Dosage forms Bear and badger fat is supplied to the market in its natural form (melted fat); sold in pharmacies in the form of a biologically active food supplement; is a part of medical and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves well

Dosage Forms Procurers supply the market with beaver stream in its natural form (whole dry gland), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some folk healers make potent rubbing and ointments from natural raw materials. Significant

Dosage forms The complex complex of active ingredients of ginseng has not been separated, and they have not yet been obtained separately, therefore, tinctures and extracts are made from the roots of this medicinal plant. The most commonly used in medical practice is alcohol

Dosage Forms You can buy fresh cedar resin from manufacturers. There are a lot of private ads and offers from various companies on the Internet. To prepare turpentine balm, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and

Dosage forms Decoction 1. Prepare as follows: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed roots is poured into 1 cup of hot water, boiled over low heat for 15 minutes, cooled for 45 minutes and filtered. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals for liver diseases,

Dosage forms If you are interested in getting rid of an ailment, you need to clearly understand what and how to take for a particular disease, what folk remedies ginger is a component of and how to use these folk remedies so that their action is as mild as possible,

Dosage forms All drugs can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: - solid; - liquid; - soft; - gaseous.

Classification of dosage forms

Dosage forms- drugs that have certain physical and chemical properties and provide optimal therapeutic effect.

The following groups of classification of dosage forms can be distinguished:

I. Classification of dosage forms according to the state of aggregation.

II. Classification of dosage forms depending on the method of administration
neniya or method of dosing.

III. Classification of dosage forms depending on the method of administration
niya in the body.

I. Classification of dosage forms by state of aggregation

1. Solid.

2. Soft.

3. Liquid.

4. Gaseous.

/. Solid dosage forms

Tablets - dosage form obtained by pressing or forming a medicinal product, medicinal mixtures and excipients.

Dragee- dosed dosage form of a rounded shape, obtained by repeated layering of drugs and excipients into granules.

Granules - homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of drugs of round, cylindrical or irregular shape with a size of 0.2-0.3 mm.

Powders - dosage forms with flowability; There are powders simple (single-component) and complex (two or more components), divided into separate doses and undivided.

Fees- a mixture of several types of cut, crushed into coarse powder or whole medicinal raw materials of plants, sometimes with the addition of other medicines.

Capsules - dosed powdered, granular, sometimes liquid drugs, enclosed in a shell of gelatin, starch, and other biopolymers.

Spansula- capsules, in which the content is a certain number of granules or microcapsules.

Medicinal pencils (medical) - cylindrical sticks 4-8 mm thick and up to 10 cm long with a pointed or rounded end.

Medical films - dosage form in the form of a polymer film.

2. Soft dosage forms

Ointments - dosage forms of soft consistency for external use. Depending on the consistency properties, ointments, pastes, creams, gels and liniments are distinguished.

plasters- a dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass, which, after softening at body temperature, adheres to the skin; patches are applied to a flat surface of the body.

Suppositories (candles)- solid at room temperature and melting at body temperature dosage forms intended for administration into body cavities (rectal, vaginal suppositories); suppositories may be in the form of a ball, cone, cylinder, cigar, etc.

Pills - dosage form in the form of a ball weighing from 0.1 to 0.5 g, prepared from a > homogeneous plastic mass containing drugs and excipients; a pill weighing more than 0.5 g is called a bolus.

3. Liquid dosage forms

Solutions - dosage forms obtained by dissolving one or more drugs.

Suspensions (suspensions)- systems in which a solid is suspended in a liquid and the particle size ranges from 0.1 to 10 microns.

emulsions- dosage forms formed by liquids insoluble in each other.

Infusions and decoctions- aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials or aqueous solutions of extracts.

Slime- dosage forms of high viscosity, but also prepared with the use of starch from an aqueous extract of vegetable raw materials.

Plasters liquid - when applied to the skin, it leaves an elastic film.

Syrups medicinal - solution of a medicinal substance in a thick sugar solution.

Tinctures- alcohol, water-alcohol or alcohol-ether transparent extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing extracts.

Extracts - concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials; distinguish liquid, thick, dry, etc.

4. Gaseous dosage forms

Spray can- dosage form in a special package in which solid or liquid drugs are in a gas or gaseous substance.

II. Classification of dosage forms depending on from way
application or dosing method

2. Potions.

3. Tablets.

4. Gadgets.

5. Poultices.

6. Washing.

8. Powders.

9. Rinsing.

Drops - liquid dosage forms intended to be taken in the form of drops enterally or externally: in the eyes, ears, etc.

potions- liquid dosage forms for internal use, dosed with a tablespoon, dessert or teaspoon.

Some dosage forms are called rinses, lotions, poultices, washes, powders, powders.

III. Classification medicinal forms depending on from way
introduction into the body

1. Enteral.

2. Parenteral.

Enteral - forms introduced into the body through the gastrointestinal tract (through the mouth, rectum).

Parenteral - forms administered bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, by applying to the skin and mucous membranes of the body; by injection into the vascular bed (artery, vein), under the skin or muscle; through inhalation, inhalation, etc.

Dosage forms can be dosed(divided) when the dose of the medicinal product is given at one time; And underdosed(undivided), in which the drug is prescribed in a total amount for all doses.

Linimenta - Linimenta

(Liniment- them. p. units hours - Linimentum; genus. p. units hours - Lininenti; abbr.-lin.)

Liniments - dosage form for external use. There are emulsion liniment and liniment for topical application. Liniments are produced ready-made by the industry. They are written in abbreviated form.

Dispensing example official liniment for outdoor use Write out 5 ml of 5% liniment cycloferon (Cycloferon) for topical use (in vials).

Rp.: Linimenti Cycloferoni 5% 5 ml D. t. d. No. 10

S. To perform intravaginal or intraurethral installations, 5 ml daily for 10-14 days.

Trunk liniments are prescribed in deployed form. After indicating the ingredients of the liniment and their quantity, write M. f. linimentum (Misce ut fiat linimentum - mix to form linimentum) and D.S.

An example of writing out the main liniment

Write out 60 ml of liniment, consisting of equal amounts of purified turpentine oil (Oleum Terebinthinae rectificatum), chloroform (Chloroformium) and methyl salicylate (Methylii salicylas). Assign for rubbing into the area of ​​the affected joint.

Rp.: Olei Terebinthinae rectificati

Methylii salicylatis ana 20 ml

M.f. linimentum

D.S. For rubbing into the area of ​​the affected joint.

An example of writing out a liniment in an abbreviated form

Write out 25 g of 5% synthomycin liniment (Synthomycinum) for external use.

Rp.: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% 25.0

S. Outdoor. For the treatment of purulent wounds.

3.3. Gels- Gel

(Gels (jelly) - not skl.- gel)

Gels(jelly)- it is a soft non-dose dosage form mainly for external use (as well as for enteral and parenteral administration), having a jelly-like translucent consistency. They are a solution of medicinal substances on a jelly-like basis (as constituens). Gel is a common modern dosage form. The following types of gel are currently produced: for external use, for skin and hair care, for application to the skin of the eyelids, for dry skin, for gums, dental gel, for the treatment of the oral cavity, for the nose (nasal), eye gel, for intravaginal, intracervical and intraurethral administration, rectal, gel with liposomes, lipogel, sterile gel, gel for intradermal injections, gel for oral suspension and oral administration, transdermal, rodenticide gel, insecticidal gel.

The gel is made only in the factory, so the recipe is issued only in an abbreviated form. The prescription indicates medicinal

form, gel name, concentration, quantity. The prescription is concluded with instructions on the rules for taking the medicine (D.S.).

Example of prescribing gels (.jelly)

Write out 5.0 g of 20% gel "Solcoseryl" ("Solcoseryl"). Assign for the treatment of dystrophic keratitis.

Rp.: Gel "Soicoseryl" 20% - 5.0

D.S. Eye gel. Apply to the damaged surface 1-2 times a day.

Pasta

(Pasta - them. p. units hours - pasta; genus. p. units hours - pastae; abbr. - Past.)

Pastes - varieties of ointments containing powdered substances of at least 25% and not more than 60%.

Pastes last longer than ointments at the site of application. Due to the higher content of powdered substances, the pastes have adsorbing and drying properties. There are the following types of pastes: for topical use, for preparing a solution for external use, for teeth and gums, for preparing an oral solution and ingestion, gel-like, electrically conductive, insecticidal and rodenticide.

Fat bases for pastes are the same formative substances as for ointments: Vaselinum, Lanolinum, Adeps suillus depuratus, unguentum Glyc-erini, unguentum Naphthalani. If the powdered medicinal substances in the paste are less than 25%, then it is necessary to add indifferent, powders - Amylum, Talcum, Zinci oxydum, Bolus alba (white clay). As fillers can be used: wheat starch (Amylum Tritici), corn starch (Amylum Maydis), potato starch (Amylum Solani), rice starch (Amylum Oryzae), talc (magnesium salt of silicic acid) (Talcum), white clay (kaolin ) (Bolus alba).

Pastes are among the non-dosed dosage forms, so they are prescribed in total. Trunk pastes are prescribed only in expanded form listing all ingredients and quantities. After the word Recipe list the name of all the ingredients, their masses in grams. This is followed by an indication to the pharmacist: Misce fiat pasta (M. f. pasta), issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

An example of writing out pasta in expanded form

Write out 100.0 g of paste with 5% content of resorcinol (Resorcinum). For application to affected areas of the skin.

Rp.: Resorcini 5.0

Vaselli ad 100.0

When prescribing a paste in an abbreviated way, after the Recipe write the name of the dosage form (Pastae), then the name of the medicinal substance, its percentage and the total mass of the paste. Then - issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

The pasta recipe written above can be presented abbreviated way:

Rp.: Pastae Resorcini 5% 100.0

D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

Dental paste is used for injection into the tooth cavity, and it must be of a thicker consistency (at least 75% of powdered substances) so that it can be tightly packed into narrow dental canals. Glycerin (Glycerinum) is used as the base in dental pastes. It is added drop by drop, and the recipe says "quantum satis" (q. s.).

An example of a main recipe for dental paste

Prescribe a dental paste containing tricresol (Tricresolum) and formalin (Formalinum).

Rp.: Tricresoli 4.0

D.S. Insert into the tooth cavity.

An example of prescribing an official paste with a commercial name

Write out pastes of dental adhesive Solcoseryl (Solcoseryl dental adhesive) 5 g in a tube. Assign for the treatment of gingivitis.

Rp.: Pasta "Solcoseryl dental adhesive" 5.0

D.S. The affected area of ​​the oral mucosa is pre-dried with a cotton or gauze swab, then a strip of paste about 0.5 cm long is applied, without rubbing, in a thin layer and slightly moistened with a fingertip or a cotton swab moistened with water. The procedure is repeated 3-5 times / day after meals and at bedtime. For a course of treatment, 5 g of the drug (1 tube) is recommended.

3.5. Creams- Cremores

(Cream - them. p. units hours - Cremorum; genus. p. units hours - Cremoris)

Creams- These are semi-liquid forms, less viscous than ointments, which are a combination of water, oils, fats and medicinal substances. Unlike ointments, they have a less protective function, but are better absorbed by the skin and, therefore, are more attractive to patients.

Cream prescribing example

Write out 30 g of 0.05% Betamethasone cream (Betametasone). For outdoor use.

Rp.: Cremoris Betametasoni 0.05% 30.0

D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

3.6. suppositories- Suppository

(Suppository - them. p. units hours - Suppository; wines p. units hours - Suppository; wines n. pl. hours - Suppositories; abbr. - Supp.)

suppositories- soft (solid at room temperature) dosage form, consisting of a base and medicinal substances, melting or dissolving at body temperature. Suppositories are intended mainly for rectal and vaginal administration.

There are the following suppositories:

1) Rectal suppositories(suppositoria rectalia) - cone or cylinder with sharp
end, their mass ranges from 1.1 to 4.0 g (in pediatric practice
ke - 0.5-1.5 g). The maximum diameter is 1.5 cm. If the weight is not specified in the recipe
on, then they are made with a mass of 3.0 g.

2) Vaginal suppositories(suppositoria vaginalia) - can be spherical in shape
ric (balls - globuli), ovoid (ovuli - ovula), or in the form of a flat
th body with a rounded end (pessaries - pessaria). Mass of vaginal soup
positories - from 1.5 to 6.0 g, by default they are made with a mass of 4.0 g.

3) sticks(bacilli) - intended for introduction into the urethra
canal (urethral suppositories), cervix, fistulous passages, etc.
Currently, this dosage form is rarely used.

Suppositories consist of medicinal substances and a base. As constituens for the preparation of suppositories, substances of a dense consistency are used that melt at body temperature, do not have irritating properties, are poorly absorbed through the mucous membranes, and do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances. Cocoa butter (oleum Cacao), butyrole (Butyrolum), gelatin-glycerin (massa gelatinosa) synthetic mass - polyethylene oxide (polyaethylenoxydum) or esilon-aerosil mass possess these properties to the greatest extent.

Rectal suppositories are widely used. From the rectum, medicinal substances are absorbed faster than when applied through the mouth (per os), they are not affected by digestive tract enzymes. Suppositories can be prescribed in two ways. When prescribing in expanded form, after the Recipe, indicate the name of the medicinal substance, the dose for 1 dose, the forming substance (constituens) and its mass. In praescriptio, they note - mix to form a suppository (M. f. supp. rectale or vagi-nale), then indicate how many candles should be given out (D. t. d. N.) and in the signature the method of application.

An example of prescribing a suppository in expanded form

Rp.: Trichomonacidi 0.05

About lei Cacao 4.0

M. f. supp. vaginale

S. 1 suppository in the vagina 2 times a day (morning and

in the evening), after removing the packaging.

Most suppositories are produced ready-made and prescribed using an abbreviated prescription form. The prescription begins with an indication of the dosage form - Suppositorium (suppository ... - wine. p. units. h.). Further, after the preposition cum (s), the name of the medicinal substance (in TV units) and its dose follow. The prescription ends with the prescription - D. t. d. N... and signature.

An example of prescribing a suppository in an abbreviated form

Write out 10 official suppositories containing 0.2 theophyllin (Theophyllinum). Assign 1 suppository 2 times a day.

Rp.: Suppositorium cum Theophyllino 0.2

S. Apply rectally 1 suppository 2 times a day.

When prescribing official suppositories of complex composition with commercial name ("Anuzol", "Betiol", "Cefekon", etc.), the prescription is limited to indicating the dosage form in wines. n. pl. hours (Suppositoria), the name of the drug and the number of suppositories. Doses of medicinal substances in such a recipe are not given.

An example of prescribing a suppository under a commercial name

Write out 10 suppositories "Proctosedyl" ("Proctosedyl"). Assign 1 suppository 2 times a day.

Rp.: Suppositoria "Proctosedyl" N. 10

D.S. Apply rectally 1 suppository 2 times a day for the treatment of hemorrhoids.

When prescribing suppositories in deployed form in the recipe, it is permissible not to indicate the amount of the base, but write q. s. (quantum satis - as needed).

Recipe Example

Write out 6 rectal suppositories containing 0.02 of Promedol (Promedolum). Assign 1 suppository for pain.

Rp.: Promedoli 0.02

Olei Cacao q. s.

M.f. suppository rectal

S. 1 suppository for pain.

An example of writing out a ball

Write out 50 balls with econazole cream 150 mg - "Gyno-Pevaril" ("Gyno-Pevaryl"). For topical use.

Rp.: Globuli "Gyno-Pevaryl" 0.15

S. The drug is injected deep into the vagina 1 time per day (before going to bed).

3.7. plasters- Emplastra

(Patch - them. p. units hours - Emplastrum; genus. p. units hours - Emplastri: abbr. - Empl.)

Adhesives - dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass, which has the ability to soften at body temperature and adhere to the skin, or in the form of the same mass on a flat carrier.

Depending on the medical purpose, patches are distinguished:

- epidermal: have the necessary stickiness and may not
hold medicinal substances, apply as a dressing mat
rial, bringing the edges of wounds together, hiding skin defects, protecting it from
traumatizing environmental factors, in the treatment of certain skin
diseases;

- ender.matic: contain medicinal substances
(keratolytic, depilatory, etc.);

- diadermal: contain medicinal substances that penetrate through
skin, affecting deep-lying tissues or general (resorptive
vigilant) action. A variety of diadermal patches are
traisdermal therapeutic systems - TTS (see below).

According to the state of aggregation, plasters can be solid and liquid.

Hard plasters They are firm at room temperature and soften at body temperature. Distinguish between smeared and non-smeared hard plasters: the first are smeared on the fabric, the second - in the form of conical or cylindrical blocks. When prescribing smeared plasters, it is necessary to indicate their dimensions.

Liquid patches (skin adhesives) - volatile liquids that leave a film on the skin after evaporation of the solvent. Produced in bottles, bottles, in the form of aerosols.

Dispensing example plaster

Write out a pepper patch. Prescribe for pain.

Rep.: Empl. Capsici 10 x 18 cm

D. S. Degrease the skin in the area of ​​greatest soreness, dry

wipe and apply the patch with the adhesive side. If there is no strong

irritation, leave for 2 days.

Solutions - Solutions

(solution - them. p. units hours - Solutio; genus. p. units hours - solutions; abbr.-Sol.)

Solution- liquid dosage form obtained by diluting liquid and dissolving solid or gaseous substances in an appropriate solvent. Solutions are a universal dosage form, as they can be applied externally, administered parenterally and taken orally. The undoubted advantage of solutions is that the effect of the drug administered in liquid form occurs faster, and the effect of the drug is the most complete.

The solution consists of the main active substance (basis) and the solvent (constituens). A simple solution contains one dissolved preparation, a complex solution contains several ingredients. As solvents, distilled water (aqua destillata) is most often used, as well as ethyl alcohol (spiritus aethylicus 70%, 90%, 95%), glycerin (Glycerinum), various liquid oils, for example, almond oil (oleum Amygdalarum), peach ( oleum Persicorum), sunflower (oleum Helianthi), vaseline (oleum Vaselinum), etc. Accordingly, aqueous, alcohol, glycerin and oil solutions are isolated. There are also true and colloidal solutions; true should always be transparent, should not contain suspensions and sediment.

Mucus - Mucilagines

(Mucilago - singular number, im. case; mucilaginis - singular number, genus case)

Slime are dispersed systems in which the smallest particles of mucous substances, which are hydrophilic colloids, form stable complexes with water. Mucus is obtained by treating mucous substances of plant origin with water. Examples are: starch slime (Mucilago Amyli), flaxseed slime (Mucilago seminum Lini), marshmallow root slime (Mucilago radicis Althaeae), etc.

Mucus is used more often as corrigens with irritants in potions or enemas.

Mucus mixtures are added in an amount of 10-30%, to enemas - up to 50% of the total volume. All slimes are official. When they are written out, only the name and the total amount in ml are indicated.

Example of mucus discharge

Write out 100 ml solution for medicinal enema containing chloral hydrate (Chlorali hydras) 1.5 g and starch mucus (Mucilago Amyli) equally with water. Assign for one enema after cleansing enema.

Rp.: Chlorali hydratis 2.0

Mucil. Amily Aq. destill aa ad 50 ml

M.D.S. For one medicated enema after cleansing enema.

4.6. Enemas- Enemata

Enemas- these are solutions for introduction into the rectum, which are used as cleansing, nutritional and therapeutic enemas, as well as X-ray contrast agents for fluoroscopy of the colon.

An example of an enema

Write out 60 ml of mesalazine suspension (Mesalazine) for rectal administration.

Rp.: Suspensions Mesalazini 60 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in enematis

S. 60 ml into the rectum every other day at bedtime after a preliminary bowel cleansing. There are 10 procedures per course.

Balms - Balsama

Balms - aromatic liquids obtained from plants. They contain organic nitrogen-free substances, essential oils and some other compounds. Balms have antiseptic and deodorizing (eliminating unpleasant odor) properties, have a local irritant effect, promote sputum separation (expectorant action), increase urination.

Today, balms are called not only products obtained from plants, but also combinations of alcohols, essential oils, terpenes and other substances, as well as synthetic compounds, for example, Vinilinum seu Balsamum Schosta-kowsky. In the latter case, "balm" has a figurative meaning - "healing agent." There are balms for internal use, for external use, sports balm, conditioner balm and shampoo balm.

An example of prescribing a balm

Write out 50 g of Dr. Theiss cough balm. Rp.: Balsami contra pertussim "Dr. Theiss" 50.0

D.S. For children, lubricate the skin of the chest and back several times a day (especially at night), then cover the lubricated area with a scarf (woolen or flannel) and keep the chest and back warm.

Lotions - Lotiones

Lotions - These are liquid preparations for application to the skin. Usually contain cooling or antiseptic substances. Lotions can be compared to creams, but contain more liquid and can be applied to a larger area of ​​the body. Some lotions are prepared specifically for washing the eyes, ears, nose, and throat.

Lotion prescribing example

Write out 20 ml of 0.1% Mometasone lotion (Mometasone) in a polyethylene dropper bottle. A remedy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Rp.: Lotionis Mometasoni 0.1% -20 ml

D.S. External agent in a dropper bottle (shake before use). The lotion is applied to the affected areas of the scalp once a day and rubbed with gentle movements until completely absorbed.

Chapter 5 RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINES IN SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

Powders - Pulveres

(Powder - them. p. units hours - Pulvis; genus. p. units hours - pulveris; abbr.- Pulv.)

Powder- a solid dosage form for internal and external use, obtained by grinding and mixing bulk medicinal substances (one or more). Powders are the oldest dosage form, used as far back as 2500-3000 years BC. e., which has not lost its relevance to the present day.

When grinding medicinal substances, their adsorption activity and solubility increase. In the state of powder, drugs have a high therapeutic activity, since as the particles are dispersed, the absorption of soluble and especially difficult to dissolve medicinal substances is facilitated and accelerated.

Insoluble substances (activated carbon, bismuth nitrate, white clay, talc, etc.) in a state of high dispersion show their adsorbing, enveloping and antiseptic effect to the maximum extent. Powders are easy to take, easy and accurate dosed, easy to prepare.

Disadvantages of powders - as a result of an increase in the specific surface of the medicinal substance due to grinding, powders easily lose crystallized water if they are prone to weathering, or quickly become damp if they are hygroscopic. The adverse effects of carbon dioxide, oxygen, moisture, and light are increasing. Powders can also acquire a foreign odor by adsorbing vapors of volatile substances. All these shortcomings can

avoid with proper storage of both the original ingredients and And the powders themselves.

Distinguish simple powders (pulveres simplices) consisting of one substance, and complex (pulveres compositi), consisting of two or more ingredients. There are also powders bleached into single doses (pulveres divisi) and powders undivided(pulveres indivisi). In addition, the following types of powders are distinguished according to the degree of grinding: coarse powder (pulvis grossus), fine powder (pulvis subtilis), the smallest powder (pulvis subtilis- simus).

Pulvis subtilis is a standard powder for medicines taken by mouth. Pulvis subtilissimus is used mainly for application to a wound or mucous membrane. The smallest powder when applied topically does not cause mechanical irritation, has a large adsorbing surface. Powders applied externally are called powders (aspersiones).

Undivided powders are prescribed and dispensed with a total weight of 5 to 100 g and are dosed as directed by the doctor to the patient himself. In undivided powders, substances that are not potent are prescribed, which do not require an exact dosage. Undivided powders are used more often externally - on the skin and mucous membranes, less often - for internal use. When writing out an undivided powder, indicate the name of the substance, its total mass, and then write the signature.

1. Prescription of a simple undivided powder for external and internal use.

Recipe Examples

Write out 30.0 g of the smallest powder of streptocidum (Streptocidum) for powdering the wound.

Rp.: Streptocidi subtilissimi 30.0

D.S. For powdering the wound.

Write out 50 g of magnesium oxide (Magnesii oxydum). Take orally 1/2 teaspoon 3 times a day after meals.

Rp.: Magnesii oxydi 50.0

D.S. Take 1/2 teaspoon orally 3 times a day after meals.

Separated powders in a separate package contain the exact dose at a time. They are prescribed for internal use in the amount of 3, 6, 10, 12 pieces.

The mass of the dosed powder must be at least 0.1 g and not more than 1 g, the average mass of the divided powder is from 0.3 g to 0.5 g. For vegetable powders, the minimum weight is allowed 0.05 g. medicinal substance, its dose at one time, and in the instructions to the pharmacist, the inscription Da tales doses numero (D. td N.) must be followed, i.e. how many powders should be given to the patient. Prescribing powders vegetable Origins begin with the word Pulveris, followed by the part of the plant, its name and dose.

2. Prescription of a simple divided powder
Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders of rhubarb root (radix Rhei) 0.5 g each. Assign 1 powder at night.

Rp.: Pulveris radicis Rhei 0.5

S. 1 powder at night.

Complex Powders(pulveres compositi) consist of two or more ingredients. When prescribing complex undivided powders, after Recipe (Rp.), all medicinal substances and their masses are listed. Be sure to indicate the form and method of preparation with the words Misce ut fiat pulvis (M. f. pulv.) - mix to form a powder. Then the signature is written from a new line. When prescribing in undivided powders substances that cannot be used in pure form (per se), but only in a certain concentration, it is necessary to add a formative substance (remedium constituens). In non-dosed powders for external use (powders), the following indifferent compounds can be shaping substances: sugar (Saccharus), starch (Amylum), talc - magnesium salt of silicic acid (Talcum), white clay - kaolin (Bolus alba), moss spores (Lycopodium).

3. Prescription of complex undivided powder
Write out Zhitnyuk's powder. For the treatment of bedsores.

Rp.: Acidi borici 5.0

Streptocidi 20.0

A complex undivided powder (powder - aspersio, aspers.), Consisting of only two ingredients, can be written out not only in expanded, but also in an abbreviated way.

Write out 50 g of powder containing 2% boric acid (Acidum boricum). Assign for sprinkling the affected areas of the skin:

Rp.: Aspersionis Acidi borici 2% 50.0

D.S. Sprinkle on the affected areas of the skin.

When prescribing divided complex powders, a detailed prescription is used: a single dose of each drug is indicated, the method of preparation (M. f. pulvis) and the number of powders that must be given to the patient.

4. Prescribing complex divided powder
Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders containing 0.015 g of codeine phosphate (Codeini phosphas) ​​and 0.3 g of sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas). Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp.: Codeini phosphatis 0.015

Natrii hydrocarbonatis 0.3

When prescribing drugs, the dose of which less 0.1 g, to increase the mass of the powder, the addition of forming substances (constituents) is necessary. Constituents are added in a mass of 0.2-0.5 g (usually in the amount of 0.3 g). The following are used as forming substances in separated powders for internal use: sugar (Saccharum), glucose (Glu-cosum), licorice root powder (Pulvis Glycyrrhizae), etc.

Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders containing 0.02 g of papaverine hydrochloride (Papaverini hydrochloridum) and 0.003 g of platyphyllin hydrotartrate (Platyphyllini hydrotartras). Assign 1 powder 2 times a day.

Rp.: Papaverini hydrochloridi 0.02

Platyphyllini hydrotartratis 0.003

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Separated powders are packaged and dispensed from the pharmacy in plain paper. If the powders contain volatile or odorous substances, they are released in parchment paper (charta pergaminata), and hygroscopic or weathering (volatile) substances - in waxed (charta cerata) or waxed (charta "paraffinata) paper. Recipe Example

Write out in wax paper 10 powders containing 0.25 g of grated camphor (Camphora tritae). Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp.: Camphorae tritae 0.25

D.t. d. N.10 in charta cerata

S. 1 powder 3 times daily.

Granules-Granule

Granules - solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, intended for internal use. In medical practice, granules are used: homeopathic, soluble, for resorption, for application to the wound surface, granules for preparation, for oral administration, effervescent, coated, microgranules.

The composition of the granules includes medicinal and excipients. Sugar, milk sugar, sodium bicarbonate can be used as excipients. The size of the granules is 0.2-3.0 mm. They must be uniform in color. Granules are prepared in a factory way. This is always the official dosage form. When writing out a prescription, the name of the dosage form, the name of the drug and the total weight are indicated.

Prescribing examples of granular drugs

Write out 10 sachets of acetylcysteine ​​in 200 mg granules. To prepare a hot drink.

Rp.: Granularum Acetylcysteini 0.2

S. To prepare a hot drink. Expectorant.

Write out granular aminosalicylic acid in packages of 4 g. Assign inside 1 package 3 times a day.

Rp.: Gran. Acid amino salicylici 4.0

S. Adults take 1 sachet (4 g) 3 times daily as a granule.

5.3. Medicinal fees- Species

Medicinal herbal raw materials - It is a substance of plant origin from which medicines are made. Medicinal raw materials must be approved for use by the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Preparations made from medicinal plant materials by simple processing (drying, grinding) are called simple. Among them gathering and tea- solid dosage forms, consisting of crushed or whole medicinal plant materials (leaves, herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, etc.), sometimes with the addition of salts of essential oils, etc.

Fees are intended for the manufacture of infusions and decoctions used internally. Sometimes they are prescribed externally in the form of rinses, poultices, baths, for smoking. Types of fees: herbal, collection-briquette, collection-powder, collection-raw materials, collection-raw materials crushed. Fees - undosed dosage form. They are prescribed with a mass of 50-200 g. When writing a prescription after Rp. write the name of the dosage form, the name of the collection and the total weight in g. Next - issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

Examples of issuing fees

Write out 100 g of breast collection No. 2 (Pectorales species No. 2). Assign for oral administration.

Rp.: Specierum Pectorales 100.0

D.S. Pour one tablespoon with a glass of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Take 0.5 cup 2-3 times a day after meals.

Write out herbal tea "Bronchicum" ("Bronchicum"). For oral administration, 1 cup of tea 3 times a day.

Rp.: "Bronchicum" N. 1

D.S. Inside, 1 cup of tea 3 times a day. One teaspoon of tea is placed in a cup, poured with hot water and stirred, after which the tea is ready to drink.

5.4. Tablets- tabulettae

(Tablet-km.p.u.h.-tabuletta; wines p.s.h.- Tabulettam; wines n. pl. h.- Tabulettas; me. n. pl. h.-tabulettis; abbr.-Tab.)

Tablet - solid dosage form obtained by compressing medicinal substances or a mixture of medicinal and excipients. Tablets are prepared in a factory way. They can be effervescent, soluble or coated (tabulettae obductae). To cover the tablets, wheat flour, starch, sugar, cocoa, edible varnishes, etc. are used. In some cases, tablets for children are produced.

To obtain the desired therapeutic effect, the form in which the drug is used is of great importance.

Dosage forms are forms given to drugs for ease of use. Dosage forms are manufactured in pharmacies or pharmaceutical companies. There are liquid, soft and solid dosage forms, as well as dosage forms for injection. The same drug can be produced in different dosage forms.

Liquid dosage forms - solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, potions, mucus, emulsions and suspensions.

Solutions are obtained by dissolving solid or liquid drugs in a solvent. As a solvent, distilled water is most often used, and in some cases ethyl alcohol, glycerin, liquid oils (vaseline, olive, peach, sunflower). Solutions should be clear and should not contain any particulate matter or sediment. They are taken orally or taken externally (lotions, rinses, rubdowns, drops in the nose, eyes and ears, enemas, compresses, douches). Solutions intended for internal use are dosed with tablespoons (15 ml), dessert (10 ml), teaspoons (5 ml), as well as graduated cups (beakers). Some solutions containing poisonous and potent medicinal substances are dosed in drops. Similarly (drops) dispense solutions intended for administration to the nose, ears or used in eye practice.

Infusions and decoctions are dosage forms that are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, mainly herbs, leaves, roots, bark and flowers. In addition to the active principles, infusions and decoctions contain harmless, but not medicinally important impurities, or ballast substances (sugar, tannin, pigments, etc.). Infusions and decoctions have a limited shelf life. Therefore, they are prepared in pharmacies immediately before issuing to the patient and are prescribed in an amount calculated to be received within 3-4 days. At home, infusions and decoctions should be stored in a cool place. They are designed for internal and, less commonly, external use, such as rinsing. Infusions and decoctions for oral administration are dosed to adults with tablespoons or graduated cups, and for children - dessert or teaspoons.

Tinctures are transparent liquid alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials, which are produced without heat treatment at pharmaceutical enterprises. Tinctures are intended mainly for oral administration, and are dosed in drops, which can be diluted in a small amount of water before taking. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they are a stable dosage form and can be stored for a long time. Store tinctures in a dark place at room temperature, in well-corked bottles.

Extracts, like tinctures, are also extracts from plant materials, only more concentrated. Depending on the consistency, liquid, thick and dry extracts are distinguished. Extracts are used mainly inside. Liquid extracts are dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are, as a rule, part of various solid dosage forms (tablets, suppositories). Tinctures and extracts are called galenical preparations in honor of the Roman physician Claudius Galen, who first began taking extracts from medicinal plants.

Mucus is a thick, viscous liquid that is obtained by dissolving or swelling in water various mucous substances, for example, arabic and apricot gum, starch. Mucus protects the skin, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract from the irritating action of various harmful factors.

In this regard, mucus is usually taken to reduce the irritant effect of drugs.

Emulsions are a kind of liquid dosage forms in which water-insoluble liquids (fatty oils, balms) are in suspension in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are homogeneous opaque liquids that look like milk. In the form of emulsions, medicinal substances with an unpleasant taste or irritant effect are usually prescribed to mask their undesirable effect. Emulsions are unstable, so their shelf life is limited to 3-4 days and they are released with the labels "Shake before use", "Keep in a cool place".

Suspensions (suspensions) are liquid dosage forms in which finely divided medicinal substances (in the form of solid particles) are suspended in a liquid (water, vegetable oils, glycerin). Suspensions are prepared in cases where the drug substance is insoluble in liquid. Shake the suspension thoroughly before using.

Potions are mixtures of various medicinal substances dissolved or suspended in a particular liquid. Mixtures may include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, emulsions, soluble and insoluble powders. Potions are prescribed for oral administration and sometimes for external use. Medicines intended for oral administration are dosed in the same way as solutions. Many potions have an author's name (Pavlov's, Mikheev's, Kvater's, etc.). Mixtures with insoluble substances must be shaken before use. Potions, which include infusions, decoctions and emulsions, should be stored in a cool place.

Soft dosage forms - ointments, liniments, pastes, suppositories and patches.

Ointments are homogeneous, without grains, soft to the touch masses. Ointments consist of medicinal substances and ointment bases. Fats of vegetable and animal origin, fat-like substances, oil refining products, and synthetic substances are used as ointment bases. Ointments are prescribed more often externally in order to affect the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes in the form of ointments, medicinal substances are prescribed that are easily absorbed into the blood through the skin and mucous membranes. In such cases, ointments are used to affect pathological

processes occurring in the internal organs, for example, nitro ointment for the prevention of angina attacks. Store ointments in well-corked jars or tubes in a cool place.

Liniments (liquid ointments) differ from ointments in consistency and are thick liquids or gelatinous masses. They are for external use only.

Pastes are called ointments containing at least 25% of powdered substances, which leads to their denser (pasty) consistency. Pastes are longer than ointments, they are held on the skin. In this regard, pastes are prescribed externally for skin diseases or to protect it from damage by chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and other harmful factors.

Suppositories (candles) are a dosage form that has a solid consistency at room temperature and spreads at body temperature. Suppositories consist of medicines and a base. There are rectal suppositories (suppositories), which are intended for insertion into the rectum, and vaginal suppositories. The former are usually in the form of a cone or cylinder with a pointed end. In the form of rectal suppositories, drugs can be prescribed not only for local effects (for diseases of the rectum), but also for the treatment of diseases of other internal organs, since the absorption of drugs through the mucous membrane of the rectum is quite high (Cefekon suppositories).

Vaginal suppositories in shape can be spherical, ovoid or in the form of a flat body with a rounded end. They are prescribed mainly for the treatment of diseases of the female genital organs and as contraceptives.

Due to the fact that the drugs contained in suppositories are easily absorbed into the blood, the doctor's instructions regarding the dosage of this dosage form should be strictly followed. Store suppositories in a dry and cool place wrapped in paraffin paper, cellophane or foil.

Solid dosage forms - powders, granules, tablets, dragees, pills.

Powders are a solid dosage form with the property of flowability. Powders are intended for

external and internal use. Powders for external use are usually prescribed not divided into doses. They are used mainly for application to wound surfaces and mucous membranes, including in the form of powders. Powders intended for internal use are taken with a sufficient amount of water, milk or mineral water. Powders for internal use can be divided and not divided into doses. In the form of undivided powders, low-toxic drugs are produced. Patients dose such powders as directed by the doctor, most often with tablespoons or teaspoons, etc. Divided powders are dispensed from pharmacies in bags of plain, parchment or waxed paper. In some cases, powders are also released in capsules.

Capsules are capsules for dosed powder, paste or liquid medicines used orally. In capsules, drugs are prescribed that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Distinguish between gelatin and starch capsules. In some cases, when the medicinal substance can be destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach, special capsules are used that dissolve only in the intestine under the influence of its alkaline content. Capsules should be swallowed without chewing. It is not recommended to open the capsules and take their contents separately.

Granules are a solid dosage form in the form of grains (grains) of a round, cylindrical or irregular shape. Granules are prescribed for oral administration. Granules are used in the same way as powders. In some cases, the granules are dissolved in water before use. In this case, you should be guided by the instructions of the doctor or the instructions attached to the drug.

Tablets are a solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances on special machines. Tablets are in the form of round, oval or other shaped plates with a flat or biconvex surface. They are convenient to use, portable and last for a long time. The unpleasant taste of medicinal substances is less noticeable in them. In addition, by creating multilayer tablets, it is possible to ensure a certain sequence of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the ingredients included in the composition, therefore, many tablets are strictly forbidden to be chewed, and the number of drugs produced by the pharmaceutical industry in tablets increases every year.

It should be borne in mind that depending on a number of conditions (properties of medicinal substances, the nature of diseases, etc.), the methods of using tablets may be different. Most often, tablets are prescribed for oral administration. In some cases, tablets are used for the preparation of solutions, including injections, as well as for subcutaneous implantation (esperal). At the same time, in most cases, it is recommended to swallow the tablets without crushing or chewing them, especially if the tablets are coated with special shells that ensure the release of active substances in the desired sections of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is advisable to take some tablets crushed. Tablets, which include drugs that are well absorbed through the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, are prescribed under the tongue (for example, tablets of nitroglycerin, isadrin, methyltestosterone, etc.). These tablets should not be swallowed. They must be kept under the tongue until completely absorbed. In this regard, taking any pills, you need to follow the instructions of the doctor.

Dragee is a solid dosage form obtained by layer-by-layer build-up (dragee) of medicines and excipients on sugar granules. Dragees have the correct spherical shape, even and smooth surface. Apply the dragee inside, without chewing or crushing.

A special kind of solid dosage forms are medicinal preparations, which are mixtures of chopped or coarsely chopped, less often whole herbal medicinal raw materials, sometimes mixed with salts and essential oils. Fees are used for external and internal use. As poultices, before use, the preparations are poured with hot water, wrapped in canvas and applied to the skin. Fees for dry poultices are applied to the sore spot in a linen bag, moderately heated. Fees intended for use in the form of infusions are poured with boiling water and insisted. Release fees in paper bags, boxes or flasks. Store fees in a packaged form in a dry place.

Dosage forms for injection include aqueous and oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, as well as sterile powders and tablets, which are dissolved in a sterile solvent immediately before administration. The main requirement for these dosage forms is sterility, since they serve mainly for injection, that is, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial administration, as well as for administration into body cavities. With these methods of administration, a high dosage accuracy is achieved; the therapeutic effect usually manifests itself much faster than with the introduction of substances through the gastrointestinal tract. The use of drugs by injection requires appropriate knowledge and skill. Therefore, the introduction of dosage forms for injections when providing assistance even at home is carried out by medical staff (nurses, paramedics).

Solutions (Solutio) - a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a medicinal substance in a solvent. The most commonly used solvents are distilled water (Aqua destillata), ethanol (Ethanol; ethyl alcohol, Spiritus aethylicus) 70%, 90%, 95% and liquid oils - peach (Oleum Persicorum), vaseline (Oleum Vazelini), etc. Solutions must be transparent and free of suspended particles or sediment. Use solutions for external and internal use, as well as for injection.

Solutions for external use used in the form of eye, ear drops, nose drops, lotions, rinses, washes, douching. There are two forms of prescribing solutions - abbreviated and expanded.

Abbreviated form solution begins with the name of the dosage form, i.e. from the word Solutionis (rod.p. Solution). Next, indicate the name of the medicinal substance in the genitive case, the concentration of the solution and its amount. Then comes D.S. If the solvent is water, then the nature of the solution (water) is not indicated in the abbreviated prescription.

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in three ways:

in percents;

relations (for example, 1:1000, 1:5000, etc.);

mass-volume ratios (for example, 0.6-200 ml, i.e. 200 ml contains 0.6 g of the drug substance).

For example:

Rp.: solutionis Nitrofurali 0,02% - 500 ml

D. S. For gargling 4 times a day.

Rp.: solutionis Nitrofurali 1:5000 – 500 ml

D. S

Rp.: solutionis Nitrofurali 0,1 – 500 ml

D. S. For gargling 4 times a day

Alcoholic and oily solutions in abbreviated form are prescribed with the designation of the nature of the solution - alcohol (spirituosae), oily (oleosae), which is given after the name of the medicinal substance.

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 1% - 10ml

D. S. Ear drops. 3 drops 2 times a day.

Rp.: solutionis Camphorae oleosae 10% - 30 ml

D. S. For rubbing the joint area.

In cases where an oil or alcohol solution requires a certain oil or alcohol of a certain concentration, only a detailed prescription of the solution is possible. In this case, the soluble substance is indicated first, and then the solvent with the designation of quantities. The prescription ends with the M.D.S. and S.

For example:

Rp.: Mentholi 0,1

Olei Vasellini ad 10 ml

M. D. S. Instill 5 drops into the nose.

Solutions for internal use usually dosed with graduated cups, tablespoons and teaspoons, as well as drops.

1 tablespoon contains an average of 15 ml of an aqueous solution;

in 1 teaspoon - 5 ml;

1 ml of water contains 20 drops.

Knowing a single dose of a medicinal substance and a single amount of a solution, its concentration can be calculated.

For example:

Rp.: solutionis sodium bromidi 1% - 180 ml

D. S

Suspensions (suspension) - suspension of particles of solid medicinal substances in a liquid. Suspensions are prescribed internally and externally. Sterile suspensions can be administered intramuscularly. Typically, water is used to make the suspension. In this case, an abbreviated prescription of the suspension is possible. Such a prescription begins with the name of the dosage form Suspensionis (genus item Suspensions), followed by the name of the medicinal substance, the concentration of the suspension, its amount and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 0,5% - 10 ml

D. S. Instill in the eye 2 drops 4 times a day.

Emulsions (Emulsum) - a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids (for example, liquid oils) are in suspension in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are used internally and externally. Most often, oil emulsions are used. They are prepared from liquid oils (castor, almond, etc.). To emulsify the oil (separation into the smallest particles), special emulsifiers are added.

The prescription of the emulsion begins with the name of the dosage form - Emulsi (genus item Emulsions), after which the amount of oil in ml and the total amount of the emulsion are indicated.

For example:

Rp.: Emujsi olei Ricini 20ml – 100ml

D. S. for 1 appointment.

Infusions (infusum) and decoctions (Decoctum). When processing herbal medicinal raw materials (leaves, grass, roots, etc.) with water at a temperature of 100 0 C, their active principles are extracted from medicinal plants with some admixture of ballast substances. They are called infusions and decoctions. infusions more often prepared from leaves, flowers, herbs. Decoctions- from the coarser, denser parts of plants (roots, rhizomes, bark) and therefore differ from infusions in a longer extraction of active principles.

To prepare infusions and decoctions, a weighed amount of medicinal raw materials is placed in a vessel called an infunder and filled with water at room temperature. Infundirka is placed in a boiling water bath: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes. Then the medicine is filtered and filtered: decoctions - after 10 minutes. (hot), infusions - after complete cooling. Because infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate, they are prepared immediately before issuing to the patient, in the amount required for no more than 3-4 days.

Assign infusions and decoctions, most often inside with tablespoons. In addition, these dosage forms are also used externally for rinsing, washing, etc.

There is only one form of prescribing infusions and decoctions. After the name of the dosage form: Infusi ... (Infusion ...) or Decocti ... (Decoction ...) indicate the part of the plant from which the medicine is prepared (leaves, grass, root, etc.), the name of the plant, the amount of medicinal raw materials and (through a dash) the total amount infusion or decoction. Then D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Infusion herbae Thermopsidis 0,5 – 200 ml

D. S. 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

Galenic preparations - tinctures (Tinctura) and extracts (Extractum) - most often - these are alcohol extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials. Tinctures are prepared in a concentration of 1:5 or 1:10, and extracts: 1:1 or 1:2. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they can be stored for a long time, and therefore they are made at factories according to certain technical standards. The recipes do not indicate the parts of the plants from which they are made, as well as their concentration.

The prescription of tinctures begins with the name of the dosage form - Ticturae ... (genus p. Tinctures ...). Then indicate the name of the plant and the amount of tincture. After that comes D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae 25 ml

D. S. 25 drops 3 times a day.

extracts, depending on the consistency, are divided into liquid, thick and dry. Liquid extracts, like tinctures, are colored liquids. Thick - viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%. Dry - loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%.

The prescription of extracts begins with the name of the dosage form - Extracti ... (Extract ...). This is followed by the name of the plant and the type of extract must be indicated - Fluidi (liquid), spissi (thick), sicci (dry). After that, the amount of extract and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 25 ml

D. S. 25 drops at night.

Novogalenic preparations

Novogalenic preparations are extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials, maximally freed from ballast substances (containing the amount of biologically active substances of plants) and suitable not only for oral administration, but also for parenteral administration. Each novogalenny drug has a special name. They are prepared in factories.

When prescribing a drug for oral administration, indicate its name, amount and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Adonisidi 15 ml

D. S. 15 drops 3 times a day.

potions- mixtures of liquid or liquid and solid medicinal substances. Mixtures can be clear, cloudy and even with sediment (the latter should be shaken before use). Medicines are prescribed mainly inside.

Medicines are prescribed in expanded or semi-abbreviated form. The recipe lists all the ingredients of the mixture and their quantities, followed by the M.D.S. The word "potion" is not used in the recipe.

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 2% - 180 ml

Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.6

M. D. S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Liniments (Linimentum) - dosage forms for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids.

Liniments are written out most often in an expanded form of prescription. After listing the constituent parts of the liniment and their quantities, write M.f. linimentum (Misce ut fiat linimentum - Syeshay to make liniment); followed by D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Chloroformi 20 ml

Olei Hyosciami 40ml

M.f. linimentum

D. S. For rubbing joints

Liniments of industrial production are written out in an abbreviated form.

For example:

Rp.: Linimenti Synthomicini 5% - 25 ml

D. S. Apply to the wound.

TO soft dosage forms include patches, transdermal therapeutic systems, ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories. Patches - a dosage form for external use in the form of a mass that can adhere to the skin surface or a medicinal mass applied on a flat carrier. Also capable of sticking to the skin. The plasters are used to protect the affected areas of the skin, to fix the bandages and wound edges, to provide a local or resorptive effect. Plasters are written out in an abbreviated form. A variety of patches are transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), which provide the absorption of a certain dose of drugs through the skin.

Patch prescription: Transdermal therapeutic system prescription:

Rp.: Emplastri adgesivi bactericide 10 x 6 sm Rp.: Emplastri Nitroderm TTS N. 10

D.S. Fix the edges of the bandage on the wound. D.S. Stick 1 patch on the skin of the forearm

1 time per day

Candles- dosage form for rectal or vaginal use. The shaping mass is cocoa butter, which is hard at room temperature, but melts at body temperature, facilitating the absorption of medicinal substances. Some candles are known by a special proprietary name. There are several ways to write out candles.

Rp.: Supp. cum Euphyllino 0.3 N. 10 Rp.: Supp. "Bethiolum" N. 10

D.S. 1 suppository in the rectum D.S. 1 suppository in the rectum 3 times a day.

Ointments, creams and pastes have a viscous, soft texture, which contributes to a long-term local effect on the skin and wound surfaces. Ointments are obtained, as a rule, in a factory way. Mixing medicinal substances with ointment fillers. As a basis for ointments, petroleum jelly is more often used, creams - lanolin and derivatives of higher fatty acids or cellulose, pastes - petroleum jelly with a content of 25% powdered substances. Ointments and pastes are retained at the site of application for a longer time, which contributes to the development of a complex pharmacological effect. Creams refer to semi-liquid forms, less viscous than ointments. Creams contain medicines, oils, fats, and other substances. They are more often used after pastes in case of complete disappearance of weeping and in violation of keratinization.

Currently, most ointments, pastes and creams are produced by the industry in finished form. As a rule, they are non-dose dosage forms and are prescribed in total. It is assumed that the effect of these soft dosage forms is determined by the dissolution of the surface lipids of the skin, the destruction of the stratum corneum of the skin, local hyperemia and the specific action of medicinal substances. Ointments and creams provide better absorption of medicinal substances if petroleum jelly is not used as a base. There are several types of prescriptions for these dosage forms.

Ointment prescription: Paste prescription: Cream prescription:

Rp.: Unguenti Neomycini sulfatis 1% - 20.0 Rp.: Pastae Zinci salicylatae 25.0 Rp.: Triamcinoloni 0.04

D.S. Lubricate the lesions 2 times a day D.S. Lubricate the lesions 2 times a day with Zinci oxydi 3.0

Aq. destill. 7.0

Olei Helianthi aa 10.0

D.S. Lubricate the foci 2 times a day

Soft dosage forms include liniments, hydrogels and emulsions.

Liniments- in addition to medicinal substances, they contain vegetable oils, therefore they are a gelatinous mass or a thick liquid. They are used for local effects on the skin. . Hydrogels- colloidal dosage form, jelly-like consistency. Their distinctive feature is the absence of fats. They are prepared from hydrophilic substances that swell in water to form colloidal systems. These gelatinous bases usually contain 2-3% gelatin, 10-30% glycerin and 70-89% water. They are quickly absorbed and dry on the skin. Hydrogels with a higher gelatin content have a film-like consistency and are used as a skin protectant. Recently, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxypolymethylene and polyacrylate have been used for their preparation. Various medicinal substances are added to gay. Hydrogels do not contain fats, but the medicinal substances introduced into their composition quickly penetrate the skin. Hydrogels mainly cool the skin, reduce inflammation and itching, and promote the rapid transport of medicinal substances into the depths of the skin. Since the gels do not contain fat, they do not contribute to the formation of crusts on the skin. Hydrogels are used in acute inflammatory processes, erythematous and urticarial rashes that occur with insect bites, solar dermatitis, etc.

A special form for introducing drugs into periodontal pockets is a gelatin matrix (chip) "PerioChip" (Perio Chip, USA). Periochip is a biologically active microchip, which consists of 2.5 mg of CG bigluconate, gelatin, glycerin and purified water. A film weighing 7.4 mg is introduced into the periodontal pocket (PC) in the direction of the bottom (up to 8 mm). The greater the PC depth, the higher the periochip efficiency. Regardless of the size of the PC, it is recommended to insert no more than one chip. The action takes place in two stages. Initially, during the first 24 hours approximately 40% of HCG is released, and then the remaining amount is evenly distributed over 7-10 days. Periochip kills up to 90% of all PC microbes. Moreover, in the microbial ecosystem of the oral cavity, there is no excessive growth of hostile microorganisms. The chip is installed every 3 months. The course of treatment can be 9 months.

Russian manufacturers produce biopolymer film with CG ( Diplen-Dent X), in the amount of 0.01–0.03 mg of substance per square centimeter of film. The recommended course of treatment with Diplen-Dent X is 2 weeks. The greatest effect from the use of the film "Diplen-Dent X" is achieved with catarrhal gingivitis and mild to moderate periodontitis.

The latest developments are dosage forms that immobilize antibiotics on various biopolymer matrices, which provide a long-term and relatively uniform release of the antibiotic into the environment, creating its high local concentration without a significant increase in the level of the antibiotic in the systemic circulation. In addition, the advantages of such systems are: minimal side effects, no restrictions on taking other drugs.

emulsions- a dosage form in which water / oil systems are created. As a result of the dispersion of water in a fatty medium, liquid creams are formed that have a local vasoconstrictive, cooling, anti-inflammatory and drying effect. They are used in acute inflammatory processes in the skin.

Liniment formula: Emulsion formula:

Rp.: Linimenti Sintomycini 1% - 20 ml Rp.: Triamcinoloni 0.04

D.S. Rub the joint area 2 times a day Ol. Persicorum 15ml

Aq. destill. 7ml

D.S. Lubricate the foci 2 times a day