Children are often exposed to the development of various pathological processes. The reason for this is not only reduced immunity, but also being in crowded places. So, when visiting kindergarten or school, the risk of contracting any ailment, for example, an enterovirus infection, increases significantly.

What is an enterovirus infection

Enterovirus infection is considered the cumulative concept of several pathological processes that can affect any internal organs, but the respiratory and alimentary canal are most often affected. The causative agent of the pathology is viruses of the genus Enterovirus.

This kind of disease is contagious enough. The infection is transmitted both by airborne droplets and by the fecal-oral route. The incubation period ranges from several hours to 2-3 days, after being excited has entered the body. When its amount increases, it accumulates in the lymph nodes, and then spreads to the internal organs along with the blood stream, which leads to the development of the first clinical symptoms.

The peak of the disease in children occurs between the ages of 3 and 12 years. In newborns, this pathology is rare, since being breastfed, the baby receives immunity from the mother along with milk.

Disease video

Causes of occurrence

The main reason for the development of the disease is considered to be infection with enterovirus. The causative agent is divided into 60 types, which causes the defeat of various internal organs. It contains RNA elements, some serotypes contain DNA.

Due to the many varieties of enterovirus, it is possible to get sick with this disease several times, in addition, even after suffering an ailment, persistent immunity is not formed. For the same reason, it is impossible to develop a vaccine that could prevent mass infection.

Enterovirus is quite resistant to low temperatures, so it can persist for a long time in soil, water, air. When frozen, it retains the ability to become contaminated for several years. Also, the acidic environment does not have a detrimental effect on it, therefore, when it enters the digestive system, it will bypass the stomach without any problems.

To cope with the virus with the help of disinfectants, objects must be kept in them for at least 3-4 hours. However, high temperatures can kill the pathogen in a few minutes. He immediately dies if this figure exceeds 45 degrees.

Infection occurs directly through the use of food or water, which contains the pathogen. Also, a sick person and a virus carrier can serve as a source. In the first case, this is possible due to the fact that the incubation period can be several days, there are no symptoms, but the pathogen is actively secreted by the patient's body. In cases of carriage of viruses, a similar process occurs, but its duration can be up to 5 months.

Symptoms and Signs

The first symptoms of enterovirus infection in children begin to appear when the pathogen has multiplied sufficiently and has reached the internal organs. The intensity of manifestation depends on the immune forces of the body and the type of pathological process.

In some children, the illness begins with the onset of respiratory symptoms. They are worried about nasal congestion, sore throat, and coughing. This option is typical for those cases when the virus entered the body through the respiratory tract. If, however, the fecal-oral route has become the route of infection, signs of intestinal disruption in the form of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and increased gas production develop.

Also, with the development of pathology, an increase in lymph nodes is noted. This symptom is explained by the massive accumulation of the pathogen in these structures.

Wave-like fever is a characteristic sign of enterovirus infection. Initially, the child's temperature rises, reaching 39 degrees, and lasts for at least 3-5 days. Then the indicator normalizes, and after 2-3 days, hyperthermia occurs again and lasts for about the same period. After that, this symptom usually disappears.

In addition, the nature of the clinical signs in the disease is determined by the target organs that were affected by the pathogen. In this regard, the following forms of the course of the pathological process are distinguished:

1. Enteritis. It manifests itself in the form of intestinal dysfunction. It is accompanied by abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea. The stool contains mucus elements. Also, children are worried about nausea and vomiting that occurs after eating food. These manifestations often occur against a background of elevated temperature.
2. Fever of enteroviral origin. Children show signs of respiratory illness: sore throat, cough. The temperature rises, vomiting also worries, symptoms of conjunctivitis are noted: lacrimation, hyperemia of the mucous membrane (redness), itching, burning. Such manifestations persist for a week.
3. Loose form. Rashes appear on the baby's body, which do not cause discomfort, itching, and subsequently they are not accompanied by peeling of the skin. Hyperthermia is also observed. The clinical picture appears for about 4 days with adequate drug therapy.
4. Herpetic sore throat. This form causes a slight increase in temperature, severe sore throat, which becomes even more intense when swallowing, therefore, during the period of illness, a decrease in appetite is observed. On visual examination, the mucous membrane of the pharynx and pharynx is covered with herpetic vesicles.
5. Myalgia. This type of pathology is characterized by the occurrence of severe pain in the muscles of the abdominal wall and intercostal spaces. This symptom is observed even during breathing and in a state of complete rest. With myalgia, pain attacks last about 2 minutes and are repeated at intervals of about 1 hour.
6. Pemphigus. It is characterized by vesicular eruptions. Vesicles filled with serous fluid are localized on the palms, between the fingers, and affect the mucous membrane of the oropharynx. Often this form of the disease is accompanied by hyperthermia.
7. . It is considered the most dangerous form of pathology, since the pathogen affects the pia mater of the brain and causes loss or confusion, intense headaches, nausea, vomiting, paresis, paralysis, convulsions, fever.

With the spread of enterovirus to the liver in children, there are complaints about:

• pain in the hypochondrium on the right;
• heartburn;
• bitter taste in the mouth;
• nausea.

On examination, the organ is enlarged.

If the cardiovascular system is involved in the pathological process, there is a huge risk of developing inflammatory diseases of the membranes of the heart: myocarditis. In this case, tachycardia, arrhythmia, increasing weakness, pain behind the sternum of a compressive nature are noted.

In boys, any type of enterovirus infection can be accompanied by damage to the testicles and the development of orchitis (inflammation of the testicles). On examination, the scrotum is edematous, hyperemic, pain is noted. The spermatogenic epithelium is not affected.

Meningitis in newborns stands out in a separate form, since the disease is extremely difficult and often leads to the death of the infant.

Any form of enterovirus infection is always accompanied by signs of intoxication of the body in the form of weakness, drowsiness, loss of appetite, and malaise. If any disorders have developed, you should immediately seek medical help, since if untreated, the disease becomes the cause of severe complications, and in some cases it is fatal.

Diagnostics

To identify enterovirus infection, the following tests are carried out:

1. Polymerase chain reaction. It allows you to determine traces of RNA or DNA of the pathogen, which confirms the diagnosis. To obtain data, it is necessary to collect biological material. They can be washed from the mucous membrane of the pharynx, nose, anus.
2. Serological diagnostic method. Excite traces are determined by examining blood.
3. Virological method. It is based on the identification of enterovirus in biological material in which it is likely to be present: blood, feces, oropharyngeal washings.

However, it should be noted that in order to obtain confirmation of the diagnosis, it is necessary to wait for the result for several days. In this regard, treatment begins immediately on the basis of clinical manifestations.

Treatment of the disease in children

Therapeutic measures depend on the severity of the enterovirus infection and the well-being of the child. In most cases, treatment is carried out at home, while the baby needs to be provided with bed rest until he recovers. Hospitalization for this pathology is carried out only with damage to the nervous system, liver, cardiovascular system, as well as under the condition of persistent hyperthermia, which cannot be stopped by medications and other methods.

Medicines

A specific treatment for enterovirus infection has not been developed. Drug therapy necessarily includes the use of antiviral drugs. Often prescribed medications such as:

• Viferon;
• Interferon.

The dosage is determined by the doctor, taking into account the severity of the disease and the age of the patient.

Further, children are prescribed symptomatic treatment, which depends on the localization of the pathological process. With hyperthermia, it is necessary to use antipyretic drugs based on Ibuprofen or Paracetamol. Also, these drugs have an analgesic effect, which is important in the development of myalgia.

Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) are used only in cases of a secondary infection joining an already developed pathological process. As a rule, drugs of the penicillin series are used.

With the intestinal form, first of all, it is necessary to provide the child with proper nutrition. It is also necessary to use enterosorbents: Enterosgel, white or black coal. A drug such as Enterofuril has a positive effect on the condition of the intestines. These drugs help to remove the waste products of enterovirus from the body, thereby reducing the manifestations of intoxication.

Traditional methods

It is impossible to use independently any means of traditional medicine to treat a disease in children, as this can harm even more. Such methods are used exclusively in combination with the main therapy and only after the permission of the doctor. Here are some of the most effective recipes:

• Infusion of calendula and mint. Combine dried plants in equal proportions. Take 1 tablespoon of the mixture, pour 200 ml of boiling water and leave for half an hour. Next, the product must be filtered. Drink half a glass three times a day to speed up the elimination of toxins from the body.
• Viburnum broth. Take 1 glass of ripe viburnum berries, pour 1 liter of water, put on fire. When the medicine comes to a boil, it must be boiled for another 10 minutes. Next, filter the broth, mix with 3 tablespoons of natural honey. It is recommended to consume it 1 glass per day, this volume must be divided into 3 doses. With the help of viburnum broth, it is possible to reduce body temperature, eliminate signs of inflammation, and increase immunity.

Folk remedies in the photo

Diet

Proper nutrition in case of enterovirus infection is an integral part of a speedy recovery, therefore, immediately after the diagnosis is made, it is necessary to adjust the child's diet.

It is imperative to ensure a sufficient intake of fluid in the body. The baby needs to be watered in small portions, about 1 tablespoon, but often - every 10-15 minutes. It is allowed to use:

• weak green tea;
• decoctions of medicinal plants;
• dried fruit compotes;
• alkaline mineral water;
• liquid jelly.

Carbonated drinks, however, are strictly prohibited.

With regard to feeding, that is, you can only thermally and mechanically processed food in order to reduce the load on the alimentary canal. You need to eat a little, but often, you should not be forced in any way. The food temperature should be close to 38-40 degrees.

The child can eat;

• heat-treated vegetables and fruits;
• fresh dairy products;
• lean meat;
• fish;
• porridge.

It is forbidden to eat: fried, spicy, salty, fatty, smoked food, pickles, pickles. You will also have to give up:

• nuts;
• legumes;
• sweets;
• fresh baked goods, including bread;
• butter and vegetable oil.

Prohibited products in the photo

On the first day of the development of the disease, you can only eat porridge cooked in water, crackers, baked apples. Next, vegetable puree soup, dairy products are introduced. Meat and fish are the last to enter the diet.

Features of the disease in infants

Babies suffer from enterovirus infection extremely rarely, since in most cases they are breastfed. With the development of such a pathology, the condition of a small patient becomes severe and requires immediate medical attention, as a rule, this diagnosis is an indication for hospitalization. Symptoms of the disease do not differ from those indicated above.

If the disease develops in a newborn due to intrauterine infection from the mother through the placenta, then this type of disease course can be mild and can end quite favorably. However, sometimes abnormalities during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or premature birth.

Treatment in infants is symptomatic and is aimed at eliminating clinical signs, normalizing general well-being.

Prophylaxis

Prevention of the development of enterovirus infection consists in observing the following rules:

• teach your baby to wash his hands after coming from a walk, going to the bathroom, before eating;
• wash vegetables, fruits and other products well;
• use filtered, boiled or bottled water;
• do not swim in bodies of stagnant water;
• practice good hygiene when caring for a sick child.

Possible complications and consequences

In the absence of timely treatment or in severe forms of the course, enterovirus infection can be accompanied by such complications as:

• edema of the brain;
• pneumonia;
• acute respiratory failure;
• mental disorders;
• the development of orchitis - inflammation of the testicles in boys;
• disruption of the heart;
• the development of epileptic seizures.

As for the observance of hygiene rules during the course of the pathological process, it is better not to bathe the child during the period of increased temperature. If necessary, you can wipe specific areas of the body with a damp cloth. When the child's condition improves, it is recommended to take a warm shower without using soap for no more than 5 minutes, especially if there are rashes on the body.

Throughout the entire illness, the child remains infectious, therefore, it must be isolated until the moment of complete recovery. Walking with the baby is allowed only after its complete recovery and the disappearance of clinical symptoms.

An enterovirus infection, in fact, is not such a harmless disease as it seems at first glance. Therefore, it is worth observing preventive measures to prevent the development of this severe pathology.

How does enterovirus infection in children make itself felt? The symptoms of this group of diseases are very diverse, and parents do not always manage to quickly recognize the insidious virus. How does the disease manifest in children? Why is enterovirus infection dangerous for a child?

General information about the causative agent of the disease

Enterovirus infection is a whole group of diseases caused by certain intestinal viruses (enteroviruses). Enterovirus is ubiquitous and occurs even in the most remote corners of the globe. In recent years, there has been a tendency for the intensification of enterovirus infection around the world.

The causative agents of diseases are various representatives of the Enterovirus genus. This large group includes such well-known viruses as Coxsackie and ECHO. The genus Enterovirus contains more than 100 infectious agents potentially dangerous to humans. Viruses are highly persistent in the environment, which partly explains the ubiquity of infectious diseases they cause.

A feature of enterovirus infection is a healthy carrier of viruses. In the human intestine, the virus can exist for up to 5 months without losing its properties. Thus, a completely healthy person can be a source of infection, even unaware of dangerous viral agents that have settled inside.

The disease is transmitted in three ways:

• airborne;
• fecal-oral;
• vertical (from mother to fetus).

Enterovirus infection is more common in children and adolescents. The peak incidence occurs in summer and autumn. After recovery, long-term immunity is maintained for several years.

Basic forms

Enterovirus, penetrating into the child's body, is able to settle in a variety of tissues. Epithelial and muscle cells, the nervous system and internal organs are not protected from the harmful effects of the virus. Quite often, the disease proceeds without pronounced symptoms, forming a stable type-specific immunity. The body's defense reaction is developed only in response to the type of virus that entered the cells and caused a certain immune response.

The incubation period lasts 2-10 days. There are many forms of enterovirus infection. The following varieties deserve special attention:

Herpangina

Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie viruses. The first signs of the disease appear acutely after 3-4 days from the moment of infection. Symptoms of herpangina include:

• high body temperature (up to 40 ° C) with relatively good health;
• moderate or mild sore throat;
• typical changes in the pharynx.

The fever lasts 2 to 5 days. During this period, the mucous throat becomes hyperemic (red), after which single bubbles appear on it, filled with transparent contents. Vesicles quickly open, and ulcers appear in their place, covered with a typical gray coating. Individual ulcers can merge with each other. The throat changes persist for 7 days from the onset of the disease.

Do not open the bubbles yourself so as not to introduce a secondary infection into the oral cavity.

Serous meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain. It is caused by all groups of enteroviruses. The disease begins suddenly with a sharp rise in body temperature, weakness and chills. In the future, signs of damage to the membranes of the brain join:

• stiff neck;
• severe bursting headache;
• vomit;
• violation of consciousness;
• intolerance to noise and bright light.

To diagnose meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid is collected. In some children, against the background of the appearance of meningeal symptoms, a second wave of fever occurs.

Epidemic myalgia

Another name for this pathology is Bornholm's disease. The causative agents of the disease are Coxsackie viruses and some ECHO serotypes. Signs of viral infection appear suddenly on the first day of illness:

• high body temperature;
• severe muscle pain (abdomen and chest area);
• increased pain with any movement.

Pain attacks occur every hour and last no more than 10 minutes. Fever persists for 3 days. Many children with myalgia develop the typical symptoms of meningitis.

See your doctor at the first signs of illness!

Myelitis

Spinal cord inflammation occurs when infected with Coxsackie and ECHO viruses. The disease proceeds in the form of mild forms of paralysis. Recovery from the disease occurs quickly enough. Persistent paresis and paralysis are not typical.

Heart failure

Myocarditis (damage to the muscular layer of the heart) and pericarditis (inflammation of the heart bag) have a favorable course. Against the background of fever, there is moderate pain in the region of the heart. On examination, attention is drawn to the muffling of the heart tones. Recovery from illness occurs quickly enough. There are no serious consequences.

Enteroviral diarrhea

Signs of an intestinal form of infection are known to all parents:

• frequent watery stools;
• moderate abdominal pain;
• rare vomiting;
• flatulence;
• high body temperature.

In children under 2 years of age, diarrhea is often combined with a runny nose, sore throat, and other signs of a respiratory infection. The duration of the disease is no more than 7 days.

Enterovirus fever

Another name for this form of infection is "minor illness". Characterized by a moderate increase in body temperature without a pronounced violation of the general condition. Mild catarrhal phenomena are possible in the form of a slight runny nose and redness of the throat. Recovery occurs within 3 days. The disease is rarely diagnosed due to its highly nonspecific symptoms.

Enterovirus exanthema

"Boston fever" manifests itself as typical rashes in the form of pink spots on the face, limbs and trunk. The rash occurs against a background of high body temperature for 1-2 days of illness and lasts no more than 3 days. After the rash disappears, no trace remains on the skin.

Various forms of enterovirus infection are often combined with each other. In the same child, you can find manifestations of herpangina, myalgia or meningitis at the same time. In most cases, the diagnosis is made based on the typical symptoms of the disease.

Complications

Enterovirus infection in any form can cause the following pathology:

• myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle);
• pericarditis (damage to the pericardium);
• disruption of the heart valves;
• changes in heart rate.

The severity of complications can be very different, from minor functional disorders in the work of the heart to the formation of serious defects. It is rather difficult to predict in advance how the virus will behave in a child's body. Do not confuse heart complications with a special form of enterovirus infection - acute myo- and pericarditis. In the latter case, the disease disappears within 7-10 days without any consequences for the child.

Principles of therapy

Treatment of enterovirus infection in children, regardless of the form of the disease, can only be symptomatic. At the moment, there are no effective drugs that can cope with the cause of the disease - enterovirus. To increase nonspecific immunity, preparations of human interferon are actively used. The virus does not develop resistance to interferons, which makes it possible to use such drugs even with repeated infection.

For nonspecific therapy of enterovirus infection, immunoglobulins are also used. These funds increase the child's immunity, allowing the body to cope with the dangerous virus and its consequences. The most effective use of interferons for the treatment of infection in newborns and children in the first year of life.

Antibiotics are not used in the treatment of enterovirus infection. These drugs can be prescribed by a doctor only when a secondary infection is attached. In most cases, this treatment regimen is used in debilitated and premature babies.

Diet for enterovirus infection in children is of particular importance. In case of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. The child's nutrition should be varied and balanced in basic vitamins and microelements.
2. The frequency of meals is up to 6 times a day in small portions.
3. In the early days of illness, it is not recommended to eat fried, spicy and spicy foods. All meals should be steamed or baked in the oven. For babies, it is best to serve the usual dishes in the form of mashed potatoes.
4. On the first day of illness, the volume of food is reduced by 50%, on the second and third - by 30%. In the future, it is recommended to gradually return to the usual diet.
5. During the entire period of illness, the child should drink as much as possible. It can be plain water, natural juice, fruit drink or compote. Weak sweet tea is allowed. With severe dehydration, saline solutions are prescribed.

If the enterovirus infection has not touched the digestive tract, a special diet is not required. The child can eat whatever he is used to, provided he feels well.

Prophylaxis

Specific prophylaxis of enterovirus infection has not been developed. Some experts recommend using interferon preparations to protect against possible infection. Before using interferons, you should consult your doctor.

Non-specific prophylaxis includes daily ventilation and wet cleaning of the premises in which the child is. Compliance with the simplest rules of personal hygiene and the consumption of only proven food products significantly reduces the risk of developing an enterovirus infection in children and adults.

We started talking yesterday about enterovirus infections and their manifestations among children and adults. We discussed with you the possible clinic and complications in the development of enterovirus infection, as well as the stages of treatment of some enterovirus infections. However, you need to know some more points regarding the development of this group of infections and their prevention.

Do you need a diet for?
Considering that part of enterovirus infections proceeds as a clinic of intestinal infection, during the acute period it is necessary to apply all the same general principles of nutritional correction of intestinal disorders as in any acute intestinal infections. With enteroviral diarrhea, you do not need to follow any special special diet; during the acute period, you need to relieve digestion, but not at all deprive the body of nutrients. If there is no vomiting, you can eat a little everything boiled, steam and mashed. Gradually, as the condition improves, you can expand the diet to the usual one, but at first do not eat food that irritates the intestines. It is also important to make sure, especially in children, that during the entire acute period of the disease the child receives a lot of warm liquid in the form of water, fruit drinks, fruit drinks and tea.

Enterovirus infection mechanisms.
The most basic issues in the prevention of enterovirus infection and its spread is the question of how and from whom a child or adult can get an enterovirus infection. To date, science knows more than ninety types of various enteroviruses. Based on what biological characteristics they have, according to researchers, they are classified in different categories in the classification - for example, they can be called enteroviruses, Coxsackie viruses, ECHO viruses by category, in addition, they can be assigned various numerical or letter designations , which within the group divide viruses into subclasses - for example, enterovirus 51, Coxsackie viruses of group A. This helps in identifying viruses and their outbreaks among the population.

Healthy adults or children can become infected with enterovirus infections from other people who have recently become ill, have been infected, or have had an enterovirus infection some time ago. Viruses can be carried and transmitted with particles of saliva or mucus from the throat and nose, as well as with particles of feces from children who have fallen ill with them. Healthy children and adults can become infected with viruses through close contact with a person with an infection, when using common dishes or towels, when they consume water or food that may have been infected with particles of saliva or particles of feces from sick people. Children can also become infected from other children and from playing with shared toys by licking and dragging them into their mouths. Another source of danger in terms of infection with enteroviruses can be swimming pools, or natural natural reservoirs with running and standing water, in which enteroviruses can survive for a relatively long time.

There are hundreds of millions of cases of enterovirus infection in the world annually, you can get infected with it at any time of the year, especially often outbreaks of this infection are observed in summer and autumn, during these periods even epidemics can develop, although it is likely that enteroviral lesions will develop at any time of the year, if not observe the rules of hygiene. Herpangins occur all year round, and in cool weather they can happen even more often, given the crowdedness of children and their closer contacts.

Infection and transmission issues.
On average, the incubation period for enterovirus infection lasts, depending on the type of virus, from three to ten days, and a child or adult infected with an enterovirus infection becomes infectious several days before the first signs of the disease appear. After the development of the clinic, viruses continue to be secreted with mucus from the surface of the nasopharynx for up to three weeks, with fecal particles for up to two months. But is it possible to somehow prevent the infection of all other family members with enteroviruses if there is a sick person in the house? If one of the family members is sick, it is necessary to try to follow the rules of elementary hygiene:
- throughout the entire period of the illness and for another three weeks after it, it is necessary to ensure that the sick child has his own separate dishes, a towel and bed linen.
- you should try to wash your hands with soap as often as possible, especially after contact with the patient and any objects that he used, on which there may be saliva or fecal particles. You also need to insist that the patient himself also observes all these rules.
- you can not kiss a sick child.

Today, research on the properties and distribution of enteroviruses is still underway, and a vaccine against the most common and most dangerous and aggressive types of enteroviruses, especially against enterovirus 71, is being actively developed. But today, according to pharmaceutical companies, there is no ready-made and effective vaccine against these groups of diseases. therefore, preventive measures apply only to non-specific ones. Is it possible to get sick with enterovirus infection again? After an enterovirus infection of any type is transferred in the body, lifelong persistent immunity is usually formed and re-infection with this type of virus is no longer scary.

However, we talked about the fact that there are about 90 enteroviruses that are dangerous to humans today, and there is always a possibility of infection with another type of virus, from which immunity to the previous one will be ineffective. In this regard, enterovirus infections can be ill several times in life, and then the symptoms of the disease typical for this type will again appear. Therefore, it is always worth remembering about prevention and hygiene.

How is the diagnosis carried out?
In order to accurately diagnose and prescribe treatment, it is necessary to carry out certain tests and examinations, which the doctor will prescribe if there are appropriate complaints. Often, to establish a diagnosis of an enteroviral infection of one kind or another, the doctor will only need a full clinical examination of a sick child and assess the circumstances of the disease, coupled with the epidemiological situation. In order to clarify the diagnosis, specific tests may often be needed, including a PCR blood test and the detection of a special titer of antibodies to enteroviruses of one type or another.

Enterovirus infection during pregnancy - what can be dangerous.
In most pregnant women, like many other adults infected with this virus, the development of enterovirus infection in the overwhelming majority of cases proceeds relatively safely and does not lead to the formation of any complications from the mother's body. Regarding whether the influence of enteroviruses on the course of pregnancy itself and on the development of the fetus is possible, there are still no reliable and confirmed data. Viral infections are able to cross the placenta to the fetus, and enteroviruses in this, too, may not be an exception. According to the results of studies carried out in some countries, it has been shown that some of the varieties of enteroviruses, such as Coxsackie viruses types B 2-4 or A9, can lead to disorders in the development of internal organs in the fetus, and can also lead to the death of the fetus or they provoke the development of premature childbirth. However, these data are still few in number and require lengthy checks and confirmations.

Enterovirus and rotavirus infection is quite often detected in young children. Many parents think that such diseases are similar, but this is the main misconception - enterovirus causes irreversible harm to the child's body if it is not treated promptly or incorrectly. The danger of a violation consists in the defeat of many organs and systems of the child's body. The prevalence of pathology puzzled doctors and made them think about the need to develop vaccines for this type of pathogen. This process did not end with success. Finding an effective vaccine is quite difficult, because enterovirus has a sufficient number of strains.

Now let's dwell on this in more detail.

What is an enterovirus infection? Temperature with enterovirus infection

Doctors call the elements of the rash enterovirus exanthema. The rash can be in different locations, usually covering the face, neck, back and abdomen, and the baby's legs and arms. The rash has a bright color, the elements reach 4 mm in diameter.

A feature of the disease is the possibility of a rash spreading to the oral mucosa. In some cases, the cheeks from the inside, the oropharynx and the pharynx are covered with exentema. If the appearance of bubbles filled with serous fluid on the skin is possible.

the length of the healing period largely depends on the severity of the infectious process. Full restoration of the integrity of the skin covers 10-14 days. To restore and completely heal ulcers in the oral cavity, it is tedious to follow a diet that supposes refusal of food that can become an irritating factor.

The first signs of enterovirus infection in a child

A characteristic rash is not the only clinical symptom associated with. Such a disease provokes the appearance of a whole complex of symptoms in an infected child. The symptomatic complex appears 2-4 days after contact with the pathogen. The rate at which the characteristic signs develop depends largely on the child's immune system. It is worth noting that young children are less likely to tolerate an encounter with an infection.

After entering the child's body, enterovirus provokes the development of symptoms of intoxication and provokes a sharp increase in temperature marks. With a severe course of the process, the values ​​on the thermometer can reach 38-39.

Parents should remember that at an early stage of the progress of pathology in a child, the following signs can be traced:

• decreased appetite;
• drowsiness;
• difficulty falling asleep;
• abdominal pain;
• constant weakness;
• irritability.

The child often develops diarrhea. The manifestation of gagging after a meal is possible. In some cases, it manifests itself due to sharp headaches. Abdominal pain can be persistent or intermittent.

Symptoms of an enterovirus infection

It is rather difficult to determine the characteristic clinical picture. The disease can cause the development of damage to various organs and systems. Considering some signs of the disease, you can see some similarities between ARVI and enterovirus. At an early stage of the development of the pathological process, the patient feels a general deterioration in well-being, symptoms of intoxication are traced, the body temperature rises, and after a few days a rash appears on the body. Only laboratory research will help to accurately make the correct diagnosis, because the course of enterovirus does not have a clear clinical picture.

The list of symptoms characteristic of the disease can be presented as follows:

• increased body temperature;
• manifestation of ARVI symptoms, snot, cough, sore throat;
• rash;
• muscle pain;
• disorders in the work of the gastrointestinal tract;
• deterioration of health;
• decreased appetite;
• abdominal pain;
• constant sleepiness;
• enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes on palpation;
• dehydration;
• redness of the eyes;

By itself, it is not dangerous and can be successfully treated with modern medications. Its most dangerous consequences arising as a result of untimely seeking help from a doctor.

Rash with enterovirus infection

With enterovirus, an exanthematous rash often appears on the skin of children. This phenomenon is one of the most characteristic signs inherent in enterovirus. the disease more often manifests itself in children over the age of 1 year. Outbreaks of the infectious process are recorded in the cold season, doctors associate this feature with a change in the protective properties of the patient's body.

A distinctive feature is that you can only get sick with it once in your life. By the stage of recovery, a stable immunity is developed in the human body.

During the period of illness in children of different ages, acute signs of intoxication are traced, which are present for 3-4 days after which their intensity decreases. On the 3-4th day of the pathological process, after stabilization of the temperature indicators, the patient's body becomes covered with a rash.

About 40% of the population is faced with such a disease in childhood. Children over the age of 1 year are at risk, but the disease can manifest itself in newborns. Pathology in children under the age of 3 years is often very difficult, in most cases with expressive complications.

Treatment of enterovirus infection

The scheme of specific therapy for such a disease has not been considered at the present time. For treatment, antiviral drugs such as Rimantadine and are often used. Dosages of medications are set privately.

To obtain the fastest effect from therapy, nasal drops are used, and. Immunomodulators can be used.

In the case when the patient's condition is regarded as serious, hospitalization is necessary. In a hospital setting, the victim is provided with detoxification assistance. Dehydration is carried out through the use of diuretics. For treatment, agents that accelerate the processes of blood circulation in the brain are used.

• to lower the patient's body temperature, you can use funds based on and;
• antiallergic agents of systemic and local action are used to eliminate itching and burning in the affected areas;
• the therapy regimen may include the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• drug exposure includes the use of adsorbents in the therapy regimen;
• the use of antibacterial agents is not excluded;
• prebiotics and probiotics are used to restore intestinal microflora.

It is forbidden to treat children on their own. The scheme of drug exposure is established privately for each child and is adjusted by a specialist as he recovers.

Diet for enterovirus infection

The course significantly complicates the process of the child's gastrointestinal tract. To ensure the healing process, you must follow a special diet.

The main goals of good nutrition:

• elimination of toxic products from the body;
• prevention of dehydration;
• restoration of protective properties;
• replenishment of the supply of nutrients and vitamins in the body.

Proper nutrition means:

1. Eating boiled, stewed or steamed food.
2. Refusal from dishes containing a lot of salt and spices.
3. Refusal to take hard-to-digest foods.
4. Refusal to drink carbonated drinks.
5. Exclusion of animal fats and fatty dairy and fermented milk products. eggs should be removed from the diet of young children.
6. A fractional diet is shown.
7. It is worth maintaining the temperature regime, the temperature of the food consumed must be acceptable.
8. Parents should not force their child to eat.

The condition of acute diarrhea requires more stringent restrictions. On the first day, it is worth taking a hunger pause, after which you can switch to a strict diet. A strict diet allows you to eat specially prepared crackers, as well as baked apples. For 2-3 days, cereals can be added to the menu. You should return to good nutrition gradually.

Complications

In most cases, the course ends with a complete recovery of the patient in the absence of consequences. The symptoms of the disease disappear 5-8 days after the onset of the development of the disease. The likelihood of complications increases with an atypical course and the absence of timely intervention.

The most common consequences include:

• severe damage to the central nervous system, leading to cerebral edema;
• false croup;
• and other pathologies of the respiratory tract, developing against the background of the attachment of the bacterial flora.

Quite dangerous for women during pregnancy. The course of the pathological process can cause intrauterine fetal death.

How to prevent?

It is possible to prevent the development in children of different ages, for this it is worth paying attention to the observance of simple rules, namely:

• regular hand washing with antibacterial soap after visiting the toilet and outside;
• using water from proven sources for cooking;
• using only bottled water for drinking;
• thorough washing of products before taking;
• refusal to swim in public reservoirs, the quality of the water in which is in doubt;
• carrying out wet cleaning of living quarters;
• balanced diet.

It is easier to prevent development than to get rid of such a problem and its consequences.

If symptoms characteristic of enterovirus appear, you should consult a specialist. After carrying out the diagnosis and determining the diagnosis, the doctor will be able to identify the range of required medications. Treatment in children should be under the supervision of a physician. Continuous monitoring of laboratory parameters will reduce the risk of dangerous complications of the disease. It should not be forgotten that proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle during the period of treatment can significantly accelerate the course of the healing process.

Enterovirus infections include infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses. Symptoms vary in severity, from mild malaise to severe CNS damage. Outbreaks of infection are usually observed in the summer and autumn, more often children 3-10 years old get sick.

Enteroviruses include: echoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, polioviruses, and unclassified enteroviruses. All of them are included in the group of RNA viruses. Enteroviruses perfectly withstand the effects of the external environment, including freezing and thawing of soil and water.

At room temperature, enteroviruses exist for up to 15 days. Enteroviruses die under ultraviolet irradiation, as well as under the influence of solutions of potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine. When boiled, they die immediately, and when heated to 45 ºС - after 45-60 seconds.

If a person has had such an infection, he develops immunity for life. However, it manifests itself only to the type of enterovirus due to which the disease developed. For this reason, adults and children can get sick with enteroviruses several times in their lives. This is why it is impossible to develop a vaccine to protect against infection.

How are enteroviruses transmitted?

Enteroviruses are transmitted to healthy people from sick people by airborne droplets, fecal-oral, contact-household routes. In the first case, infection occurs from a sick person with saliva when he sneezes and coughs. In the second - with insufficient non-observance of hygiene, in the third - through household items.

Often, infection is carried out through unboiled water. Children can become infected with enterovirus through toys. Scientists have also confirmed the possibility of infection of the fetus from a sick woman. Breastfed babies have immunity that was acquired through the mother's milk, but this immunity disappears after breastfeeding stops.

You can become infected with enterovirus not only from a patient, but also from a virus carrier. In such a person, the disease does not manifest any symptoms, however, there are viruses in his intestines that are released into the environment (along with feces). A similar condition is observed in those people in whom enteroviruses did not cause symptoms of the disease due to strong immunity, or in those who have been ill. A person can be a virus carrier for up to 5 months.

Infection symptoms

Enterovirus infection begins to develop as follows. In the body, viruses enter the lymph nodes and multiply. The incubation period is 3-10 days. The following reasons affect the development of the disease: the state of the immune system, the ability of the enterovirus to infect organs and resist the immune system.

As a rule, the disease begins with a rise in temperature (up to 38-39 ºС), after 3-5 days it decreases. Often, enterovirus infection in children is characterized by a wave-like change in temperature: an elevated temperature lasts for 2-3 days, then it drops to normal (for 2-3 days) and again rises for 1-2 days. After that, she finally bounces back. The following symptoms also appear:

• headache
• weakness
• enlargement of lymph nodes in size
• vomit
• nausea

Forms of the disease

Enterovirus negatively affects the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx / oropharynx, eyes, intestines, skin, nervous system (central, peripheral), myocardium, liver, muscles. As a result, several forms of the disease are distinguished.

Enterovirus fever

Enteroviral fever is quite common. It starts with a high temperature (up to 38.5-40 ° C), which rises suddenly.

Other symptoms: pain in the head, muscles, throat, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea, nausea. Clinical manifestations last 3-7 days.

Respiratory enteroinfection

The symptoms of enteroinfection of the respiratory form are similar to the manifestations of acute respiratory infections. This is an increase in temperature, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx / oropharynx. Babies may develop a syndrome of "false croup" ("barking" cough), difficulty breathing.

Angina

If enterovirus has infected the oropharyngeal mucosa, sore throat appears. In addition to general symptoms (high fever, pain in the head), it is characterized by the appearance of bubbles with liquid on the mucous membrane of the pharynx, tonsils. As the sore throat develops, ulcers with plaque appear in their place, which then disappear without a trace.

Angina caused by Coxsackie enterovirus is also called herpetic sore throat. It starts with a high temperature (40 ºC). On the second day, the mucous membrane of the pharynx becomes inflamed. After 2-3 days, blisters form on the palate, tonsils, tongue, then erosions with a bloom appear in their place. With this form of angina, pain in the pharynx is absent or is observed when erosions appear.

Angina in children

A disease in children under one year old, which manifests itself in the form of a sore throat, has the following symptoms:

• anxiety or increased sleepiness
• frequent crying
• heat
• gastrointestinal disorders
• plaque on the tonsils

Enterovirus infection in children can affect various organs and systems, including the central nervous system. After a child's sore throat, it is important to pay attention to the following signs:

• pain in the abdomen, chest
• shortness of breath even with minor physical exertion
• coordination changes
• hearing impairment, vision
• the appearance of seizures
• fainting
• headache accompanied by nausea

In such cases, you need to seek medical help as soon as possible.

Gastroenteric form

The gastroenteric form is also quite common. Enterovirus affects the gastrointestinal mucosa, which is accompanied by diarrhea. In addition, flatulence and abdominal pain appear (usually in the right iliac region).

The temperature may rise slightly. Older children with this form of infection most often recover within 3-4 days. Babies can be sick for up to 2 weeks.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis develops when the virus infects the mucous eyes. It is characterized by the following symptoms: redness of the eyes, photophobia, discharge from the eyes. Retinal hemorrhages are sometimes observed.

Myositis

If muscles are affected, myositis appears. The main symptom is muscle pain. Most often, the arms, legs, chest ache. When the temperature drops, the intensity of the pain decreases, then they disappear.

Myocardial damage

The causative agent of the disease can pathologically affect the myocardium. When the enterovirus is affected by the envelope of the heart, pericarditis develops on the outside, and when the muscles are damaged, myocarditis appears.

If the valves, the inner layer, are affected, this leads to the development of endocarditis. This form of the disease is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• weakness
• heart rate (heart rate) disorders
• pressure drop
• chest pain

CNS lesions

Meningitis and encephalitis, when enteroviruses affect the central nervous system, are no less severe forms of enteroinfection. Signs of meningitis (inflammation of the meninges): high fever, severe pain in the head, vomiting, convulsions, nausea, loss of consciousness.

When brain tissue becomes infected, encephalitis appears. Its signs: headache, high fever, nausea, convulsions, vomiting, disturbance of consciousness. Enterovirus can cause Guillain-Barré syndrome, the main symptom of which is paralysis of the limbs.

Hepatitis

Infection with enterovirus can cause hepatitis (inflammation of the liver tissue). It is manifested by a feeling of heaviness and pain in the right hypochondrium, enlarged liver, high fever. The appearance of heartburn, nausea is possible.

Skin lesions

If enterovirus infects the skin, exanthema appears. A characteristic sign: a rash on the head, arms, chest, legs. Sometimes exanthema is observed in the patient's mouth. After 2-3 days, the rash disappears without a trace.

Diagnosis of the disease

Enterovirus infection is diagnosed after examining the patient based on characteristic symptoms. An accurate diagnosis is made after receiving research results. For laboratory analysis, a swab from the nasopharynx / oropharynx is made, blood, and stool samples are taken. If there is a suspicion of an enterovirus infection of the brain, a puncture is made to take samples of cerebrospinal fluid.

Laboratory research methods for detecting enterovirus in the body:

• virological
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• serological
• molecular biological

If a person falls ill with enteric infection, then in the general blood test, as a rule, ESR and leukocytes are slightly increased or remain normal.

Treatment of enteroinfection

There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infection. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms. If you suspect an enteric infection, you should consult a doctor.

It is categorically impossible to self-medicate, especially for pregnant women and children. The doctor must determine the group of drugs and suitable dosages. During the treatment of enterovirus disease and after it, it is recommended to take multivitamin complexes.

Medicines

• To remove the high temperature, antipyretics are used: for children - Panadol, Nurofen, for adults - Paracetamol, Fervex, Efferalgan
• To combat intoxication, enterosorbents are prescribed (Enterosgel, Smecta, Polyphepan)
• Interferons are also used in treatment: Viferon, Cycloferon, Nazoferon. These are nonspecific antiviral drugs that improve the functioning of the immune system and prevent the division of enteroviruses.

• Patients are also prescribed immunoglobulins (Sandoglobulin, Pentaglobin), which neutralize the entrovirus. Typically, these drugs are given intravenously.
• For the treatment of secondary bacterial infection, antibiotics are additionally prescribed
• After severe diarrhea, the loss of fluid in the body is replenished by taking rehydration agents (water-salt solutions, glucose, the drug Regidron)
• With a pronounced runny nose, nasal drops are needed: Nazol, Nazivin, Aquamaris
• With conjunctivitis, anti-inflammatory eye drops are prescribed (Albucid, Floxal)

Mode and nutrition for enteroinfection

If the enterovirus infection goes away easily enough, treatment can be done at home. It is very important to stay in bed until the fever subsides. Patients are hospitalized in a hospital if the high temperature does not drop under the influence of antipyretics, as well as with lesions of the myocardium, central nervous system.

Diet plays a significant role in treating infection:

• During the period of illness, it is necessary to consume a lot of fluids. You can drink weak tea, fruit drinks / compotes, non-carbonated mineral water and just boiled water
• The patient's menu must include protein foods
• You can eat dairy products, but only in small quantities
• It is better to cook porridge in water

• To increase the content of normal microflora in the intestine, you need to drink fermented milk drinks
• Strong meat broths, smoked, fried, fatty, fruits, fresh vegetables are excluded. Juices and sweets are contraindicated.
• Vegetables can be boiled, stewed and baked
• With an enterovirus infection, the menu must include baked apples, which bind toxins in the digestive tract, removing them from the body

The diet must be adhered to until complete recovery. You need to eat fractionally - up to 5-6 times a day in small portions. Food should be pureed and liquid, so it is absorbed faster.

Features of the treatment of viral sore throat

Treatment of angina caused by enterovirus is carried out using several groups of drugs:

• antipyretics (Paracetamol, Nurofen, Panadol)
• immunostimulants (Immunal, Viferon)
• antiviral (Acyclovir)

It is necessary to gargle with disinfectant solutions (Furacilin, Iodinol). You can buy throat irrigation aerosols: Tantum Verde, Stopangin,.

Gargles and aerosol preparations are difficult to use in the treatment of sore throats in babies under 3 years of age, so these remedies may not be used. For intoxication with angina, sorbents are prescribed, you need to consume more liquid.

How long does the treatment of the disease take?

Subject to the correct diagnosis and timely medical assistance, the treatment of the disease will last no longer than 10 days. The disease will pass without consequences. If therapy was carried out too late or was incorrect, severe complications may develop.

During 1-3 months after recovery, one should not be hypothermic. If the disease was complicated by damage to the myocardium or central nervous system, it is necessary to be observed by a therapist, neuropathologist / cardiologist for 6-12 months. Those who have had meningitis are not recommended to change the climate, to get vaccinated throughout the year.

Prevention of infection with enterovirus

Prevention of infection with enterovirus is quite simple:

• This is the use of boiled clean water, the correct processing of products
• Good hygiene is very important, in particular, you need to wash your hands well after being outside or in the toilet. If soap and water are not available, antibacterial wet wipes will work.
• To increase immunity, you should take multivitamin complexes 2 times a year.
• To avoid contamination of family members with enterovirus, the patient must be placed in a separate room.
• Ventilate the premises often, do wet cleaning every day using chlorine-containing solutions
• If a child is sick, his pot must be thoroughly washed. In order not to get infected, you can use drops of Interferon or Grippferon

There is no vaccine to prevent infection with enteroviruses. In Europe, vaccinations are made against the most common pathogens. However, there are too many enterovirus strains, so such prevention cannot give an absolute guarantee. Research in this area of ​​medicine continues.

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