22. General principles of the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
lymphatic system (systemalymphaticum) includes branched capillaries in organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, which are biological filters for tissue fluid, as well as lymphatic trunks and ducts. Through the lymphatic vessels, lymph (tissue fluid) flows from the place of its formation to the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, which form the venous angle on the right and left in the lower parts of the neck.
The lymphatic system performs the most important protective functions in the body - it filters the tissue fluid (through the lymph nodes) and returns it (purified) to the blood, and then back to the organs and tissues. With the help of the lymphatic system, particles of dead cells and other tissue elements, coarse proteins that are not able to pass through the walls of blood capillaries, as well as foreign particles and microorganisms trapped in the human body are removed from organs and tissues.
According to the structure and functions in the lymphatic system, lymph capillaries(lymphocapillary vessels). They absorb tissue fluid, which, together with crystalloids dissolved in it, metabolic products in the lymphatic capillaries, is called lymph(from lat. lympha - clear water). In its composition, lymph practically does not differ from tissue fluid. It is colorless, it contains a certain amount of lymphocytes, macrophages are found.
By lymphatic vessels lymph from the capillaries, together with the substances contained in it, flows to the regional lymph nodes corresponding to a given organ or part of the body, and from them to large lymphatic vessels - trunks and ducts. Lymphatic vessels can serve as pathways for the spread of infection and tumor cells.
lymph trunks And lymphatic ducts- these are large collector lymphatic vessels, through which lymph flows from the areas of the body to the lower parts of the neck - to the final sections of the subclavian or internal jugular vein or to the venous angle - the place where these veins merge. As a result of this fusion, the right (left) brachiocephalic vein is formed.
Lymph flowing through the lymphatic vessels to the lymphatic trunks and ducts passes through the lymph nodes, which perform barrier-filtration and immune functions. In the sinuses of the lymph nodes, lymph is filtered through loops of reticular tissue.
23. Thoracic duct: formation, parts, topography, tributaries.
The largest and most important lymphatic vessel is thoracic duct. Through it, lymph flows from the lower extremities, walls and organs of the pelvis, abdominal cavity, and the left half of the chest cavity. From the right upper limb, the lymph is directed to right subclavian trunk, from the right half of the head and neck - in right jugular trunk, from the organs of the right half of the chest cavity - in right bronchomediastinal trunk(tnincus bronchomediastinalis dexter), flowing into right lymphatic duct or independently in the right venous angle (Fig. 46). Lymph flows from the left upper limb through left subclavian trunk, from the left half of the head and neck - through left jugular trunk, and from the organs of the left half of the chest cavity - in left bronchomediastinal trunk (tnincus bronchomediastin Alis sinister), which flows into the thoracic mouth.
thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) is formed in the abdominal cavity, in the retroperitoneal tissue, at the level of CP of the chest - II lumbar vertebrae as a result of fusion right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks(triinci lumbales dexter et sinister). These trunks, in St.< ю очередь, образуются из слияния выносящих лимфатических сосудов соответственно правых и левых поясничных лимфатических узлов. Примерно в 25 % случаев в начальную часть грудного протока впадает один-три выносящих лимфатических сосуда брыжеечных лимфатических узлов, которые называют кишечными стволами (tninci in- testinales). В грудной проток впадают выносящие лимфатические сосуды предпозвоночных, межреберных, а также висцеральных (предаортальных) лимфатических узлов грудной полости. Длина грудного протока составляет 30-40 см.
The abdominal part (p£rs abdominalis) of the thoracic duct a is its initial part. In 75% of cases, it has an extension - a cistern of the thoracic duct (cisterna chyli, lactiferous cistern) of a cone-shaped, ampudoid or fusiform shape. In 25% of cases, the beginning of the thoracic duct looks like a reticular plexus formed by the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lumbar, celiac, and mesenteric lymph nodes. The walls of the cistern of the thoracic duct are usually fused with the right crus of the diaphragm, which, during respiratory movements, compresses the thoracic duct and helps to push the lymph through. From
In the abdominal cavity, the thoracic (lymphatic) duct passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the chest cavity, into the posterior mediastinum, where it is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column, behind the esophagus, between the thoracic part of the aorta and the azygous vein.
The thoracic part (pars thoracica) of the thoracic duct is the longest. It extends from the aortic opening of the diaphragm to the upper aperture of the chest, where the duct passes into its upper cervical part (pars cervicalis). In the lower parts of the chest cavity, behind the thoracic duct, there are the initial sections of the right posterior intercostal arteries and the final sections of the veins of the same name, covered by the intrathoracic fascia, in front - the esophagus. At the level of the VI-VII thoracic vertebrae, the thoracic duct begins to deviate to the left, at the level of the II-III thoracic vertebrae it emerges from under the left edge of the esophagus, rises up behind the left subclavian and common carotid arteries and the vagus nerve. Here, in the upper mediastinum, to the left of the thoracic duct are the left mediastinal pleura, to the right is the esophagus, and behind is the spinal column. Lateral to the common carotid artery and behind the internal jugular vein at the level of the V-VII cervical vertebrae, the cervical part of the thoracic duct bends and forms an arc. The arc of the thoracic duct (arcus ductus thoracici) goes around the dome of the pleura from above and somewhat behind, and then the mouth of the duct opens into the left venous angle or into the final section of the veins that form it (Fig. 47). In about 50% of cases, the thoracic duct has an expansion before flowing into a vein. Also, the duct often bifurcates, and in some cases, in the form of 3-4 trunks, it flows into the venous angle or into the final sections of the veins that form it.
At the mouth of the thoracic duct there is a paired valve formed by its inner shell, which prevents the blood from being thrown from the vein. Throughout the thoracic duct, there are 7-9 valves that prevent the reverse flow of lymph. The walls of the thoracic duct, in addition to inner shell(tunica interna) and outer shell(tunica externa) contain a well-defined middle (muscular) membrane(tunica media), capable of actively pushing the lymph along the duct from its beginning to the mouth.
In about a third of cases, there is a doubling of the lower half of the thoracic duct: next to its main trunk, there is an additional thoracic duct. Sometimes local splitting (doubling) of the thoracic duct is found.
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Today we will talk about beauty again, but instead of testing new face creams and masks, we will turn our attention deep into the body, namely, we will study the lymphatic system, lymphatic drainage and their impact on beauty and health in general.
The skin is of great importance for us, and not only because it is well-groomed and beautiful, it makes us beautiful. The skin performs many different functions - protection from harmful external influences, maintains the temperature of internal organs, softens the body as a whole, toxic waste products of the body are constantly released through the skin. In other words, the skin is an intermediary between the body and the external environment.
The respiratory and excretory functions of the skin are vital to health. If the normal functioning of the skin stops, poisoning of the body can occur. Skin disease always affects the health of the body, in the same way, a disease of any organ affects the condition of the skin. By acting on the skin with various medical means, it is possible to influence the entire body, for example, hydrotherapy, massage, etc.
And so, everything in our body is interconnected. When we talk about skin care, we always start with cleansing, then moisturizing, and so on. But most importantly, if the body is not cleansed from the inside, then all efforts with skin rejuvenation will be in vain. So let's think about health first. What we are going to talk about now will tell us what efforts and where each of us needs to make in order to combine beauty and health.
Today we will talk about such an important system that plays a special role in the human body, this is the lymphatic system. In order for you to seriously think about how important it is for the skin and the whole organism as a whole, you will have to delve a little deeper into the structure of your body. Perhaps then many of us will understand what prevents our skin from having a beautiful color, being elastic, elastic and velvety.
The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system in the human body. The lymph circulating in the body moves slowly under slight pressure, since the lymphatic system does not have an organ that acts as a pump, which the heart does in the circulatory system. The speed of its movement is 0.3 mm/s. Lymph moves in one direction - towards the large veins.
It plays an important role in the metabolism and cleansing of the cells and tissues of the body. Thus, we already see where the cleansing of the body begins, and in particular the skin, which we take care of in the first place.
The lymphatic system includes:
Lymphatic vessels and capillaries
The lymph nodes
Lymph trunks and ducts
Tonsils, thymus, or thymus.
How is lymph formed and in general, what kind of structure is it?
Even the ancient Greek doctors discovered that in addition to the red liquid, there is also a transparent liquid in the human body, which they called lymph, which means “clean water, moisture” in Greek.
As a result of contraction of the heart, the liquid part of the blood penetrates the walls of blood vessels, tissue fluid is formed. Part of the tissue fluid returns to the blood again. Since the heart is working and blood is constantly flowing through the vessels, the difference in fluid pressure outside the vessels and inside always exists.
It looks like a perpetual motion machine that works while the heart lives... But part of the tissue fluid, washing the cells, enters the lymphatic capillaries that penetrate the tissues of the whole body, so lymph is formed. Tissue fluid nourishes the cells, removes their waste and moisturizes the body.
The fluid that enters the lymphatic system is already called lymph. The smallest lymphatic capillaries merge into lymphatic vessels, which have thin walls and valves that prevent the outflow of lymph. Lymph moves in one direction along the lymphatic vessels, along which there are also lymph nodes.
The lymph nodes, these soft and small internal structures, produce immune cells. It is the nodes that act as filters in which microbes are neutralized. When there is a threat to our body from an infection, and various bacteria enter the lymph, the lymph nodes increase the production of protective cells that are actively involved in the destruction of microbes and foreign substances.
From the lymph nodes, filtered lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the veins, that is, returns to the blood. The largest lymph nodes you can feel yourself, they are in the cervical regions. Large nodes are also found in the axillary, popliteal and inguinal regions. When you get a sore throat, there is an increase in the lymph nodes - the tonsils, because it is here that the battle between microbes and the protective substances of the body takes place.
The lymphatic system contributes to the redistribution of fluid in the tissues of the body, since its capillaries drain all tissue intercellular spaces. From here we see that the lymphatic system not only cleanses our body, but also moisturizes it. And we hope to achieve skin hydration only with the help of moisturizing creams, when all this directly depends on the lymphatic system.
If everything is in order in our body, there are no failures, tissue fluid does not accumulate in excess in the tissues, since the lymphatic system moves it through the lymphatic vessels and returns it to the blood. Otherwise, fluid accumulates in the intercellular space, and edema occurs.
For example, in cellulite, the accumulation of fluid in the tissues is often associated with the presence of toxins in the body. Thus, the lymphatic system cleanses and moisturizes all tissues of the body, and also transports nutrients.
Beauty machine for lymphatic drainage
If, after reading, you understood everything, then you will be able to answer the question why is it so important for our body, at least morning exercises? The answer is simple. After all, the lymph moves very slowly. But if there is no “pump” in the lymphatic system, then how does it move, no matter how due to muscle contraction, which pushes the lymph further along its difficult life path.
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels penetrate the muscle tissue, the muscles contract - the lymph is pushed through, but there is no way for it to go back, the valves in the lymphatic vessels do not pass. But if the muscle around the vessel does not work, then where does the movement of the lymph come from? Now you understand what movement means and, in general, physical activity.
Stagnation and damage to the lymph from the fact that the muscles are lazy, because we are too lazy to do exercises, leads to sad consequences. Physical exercise significantly speeds up the movement of lymph. And this, in turn, improves the condition of tissues with edema and stagnation.
A sedentary lifestyle combined with a heavy meal leads to an overload of the lymphatic system, and often for this reason, various diseases and immunity disorders occur.
From all that has been said, we see that the lymphatic system
Redistributes fluid in the body;
Protects the body from infections and diseases by removing and destroying various bacteria in the lymph nodes; human immunity depends on it;
Removes foreign substances and waste products;
Transfers nutrients from tissue spaces to the blood.
Now imagine that the lymph nodes are clogged, what will happen then, because they are the body's filter? Then, let's say, dirty lymph cannot pass through the lymph node, and the body throws it out, onto the skin. What will you see on your skin? - There will be dermatitis, furunculosis, acne, acne, diathesis, psoriasis ... Probably enough to list.
When we catch a cold, we get a runny nose and stuffy nose. Since the body is fighting microbes, and lymph is directly involved in this, before it enters the blood, it must be cleansed of toxins. The lymph gets rid of this rubbish through the mucous membranes and skin. Therefore, you should not use vasoconstrictor drops for a long time during a runny nose, we interfere with the work of the lymphatic system.
The second example, when we deliberately disrupt the work of the lymph nodes, is a sweat deodorant. Sweat is the release of not just moisture from the body, but also toxins. If you constantly use deodorant that blocks sweat, you are harming your body by leaving harmful substances in tissues in certain areas, such as underarms. In this zone, the mammary glands are very close. And then you should understand a lot.
And what will help the work of the lymphatic system, except for charging?
In Russia, treatment with a steam bath with a broom, tea with currant leaves or raspberries has long been used. The use of the bath should be consulted with a doctor.
Breathing techniques can also stimulate lymph flow, improving your health.
The movement of the lymph is also helped by massage, which increases the outflow of tissue fluid. However, the massage should be in the form of light and gentle circular strokes and kneading. In addition, you need to know for sure that massage is not contraindicated for you.
The main reason for contraindications may be malignant neoplasms (cancer). After all, massage movements make the lymph move, and with it the malignant cells, which contributes to the formation of metastases. And in general, any procedures that affect the lymphatic system are unacceptable for cancer.
How does massage affect the lymphatic system?
Accelerates the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels. Massage movements should occur in the direction of the outflow of lymph to the nearest lymph nodes. Pressure on muscle tissue facilitates the penetration of tissue fluid through the walls of blood vessels, and this prevents or reduces swelling.
Harmful substances that easily pass through the walls of the lymphatic vessels are removed from the body faster. Massage movements - stroking, pressing and squeezing should be gentle. With swelling of the legs, the outflow of fluid will help if they are raised, since in this case the movement of fluid and lymph will be helped by gravity.
A professional massage therapist can make a lymphatic massage with benefit, and not harm. You can do it yourself at home, but for this you need to get instructions on the basic techniques from a specialist. the volume of lymphatic flow can be increased by 20 times, which means increasing the ability of the lymphatic system to remove toxins and harmful bacteria, and strengthen immunity.
It is useful not only for problems with the lymphatic system, but also in the case when you have a cold or just want to relieve fatigue. All touches should be gentle and soft.
Massage with essential oils such as geranium, rosemary and juniper, grapefruit, Atlas cedar and lemon oils is effective to activate the movement of the lymph and reduce swelling. And also essential oils of anise, orange, basil, cloves, oregano, ginger, hyssop, cypress, coriander, lavender, lemongrass, carrot, nayoli are used.
Carrier oils can be wheat germ oil, almond oil, avocado, peach oil, jojoba, macadamia oil, safflower oil.
Lymphatic drainage of the face and body at home
At home, you can use a bath with a lymphatic drainage mixture, which includes:
geranium -3 drops
lemongrass - 3 drops
hyssop - 2 drops
naioli - 2 drops
wild carrot - 2 drops
If you add 30 ml of grape seed oil to this mixture, you can do self-massage with it.
Malfunctions in the functioning of the lymphatic system are indicated not only by edema or cellulite, but also by other diseases where there is an inefficient removal of harmful substances from the body. For example - frequent colds, headaches, skin problems, etc.
Lymphatic drainage will help in stimulating the immune system, removing toxins from the body, with poor complexion, aging skin, and bruising under the eyes. After a course of lymphatic drainage, cell nutrition usually improves, the body is cleansed, metabolism improves, skin regeneration processes are stimulated, its dryness is eliminated, bags under the eyes disappear, wrinkles are smoothed out.
Now you see the necessity and importance of the lymphatic system, on which human immunity depends. Immunity is life!
The fluid that enters the tissue is lymph. The lymphatic system is an integral part of the vascular system, providing the formation of lymph and lymph circulation.
lymphatic system- a network of capillaries, vessels and nodes through which lymph moves in the body. Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end, i.e. blindly end in tissues. Lymphatic vessels of medium and large diameter, like veins, have valves. Lymph nodes are located along their course - "filters" that trap viruses, microorganisms and the largest particles in the lymph.
The lymphatic system begins in the tissues of organs in the form of an extensive network of closed lymphatic capillaries that do not have valves, and their walls are highly permeable and have the ability to absorb colloidal solutions and suspensions. Lymphatic capillaries pass into lymphatic vessels equipped with valves. Thanks to these valves, which prevent the reverse flow of lymph, it flows only towards the veins. Lymphatic vessels flow into the lymphatic thoracic duct, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the body. The thoracic duct drains into the cranial vena cava or jugular vein. Lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the right lymphatic trunk, which flows into the cranial vena cava.
Rice. Diagram of the lymphatic system
Functions of the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system performs several functions:
- The protective function is provided by the lymphoid tissue of the lymph nodes, which produces phagocytic cells, lymphocytes and antibodies. Before entering the lymph node, the lymphatic vessel divides into small branches that pass into the sinuses of the node. Small branches also depart from the node, which are combined again into one vessel;
- the filtration function is also associated with the lymph nodes, in which various foreign substances and bacteria are mechanically retained;
- the transport function of the lymphatic system is that through this system the main amount of fat enters the blood, which is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract;
- the lymphatic system also performs a homeostatic function, maintaining the constancy of the composition and volume of the interstitial fluid;
- The lymphatic system performs a drainage function and removes excess tissue (interstitial) fluid located in the organs.
The formation and circulation of lymph ensure the removal of excess extracellular fluid, which is created due to the fact that filtration exceeds the reabsorption of fluid into the blood capillaries. Such drainage function The lymphatic system becomes apparent if the outflow of lymph from some area of the body is reduced or stopped (for example, when squeezing the limbs with clothing, blockage of the lymphatic vessels during their injury, crossing during a surgical operation). In these cases, local tissue edema develops distal to the compression site. This type of edema is called lymphatic.
Return to the bloodstream of albumin, filtered into the intercellular fluid from the blood, especially in organs with highly permeable (liver, gastrointestinal tract). More than 100 g of protein returns to the bloodstream per day with lymph. Without this return, the loss of protein in the blood would be irreplaceable.
Lymph is part of the system that provides humoral connections between organs and tissues. With its participation, the transport of signaling molecules, biologically active substances, and some enzymes (histaminase, lipase) is carried out.
In the lymphatic system, the processes of differentiation of lymphocytes transported by the lymph along with immune complexes that perform body's immune defense functions.
Protective function The lymphatic system also manifests itself in the fact that foreign particles, bacteria, remnants of destroyed cells, various toxins, and also tumor cells are filtered out, captured and in some cases neutralized in the lymph nodes. With the help of lymph, red blood cells that have left the blood vessels are removed from the tissues (in case of injuries, damage to blood vessels, bleeding). Often, the accumulation of toxins and infectious agents in the lymph node is accompanied by its inflammation.
Lymph is involved in the transport of chylomicrons, lipoproteins and fat-soluble substances absorbed in the intestine into the venous blood.
Lymph and lymph circulation
Lymph is a blood filtrate formed from tissue fluid. It has an alkaline reaction, it is absent, but contains fibrinogen and, therefore, it is able to coagulate. The chemical composition of lymph is similar to that of blood plasma, tissue fluid and other body fluids.
Lymph flowing from different organs and tissues has a different composition depending on the characteristics of their metabolism and activity. The lymph flowing from the liver contains more proteins, the lymph contains more. Moving along the lymphatic vessels, the lymph passes through the lymph nodes and is enriched with lymphocytes.
Lymph- a clear, colorless liquid contained in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, in which there are no erythrocytes, there are platelets and many lymphocytes. Its functions are aimed at maintaining homeostasis (the return of protein from tissues to the blood, the redistribution of fluid in the body, the formation of milk, participation in digestion, metabolic processes), as well as participation in immunological reactions. The lymph contains protein (about 20 g/l). Lymph production is relatively low (most of all in the liver), about 2 liters are formed per day by reabsorption from the interstitial fluid into the blood of the blood capillaries after filtration.
Lymph formation due to the transition of water and dissolved substances from the blood capillaries to the tissues, and from the tissues to the lymphatic capillaries. At rest, the processes of filtration and absorption in the capillaries are balanced and the lymph is completely absorbed back into the blood. In the case of increased physical activity in the process of metabolism, a number of products are formed that increase the permeability of capillaries for protein, its filtration increases. Filtration in the arterial part of the capillary occurs when the hydrostatic pressure rises above the oncotic pressure by 20 mm Hg. Art. During muscular activity, the volume of lymph increases and its pressure causes the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lumen of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph formation is facilitated by an increase in the osmotic pressure of tissue fluid and lymph in the lymphatic vessels.
The movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels occurs due to the suction force of the chest, contraction, contraction of the smooth muscles of the wall of the lymphatic vessels and due to the lymphatic valves.
Lymphatic vessels have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Excitation of the sympathetic nerves leads to a contraction of the lymphatic vessels, and when the parasympathetic fibers are activated, the vessels contract and relax, which increases the lymph flow.
Adrenaline, histamine, serotonin increase the flow of lymph. A decrease in the oncotic pressure of plasma proteins and an increase in capillary pressure increase the volume of outflowing lymph.
Formation and amount of lymph
Lymph is a fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels and is part of the internal environment of the body. The sources of its formation are filtered from the microvasculature into the tissues and the contents of the interstitial space. In the section on microcirculation, it was discussed that the volume of blood plasma filtered into tissues exceeds the volume of fluid reabsorbed from them into the blood. Thus, about 2-3 liters of blood filtrate and fluid of the intercellular medium that were not reabsorbed into the blood vessels per day enter the lymphatic capillaries, the system of lymphatic vessels through the interendothelial cracks and return to the blood again (Fig. 1).
Lymphatic vessels are present in all organs and tissues of the body with the exception of the superficial layers of the skin and bone tissue. The largest number of them is found in the liver and small intestine, where about 50% of the total daily volume of the body's lymph is formed.
The main constituent of lymph is water. The mineral composition of the lymph is identical to the composition of the intercellular environment of the tissue in which the lymph was formed. Lymph contains organic substances, mainly proteins, glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids. The composition of the lymph flowing from different organs is not the same. In organs with a relatively high permeability of blood capillaries, such as the liver, lymph contains up to 60 g/l of protein. The lymph contains proteins involved in the formation of blood clots (prothrombin, fibrinogen), so it can clot. Lymph flowing from the intestines contains not only a lot of protein (30-40 g/l), but also a large amount of chylomicrons and lipoproteins formed from aponrotheins and fats absorbed from the intestines. These particles are in suspension in the lymph, transported by it into the blood and give the lymph a similarity to milk. In the composition of the lymph of other tissues, the protein content is 3-4 times less than in the blood plasma. The main protein component of tissue lymph is the low molecular weight fraction of albumin, which is filtered through the wall of capillaries into extravascular spaces. The entry of proteins and other large molecular particles into the lymph of the lymphatic capillaries is carried out due to their pinocytosis.
Rice. 1. Schematic structure of a lymphatic capillary. The arrows show the direction of lymphatic flow.
Lymph contains lymphocytes and other forms of white blood cells. Their number in different lymphatic vessels varies and is in the range of 2-25 * 10 9 / l, and in the thoracic duct is 8 * 10 9 / l. Other types of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) are contained in the lymph in a small amount, but their number increases with inflammatory and other pathological processes. Red blood cells and platelets can appear in the lymph when blood vessels are damaged and tissue injuries.
Absorption and movement of lymph
Lymph is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries, which have a number of unique properties. Unlike blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are closed, blindly ending vessels (Fig. 1). Their wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells, the membrane of which is fixed with the help of collagen filaments to extravascular tissue structures. Between endothelial cells there are intercellular slit-like spaces, the dimensions of which can vary widely: from a closed state to a size through which blood cells, fragments of destroyed cells and particles comparable in size to blood cells can penetrate into the capillary.
The lymphatic capillaries themselves can also change their size and reach a diameter of up to 75 microns. These morphological features of the structure of the walls of the lymphatic capillaries give them the ability to change the permeability over a wide range. Thus, during contraction of skeletal muscles or smooth muscles of internal organs, due to the tension of collagen filaments, interendothelial gaps can open, through which the intercellular fluid, the mineral and organic substances contained in it, including proteins and tissue leukocytes, freely move into the lymphatic capillary. The latter can easily migrate into the lymphatic capillaries also due to their ability to amoeboid movement. In addition, lymphocytes, which are formed in the lymph nodes, enter the lymph. The flow of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is carried out not only passively, but also under the influence of negative pressure forces that occur in the capillaries due to the pulsating contraction of the more proximal parts of the lymphatic vessels and the presence of valves in them.
The wall of the lymphatic vessels is built of endothelial cells, which, on the outside of the vessel, are covered in the form of a cuff by smooth muscle cells located radially around the vessel. Inside the lymphatic vessels there are valves, the structure and principle of functioning of which are similar to the valves of the venous vessels. When smooth myocytes are relaxed and the lymphatic vessel is dilated, the valve leaflets open. With the contraction of smooth myocytes, causing narrowing of the vessel, the pressure of the lymph in this area of the vessel increases, the valve flaps close, the lymph cannot move in the opposite (distal) direction and is pushed through the vessel proximally.
Lymph from the lymphatic capillaries moves into postcapillary and then into large intraorgan lymphatic vessels that flow into the lymph nodes. From the lymph nodes, through small extraorganic lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into larger extraorganic vessels that form the largest lymphatic trunks: the right and left thoracic ducts, through which lymph is delivered to the circulatory system. From the left thoracic duct, lymph enters the left subclavian vein near its junction with the jugular veins. Most of the lymph moves into the blood through this duct. The right lymphatic duct delivers lymph to the right subclavian vein from the right side of the chest, neck, and right arm.
Lymph flow can be characterized by volumetric and linear velocities. The volumetric flow rate of lymph from the thoracic ducts to the veins is 1-2 ml / min, i.e. only 2-3 l / day. The linear speed of lymph movement is very low - less than 1 mm/min.
The driving force of the lymph flow is formed by a number of factors.
- The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the lymph (2-5 mm Hg) in the lymphatic capillaries and its pressure (about 0 mm Hg) at the mouth of the common lymphatic duct.
- Contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels that move lymph towards the thoracic duct. This mechanism is sometimes called the lymphatic pump.
- Periodic increase in external pressure on the lymphatic vessels, created by contraction of the skeletal or smooth muscles of the internal organs. For example, the contraction of the respiratory muscles creates rhythmic pressure changes in the chest and abdominal cavities. The decrease in pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation creates a suction force that promotes the movement of lymph into the thoracic duct.
The amount of lymph formed per day in a state of physiological rest is about 2-5% of body weight. The rate of its formation, movement and composition depend on the functional state of the organ and a number of other factors. Thus, the volumetric flow of lymph from the muscles during muscular work increases by 10-15 times. After 5-6 hours after eating, the volume of lymph flowing from the intestine increases, its composition changes. This occurs mainly due to the entry of chylomicrons and lipoproteins into the lymph.
Clamping the veins of the legs or standing for a long time leads to difficulty in returning venous blood from the legs to the heart. At the same time, the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillaries of the extremities increases, filtration increases and an excess of tissue fluid is created. The lymphatic system under such conditions cannot provide sufficient drainage function, which is accompanied by the development of edema.
Lymph is a liquid tissue of the body contained in and In the human body, lymph is formed in the amount of 2-4 liters per day. It is a transparent liquid, the density of which reaches 1.026. The reaction of the lymph is alkaline, it is pH 7.35-9.0. This liquid helps to maintain and is able to flush out pathological microorganisms from the tissues.
The composition of the lymph
This liquid tissue circulates in the vessels of the lymphatic system and is found in almost all organs. Most of all it is in organs with high permeability of blood vessels: in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and also in the heart.
It is worth noting that its composition is not constant, since it depends on the organs and tissues from which it flows. The main constituents can be called water, decay products of organic compounds, lymphocytes and leukocytes. Unlike tissue fluid, lymph has a higher protein content. Its chemical composition resembles but its viscosity is lower.
Lymph also contains anions, enzymes and vitamins. In addition, it contains substances that increase blood clotting ability. When small blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged, the number of lymphocytes increases. Also in the lymph there is a small amount of monocytes and granulocytes.
It is worth noting that human lymph is devoid of platelets, but it can coagulate because it contains fibrinogen. In this case, a loose yellow clot is formed. In addition, humoral immunity factors (lysozyme, properdin) and complement were identified in this fluid, although the bactericidal ability of lymph is much lower than that of blood.
The meaning of lymph
The following main functions of lymph can be noted:
Return of electrolytes, proteins and water from the interstitial space to the bloodstream;
Normal lymphatic circulation ensures the formation of the most concentrated urine;
Lymph carries many substances that are absorbed in the digestive organs, including fats;
Certain enzymes (such as lipase or histaminase) can only enter the blood through the lymphatic system (metabolic function);
Lymph takes erythrocytes from tissues, which accumulate there after injuries, as well as toxins and bacteria (protective function);
It provides communication between organs and tissues, as well as the lymphoid system and blood;
Maintenance of a constant microenvironment of cells, i.e. homeostatic function.
In addition, lymphocytes and antibodies are formed in the lymph nodes, which take part in the body's immune response. In oncological diseases, it is the lymph that is the main route for the spread of cancer cells.
It should be noted that lymph, tissue fluid and blood are closely related, therefore they provide homeostasis.
Lymph formation
This process is based on filtration, diffusion, osmosis and the difference in hydrostatic pressure, which is recorded in the capillaries and in the interstitial fluid.
How is lymph formed? In this process, the degree of permeability of the lymphatic vessels is of great importance. Thus, particles of various sizes pass through the walls of the lymphatic capillaries in two main ways:
1. Intercellular, when highly dispersed particles pass through the intercellular gaps, the size of which reaches 10 nm - 10 microns.
2. Through the endothelium, such transport of substances is associated with their direct movement with the help of micropinocytic vesicles and blisters.
It is worth noting that these paths work simultaneously.
If you answer the question “how is lymph formed”, it is worth remembering about oncotic pressure. So, high blood pressure promotes the formation of lymph, and high oncotic pressure inhibits this process. The filtration of the fluid takes place in the capillaries, while it returns to the venous bed, since there is a pressure difference at the venous and arterial ends of the capillaries.
It should be noted that the permeability of lymphocapillaries varies depending on the functional state of the organs, as well as under the influence of various mechanical, chemical, as well as humoral or nervous factors. The rate of formation of lymph and its volume depend on the relationship between systemic and lymphatic circulation. So, if the minute volume of blood circulation is 6 liters, then 15 ml of fluid is filtered through the blood capillaries, 12 ml of which is reabsorbed back, but 5 ml remains in the interstitial space, after which it returns to the circulatory system through the lymphatic vessels.
To better understand how and where lymph is formed, you should know the structural features of the lymphatic system.
Features of the organization of the lymphatic system
The initial link is the lymphatic capillaries. They are located in all tissues and organs. They are absent only in the brain and spinal cord, eyeballs and in the inner ear, as well as in the epithelium of the skin, in the spleen, bone marrow, placenta.
Lymphocapillaries are able to unite, forming lymphocapillary networks and larger lymphatic vessels, which have three membranes:
Internal - consists of cells called endotheliocytes;
Medium - contains cells of smooth muscle tissue;
External - connective tissue sheath.
It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels have valves. Thanks to them, the movement of lymph occurs only in one direction - from the periphery to the center. As a rule, lymphatic vessels from muscles and organs exit with blood vessels and are called deep.
Lymph nodes are important components of the lymphatic system. They act as a filter and provide the immune defense of the body. Lymph nodes are located near large blood vessels, as a rule, in groups, they can be superficial or located in the internal cavities of the body. They accumulate and remove viruses and bacteria, as well as foreign particles from the body. With excessive load, the lymph nodes increase and become painful, which indicates excessive pollution of the lymph. Lymph nodes in the groin tend to swell with infection in the pelvis or legs. The inflammatory process can also be associated with allergic reactions, the presence of benign cysts, or after muscle overstretching.
It must be said that in the lymphatic system there are also specific lymph trunks and straits, through which the outflow of lymph from various parts of the body and internal organs occurs.
Features of lymph movement
Approximately 180 ml of lymph enters the lymphatic vessels per hour, up to 4 liters of this fluid can pass through the thoracic lymphatic duct per day. Subsequently, it returns to the general bloodstream. Knowing how lymph is formed, it is worth familiarizing yourself with how it moves through the body.
Since lymph is formed in the lymphatic capillaries, a more intense filtration of fluid from the small blood vessels leads to an acceleration of its formation and an increase in the speed of its movement. Among the factors that increase lymph formation, the following should be mentioned:
High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries;
High functional activity of organs;
High capillary permeability;
Introduction of hypertonic solutions.
The main role in the processes of lymph movement is assigned to the creation of primary hydrostatic pressure. It promotes the movement of the bodice from the lymphatic capillaries towards the outlet vessels.
What ensures its further movement? Lymph is formed from tissue fluid. At the same time, the main force that contributes to its movement from the place of formation to the flow into the veins of the neck is the rhythmic contraction of lymphangions.
Features of the structure of lymphangions. Other mechanisms for moving lymph
Lymphangion is a tubular formation with valves and a muscular "cuff". These formations can be called a kind of lymphatic hearts. So, lymph accumulates in them, which leads to stretching of the “cuff”. In this case, the distal valve of the lymphangion closes, and the proximal valve, on the contrary, opens. As a result of this, the lymph moves to the next lymphangion (and so on until it flows into the venous system).
If we talk about the structure of the walls of lymphangions, then they are represented by adrenergic fibers that modulate spontaneous rhythmic contractions. The smooth muscles of the lymphangion are also capable of contraction, which leads to an increase in pressure in the lymphatic vessels and to the flow of lymph into the bloodstream. This process can be influenced by certain hormones, biologically active substances (for example, histamine), as well as changes in the concentration of metabolic compounds and high temperature.
The described mechanism of lymph movement is the main one, but there are also secondary factors. So, when you inhale, the lymph flows from the thoracic lymphatic duct more intensively, and when you exhale, this process slows down. Due to the movements of the diaphragm, the cisterns of this strait are periodically compressed and stretched, which contributes to the further movement of the lymph.
The intensity of the lymphatic flow is also affected by the rhythmic contraction of the organs (heart and intestines), which leads to a more active transition of tissue fluid into the lumen of the capillaries. The contractions of the skeletal muscles that surround the lymphatic vessels are also capable of squeezing out the lymph, since they contribute to its mechanical movement, and also increase the contractility of the lymphangions that are located in the muscle fiber. Due to this, the movement of lymph through the vessels is accelerated.
Stagnation in the lymphatic system
Insufficiency of lymphatic circulation is a violation of the formation or movement of lymph. Many diseases are accompanied by disorders in the functioning of the lymphatic system, which is often crucial in the progression of the pathological process.
In case of insufficiency of lymphatic circulation, the lymph cannot cope with its main task - the removal of metabolites from the tissues of the body with sufficient speed. In this case, mechanical insufficiency of lymphatic circulation can be of a general or regional nature.
Lymph stasis is manifested by various symptoms, which depends on a number of factors:
From the zone in which lymphostasis develops;
From the features of the lymphatic network;
From the age of the patient;
From the speed with which lymphatic insufficiency develops.
Violation of the lymph flow leads to the accumulation of toxic products. When the lymphatic vessels are damaged, blood clots occur, which, as a rule, consist of leukocytes and fibrin. They are delayed by regional lymph nodes, so they do not pose a danger.
It should be noted that lymphostasis is especially dangerous in infectious pathologies and malignant diseases, since it causes generalization of the lesion and the appearance of retrograde metastases (spread against the flow of lymph).
Edema is a common clinical manifestation of lymph circulation insufficiency. Lymph stagnation is accompanied by tissue hypoxia, disturbances in metabolic processes and water and electrolyte balance, as well as dystrophic and sclerotic phenomena. With a general stagnation of the lymph, varicose changes in the lymphatic vessels develop, hypertrophy of their muscle fibers, as well as intin sclerosis, changes in valves.
Violation of the coagulation ability of the lymph
It is known that the lymph contains almost all the components that are responsible for the processes of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis, so intravascular coagulation is characteristic not only of blood vessels, but also of lymphatic vessels. At the same time, tissue coagulation factors affect not only hemostasis, but also vascular permeability and interstitial transport of tissue fluid. At the same time, the mechanisms that cause blood clotting can provoke similar phenomena in the lymphatic capillaries, vessels and nodes.
It should be noted that the relationship between the various components of blood and lymph has been little studied, but it is known that various pathological processes can affect lymph coagulation in different ways. So, with the introduction of heterogeneous blood, the ability of the lymph to coagulate disappears, since the amount of natural anticoagulants increases. It is assumed that a significant amount of anticoagulants in this case is formed in the liver, and the lymph only transports them into the blood.
Almost nothing is known about the violation of lymph coagulation during the development of thrombosis. There are experimental data that confirm that quantitative changes in the blood and lymph may differ somewhat, but their direction is identical. In addition, it is known that thrombosis is accompanied by a slight slowdown in lymph flow from the drained thoracic lymphatic duct, and the formation of a venous thrombus is accompanied by pronounced changes in both blood and lymph. This pattern indicates that there is every reason not only to theoretically study the features of coagulation processes in the lymphatic system, but also to use them in clinical practice.
Lymph cleansing: indications
In case of violation of the normal functioning of the lymphatic system, a significant amount of harmful compounds accumulate in the intercellular space. In this case, the lymph is polluted, which leads to the development of lymphostasis. This condition is accompanied by an increase in the load on the organs, especially the liver, kidneys and intestines. To prevent the damaging effects of toxins, it is necessary to provide lymphatic drainage and a constant outflow of interstitial fluid.
Indications for cleaning the lymphatic system are the following conditions:
Insufficient due to disturbances in the liver and intestines (hepatitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis, constipation and bile stasis);
Frequent colds;
Chronic infectious lesions of the pelvic organs (for example, cystitis, adnexitis or endometritis);
Intestinal infections or other pathologies that are accompanied by significant intoxication;
Skin diseases;
Allergic lesions (for example, neurodermatitis, eczema or atopic dermatitis);
Conditions accompanied by massive tissue damage and absorption of decay products into the bloodstream (injuries, burns and fractures);
Circulatory disorders due to blood loss, thrombosis, embolism;
Endocrine pathologies, especially obesity, diabetes mellitus and thyroid pathology.
The main methods of cleansing the lymph
Before cleaning the lymph, you should consult a doctor who will determine possible contraindications and help you choose the best option.
You need to take 900 ml of orange juice, the same amount of grapefruit juice, and 200 ml of fresh lemon juice. All this should be diluted with 2 liters of melt water. Do not have breakfast in the morning, make an enema of 2 liters of water, in which you must first add 2 tbsp. l. apple cider vinegar. After setting the enema, you should drink 100 ml of water, in which it is diluted, immediately take a hot shower, then drink 200 ml of a pre-prepared mixture of citrus juices and melt water. In the future, you should drink all 4 liters of this mixture (in portions, 100 ml every half hour).
Cleansing the lymph by this method must be carried out for three days. It should be remembered that after this it is impossible to suddenly switch to the usual diet, the diet should be expanded gradually. It is recommended to drink juices, eat fruits, boiled vegetables and cereals.
Method number 2. It helps to cleanse the lymph, remove toxins and saturate the body with vitamins. In the morning, you should do a cleansing enema. Then you need to eat one grated lemon with steamed zest, combined with honey and fruit sugar. Every day you need to use one lemon more, bringing the amount to 15. Then their number should be reduced, eating 1 less lemon every day.
Method number 3. You need to take lemons, beets, carrots, pomegranates (all 2 kg each), squeeze the juice, mix with honey and take 50 ml on an empty stomach for 10 days, then take a five-day break. Repeat such courses until the end of the prepared mixture, which should be stored in the refrigerator with a tightly closed lid.
Method number 4. Tibetan doctors recommend to purify the lymph as follows. You need to take 200 ml of fresh juice of carrots and beets in a ratio of 4:1 daily before meals. At the same time, an infusion of celandine should be taken according to the appropriate scheme: on an empty stomach in the morning - 1 drop, before lunch - 2 drops, in the evening for dinner - 3 drops, etc., bringing the dose to 15 drops, and then reducing the amount of infusion to the initial dosage ( up to 1 drop).
To prepare this infusion, celandine grass should be crushed and squeezed out the juice, then strain it. After that, for every 450 mg of juice, add 70 ml of alcohol. The resulting infusion should be stored in the refrigerator.
It should be noted that this method of cleaning the lymphatic system is also favorable in patients with hypertension, diseases of the digestive system, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, osteochondrosis.
Output
To summarize, we can say that lymph is a liquid that surrounds and washes all the cells of the human body. The primary task of the lymph is to clean tissues and organs from decay products. Lymph circulation is closely related to blood circulation and ensures the optimal physical condition of a person and a high level of his vital energy.
How is lymph formed? As mentioned above, this is a rather complex process that goes through several schemes and depends on many factors. The cleansing of the body due to lymph is that it takes excess fluid, as well as metabolic products from the intercellular space, and transfers them to the lymph nodes, which are "filtration stations". In addition, lymph performs a protective function, as it helps to get rid of foreign agents and pathogenic microbes.
Lymph is an important regulator of metabolic processes in the body, as well as a factor in the proper nutrition of cells. In cases of violation of the formation of lymph or a slowdown in its circulation, stagnation of the intercellular fluid develops, which leads to the appearance of edema. It should also be noted that slow lymph circulation leads to excessive fatigue, as well as to the inertia of vital processes, which in the future can cause various kinds of diseases and premature cell aging.
Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body. Its main function is to cleanse the body of toxins and infectious agents by supplying intercellular fluid to the lymph nodes, as well as transporting nutrients from the lymph nodes to the human circulatory system. The lymphatic system, through which lymph moves, is a complex structure similar to the circulatory system. There are a number of diseases of the lymphatic system, which are very dangerous, so they must be detected in a timely manner.
The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system serves to cleanse the body. It ensures the maintenance of metabolism and tissue trophism, and also removes toxins, infections and pathogens from tissues and organs.
The lymphatic system is a complex structure, the structure of which is similar to the structure of the circulatory system. However, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed, so the lymph does not circulate in a circle, but moves strictly from the bottom up.
Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is cleared and moves on. Approximately at the level of the collarbone, it enters the circulatory system, thus supplying the necessary substances to the blood.
The anatomy and structure of the lymphatic system is quite complex, the movement of lymph is carried out thanks to the smooth muscle structures of the lymphatic vessels, since there is no “pump” like the heart in this system.
The movement of lymph is carried out throughout the body. The main function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells - lymphocytes. Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is saturated with these cells and brings them into the circulatory system, ensuring the normal functioning of the immune system.
Any disturbances in the functioning of the body immediately affect the functioning of the lymphatic system. So, diseases accompanied by a decrease in immunity, and systemic infections can lead to an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system can fail with autoimmune diseases, infections, SARS and influenza, etc.
The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system, since local disturbances in the movement of the lymph lead to its decrease, and also cause a number of severe symptoms. In order to timely recognize a malfunction of the lymphatic system, you should know how it works, its functions and symptoms of various disorders.
Lymph capillaries
The lymphatic system begins with the lymphatic capillaries that permeate the entire human body. They are rather large formations compared to blood capillaries.
Features of the lymphatic capillaries:
- large diameter - up to 0.2 mm;
- the contours are uneven, there are protrusions of the walls of the capillaries;
- the walls are thin, permeable to the interstitial fluid.
Lymphatic capillaries "collect" the intercellular fluid, transport it to the vessels, and from there to the lymph nodes. The liquid literally passes through the walls of the capillaries, due to the peculiarities of their structure.
Capillaries can form lymphocapillary networks. Such networks are located near large organs and help collect intercellular fluid.
The main function of the capillaries of the lymphatic system is to collect tissue fluid and supply it to the lymphatic vessels. The tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic system is called lymph.
Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them
The fusion of lymphatic capillaries forms a lymphatic vessel. The main difference between a vessel and a capillary is thicker walls and a larger diameter. If the capillary wall is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, the vessel walls consist of three layers:
- connective tissue sheath (outer layer);
- smooth muscle tissue that forms the middle layer;
- endothelial cells that form the inner layer of the vessel wall.
It is the cells of smooth muscle tissue that provide the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels. Vessels have valves that ensure the movement of lymph from the periphery to the center.
The location of the vessels of the lymphatic system largely repeats the structure of the blood vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels are located in the muscles and near the internal organs, most of them run parallel to the blood vessels. Superficial lymphatic vessels run parallel to all major saphenous veins. Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them, and gathering into a large vessel after the joint - this ensures the continuity of the lymphatic system.
Interesting! Large lymphatic vessels have nerve endings in the walls.
The vessels of the lymphatic system, like the lymphatic capillaries, can connect to form networks.
The lymph nodes
The lymph node is the most important organ of the lymphatic system. It is this organ that performs the main function - cleansing and saturating the lymph with immune cells. It is a formation of a round, oval or bean-shaped shape with a complex structure.
Lymph nodes are located in all parts of the body except the back, as well as near important internal organs. In general, there can be from 400 to 800 lymph nodes in the human body. Their sizes range from a few millimeters to two centimeters in diameter.
Large lymph nodes are located superficially. These are the so-called signal lymph nodes, which are located on the neck, in the groin and in the armpits. With any violation of immunity, they can noticeably increase in size.
The largest number of lymph nodes is located in the abdominal cavity and along the intestines. Different people can have from 100 to 400 lymph nodes in this zone. Various toxins and by-products of digestion are absorbed from the intestines into the lymph in large quantities, therefore a large number of lymph nodes “work” in this zone at the same time to ensure the normal functioning of the digestive system and the whole organism as a whole.
Lymph nodes are the most vulnerable part of the lymphatic system. In them, the maturation of immune cells (lymphocytes) occurs and antibodies produced by the body to fight various infections accumulate. When the lymph enters the node, it goes through several stages of purification, and all the "pollution" remains in the lymph nodes. If there are too many of them, they can accumulate in these organs, causing inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis).
In addition, sentinel lymph nodes are a kind of marker of the health of the whole organism. They increase against the background of severe infectious processes, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, and oncopathologies.
Lymph trunks and ducts
The thoracic duct is the largest in the body
Lymph nodes are connected and form the main ways of movement of lymph in the body - the lymphatic trunks and ducts.
In total, there are 6 such trunks and ducts in the human body, three for the left and right venous nodes. The thoracic duct is the largest. It receives lymph from the lower extremities, abdominal cavity, mediastinum. Then, through the thoracic duct, the lymph enters the circulatory system.
To prevent reverse movement of the lymph, the ducts and trunks are equipped with valves that allow fluid to flow in only one direction, so that the lymph moves only from the bottom up.
Lymph movement pattern
The movement of lymph is carried out from the lower extremities to the head. The flow of lymph in the body is ensured by the coordinated work of the entire lymphatic system. Lymph enters the vessels and lymph circulation occurs according to the following scheme:
- lymphocapillaries collect intercellular fluid from surrounding organs and tissues;
- capillaries form vessels through which lymph moves to the lymph node;
- lymph is cleansed in the lymph nodes, after which it is saturated with immune cells;
- from the lymph node, the lymph exits into large vessels called trunks;
- lymph moves along the trunks into the ducts, penetrating into the circulatory system.
The lymphatic system does not have a pump to move the lymph. Lymph circulation is maintained by the vessels themselves, which push fluid out thanks to the smooth muscle cells of the walls.
To understand how the human lymphatic system is arranged, the diagram will help best of all, since the movement of lymph can only be explained in general terms. In general, lymph in the human body moves from bottom to top, from the periphery to the center, and then enters the circulatory system.
What is lymph?
Lymph serves to transport nutrients to the blood.
Having figured out how the lymphatic system works, you should take a closer look at what lymph is and why it is needed. Lymph is a clear liquid that flows throughout the body. The colloquial name for lymph is ichor.
Despite the fact that few people know how the lymphatic system works, a person encounters lymph very often. For example, a clear liquid protruding from the wound after the blood stops - this is the lymph.
Lymph and lymphatic circulation are very important concepts that need to be understood. Thanks to this fluid, the regulation of immunity is ensured. In other words, if it were not for the lymph, the human body would be less able to cope with various infections and harmful compounds that enter the air through the respiratory tract.
The main properties of lymph are to cleanse the body and ensure the transport of immune cells into the circulatory system.
At the same time, lymph cells can pose a serious danger to the whole organism, in case of particularly severe diseases. The lymphatic system serves to transport nutrients into the blood, but it can also serve as a kind of highway for infections and cancer cells in the event of a strong weakening of the body. So, if the immune system is significantly weakened, the lymphatic system cannot cope with the load, so the intercellular fluid is not completely cleared, and infectious agents settle in the lymph nodes. Through the movement of lymph, they can be carried throughout the body.
Where does lymph come from?
The formation of lymph occurs directly with the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic system. This fluid is a by-product of the blood that enters the intercellular space through the blood capillaries. Thus, blood and lymph are indeed strongly connected and complement each other.
This fluid bathes every cell in the body. It collects all harmful substances, including infections and toxins, and then literally seeps through the lymphatic capillaries into the lymphatic system. At this stage, the tissue fluid becomes lymph, and its further transformation occurs due to the lymph nodes. Blood and lymph are related in the following way. Tissue fluid is formed when blood pressure rises, as a result of which some of the fluid penetrates into the intercellular space. This fluid then enters the lymphatic system and after some transformation becomes lymph. The functions of the lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system, so after a short period of time, the lymph enters the bloodstream, again becoming part of it.
Composition
The lymph consists mainly of water and immune cells. The composition of lymph is approximately 96-97% water or interstitial fluid. There are no erythrocytes in the ichorus, however, it contains a large number of lymphocytes, the maturation of which is carried out in the lymphatic system. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph contains a small amount of other leukocytes - monocytes and granulocytes.
Important! The main cells of the lymph are represented by lymphocytes or immune cells, thanks to which humoral immunity is supported.
However, to the question of what lymph is, one cannot simply answer that it is water. In small quantities, lymph contains:
- proteins;
- glucose;
- lipids;
- minerals.
There are three types of protein in the chemical composition of lymph - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin.
Functions
The functions of the lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system.
Having figured out what lymph consists of and what it is, you should dwell in more detail on the functions of lymph in the body. Together with tissue fluid, not only harmful compounds enter the lymphatic system, but also proteins, minerals, and electrolytes necessary for the body. These substances are needed by the body, so they must return to the blood - this is precisely the function that the lymph performs.
In addition, lymph itself is needed in order to transport immune cells and antibodies into the blood from the lymph nodes. After the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is cleared of harmful substances, and everything useful that is contained in the lymph must return back to the circulatory system. Thus, the following functions of this liquid can be distinguished:
- transport of electrolytes, proteins and water into the blood from the intercellular space;
- transport of enzymes into the blood;
- protection of the body from infection of injuries and wounds.
With any damage to the skin, blood first comes out of the wound, and then lymph. This fluid collects red blood cells and bacteria in damaged tissues, thereby protecting against the development of inflammation.
Some enzymes can enter the blood only through the lymph - these are histaminase and lipase. This is how the metabolic function of the lymph and the lymphatic system as a whole manifests itself. In addition, through the lymph, a constant connection is maintained between tissues and organs, as well as between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
The exact speed of lymph movement is unknown, but on average, a person's body produces from two to four liters of this fluid per day. The process of lymph release from tissues is continuous, so the loss of this fluid is replenished soon enough.
Knowing everything about lymph and the features of the lymphatic system, each person will be able to better understand how his own body works.
What are the differences between blood and lymph?
The difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of a “pump” (heart) in the second
On the one hand, blood and lymph are different fluids necessary for the human body. On the other hand, they are closely related. Without loss of water in the blood, with an increase in pressure, lymph will not form, since it is this process, natural for each organism, that leads to the appearance of intercellular fluid. Having figured out how lymph is formed (from water penetrating into the intercellular space from the blood), and where it is located, it becomes clear that it cannot function without blood. Lymph is obtained from the blood and then incorporated into the blood. However, the composition of these two liquids is different. Lymph consists mainly of water, blood is plasma and a suspension of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes). There are a lot of proteins in blood plasma, so it is more viscous and dense than lymph.
Like blood, lymph coagulates. However, this process is much slower. You can notice this at the site of small wounds - after a while the ichorus becomes denser, instead of a freely flowing liquid, a small transparent and yellowish clot appears.
The main difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of a “pump” in the second, the function of which is performed by the heart. Thanks to this, the blood circulates in a circle, but the lymph always moves in only one direction.
The main function of blood is to transport oxygen to tissues and organs, while lymph serves to supply useful substances to the blood, thereby supplementing it. The main differences between lymph and blood can be summarized as follows:
- Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients, lymph serves to cleanse the body or drain.
- Blood moves much faster than lymph. Moreover, the speed of blood changes with fluctuations in blood pressure, while the speed of lymph movement is a constant value.
- The difference between lymph and blood is in composition, functions, speed of movement, however, both fluids are closely interconnected.
- The kidneys and liver are “engaged” in cleaning the blood, and the lymph nodes are the lymph nodes.
- The volume of circulating blood is 4-5 liters, the amount of lymph in the human body is an average of 2-3 liters.
In addition, for clarity, you can compare the tables of the composition of lymph and blood in order to clearly see the differences between these fluids.
The importance of lymph in the human body is difficult to overestimate. Having figured out what lymph and blood consist of, it becomes clear that they are inextricably linked and complement each other's functions.
Lymph movement after surgery
As already mentioned, the location of the lymph is the whole body. Lymph is located in the lymphatic capillaries and vessels, through which it moves to the lymph nodes for purification. Despite the fact that this fluid serves to remove excess from the body, violations of the speed of its movement have negative consequences for health.
Normally, lymph flow is constant. It can worsen if the lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes are damaged. Thus, the speed of lymph movement after surgery may decrease. Such a disease of the lymph is called lymphostasis, the main symptoms are severe swelling and pain at the site of vascular damage.
In the vast majority of cases, the deterioration of the outflow of lymph occurs after surgery on the mammary gland - a radical mastectomy. Such surgical interventions are the main treatment for breast cancer, while the deterioration of the lymph flow is due to the removal of the lymph nodes located around the breast and in the armpit. Removal of the lymph node in this case is carried out due to the spread of metastases from the mammary glands, or to prevent this process in the event of further progression of cancer.
Analysis of the composition of the lymph
For a general assessment of the state of the lymphatic system, there is no need to take lymph - a blood test is enough
The composition of the lymph is determined by puncturing the lymph node (biopsy) and taking a small amount of fluid for analysis. Indications for such an analysis are inflammation of the lymph nodes, prolonged enlargement of the lymph nodes, suspicion of oncology.
A healthy person does not need to take a prophylactic lymph test; the health of the lymphatic system can be assessed by a biochemical blood test.
A biopsy of the lymph nodes is a rather traumatic procedure, which is prescribed only if there are strict indications. In other cases, the evaluation of the work of the lymphatic system is carried out according to the general and biochemical blood tests. By the nature of the change in the number of lymphocytes, a diagnosis can be made in case of suspicion of pathology of the lymphatic system. Moreover, a biochemical blood test can detect lymphoma at an early stage.
Diseases of the lymphatic system
Knowing what lymph looks like, where it comes from and how it flows in the body, it becomes clear that the lymphatic system is subjected to tremendous stress every day, providing cleansing of the body and supporting immunity. Accordingly, there are a number of pathologies of this system in which the movement of the lymph is disturbed. There are three main groups of diseases:
- pathology of the lymph nodes;
- lymphomas;
- lymphostasis.
Pathologies of the lymph nodes are associated with pathogenic bacteria and infections that are absorbed into the lymph from the affected surrounding tissues and organs. In addition, antibodies and immune cells formed in the lymph nodes cannot always cope with the disease, so the lymph nodes become infected and inflamed, and the lymph can spread the infection throughout the body.
Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy
Causes of lymphadenitis - any infectious diseases of organs (ARVI, influenza) located near the affected lymph node
Most often there are two pathologies of the lymph nodes - lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is called enlargement of the lymph nodes. This is not an independent disease, but rather a symptom, meaning that something is going wrong in the body. Most often, the lymphatic system reacts with an increase in lymph nodes to episodes of a weakened immune system. Causes of lymphadenopathy:
- infections;
- inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
- pathology of the digestive system;
- diseases of the mediastinum;
- tuberculosis;
- sexually transmitted diseases;
- allergic reactions;
- post-vaccination reactions;
- autoimmune processes.
As a rule, lymphadenopathy is observed in those groups of lymph nodes that are closest to the diseased organ. So, with tonsillitis, cervical lymph nodes increase, with mastopathy - chest and axillary, with diseases of the genitourinary system - inguinal. The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity increase against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, including exacerbation of chronic diseases. The only specific symptom of lymphadenopathy is an increase in lymph nodes.
Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of a lymph node. If lymphadenopathy is not a disease, and therefore does not require treatment, lymphadenitis is very dangerous. During the inflammatory process, the lymph node noticeably increases, the skin around it turns red, pain appears on palpation and at rest. The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs located near the affected lymph node. The infection penetrates the lymph nodes with the lymph flow when they are unable to cope with the cleansing of the lymph due to the large number of pathogenic bacteria and toxic compounds.
The causes of lymphadenitis are predominantly bacterial, the disease can cause:
- staphylococcus;
- streptococcus;
- Pneumococcus;
- pale treponema;
- Koch stick.
All these bacteria cause inflammatory diseases. Pale treponema is the causative agent of syphilis, Koch's bacillus is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Treatment of lymph in this case is to take antibacterial agents. The drugs are selected by the doctor after a series of relevant tests to accurately identify the causative agent of the disease.
It should be remembered that with pathologies of the lymph nodes, it is important not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also the disease that caused inflammation or enlargement of the organs of the lymphatic system.
Lymphomas
Lymphomas are a group of diseases of the lymphatic tissue. They are divided into two types - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant pathology of the lymphatic system with rapid progression and complex treatment. The disease is asymptomatic for a long time. A sign of pathology may be an increase in sentinel lymph nodes without any other ailments and signs. This disease is treated with radiation and chemotherapy. In advanced cases, the disease can be cured only by bone marrow transplantation. Due to the absence of specific symptoms at an early stage, the pathology is characterized by a high probability of death.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are also called lymphosarcomas. In fact, this is a benign tumor of the lymphoid tissue, which spreads from one pathological focus throughout the entire lymphatic system. The first symptom of the disease is an increase in one or more superficial lymph nodes and general malaise. As a rule, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are treated quite successfully, but timely diagnosis and therapy are important here. Any benign lymphoma has some risk of malignancy.
Lymphomas are diagnosed using a biochemical blood test. Since no one is immune from this disease, it is recommended to take a blood test annually.
Lymphostasis
At the initial stage of lymphostasis, lymphatic drainage massage shows high efficiency.
The definition of lymphostasis is the accumulation of fluid with a high protein content in the lower or upper limbs. Pathology develops as a result of a violation of the outflow of lymph due to damage to the lymphatic vessels, removal of lymph nodes or oncopathologies.
The disease usually affects the lower extremities. The development of hand lymphostasis is associated mainly with mastectomy.
Typical symptoms of the disease:
- severe swelling of the affected limb;
- a noticeable increase in the volume of the affected leg or arm;
- pain on exertion;
- tissue trophism disorders.
The disease greatly impairs the patient's quality of life and is difficult to treat. The initial forms of lymphostasis are treated with lymphatic drainage massage and wearing special compression stockings to prevent overstretching of the lymphatic vessels. Severe forms of pathology are not treatable. In these cases, lymphostasis leads to elephantiasis and disability.
Thus, the lymphatic system is an important part of the body, and lymph is its main instrument. Pathologies of the lymphatic system are very dangerous, therefore, they require timely treatment. You can check the lymph by a blood test, which doctors recommend taking annually, even in the absence of any symptoms.
