Human activity (social science): types, description and features. Labor activity. The process of labor activity. Types of labor activity

Labor has been and remains the most important human activity. Activity is the internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, determined by a specific goal. Labor is the activity of creating certain socially useful material and spiritual goods and services.

Labor activity is the leading, main human activity. The labor activity of people is carried out on the basis of internal motives. Distinguish between working and non-working activities. The main criteria that distinguish labor activity from non-labor activity are:

─ connection with the creation of goods, i.e. the creation and growth of material, spiritual, household goods. Activities that are not related to creation are not labor;

─ purposefulness of activity. Aimless activity cannot be labor activity, since it does not bring positive results;

─ legitimacy of activity. Only non-prohibited activity belongs to labor, and prohibited, criminal activity cannot be labor, since it illegally appropriates the results of someone else's labor, but does not itself create a useful result;

─ Demand for activity. If a person spent time and effort on the manufacture of a product that turned out to be useless or harmful to anyone, then such an activity cannot be considered labor either.

Thus, from an economic point of view, labor is a process of conscious, purposeful activity of people, with the help of which they modify the substance and forces of nature, adapting them to meet needs.

The objectives of the labor activities may be the production of consumer goods and services or the means necessary for their production. The goals may be the production of energy, media, ideological products, as well as the operation of managerial and organizational technologies. The goals of labor activity are given to a person by society, therefore, by its nature, it is social: the needs of society form, determine, direct and regulate it. Thus, in the process of labor activity, goods and services are produced, cultural values are created that require their subsequent satisfaction.

Labor activity a person is a kind of his social behavior. Labor activity is a rational series of operations and functions, rigidly fixed in time and space, performed by people united in labor organizations. The labor activity of employees provides a solution to a number of tasks:

1) the creation of material goods as a means of existence for a person and society as a whole;

2) provision of services for various purposes;

3) development of scientific ideas, values and their applied analogues;

4) accumulation and transmission of information from generation to generation;

5) the development of a person as an employee and as a person, etc.

Labor activity - regardless of the method, means and results, is characterized by a number of common properties:

1) a certain functional and technological set of labor operations;

2) a set of relevant qualities of labor subjects, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics;

3) material and technical conditions and spatial and temporal framework of implementation;

4) a certain way of organizational, technological and economic connection of labor subjects with the means and conditions for their implementation;

5) a normative-algorithmic method of organization, through which a behavioral matrix of individuals included in the production process (organizational and managerial structure) is formed.

Each type of labor activity can be divided into two main characteristics: psychophysiological content (the work of the sense organs, muscles, thought processes, etc.); and the conditions under which work is carried out. The structure and level of physical and nervous loads in the process of labor activity are determined by these two characteristics: physical - depend on the level of labor automation, its pace and rhythm, the design and rationality of the placement of equipment, tools, equipment; nervous - due to the volume of processed information, the presence of industrial danger, the degree of responsibility and risk, the monotony of work, relationships in the team.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……3

Basic concepts of labor.………………………..…………………...4
Types and boundaries of the division of labor ...…………………………………... 6
Working conditions………………………………………………………………9
The subject of labor economics……………………………………………...12
Relationship of labor economics with other sciences…………………………..16
Conclusion………………………………………………………………20
References……………………………………………………...21

Introduction

Labor is the process of transforming natural resources into material, intellectual and spiritual goods, carried out and (or) controlled by a person, either under compulsion (administrative, economic), or by internal motivation, or both.

The labor activity of people presupposes their organization. Under the organization of labor - the establishment of links and relations between participants in production, ensuring the achievement of its goals on the basis of the most efficient use of collective labor.

Labor economics as a science studies the patterns of social organization of labor in connection with its technical organization and the manifestation of economic laws in the field of social organization of labor.

1. Basic concepts about labor

Labor plays a huge role in the development of human society and man. According to F. Engels, labor created man himself. The exceptional and many-sided significance of labor is enduring: it is turned not only into the distant past of mankind, its true nature and role are revealed with particular force under socialism with the emancipation of labor from exploitation, and will become even more pronounced under communism, when labor becomes the first vital need of every person.

Labor is a purposeful activity of a person to create material and spiritual benefits necessary for his life. Nature provides the source material for this, which in the process of labor turns into a good suitable for meeting the needs of people. For such a transformation of the substances of nature, a person creates and uses tools of labor, determines the mode of their action.

Concrete labor activity expresses people's attitude to nature, the degree of their dominance over the forces of nature. It is necessary to distinguish between labor as the creator of material goods and the social form of labor.

In the process of production, people necessarily enter into certain relations not only with nature, but also with each other. Relationships between people that develop about their participation in social labor, and represent a social form of labor.

The expedient planned labor activity of people presupposes their organization. The organization of labor in general terms is understood as the establishment of rational connections and relations between the participants in production, ensuring the achievement of its goals on the basis of the most efficient use of collective labor. Moreover, those connections and relations that develop between the participants in production under the influence of technology and technology express themselves the technical side of labor organization. Labor is organized and divided differently, depending on what tools it has at its disposal.

Those connections and relations of participants in production, which are due to joint participation and social labor, express the social side of the organization of labor. The relations between people in the process of labor or the social structure of labor are determined by the prevailing relations of production.

The social form of labor organization does not exist outside the relationship of man to nature, outside certain technical conditions of work. At the same time, the technical organization of labor is also under the decisive influence of social conditions.

The technical organization of labor and its social form in reality are closely connected and interdependent and represent separate aspects of a single whole. Only in a theoretical analysis can they be singled out and considered separately, taking into account some specifics of their independent development.

2. Types and boundaries of the division of labor

Economic systems are based on the division of labor, that is, on the relative differentiation of activities. In one form or another, the division of labor exists at all levels: from the global economy to the workplace. The differentiation of types of activity in the country's economy is carried out by groups of industries: agriculture and forestry, mining, construction, manufacturing, transport, communications, trade, etc. Further differentiation occurs in individual sectors and sub-sectors. So, in the manufacturing industry, mechanical engineering stands out, which, in turn, is structured according to the types of manufactured machines, instruments and apparatus. Modern enterprises can be both diversified, that is, produce a wide range of products, and specialized in individual products or services. Large enterprises have a complex structure, characterized by the division of labor between production units and groups of personnel.

According to the functions performed, four main groups of personnel are usually distinguished: managers, specialists (engineers, economists, lawyers, etc.), workers and students.

The main types of division of labor in the enterprise are : functional, technological, and subject.

Technological division of labor due to the allocation of stages of the production process and types of work. In accordance with the characteristics of the technology, workshops and sections of the enterprise (foundry, stamping, welding, etc.) can be created.

Substantive division of labor involves the specialization of production units and employees in the manufacture of certain types of products (products, assemblies, parts).

Based on the functional, technological and substantive division of labor, professions and skill levels are formed.

Profession characterized by the knowledge and skills necessary to perform a certain type of work. The composition of professions is determined by the objects of production and technology. As a result of technological progress, there is a constant change in the list and structure of professions. Over the past 20-30 years, the use of computer technology and new physical and chemical processing methods has had the greatest impact on the professional structure of personnel.

Qualification division of labor determined by the difference in the complexity of the work. This, in turn, determines the different terms for training personnel to perform the relevant functions. The complexity of the work performed is the most important factor in the differentiation of wages. To quantify the qualifications of personnel, the categories of a single tariff scale are usually used, which includes 17-25 categories in different countries.

Professions and qualification groups can be considered as types of division of labor (professional and qualification).

The choice of forms of division of labor is determined primarily by the type of production. The closer production is to mass production, the more opportunities there are for the specialization of equipment and personnel to perform certain types of work. When choosing the most effective level of differentiation of the production process should be taken into account technical, psychological, social and economic boundaries of the division of labor.

Technical boundaries due to the capabilities of equipment, tools, fixtures, requirements for consumer product quality.

Psychological boundaries determined by the capabilities of the human body, the requirements of maintaining health and performance. The need to take into account psychophysiological boundaries is due to the fact that a high degree of specialization causes monotony of work, which leads to adverse consequences for workers. As a result of the research, it was found that the duration of repeatedly repeating elements of work should not be less than 45 s; the work must be designed in such a way as to ensure the participation of at least five to six human muscle groups.

social boundaries are determined by the requirements for the content of labor, its necessary diversity, and the opportunities for developing professional knowledge and skills.

Economic boundaries characterize the impact of the division of labor on the economic results of production, in particular, on the total costs of labor and material resources.

The division of labor presupposes cooperation. It is carried out at all levels: from the workplace, where several workers can work, to the economy of the country and the world economy as a whole. At the enterprise, the most significant problems of labor cooperation are associated with the organization brigades.

In relation to the mode of operation of the brigades can be mixed and through (daily).

Depending on the professional qualification composition, there are specialized and complex brigades. In the first case, workers of the same profession (turners, locksmiths, etc.) are united; in the second - different professions and skill levels. Integrated teams provide more opportunities for the development of each employee. As a rule, this type of brigades also provides the best economic performance.

3. Working conditions

Working conditions are the characteristics of the production process and the production environment that affect the employee of the enterprise.

The characteristics of the production process are determined by the equipment used, the objects and products of labor, technology, and the system for servicing workplaces.

The production environment is primarily characterized by sanitary and hygienic working conditions (temperature, noise, illumination, dustiness, gas contamination, vibration, etc.), work safety, work and rest regime, as well as the relationship between employees of the enterprise.

Thus, working conditions can be considered in technical, organizational, psychophysiological, social, legal and other aspects.

The design of working conditions should be carried out taking into account the differences in the employees of the enterprise by gender, age, health status, qualifications, psychological and social characteristics. Systems of recommendations and normative materials of varying degrees of generality and binding nature (recommendations of the International Labor Organization, national, sectoral, regional, factory standards) have been developed, which should be used in the design of working conditions.

In particular, it is necessary to take into account restrictions on the participation of women in a number of industries with harmful working conditions (metallurgical, chemical, mining enterprises), on the maximum mass of transported goods (for men and women), on permissible levels of radioactivity, dust, gas pollution, noise, vibrations, etc.

The main directive documents regulating working conditions are sanitary standards for the design of enterprises, building codes and regulations (SNiP), GOSTs, safety and labor protection requirements.

The sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises set the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of the content of harmful substances in the working area. To ensure normal working conditions, it is necessary to improve technology, seal and automate equipment, and ventilate industrial premises.

Labor intensity characterizes the amount of labor expended per unit of working time, and is the most important component of the severity of labor, which determines the total impact of all factors of the labor process on the body of workers. The relationship between the concepts of intensity and severity of labor is the subject of discussion.

The main factors affecting the intensity of labor include:

the degree of employment of the employee during the working day;
the pace of labor, i.e., the number of labor movements per unit of time;
the efforts required in the performance of work, which depend on the mass of the objects being moved, the features of the equipment, and the organization of labor;
the number of serviced objects (machines, jobs, etc.);
the size of the objects of labor;
the size of batches of blanks;
specialization of the workplace;
sanitary and hygienic working conditions;
forms of relationships in production teams.

Measuring the intensity and severity of labor is a very complex problem, which still does not have a satisfactory solution.

Methods for assessing the intensity and severity of labor take into account:

energy costs of workers;
pace of work;
employees' opinions about the degree of fatigue;
psychophysiological characteristics of fatigue.

These indicators should be applied taking into account the characteristics of the analyzed work. In particular, the measurement of energy expenditure and the pace of work cannot be used to assess the intensity of mental work. When analyzing the severity of labor, it is advisable to proceed from the degree of fatigue of workers, assessed both subjectively (based on interviews with personnel) and objectively (based on the analysis of psychophysiological characteristics). It is also necessary to take into account factors whose influence does not appear immediately (radioactive radiation, carcinogens, etc.).

4. The subject of labor economics

Labor economics as a science studies not the relationship of man to nature per se, not the material side of concrete labor, but the laws of the social organization of labor in connection with its technical organization.

At each stage of the development of human society, its own specific social form of labor is created. Although the social organization of labor changes under the influence of social conditions, it is possible to find in it some permanent common elements, due to the very nature of human labor.

In order for the labor process to take place, it is necessary to combine labor power with the means of labor. The ways in which labor power is combined with the means of labor change under the influence of production relations. But no matter how these methods may change, attracting people to work remains an absolutely necessary element in the organization of social labor.

In order to produce material goods, people enter into certain social and labor relations. These connections (division, cooperation of labor, labor discipline, etc.) are carried out by their own special methods in each socio-economic formation, but no matter how these methods change, the need for mutual cooperation of people in one form or another always remains.

In order for production, which is based on labor, to be carried out continuously, the continuous reproduction of labor power is necessary. We are talking here both about the reproduction of the individual worker - the bearer of the labor force, and about the reproduction of the collective labor force. Both the specific nature and forms of distribution of the social product are connected with this. No matter how the forms and methods of the reproduction of labor power and the distribution of the social product may change, they always remain a moment in the social organization of labor. Each socio-economic formation is characterized by its own methods of implementing these requirements of the social organization of labor, and these methods themselves are determined by the operation of objective economic laws.

In this way, labor economics studies the manifestation of economic laws in the field of social organization of labor, distribution of the social product, reproduction of labor force and determines the methods of their use in practical activities to ensure a steady increase in the productivity of social labor in order to improve the standard of living of workers and the comprehensive development of man.

The separation of labor economics into an independent scientific discipline is due to the needs of theory and economic practice. Management of the economy is impossible without knowing and using the laws that determine the scientifically based organization and planning of labor both on the scale of the national economy and at a separate enterprise. Labor economics is called upon to theoretically generalize the phenomena and processes in the field of social labor and to equip practice with scientific methods of using economic laws and the advantages of socialism in the specific conditions of economic activity.

Labor economics studies the issues of social organization of labor as a special phenomenon in the system of a single complex social organism. Therefore, the regularities studied by labor economics can only be understood in connection with the knowledge of the general mechanism of the operation of the laws of social production, which is revealed more economically by politics. It is political economy that will give the most generalized and complete understanding of economic laws. At the same time, a separate study of questions of the social organization of labor helps to better understand the connections and patterns of social production as a whole.

The methodological basis of labor economics as a science is dialectical materialism. This means that all the studied phenomena and processes in the field of social organization of labor must be considered historically, that is, in development, taking into account changing social production conditions. This approach, first of all, makes it possible to correctly establish significant differences in the organization of labor, to determine the advantages in this area.

Considering the social organization of labor in development, it is easy to detect the remnants of the past, the features of the present and the sprouts of the future. The historical approach to the study of the development of forms of labor involves taking into account the peculiarities in the organization of labor. Only under this condition is it possible to understand and explain the historical conditioning of individual phenomena in the field of the social organization of labor.

At the same time, the study of the processes taking place in the field of social organization of labor cannot take place without taking into account and connection with other phenomena and processes of economic life. Thus, for example, changes in the division of labor cannot be understood apart from the development of technology and the organization of production.

All this makes it possible to correctly evaluate certain phenomena and draw reasonable conclusions for practical activities in the future.

These methodological requirements of scientific research are carried out with the help of a number of means and methods that are common to the economic sciences. These include methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, comparative analysis and evaluation, balance method. Recently, the experimental method has been increasingly used, which makes it possible to check the correctness of certain theoretical conclusions and scientific recommendations on a limited range of economic objects.

5. Relationship of labor economics with other sciences

Due to its importance and versatility, labor is studied by many sciences. Of course, each of them has its own specific subject of study. All labor sciences can be classified with a certain degree of conditionality as follows: socio-economic - labor economics, sociology of labor, labor statistics, labor rationing; biological - labor physiology, labor hygiene, labor psychology; legal - labor law, labor protection.

Between the economics of labor and these sciences there is a certain relationship, which is based on a single object of study - labor.

The sociology of labor considers the labor process in its relationship with social conditions and factors. The labor activity of workers, their production activity depends not only on specific production and technical conditions, but also largely on the relationship between members of the production team, managers and subordinates, and a number of other factors that lie outside production and technical relations. Accounting for these factors is a necessary condition for the proper organization of labor and its gradual transformation into the first vital necessity.

In its research, labor economics makes extensive use of statistical data characterizing mass phenomena and processes in the field of social organization of labor, as well as statistical techniques and methods for studying economic phenomena: groupings, averages, indices, etc. It is clear that labor statistics itself uses the conclusions economics of labor on the patterns of development of the social organization of labor. The close interconnection of these sciences is especially clearly revealed in the planning of labor. In this case, statistical groupings of reporting data are widely used in planning labor productivity, the number of employees, wages, etc. In turn, the indicators for setting a plan for labor developed by the labor economy also determine the range of relevant indicators for statistical reporting on labor.

Labor economics is closely connected with the regulation of labor as a scientific discipline and practical activity. The objective necessity of labor rationing stems from the needs of a socialist planned economy and is conditioned by the requirements of the organization of labor and the socialist principle of payment according to the quantity and quality of labor. Labor standards are the initial basis for planning labor productivity, the number of employees, improving the forms of labor organization at the enterprise, as well as determining the measure of remuneration for work. At the same time, rationing workers, when setting labor standards and remuneration, rely on the conclusions of labor economics, which determine the economic feasibility and expediency of rationing measures.

Despite the decisive importance of the socio-economic factor in the organization of labor, one cannot underestimate the biological, natural side of labor activity and its role in the organization of labor. The labor process, taken as a psycho-physiological process of influencing the forces of nature, is studied by a series of biological sciences: hygiene, physiology, psychology. These sciences equip the economist with natural-science methods for evaluating and improving the organization of labor and the labor process. Naturally, they themselves will coordinate their conclusions and proposals with the requirements of labor economics.

A special place is occupied by legal measures, united by the general term "labor protection". They are aimed at ensuring a normal and safe working environment. Compliance with the norms and requirements of labor protection and safety, determined by special state bodies, is a prerequisite for the proper organization and increase in labor efficiency.

All these social and natural sciences study certain aspects of labor. Labor economics synthesizes and uses the findings of these sciences to develop specific methods of economic policy in the field of labor.

Labor economics is closely related to a number of economic sciences. What the economics of labor and these sciences have in common is a common object of study - expanded reproduction and a single theoretical basis - political economy. The functional and sectoral economic sciences also deal with labor issues, but only in connection with the main questions of their sciences.

Labor economics, using and summarizing the experience of individual branches of the national economy, reveals the general aspects and originality of the mechanism of action and forms of manifestation of the laws of the social organization of labor. In a systematically organized economy, there should be a unified methodological approach to solving labor issues, which is developed on the basis of scientific and practical recommendations of labor economics. However, labor economics not only "serves" other economic sciences in its specific field, but also uses their conclusions itself. So, for example, when planning labor, they use the general methodological recommendations that are established by such a science as economic planning.

When studying labor problems, it is extremely important to use the conclusions of the sciences that determine the paths of technical progress in the national economy. Only by having a good idea of the main trends in the development of production technology, foreseeing and correctly evaluating the prospects for technical progress, can one find the right solution to the most important labor issues (labor productivity, organization of labor and wages, training of qualified personnel).

Thus, the study of the general patterns of the social organization of labor and the development of scientific recommendations on labor problems cannot be successful on the basis of labor economics alone. This requires broad universal knowledge, because labor is an extremely complex multifaceted phenomenon, labor is inseparable from man, and the problem of man in society is the most important and central problem of both social and natural sciences.

Conclusion

Now, knowing what labor is, what types of labor are, what labor economics studies, what connection it has with other sciences, we can determine what place labor economics occupies in the life of one person and the entire state.

The main task of "Labor Economics" is the knowledge of economic laws that determine the development of labor organization. The economic laws that organize the labor of millions of working people are consciously applied by the state. From the economic policy of the state, the creative experience of the working people, the labor economy draws the richest materials for its research and scientific developments. At the same time, labor economics as a science equips practice with evidence-based recommendations for improving the organization and increasing the efficiency of social labor. Of great ideological, theoretical and practical significance are decisions that summarize the labor successes of the people and determine the tasks and ways of the country's social and economic development.

One of the most important tasks of labor economics is to identify and show the advantages of the organization of work, in order to make the best use of these advantages.

As for the satisfaction received from the labor process, it significantly depends on the share of creativity in this type of activity, its goals, conditions for implementation, as well as on the individual characteristics of a person. The more satisfaction a person receives from the labor process, the more benefits both the enterprise and society under normal social conditions.

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Bulgakov S.N. Philosophy of economy. M., 1990.
Lampert H. Social market economy. M., 1994.
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Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor. M., 1997.
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Labor Economics. Ed. N. A. Ivanova and
G. I. Mechkovsky. Textbook for universities. M. 1976.

Ministry of Education of Russia

Far Eastern State Technical University

Institute of economics and management

abstract

Topic: Labor and labor activity of people. labor economics

Done: student

group U-220

Shatina Love

Checked by: senior

department teacher

economic theory

Chipovskaya I. S.

Vladivostok, 2002

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……3

1. Basic concepts of labor.………………………..…………………...4

2. Types and boundaries of the division of labor ...…………………………………... 6

3. Working conditions………………………………………………………………9

4. The subject of labor economics……………………………………………...12

5. Connection of labor economics with other sciences…………………………..16

4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………20

5. References……………………………………………………...21

Introduction

1. Basic concepts about labor

Labor is a purposeful activity of a person to create material and spiritual benefits necessary for his life. Nature provides the source material for this, which in the process of labor turns into a good suitable for meeting people's needs. For such a transformation of the substances of nature, a person creates and uses tools of labor, determines the mode of their action.

2. Types and boundaries of the division of labor

According to the functions performed, four main groups of personnel are usually distinguished: managers, specialists (engineers, economists, lawyers, etc.), workers and students.

The main types of division of labor in the enterprise are : functional, technological, and subject .

Substantive division of labor involves the specialization of production units and employees in the manufacture of certain types of products (products, assemblies, parts).

Based on the functional, technological and substantive division of labor, professions and skill levels are formed.

Professions and qualification groups can be considered as types of division of labor (professional and qualification).

Technical boundaries due to the capabilities of equipment, tools, fixtures, requirements for consumer product quality.

social boundaries are determined by the requirements for the content of labor, its necessary diversity, and the opportunities for developing professional knowledge and skills.

Economic boundaries characterize the impact of the division of labor on the economic results of production, in particular, on the total costs of labor and material resources.

In relation to the mode of operation of the brigades can be mixed and through (daily) .

3. Working conditions

Working conditions are the characteristics of the production process and the production environment that affect the employee of the enterprise.

Labor activity

Option 1

Labor activity people (the process of material production) is one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth.

V structure of labor activityawn allocate:

1) deliberately set goals - the production of certain products, the processing of natural materials, the creation of machines, mechanisms, and much more;

2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.), the transformation of which is aimed at the activity of people;

3) means of labor - all devices, devices, mechanisms, devices, energy systems, etc., with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;

4) used technologies - techniques and methods used in the production process.

Parameterslaboractivities:

1) labor productivity- the number of products produced per unit of time:

2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;

3) level of division of labor - the distribution of specific production functions among the participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).

. Are commonrequirements for a worker:

1) Trebovaprofessionalism the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production that make up the technological process

2) qualification requirement: the qualification of an employee cannot be lower than the level determined by the nature of the work. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for special training of a participant in the labor process;

3)labor requirements,technological performance,contractual discipline: the employee is required to comply with labor laws and regulations. internal labor regulations, compliance with the specified parameters of the production process, fulfillment of obligations arising from the content of the employment contract

Option 2

Human labor activity

The main historically primary type of human activity is labor. Labor is characterized as a conscious purposeful activity of a person, the result of which is contained in his idea and regulated by the will in accordance with the goal. On this occasion, K. Marx wrote that labor is exclusively the property of man.

The spider performs operations reminiscent of the operations of a weaver, the bee, in the construction of its wax cells, is like an architect. But the worst architect differs from the best bee in that, before building a cell out of wax, he has already built it in his head.

In the process of labor, not only this or that product of the labor activity of the subject is produced, but the subject itself is formed. In labor activity, the abilities of a person, his worldview principles develop. In its objective social essence, labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product. It involves the performance of a specific task, therefore, it requires planning, control of execution, discipline.

Labor activity is performed not because of the attractiveness of the process of activity itself, but for the sake of its more or less distant result, which serves to satisfy human needs. By virtue of the social division of labor, the motive for the activity of an individual becomes a product not of his activity, but of the activity of many other people - a product of social activity. Each type of labor has its own, more or less complex technique, which must be mastered. Therefore, knowledge and skills play a significant role in any work. Knowledge is most important in complex intellectual types of labor, skills - in labor, which is characterized by monotony, stereotyped operations.

Labor is the main source of human development, its vital need. Through labor, a person enriches and expands his own being, materializes his ideas. However, depending on the specifics of social conditions, work can be perceived as a duty, a difficult necessity. Therefore, not only the technique of labor is essential in labor, but also the attitude of a person to work, the main motives of labor activity. The role of the worker is one of the basic roles in the social system.

Society should stimulate the worker to improve by economic, legal, ideological and other means, but how these incentives work to a decisive extent depends on the individual. Improving the personality of a worker is a systemic process. Most clearly, this consistency is manifested today, in connection with the transition to a new information-computer technological method of production and, accordingly, to a new stage in the development of civilization. From the worker, in particular, not only a high level of general education and professional training is required, but also, as social scientists note, a high moral and ethical level.

The latter requirement becomes relevant in connection with the increase in creative aspects in a person's labor activity and the strengthening of the importance of self-control and self-discipline of a working person.

Option 3

The labor activity of people (or the process of material production) is one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth. In the structure of labor activity, there are:
1) deliberately set goals - the production of certain products, the processing of natural materials, the creation of machines and mechanisms, and much more;
2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.), the transformation of which is aimed at the activity of people;
3) means of labor - all devices, instruments, mechanisms, adaptations, energy systems, etc., with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;
4) technologies used - techniques and methods used in the production process.
The following parameters are usually used to characterize labor activity:
1) labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time;
2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;
3) the level of division of labor - the distribution of specific production functions between the participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).
The content of a person's labor activity can be judged by the functions that he performs, by the degree of their diversity and complexity, by the level of independence and creativity of the employee.
The nature of the requirements for a participant in labor activity depends on many factors, primarily on the specific content of labor and place in the system of division of labor. The general requirements are:
1) the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production that make up the technological process (professionalism requirement);
2) the qualification of an employee cannot be lower than the level determined by the nature of the work. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for special training of a participant in the labor process (qualification requirement);
3) the employee is required to unconditionally comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations, comply with the specified parameters of the production process, fulfill obligations arising from the content of the employment contract (requirements of labor, technological, performance, contractual discipline).

The concept of labor activity

the creation of material wealth as a means of life support for a person and society as a whole;

provision of services for various purposes;

development of scientific ideas, values and their applied analogues;

accumulation, conservation, processing and analysis, transfer of information and its carriers;

development of a person as an employee and as a person, etc.

Labor activity - regardless of the method, means and results - is characterized by a number of common properties:

a certain functional and technological set of labor operations;

a set of relevant qualities of labor subjects, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics;

material and technical conditions and spatio-temporal framework of implementation;

in a certain way, the organizational, technological and economic connection of labor subjects with the means, the conditions for their implementation;

normative-algorithmic method of organization, through which the behavioral matrix of individuals included in the production process (organizational and managerial structure) is formed.

Thus, in general, we can talk about a reduction in motor components and an increase in the importance of the mental component of labor activity. In addition, the NTP creates technical prerequisites for the withdrawal of the employee from the zone of industrial hazards and dangers, improves the protection of the performer, and frees him from heavy and routine work.

However, an excessive decrease in motor activity turns into hypodynamia. The growth of nervous loads can lead to injuries, accidents, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. An increase in the speed and power of equipment can lead to inconsistency in the parameters of its operation and the ability of a person to react and make decisions. New technologies often lead to the emergence of new production hazards and hazards, negative impact on the environment.

The problem is to "attach" technology to human capabilities, to take into account its psychophysiological characteristics at the stages of design, construction, operation of the "man-machine" system. All this determines the need to study the physiological and mental processes in human labor activity.

The role of labor in society

The history of the development of man and society testifies to the decisive role of labor in this process.

In the process of its evolution, labor became significantly more complicated: a person began to perform more complex and diverse operations, to use more and more organized means of labor, to set and achieve higher goals. Labor has become multifaceted, varied, perfect.

Under the conditions of using more advanced resources and means of labor, the organization of labor has an increasing impact on the environment, sometimes to the detriment of the environment. Therefore, the environmental aspect in labor activity acquires a new meaning.

The joint work of people is something more than the simple sum of their labor. Joint work is also considered as a progressive unity of the total results of labor. The interaction of a person with natural materials, means of labor, as well as the relationships that people enter into at the same time - all this is called production.

Features of modern labor:

The increase in the intellectual potential of the labor process, which is manifested in the strengthening of the role of mental labor, the growth of the conscious and responsible attitude of the employee to the results of his activities;

The increase in the share of materialized labor associated with the means of labor is due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress and, with limited physical capabilities of a person, serves as a decisive factor in the growth of productivity and labor efficiency;

A growing aspect of the social process. Currently, the factors of growth in labor productivity are considered not only to improve the skills of an employee or increase the level of mechanization and automation of his work, but also the state of human health, his mood, relationships in the family, team and society as a whole. This social aspect of labor relations significantly complements the material aspects of labor and plays an important role in human life.

Relationship of the sociology of labor with the labor sciences

The system of labor sciences includes many diverse and relatively independent disciplines.

Sociology of labor studies “the behavior of employers and employees in response to the action of economic and social incentives to work”, the relationship of social groups in the labor process, focuses on the demographic differences of people, on differences in their education and qualifications, on the peculiarities of upbringing and political views, religion and social position.

The variety of labor sciences is due to the specifics of those labor problems that are the object of study of each of them.

Subject labor economics is a system of socio-economic relations that develop in the process of labor activity between the employer, employee and the state regarding the organization of labor. Labor economics studies the socio-economic problems of labor, the problems of ensuring the efficiency and productivity of labor on the basis of its scientific organization.

Physiology of labor how science studies the influence and mechanism of the impact of the labor process on the physiological characteristics of a person, is the scientific basis for the development of labor standards, work and rest regimes, workplace planning, and ensuring favorable working conditions.

Labor psychology studies the psychological characteristics of a person in the labor process, the attitude of a person to his work activity, it is the basis of professional training, the development of systems for motivating and stimulating the work of workers, and is a tool for managing labor conflicts.

Ergonomics is the basis for the rationalization of labor processes, since it studies human activity in its connection with technology, machines, means of production. Ergonomics optimizes human interaction with machine systems.

Occupational health, industrial sanitation and safety ensure the creation of healthy and safe working conditions at the workplace.

Demography This is the science of population, it studies the processes of reproduction of the population, its sex and age structure, and the distribution of the population across the regions of the country, which makes it possible to effectively meet the needs of enterprises in the necessary labor resources.

Personnel Management makes it possible to realize the labor potential (by selecting, training and fair remuneration of the personnel of the organization of employees), and allows you to effectively manage the organization's personnel (provided by choosing the optimal management style, developing a personnel policy, conducting personnel marketing).

Sociology of professions studies the social division of labor, the prestige of various types of labor activity, the professional suitability of a person, etc.

Labour Organization studies the formation of an orderly system of interaction between workers, their groups and divisions to achieve their goals, which makes it possible to ensure the effective connection of the labor force with the means of production in specific conditions, the realization of the labor potential of workers and satisfies the needs of all subjects of social and labor relations.

labor law is the legal basis of labor relations. It establishes the legal norms of labor, regulates the rights and obligations of the subjects of social and labor relations, determines the differentiation in wages, and serves as the basis for social policy and social protection of workers.

labor statistics makes it possible to analyze labor efficiency on the basis of quantitative indicators of labor productivity, the number and dynamics of personnel, payroll, etc.

What tasks does the discipline solve

"Economics and sociology of labor"?

The main objectives of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" are determined by its purpose, which provides for the study of scientific foundations, theoretical, methodological provisions and practical experience in the field of human resource management - the formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the event of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

Home set- study of the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society. Its solution is based on the study of the methodological provisions of the economic food theory, which reveals the fundamental role of labor in the life of a person and society, as well as the economic and social characteristics of labor in specific historical conditions.

Another task- studying the factors and reserves of effective employment, the formation and rational use of labor potential, increasing the efficiency and productivity of labor. The determining prerequisites for solving this problem are, firstly, the mechanism for the implementation of Russian laws and socio-economic policy in the regulation of social and labor relations, and secondly, the study of patterns, objective and subjective factors affecting economic and social processes, the attitude of a person to work, his behavior in the team.

Another task- identification of the relationship of social and labor relations with economic relations and processes occurring in the national economy of a market type, focused on social development, as well as the relationship of the labor market with the markets of raw materials, capital, stock markets. As a result, the study of the process of the cost of labor, as well as the formation of labor costs at all stages of the reproduction cycle, is of particular importance. The expansion and deepening of knowledge in this area requires the study of foreign as well as domestic experience in various regions of the country and at various enterprises, the study of the state of internal labor markets, familiarity with the methodological methods of economic analysis, audit, and sociological research.

Social engineering is a management activity aimed at changing social systems and social institutions in accordance with a given goal using science-intensive technologies and an engineering approach. In domestic science and management practice, this term was first used at the beginning of the 20th century by the director of the Central Institute of Labor A. Gastev. In his understanding, a social engineer is the leader of a work collective, on whose activity the success of the functioning of the entire social engineering machine depends. The idea of social engineering was to closely combine human complexes with the organization of machine complexes. These machine-human complexes are based on the unity of biology and engineering sciences. Soviet party and statesman, a prominent specialist in the problems of labor organization and management P.M. Kerzhentsev limited the problems of social engineering to the management of people and teams, regardless of the field of activity. He formulated a number of general principles of management - this is the establishment of the goals and objectives of the organization and management activities; development of a plan, working methods and management methods; setting up accounting and control. According to P.M. Kerzhentsev, under socialism, the main attention in management activities should have been given to the planned conduct of production and labor activities. But the leader, having real power, significantly affects the workforce and the effectiveness of its activities, so the selection of leaders should be based on the compliance of his personal qualities with the requirements of the specific position for which he is applying.

Domestic social engineering of the 20-30s of the XX century was based on psychotechnics and sociological research, the traditions of which were continued after a thirty-year break by factory sociology of the 60-80s. In the theory and practice of social planning, which were further developed during the years of the Khrushchev thaw, along with the data of sociological surveys, ideological attitudes and socio-cultural standards were used. In domestic social engineering, the following principles were formulated: the principle of direct participation in solving social problems, since urgent pressing problems are being solved; the principle of continuous social engineering support and social design; the principle of technologization, that is, the provision of optimal methods of influence.

In Western sociology, socioengineering activity was considered in detail by K. Popper in his works The Poverty of Historicism (1945) and Open Society (1945). He considered social engineering as a set of applied sociology approaches aimed at rationally changing social systems based on fundamental knowledge about society and predicting the possible results of transformations.

The modern socioengineering approach makes it possible to change the social reality based on the methods of planning, programming, foresight and forecasting. Social engineering activities include the following procedures:

Assessment of the state of the object of social engineering activities;

Forecasting the most probable options for the development of the internal and external environment of the forecast object;

Modeling the future state of the research object using mathematical, cybernetic, predictive and other methods;

Development of a social project for a new state of the object under study;

Social planning in accordance with the social project;

Implementation of the project with the help of innovative social technologies.

Modern domestic social engineering is developing in the following blocks (directions):

Societal block - the construction of social institutions: state building, the creation of a modernized system of education, health care, etc.;

Regional block - formation of regional communities;

Municipal bloc - formation of local communities;

Organizational block - construction of organizations;

Block of group engineering - formation of target groups and teams.

social engineering today is a complex of practically oriented knowledge in the field of managing social structures and processes, developing in the following areas:

Construction of social institutions, for example, state building, reorganization of the higher education system, etc. ("societal" block);

Regional construction (regional block);

Formation of local communities (municipal block);

Building organizations or "organizational engineering" (organization block);

Formation of target groups and teams ("group" engineering). Electoral technologies and other ways to promote leaders or their teams are an integral part of all blocks of social engineering activities.

In educational practice, the ideas of social engineering are implemented through the use of modern educational technologies and active teaching methods, as well as through the “saturation” of the educational process with disciplines of the social engineering and organizational cycle, including:

theory and methods of social engineering;

diagnostics of organizations;

forecasting and modeling of the development of organizations;

organizational design and programming;

social planning;

introduction of social innovations in organizations, etc.;

workshop on social technologies;

conflict resolution methods.

The formation and development of social engineering was significantly influenced by psychology, applied anthropology, management sciences, and now synergetics and social synergetics - the science of self-organization of society, which determines the conditions and factors for the sustainable development of society. From the standpoint of social synergy in society, thanks to communication links, a synthesis of material and non-material structures takes place, and evolutionary development based on the exchange of information determines the natural selection of energetically more profitable methods of social management. This process ensures the transition of society to a qualitatively new level. From the point of view of synergetics, management is considered as an open system, which is based on interaction with the object, and not on the impact on it. The control mechanism is carried out in two directions. First, a socio-technological corridor is set that is acceptable from the point of view of the development and functioning of the social system. Within this corridor, the social system can implement various trajectories of self-development, and innovation processes are directed in a socially constructive direction. Secondly, for sustainable social development and the rise to a new level of self-organization, local influence is carried out at the bifurcation points at the right time and in the right place.

One of the options for the practical application of the synergistic approach to management is the theory of a self-learning organization that is able to create, acquire and exchange knowledge and change its behavior in accordance with new knowledge and intuition. The sources of learning are employees of the organization, external consultants, business coaches, own business, external environment and lessons learned from own practical experience. A self-learning organization in modern conditions is the most competitive, synergetics is a universal methodology of the modern information society, its structures and a socio-engineering approach to managing society. This approach places high demands on managers, as they must have modern socio-technological knowledge.

Many researchers come to the conclusion that the social engineering approach to management produces the third factor, in which contradictions in the relations between the object and the subject of management are resolved. The object of social engineering ceases to be only a means of implementing social programs developed by experts, and becomes a subject itself. A trinitarian approach is being formed - management - co-management - self-government. The social engineering approach turns management into an interactive process, and the task of social engineers is to create conditions for unlocking the internal potential of the social system.

Unfortunately, in domestic management science and practice, some wary attitude towards social engineering remains, since sometimes manufacturability is perceived as experimentation and manipulation of people. This fact is largely due to the low demand for social design of program-targeted management by subjects of management.

A systematic approach to managing the innovative development of industrial enterprises

The system approach to management of innovative development of the industrial enterprises

Introduction*

In the 21st century, the world community is facing innovative challenges associated with the development of high technologies, informatization, changes in the content of labor and the quality of the workforce. At the same time, the process of globalization generates both new forms of international cooperation and interstate relations, and new contradictions, requiring new approaches to solving political, economic and social problems at all levels of their manifestation. Coordinated development, harmonization of norms and standards of social and labor relations, exchange of accumulated experience can contribute to the construction of a highly organized, economically and environmentally efficient production. The result of efforts to stabilize production and improve the social climate within the country largely depends on the development of industrial enterprises, which are the primary cell of any economic system and can become the driving force for the innovative development of the national economy.

Theoretical approaches to substantiation of innovative development of industrial enterprises

In economic science, there are various approaches to determining the essence, meaning, foundations of the functioning and development of an enterprise:

the resource approach, according to which enterprises (organizations) survive to the extent that they acquire and maintain their resources, and the possibility of accumulating organizational-specific resources by an enterprise is the main rationale for its existence;

the system approach considers the enterprise as a highly complex open socio-economic system, connected by specific relations with its external and internal environment, the main and most active element of which is a person;

the evolutionary approach is meaningfully and metamorphically connected with the evolutionary worldview on the process of constant and causal change in the activities of an enterprise, while the mechanism of change is associated with variability, inheritance and selection, where special attention is paid to the innovation process: the emergence, consolidation and dissemination of innovations, the study of competition as a process selection, problem solving information, uncertainty and time;

the neo-institutional approach analyzes the activity of an enterprise under conditions of restrictions due to the institutional structure of society, where enterprises, as economic agents, operate in a world of high transaction costs, under conditions of uncertainty and risk, which gives rise to limited rationality and opportunistic behavior; within the framework of neo-institutional theory, a transactional approach is singled out, which explores the reasons for the existence of a company and the peculiarities of their internal structure, focusing on the need for a company to avoid transaction costs for concluding transactions in the market and using the advantages of cooperation to obtain the maximum result of its activities.

the process approach is one of the basic in strategic management studies and considers the enterprise in terms of processes associated with entrepreneurial activity, organizational renewal and growth, as well as the development and application of a strategy that directs organizational actions, based on the logic of cause-and-effect explanation , linking independent variables, on the types of concepts or variables that reflect the actions of enterprises or individuals, on the sequence of events that describe the change in phenomena over time.

the behavioral approach explores the real behavior of enterprises as economic entities, in whose activities not rational, but conventional behavior (that is, subject to accepted rules and conventions) dominates, the analysis of which allows us to build a generalized decision-making model;

the knowledge-based approach focuses on the movement of knowledge and its impact on the efficiency and competitive advantages of enterprises, viewing knowledge as subjective information, inseparable from the individual's beliefs and purposeful action, giving great importance to firms that create and develop routines, acting as knowledge repositories .

the synthetic approach means that the models of the theory of firms must take into account "technological" and "social" factors, arguing that the structure of social relations has a constant impact on the organizational dynamics of the enterprise.

An analysis of the theories of the firm makes it possible to substantiate the mechanism for managing the innovative development of industrial enterprises in the context of the clustering of the economy and to determine the main elements that ensure the interaction and cooperation of participants in the innovation process at different stages (Table 1).

Innovative development is considered as a purposeful continuous process of innovation in the scientific, industrial, economic, commercial, financial, marketing, management activities of an enterprise, aimed at the fullest possible satisfaction of social needs based on the implementation of scientific achievements in the production process to obtain the maximum economic, social and environmental effect, expressed in absolute and relative change (increment) of economic indicators.