administered intravenously,
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called
corticoids:
hydrocortisone,
cortisone,
corticosterone
–
accept
how
anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in the form of tablets?
What part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is it ensured
such regulation?
34. Questions on thermoregulation and excretion
For what purpose, when checking the state of health, the patient is offereddo a urine test? What can a specialist detect in urine if
patient inflammation of the kidneys? Give at least two examples.
During a many-hour excursion, which took place at a temperature
air around +10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was cold. Using
knowledge about the thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl
experienced discomfort on the street.
In the human body in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed,
to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, human body temperature
practically does not change. Why? List at least two organs
who take an active part in maintaining a constant
body temperature.
Questions from FIPI "Man and his health" 2018
Starting from the last page and working backwards to 225
Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons.
All carbohydrates in food are converted into glucose and in this form they enter the blood from the intestines. Glucose is one of the most common essential energy sources for nerve tissues, heart, muscles and other organs.
Cellulose is the so-called dietary fiber. They are practically not absorbed, but perform a protective function, stimulating intestinal activity. They bind cholesterol, salts of heavy metals, many harmful substances and then remove them from our body, stimulating the activity of beneficial microorganisms living in our intestines.
Food poisoning causes vomiting, abdominal pain. Explain their importance to the body.
Vomiting - this symptom is a protective reaction of the body, which is aimed at cleansing the body of poor-quality toxic food.
Pain informs a person of imminent danger. Pain causes a negative psycho-emotional state and forms the motivation to eliminate this negative feeling.
What is dietary fiber? Why is dietary fiber good for the body?
1. Dietary fiber - indigestible components of plant cell membranes (fiber).
2. Any of the following arguments may be given:
Foods that contain a lot of dietary fiber require prolonged chewing. Chewing stimulates salivation and digestive processes, and also cleans teeth, massages the gums.
Promote the removal of toxic decay products from the body
To maintain the intestinal microflora, because. beneficial bacteria synthesize B vitamins, increase immunity
– fibers remove heavy metals;
fiber lowers cholesterol and blood glucose levels
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in digestion? List at least two of its functions.
1. Provides protection against most pathogens that enter the digestive system with unwashed food and unboiled water.
2. Creates an environment with high acidity, necessary for the work of the enzyme of gastric juice - pepsin.
3. Denatures food proteins, which contributes to their successful digestion.
How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your diet? Specify two ways.
1) The priority in nutrition should be whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits.
2) Limit the consumption of animal and dairy fats (eg butter), sauces and gravies.
During a many-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was cold. Using knowledge about the thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl experienced discomfort on the street.
1. During the excursion, intense heat transfer occurred from the surface of the girl's body.
2. At the same time, the process of heat generation in the body was somewhat slower, so the girl felt temperature discomfort
What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values.
They perform a building function - they are part of cell membranes
Spare power source
Regulatory (many fats are hormones)
Energy (38.9 kJ of energy is obtained from 1 g of fat)
Protective layer of internal organs (against mechanical damage)
Heat-insulating layer (subcutaneous adipose tissue)
Fats deliver fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the body.
The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.
1. In the human body, it is possible to convert carbohydrates into fats and vice versa, as well as proteins into fats and carbohydrates.
2. The conversion of carbohydrates and fats into proteins is impossible.
Name two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?
Dysentery is an intestinal infection that affects the final part of the large intestine. There are several pathogens that cause the development of the disease: bacterium - dysentery bacillus (shigella) and dysentery amoeba - the simplest animal
Cholera is a human-to-human intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae and characterized by dehydration due to severe vomiting and diarrhea. Among all intestinal infections, cholera is the most contagious disease.
3. Salmonellosis (typhoid fever) - an acute intestinal infection transmitted from animals to humans, caused by certain types of bacteria - Salmonella and manifested by lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body.
Vitamins are biologically active organic substances needed in small amounts. They are not formed in the body (with the exception of some: D, K and group B) and must be supplied with food.
They are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism.
They increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences, stimulate the growth and development of the body, and restore tissues and cells.
Diseases, as a rule, are accompanied by a significant increase in body temperature, metabolism decreases, and appetite disappears. At this time, a large number of cells are destroyed (especially blood - leukocytes). Therefore, the patient is given food that does not require large expenditures of energy for digestion and absorption, and is also rich in proteins.
The disease, as a rule, is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, which leads to an increase in the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin, lungs and heat transfer in general. In order to avoid violations of water-salt metabolism and tissue dehydration, fluid loss must be compensated by drinking plenty of fluids.
What organs does the dentist warn about violations of the work of a smoking person and why? Name at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs.
1. The dentist will draw the patient's attention to the effect of tobacco smoke and the tar it contains on the organs of the oral cavity: teeth, gums, salivary glands.
2. Tobacco smoke leaves a yellow coating on the enamel, which contributes to the development of caries and tooth decay, increases the secretion of the salivary glands, and the saliva secreted by them is swallowed along with the toxic components of tobacco smoke.
3. Soot and harmful smoke particles cause inflammation of the oral mucosa: bleeding gums, stomatitis.
What foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body?
1. Cholesterol is a substance necessary for the construction of cell membranes , the production of hormones of the adrenal glands and gonads, the functioning of the nervous system, as well as the functioning of the brain.
2. The greatest amount of cholesterol is found in fatty foods of animal origin: lard, egg yolks, sour cream, fatty cheeses and meat, some confectionery
3. Cholesterol is dangerous because it is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, gradually forming a lipid spot, a plaque that grows and can come off. The thrombus is carried with the blood stream and clogs the narrow lumens of the arteries. As a result, the normal blood flow is disturbed, the blood supply to any organ stops. Ischemia occurs (oxygen starvation of tissues), which can lead to necrosis.
Often, with a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, but why don’t they talk about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?
Proteins in the body can turn into fats and carbohydrates, compensating for their deficiency.
Neither carbohydrates nor fats can be converted into proteins in the human body, so the lack of proteins cannot be compensated by fats and carbohydrates.
German proverb says: "Well chewed– half digested." Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.
1) If a person chews food well, then it moves in the alimentary canal in a crushed form and therefore is more accessible to the action of digestive juices.
2) Thorough chewing of food is accompanied by the release of a large amount of saliva and gastric juice, which also speeds up the process of digestion.
Why is the preparation of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone – taken as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs in the form of tablets?
1. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is affected by the digestive enzymes of the stomach and small intestine. It should enter the bloodstream not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, retaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.
2. Hormones of the adrenal cortex are classified as lipids - fats. Many lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries of the intestinal villi and are transported by the lymph flow into the blood as a whole; they also easily pass through cellular and intracellular membranes.
What part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?
Fat metabolism is regulated by the central nervous system. The centers of regulation are located in the hypothalamus, they exert their influence on fat metabolism through the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic nerves increase the breakdown, and parasympathetic - the synthesis of fat.
The influence of the nervous system on fat metabolism is carried out by changes in endocrine secretion: adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and gonads.
Explain in nutritional terms why cleanliness– guarantee of health.
1. Washing hands before eating is a guarantee of the absence of infectious gastrointestinal diseases. You need to take care not only about the cleanliness of the hands, but also about the hygiene of the nails, because a lot of bacteria also accumulate under them.
2. Lack of personal hygiene, unwashed vegetables and fruits can cause helminthic diseases in humans.
3. Through carriers (flies, cockroaches), pathogens of infectious diseases can enter the intestines.
During dinner, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with?
1. Heartburn is an unpleasant burning sensation mainly behind the sternum and / or in the epigastric region.
2. This is due to the effect of gastric juice on the mucosa of the esophagus. This happens when gastric contents are thrown into the esophagus, and this, in turn, becomes possible due to insufficiency of the esophageal sphincter (a kind of clamp at the junction of the esophagus into the stomach), which normally separates the acidic contents of the stomach.
What negative effect does smoking tobacco have on the digestion process? Specify at least two changes.
1. Tobacco smoke weakens the sense of smell and perception of taste sensations, increases salivation, loosens the gums, promotes bleeding and the formation of ulcers on the oral mucosa, and can destroy dentin
2. During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the mucous membrane bleeds, the amount of gastric juice decreases and its acidity changes
3. Smoking disrupts intestinal motility. Violation of bowel function is expressed by intermittent constipation and diarrhea.
What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?
1. Patients with diabetes mellitus are given insulin.
2. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is affected by the digestive enzymes of the stomach and small intestine. It should enter the bloodstream not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, retaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.
Olga is a master of sports. the coach asked Olga to consume meals with the highest protein content. Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga's protein content in the ordered dishes? Specify at least two arguments .
1) Protein is the main building material for the body. It consists of muscles and ligaments, skin and internal organs. Proteins in the body cannot be formed from other nutrients.
2) Protein can be used as an energy source.
3. Lack of complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.
Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products laid out in the window and the dishes offered from them, and after ordered menu went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the teenager's actions.
There is a conditioned juice reflex - the release of juice at the sight and smell of food, it contributes to the breakdown of food immediately after it enters the stomach.
Washing hands before eating is a guarantee of the absence of infectious gastrointestinal diseases.
Why do packages of sterilized milk have longer shelf life than pasteurized milk?
1. Milk pasteurization temperature - 60-80 degrees, depending on the duration. During this period, some of the microorganisms die, and the other part reduces activity, thereby extending the shelf life of the dairy product.
2. Sterilization is a heat treatment process in which, as a result of exposure to high temperatures (above 100 ° C), all microorganisms die, and the duration of storage of milk increases.
During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.
1 .During eating, do not be distracted, as this worsens salivation .
What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach causes alcohol? List at least two changes.
Alcohol irritates its mucosa and activates an increased release of hydrochloric acid. With regular ingestion of alcoholic beverages into the stomach, there is a violation of the acid-base balance, a violation of the functions and regeneration of the gastric mucosa
Under the influence of alcohol, gastric juice is secreted with a smaller amount of the enzyme pepsin. Digestion in the stomach becomes defective, food stagnates or undigested enters the intestines
Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Give at least two arguments
Sugar affects normal metabolism. Excessive consumption of it leads to weight gain, obesity, high blood sugar levels, high blood pressure;
Excessive sugar consumption can also raise uric acid levels, which increases the risk of heart and kidney disease.
It creates an excessive load on the liver, damaging it like alcohol, since all carbohydrates are ultimately transported to this organ;
Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when compiling a diet? Give two arguments.
1. It is necessary to take into account the correct distribution of the calorie content of the diet for individual meals.
2. Nutrition must be complete, i.e. the diet must fully satisfy the needs of a particular organism for vitamins, mineral salts and water, and also contain all the essential amino acids (complete proteins)
3. It is required to maintain a balance in the diet of the amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals.
In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach is greatly stretched and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the work of other organs and the process of digestion. Why?
1. With a distended stomach, a person eats too much food, which can cause obesity and, as a result, increase the work of the heart, liver, intestines and the occurrence of various diseases of these organs.
2. Pressure is created on neighboring organs and through the diaphragm on the heart and lungs
3. With a distended stomach, food mixes worse with juices, there is a delay in the promotion of contents
What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?
Water balance of the body - equilibrium between the amount of water entering the body and what is excreted. The average amount of water consumed per day is up to 2.5 liters.
2. Water exchange is under the control of neuro-hormonal regulation. The intake of water is controlled by the feeling of thirst. Thirst occurs when the water content in the body decreases even by a few percent.
3. The hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic) is produced by the hypothalamus. With the formation of an excess of electrolytes (with an increase in osmotic pressure), more antidiuretic hormone is released, under the influence of which the kidneys produce less urine. Conversely, if the osmotic pressure of the blood decreases, less antidiuretic hormone is released. In addition, the volume of blood flowing through the kidneys is simultaneously regulated. With a decrease in this volume, more of the hormone aldosterone is produced and released. Aldosterone inhibits the normal excretion of salts through the kidneys, under its influence there is a feeling of thirst,
4. The release of water from the body is stimulated by thyroid hormone - thyroxine. With an excess of this hormone, the excretion of water by the skin increases.
For what purpose, when checking the state of health, the patient is offered to do a urine test? What can a specialist detect in the urine if the patient has inflammation of the kidneys? Give at least two examples.
Urinalysis is a laboratory examination of urine, which is carried out for diagnostic purposes.
1. Leukocytes in the urine indicate that there is inflammation in the kidneys or urinary tract, often this is an indicator of a chronic infection.
2. In a healthy person, there is no protein in the urine or its concentration is insignificant, with inflammation, the protein concentration increases.
In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin.
1. Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed by glucose residues, the main reserve carbohydrate of animals. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized if necessary to compensate for a sudden lack of glucose. Only the glycogen stored in the liver cells can be converted into glucose to feed the entire body.
2. In the process of metabolism, carbohydrates can be formed from proteins, which happened with the experimental animal, which was fed only protein food. This happens with people who eat mainly animal food, for example, among the peoples of the north.
Name two diseases of the digestive system. Give reasons for each of them.
1.Gastritis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach wall. Causes: non-compliance with the diet, poor nutrition, dry food, on the go, alcohol abuse, smoking.
2) A stomach ulcer is a disease in which there is a violation of the integrity of the tissues of the gastric walls from the inside, as a result of which they are corroded by gastric juice, which, in turn, forms a characteristic lesion, that is, an ulcer. Causes: prolonged negative emotions and stress, alcohol abuse, smoking
3) Cirrhosis of the liver - a disease in which liver cells degenerate into another tissue. Causes: poor nutrition, lack of proteins and vitamins, poisoning with chemicals and drugs, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction
What changes in the processes of digestion in the small intestine are caused by alcohol? List at least two changes.
Alcohol causes a very strong decrease in the motor activity of the digestive tract, and especially the small intestine. Accordingly, this leads to a deterioration in the absorption of proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates,
2. Under the influence of alcohol, the walls of the small intestine change their structure at the cellular level. As a result, the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine stops, which leads to the exhaustion of the body.
3. There is an increase in the permeability of the intestinal walls, through which toxic substances and underdigested protein compounds enter the bloodstream. Some of these are classic allergens, which is why many people develop allergic reactions like hives when they drink alcohol.
What plant foods are a good source of protein? Why are adolescents advised not to cut out animal foods from their diet?
1. The most valuable source of protein are plants of the legume family: soybeans, peas, beans, chickpeas, as well as nuts and green vegetables.
2) For adolescents, a sufficient amount of animal protein is needed, which is contained in meat, since it is he who serves as a building material for the muscular system. Plant proteins, unlike animal proteins, do not contain all the amino acids necessary for the formation of specific human proteins.
3) Lack of complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.
What is dangerous for a person low acidity of gastric juice? Give at least two reasons.
1. Since hydrochloric acid has an antiseptic, bactericidal effect on pathogenic microorganisms, a decrease in the acidity of the stomach can provoke the occurrence of various intestinal infections.
2. Low acidity of the stomach causes disturbances in the functioning of the digestive organs. Some enzymes lose their activity, which leads to improper protein digestion and the development of active fermentation processes.
3. Decreased acidity leads to poor absorption of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin deficiency is fraught with brittleness and dryness of hair, skin, brittle nails and other external signs.
4. A frequent companion of low acidity is constipation, followed by frequent diarrhea.
What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist of the smoker warn about?
1. First of all, the stomach. Toxic substances of smoke, dissolving
in saliva, act on the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation - gastritis. Nicotine, tobacco smoke, tobacco particles disrupt the rhythm of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
2. The smoker's appetite decreases; there is nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach; stomach ulcers may develop.
Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons.
1. There are no enzymes in the blood capable of splitting high-molecular organic compounds into simpler ones, which are transported to the cells and used by them.
Milk and chicken broth have a specific composition (especially for proteins), which will become antigens for the body, which will cause immune protection.
Name two outward signs that a person's diet is deficient in protein.
1. With a lack of protein, metabolism slows down. With their lack, muscle mass is lost and, conversely, the amount of fat in the body increases.
2. Skin, hair, nails are not vital organs, but at the same time they are almost entirely composed of protein, receiving it according to the residual principle. Therefore, fragile hair, flabby skin, exfoliating nails are a sure sign of a lack of protein in the body.
In the human body in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the temperature of the human body practically does not change. Why? Name at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.
1. Thermoregulation is the ability of the body human regulate heat exchange with the environment and maintain body temperature at a constant normal level of 36.6 °, regardless of external conditions and the severity of the work performed.
2. The sweat glands of the skin form sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating
3. At high temperatures, blood vessels expand, increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin and increasing heat transfer.
Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 h
and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should be 20–
25 minutes.
1. When eating food at the same hours in the body, the formation of conditioned juice-releasing reflexes occurs for a certain time and the food is better digested.
2. It is recommended to eat no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous intake, since after about 3-4 hours the food leaves the stomach. If this requirement is not observed, digestion worsens and appetite decreases.
3. When eating fast, food is poorly chewed and crushed, insufficiently processed by saliva. This leads to an excessive load on the stomach, deterioration of digestion and assimilation of food. When eating in a hurry, the feeling of fullness comes more slowly, which contributes to overeating.
Why can't humans digest undigested food? Give at least two reasons.
During digestion, the biopolymers that make up food products are gradually broken down into simpler compounds. able to be easily absorbed into the blood and participate in the vital functions of the human body
Undigested food cannot be digested because its physical state and chemical composition are very complex. Macromolecules of organic substances are very large and cannot get into the blood, and then into the cells.
Macromolecules that are foreign to the body, which are part of food products, can cause an immune response in the body.
What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?
1. General weakness, decreased performance - the performance of ordinary, everyday duties causes difficulties, lethargy appears, decreased performance, muscle weakness, tremors in the muscles and impaired coordination of movements are characteristic;
2. With its deficiency, hair becomes thinner and falls out, nails grow slowly and can delaminate, white spots or stripes appear on them, the skin loses elasticity, becomes grayish-pale and rough, and rashes appear.
2. Lack of protein can also be manifested by exacerbations of chronic diseases and the frequent occurrence of colds (ARVI and ARI)
3. A person feels eternally hungry, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. therefore, a person eats a lot of sweets, he has frequent headaches and difficulty sleeping.
4. The character worsens, previously unusual qualities appear: irritability, tearfulness, aggressiveness, anxiety, resentment, and so on;
5. Weight loss, swelling
What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating
Boil water from natural reservoirs.
Thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits before eating.
Destroy cockroaches and flies.
Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Specify at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.
Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized by the pancreas in response to an increase in glucose levels after a meal. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing its utilization by cells and increases the conversion of glucose to glycogen in both the liver and muscles.
Glucagon is the "hunger hormone" produced by the pancreas in response to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
2. Adrenaline - is a hormone of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to form glucose and raises blood glucose levels. In muscles, adrenaline activates the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid.
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