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One of the important elements of first aid for wounds is the application of an aseptic dressing, which protects the wound from external influences and the ingress of microbes into it, causing various serious complications. Do not wash the wound with water.
Before applying a bandage, the skin around the wound must be disinfected with alcohol, iodine tincture. Having lubricated the skin around the wound with one of these agents, a sterile bandage is applied to the wound. If there is a special dressing bag on hand, it is better to use it.
An individual dressing bag produced by the medical industry consists of a gauze bandage 7 cm wide. At one end, a cotton-gauze pad 9x6 cm in size is tightly fixed, and the second pad can move freely.
The dressing is wrapped in paraffin paper, in the fold of which a pin is placed. The entire ego is enclosed in a rubberized shell with slightly notched edges (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15.

The incised edge of the package is torn off and the contents of the package wrapped in paraffin paper are removed. The paper is carefully unfolded, while not touching the side of the cotton-gauze pads with which they face the wound.
In the presence of a through wound, one of the pads covers the inlet, and the second, movable, wound outlet. The pads are reinforced with a bandage.
In addition to an individual dressing bag, the medical industry produces a small sterile dressing, which, when folded, is a bag. The content of the package consists of a cotton-gauze pillow, in expanded form, having a size of 24 x 32 cm, to which a gauze bandage 13 cm wide is fixed at one end.
To close extensive wounds, especially with burns, the victim must be wrapped in a clean, hot-ironed sheet.
Dressings are strengthening (to hold the dressing on the wound), pressing (to stop venous bleeding) and motionless (fixing).
Kerchief bandages are convenient for hanging the arm in case of some of its diseases and injuries. A scarf can be made from any scarf by folding it from corner to corner. The middle of the kerchief is brought under the forearm bent at the elbow joint to 90 °, so that the upper corner of the kerchief goes beyond the elbow, and the long ends are thrown over the neck and tied at the back.

Rice. 16.
Using a scarf (a, b),
The top of the scarf in the area of ​​the elbow joint is bent anteriorly and fixed with a safety pin (Fig. 16). In another version of the kerchief bandage, the top of the kerchief is placed along the antero-outer surface of the thigh of the injured side and the long ends are tied at the back so that one end is longer. The free corner of the kerchief is lifted up, the kerchief is pulled over the forearm and elbow and tied on the back with the left long end of the back knot. If the scarf is not enough, its ends are lengthened with a bandage or twine.
The scarf can also be used to apply bandages to almost any area of ​​the body (Fig. 17, 18).

Rice. 17.
Bandage options:
a) on the shoulder; b) on the ankle joint; c) on the wrist joint: d) on the head

Rice. twenty.
T-shaped perineal bandage (a, b)
in
Rice. 19.

A sling bandage is a piece of gauze or bandage with longitudinal slits at the ends. It is convenient for strengthening small bandages in the area of ​​the nose, chin, forehead, and back of the head (Fig. 19).
The T-shaped bandage consists of two strips of gauze or bandage crossed at right angles. Such a bandage is convenient for the perineum (Fig. 20). The most common are gauze bandages.
When bandaging, certain rules must be observed: for example, the bandaged part of the body should be in a comfortable position, exactly in the one in which it should be after applying the bandage (physiological position). If you do not follow this rule and bandage the limb bent at the joint, and after applying the bandage, unbend it, then the bandage will go astray. Conversely, if you put a bandage on a straightened arm, and then bend the arm at the elbow joint, then the bandage will press, pull the arm and cause inconvenience. With this in mind, the elbow is bandaged in a bent position, the shoulder is in the position of slight abduction from the body, the fingers are in the position of slight flexion with the possibility of thumb abduction. The lower limbs are bandaged with the leg extended, and the foot in a position at right angles to the lower leg.
Bandage the limbs, it is necessary from the periphery to the center, this prevents blood stasis. They bandage in one direction, more often clockwise, covering with the next round of the bandage part of the width of the previous one and pulling it so that the bandage lies firmly, creating uniform pressure. At the end of bandaging, the end of the bandage is torn along, the ends are wrapped in the opposite direction to each other and tied. The bandage is applied not very tight, so that it does not interfere with blood circulation, but also not very loose, so that it does not slip from the wound.
Circular bandage. The end of the bandage is pressed with the thumb of the left hand to the place to be bandaged, and with the right hand, unwinding the bandage, they make circular turns with it, which lie one on top of the other and fix the first round (Fig. 21).
For a better fit and retention of the bandage on those parts of the body that have unequal thickness along their length (lower leg, thigh, forearm), it is advisable to apply a spiral bandage with kinks (Fig. 22).
Bandages on the head area for wounds of the crown, occiput, lower jaw. A piece of bandage 70-80 cm long is torn off, thrown over the crown of the head so that the equal ends of the bandage hang down in front of the ears. These ends are held with both hands in a taut state by the victim himself or by an assistant providing assistance. Then they make several tours of the bandage around the head at the level of the forehead, and then, pulling down the ends of the ties, wrap them around them, after which the bandage is led somewhat obliquely, covering the back of the head towards the opposite tie, which is also circled around with a bandage and returned, placing the bandage on the crown of the head. closer to the forehead. Wrap the tie around again and make a back tour. The tours of the bandage gradually converge to the middle of the cranial vault and completely cover it in the form of a cap. After that, the ends of the vertical bandage are tied under the lower jaw (Fig. 23).
Bandage on the right eye. The bandage is fixed with fixing circular tours around the head, bandaging from right to left counterclockwise, then the bandage is led obliquely along the back of the head, taken out under the right ear, and the right eye is closed with it (Fig. 24). Then the moves of the bandage alternate: one through the eye, the second - around the head. When applying a bandage to the left eye, it is more convenient to bandage from left to right, leading the bandage from back to front under the left ear and then obliquely across the cheek, closing the sore eye. Oblique tours of the bandage, covering the eye, alternate with circular ones. A bandage-bridle can serve to close the lateral surface of the face, ear, lower jaw. Make 2-3 fixing circular moves around the head. From behind, the bandage is lowered obliquely to the back of the head and taken out from the opposite side under the lower jaw, several vertical turns are made, then the bandage is led through the back of the head in front and, after several circular rounds, is fixed around the head (Fig. 25).
The bandage around the neck should be made light, avoiding unnecessary circular coils that restrict breathing. When bandaging the back of the neck and the back of the head, it is convenient to use a cruciform bandage. In circular moves, the bandage is strengthened around the head, then it is led obliquely from top to bottom through the back of the head, moving to the front surface of the neck, circles around the neck and again returns to the back of the head, leads obliquely up to the head, then around the forehead and again returns to the back of the head.

Rice. 21.

Rice. 22.
Stages of bandaging the head with a cap (a, b, c)

Rice. 24.

Rice. 26 (a, b).

Bandages on the upper limbs. Spike bandage is applied to the area of ​​the shoulder, shoulder and hip joints. It is applied to the shoulder area as follows: the bandage is led from the healthy side of the armpit along the front surface of the chest and the outer surface of the diseased shoulder, wrapped around it from front to back, taken out of the armpit forward, wrapped around the shoulder again, but then the bandage is led along the back, surrounding chest, while the tour of the bandage lies slightly higher than the previous one, half covering it. And so they repeat the moves of the bandage until (Fig. 26) they cover the entire shoulder joint and shoulder girdle, fix the end of the bandage on the chest with a pin.
Rice. 27.

Fig. 28 Spiral bandage on the finger
Fig. 29 Bandage at the end of the finger
Fig. 30 Spike bandage on the thumb


A cruciform bandage on the back of the hand begins with circular fixing moves above the wrist joint, then the bandage is led obliquely down the back of the hand to the palm around the hand at the base of the fingers, and then the bandage is again led along the back of the hand through the wrist to the base of the fifth finger, cross the previous round, continue obliquely up and again surround the wrist (Fig. 27). The bandage on the fingers begins with circular moves of the bandage around the wrist, then the bandage is led in an oblique direction from top to bottom along the back of the hand to the end of the finger, twisted around it in spiral turns to the base and again returned through the back of the hand to the wrist (Fig. 28). In the same way, you can alternately bandage all fingers. On the left hand, the bandage begins with the little finger, on the right hand with the thumb. Bandage at the end of the finger. If it is necessary to bandage the end of the finger, then the bandage is first carried out in the longitudinal direction, starting from the base of the palmar surface of the finger to its base, the bandage is repeated again, but already closing the side surface, and then the finger is wrapped in spiral tours, starting from the base (Fig. 29 ).
The bandage on the thumb is made according to the spike-like type: they start with circular tours in the wrist area, then along the back of the hand they go to the end of the finger, wrap it around it spirally and again return to the wrist along the back surface of the finger. The bandage in the form of an ear rises higher and higher and covers the entire finger (Fig. 30).
If you need to quickly close the four-fingered hand with a bandage, leaving the first one free, then make a circular tour around the wrist, and then turn the bandage at a right angle and lead along the back of the hand, throw it through the fingertips to the palm and back to the back to the wrist. Having made several such returning moves, the brush is wrapped in spiral tours and the bandage is fixed on the wrist. The brush can also be bandaged like an eight-shaped bandage.
Bandages on the chest. Spiral bandage on the chest. A piece of bandage about a meter long is thrown over the right or left shoulder and left to hang freely. The chest is bandaged from the bottom up with the spiral moves of the bandage and its end is fixed. The end of the bandage hanging in front is thrown over the opposite shoulder girdle and tied behind with the other end (Fig. 31).
The cruciform bandage on the chest begins with circular tours of the bandage around the chest from below, then the bandage is led from right to top to the left, lifted to the left shoulder girdle, the bandage is led across the back to the right shoulder girdle and lowered obliquely into the left armpit, then lifted to the left shoulder girdle. Fix the bandage around the chest (Fig. 32).
Bandage on the mammary gland. This bandage is intended to keep the breast in an elevated position. When applying a bandage to the right mammary gland, the tours of the bandage begin in the usual direction from right to left around the chest below the mammary gland, then the bandage is led from right to top to the left, thrown over the shoulder girdle of the healthy side, obliquely encircle the back, going down to the right axillary fossa; from here, clasping the lower part of the gland, the previous move is fixed with a turn around the chest. The bandage is again led up, lifting the mammary gland, while the tour of the bandage is applied slightly higher than the previous one, thrown over the shoulder girdle and again repeat all tours of the bandage, gradually rising up (Fig. 33).

Rice. 31.


Rice. 32.

Spiral chest bandage


Rice. 33 (a, b).

Rice. 35 (a, b).

Rice. 34.

Rice. 37.

Bandage on the abdomen and groin area. When closing the wound of the upper and middle part of the abdomen, a spiral bandage is sufficient. In the lower abdomen, especially in the pelvic region, such a bandage usually does not hold well and slips, so it has to be combined with a spike-shaped bandage, which can close the inguinal and gluteal region along with the adjacent areas of the thigh and pelvis. The bandage can have many options, depending on where the crossover of the bandage tours will be located - in front, behind or on the side. On fig. 34 shows a spike-shaped bandage on the inguinal region. In circular tours, the bandage is fixed around the abdomen, then it is led from back to front, from left to right through the groin to the inner surface of the thigh. It circles the bandage around the thigh, and then, rising along the front surface through the groin, encircles the back semicircle of the body and goes back to the inguinal region. The bandage can be applied in an ascending or descending type, depending on where the first rounds of the bandage go - above, in the groin, or below, on the thigh. The bandage is fixed with circular tours around the abdomen.
Bandages for lower limbs. A bandage is applied to the thigh, as to the forearm and shoulder. In the upper part of the thigh, it can be fixed with a transition to the pelvis in the form of a spike-shaped bandage. A spiral bandage with kinks is also applied to the lower leg, reaching to the knee joint. Converging and diverging dressings (turtle) are applied in the area of ​​bent joints, more often knee and elbow. The convergent bandage in the area of ​​the knee joint begins with circular bandages through the patella, the following tours of the bandage diverge above and below the previous ones, crossing in the popliteal fossa (Fig. 35).
The diverging bandage begins with circular tours of the bandage above or below the knee joint. The turns of the bandage gradually converge towards the center, completely covering the knee area. The retractable bandage is convenient for bandaging round body surfaces. It is also used to close the amputation stump. With several circular rounds, the bandage is strengthened in the transverse direction around the thigh; then they bend it at a right angle and lead it down along the thigh, surrounding the end of the stump from front to back (Fig. 36). Having reached the transverse turns, the bandage is again bent at a right angle and a circular strengthening tour is made. Such transverse and longitudinal turns are repeated until the stump is completely closed. The bandage on the heel can be in the form of a turtle, converging or diverging. Bandaging begins through the most protruding part of the heel, and subsequent rounds are layered above and below the first, partially overlapping them (Fig. 37). You can fix these tours with an oblique bandage through the sole. The bandage on the ankle joint, if you do not need to cover the heel, is performed according to the type of eight-shaped.
Rice. 39.

Rice. 38.
Bandage on the heel
It starts with circular tours above the ankles, then the bandage crosses the rear of the foot obliquely, it is led along the sole, returned to the rear of the foot upwards, the posterior semicircle of the lower leg is circled above the ankles and again in the form of a figure eight, the previous moves are repeated (Fig. 38). Fix the bandage with circular tours over the ankles.
If it is necessary to close the entire foot, then, starting with circular tours above the ankles, the bandage, without pulling, is circled several times in the longitudinal direction from the heel to the big toe along the lateral surfaces of the foot, and then the foot is wrapped around the foot with washing moves, starting from the fingers (Fig. 39 ).
Small dressings can be strengthened not by bandaging, but by gluing to the skin in places where bandages or kerchiefs do not adhere well or take a long time to apply. For this purpose, strips of adhesive tape can be used.
To strengthen the bandage with an adhesive plaster, its strips are cut in such a way that they can extend beyond the edges of the bandage by 5-6 cm.

Bandages according to their purpose can be divided into protective (closing the wound), pressure (hemostatic) and fixing (the area of ​​fracture, dislocation, other damage). Bandages are made from dressing material. A dressing is a material that is applied to the wound surface or other affected parts of the body. Bandaging is called both the initial application of bandages, and its replacement with examination and treatment of the wound.
Bandages are the most common. In order for the bandage to lie correctly and evenly, bandages of the appropriate width should be used, depending on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe anatomical region being bandaged. Bandages are divided into narrow (3-7 cm), medium (10-12 cm) and wide (14-18 cm). The patient to whom the bandage is applied should be in a position convenient for him. The bandaged part of the body must be accessible from all sides. The bandaged part of the body is fixed with a bandage in the most favorable position for wearing. The bandage should be applied so that it does not cause discomfort, but securely fixes the dressing. The dressing process is divided into 3 stages. First, it is necessary to correctly apply the initial part of the bandage, then precisely carry out each subsequent round of the bandage and, finally, securely fix the entire bandage. The reliability of the bandage depends on the consistent and careful implementation of these steps. Bandaging should begin with the part of the body that has the smallest circumference, and gradually cover the central parts of the bandaged area with a bandage (most often from the periphery to the center). Each subsequent round of the bandage should cover three-quarters of the previous one. The bandage must be rolled from left to right, without tearing it off the bandaged part of the body, without stretching it in the air. If during the bandaging process one side of the bandage is pulled more than the other, you can cross the bandage, thereby adjusting the tension. At the end of bandaging, the end of the bandage is torn (if it is wide) or cut with scissors in the longitudinal direction, forming two ties sufficient to fix the entire bandage. Neither the cross nor the knot should be located where the wound is located, they should be displaced outside of it. Sometimes it is permissible to bend the end of the bandage for the last round. Having finished applying the bandage, you should make sure that it is correct. The bandage should cover the diseased part of the body well, not impair blood circulation, not interfere with permitted movements, and have a neat, tidy appearance. The bandage is removed either after cutting it with scissors from the side of healthy skin, or by carefully unwinding it. If the bandage is stuck to the wound surface, then it should be carefully soaked with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and only then removed.

Types of bandages:
1) Circular Bandage. It is the most durable, since in it all the turns of the bandage lie one on top of the other. It is used for bandaging limbs in the area of ​​the lower leg, forearm, as well as on the forehead, neck, and abdomen.

2) Circular ascending (descending) dressing. It starts in the same way as the circular. Then, after two or three circular rounds, the bandage is led slightly in an oblique direction, covering the previous move by three quarters. An ascending bandage is distinguished when the tours of bandages go from bottom to top, and a descending one - from top to bottom.

3) Headband "ear". It starts like a circular. After two or three turns of the bandage, a sharp departure is made up and immediately (within one turn) down. After that, the tours intersect on one line. The pattern of the bandage resembles an ear. The bandage is used for bandaging the lateral surface of the neck, shoulder girdle, subclavian region.

4) Headband "cap". Superimposed with a wound on the cerebral part of the skull.
lay the prepared piece of a narrow bandage 70 cm long on the crown in the form of a ribbon, so that its ends go down in front of the auricles;
ask the patient or assistant to hold them taut and slightly apart;
make 2 fixing circular rounds around the head through the forehead and back of the head;
the next round goes around the section of the bandage held by the patient and goes along the occipital region to the opposite side to the other end of the bandage;
wrapping the tour around the opposite end of the bandage-tie, return along the frontal-parietal region to the original segment of the bandage-tie and repeat all the steps, gradually bringing each tour closer to the center of the head, until the bandage covers the entire parietal part;
wrap the remaining end of the bandage and tie around either end of the tie bandage and tie under the chin with the opposite tie. Cut off the rest of the bandage with scissors.

5) Cap of Hippocrates. Superimposed from two bandages. One of which is circularly wound around the forehead and the back of the head, and the second is wound through the crown and is constantly pressed against the first.

6) Bandage type "bridle". It is used for damage in the region of the crown or lower jaw, face. The first fixing circular moves go around the head. Further along the back of the head, the bandage is led obliquely to the right side of the neck, under the lower jaw, and several vertical circular moves are made, which close the crown or submandibular region, depending on the location of the damage. Then the bandage on the left side of the neck is led obliquely along the back of the head to the right temporal region and the vertical tours of the bandage are fixed with two or three horizontal circular moves around the head.


7) Bandage on the occipital region and back of the neck. A regular spike-shaped bandage is applied across the forehead and neck.

8) Blindfold. The bandage can be binocular and monocular. Monocular is applied for bruises and other injuries that do not touch the eyeball. If the eyeball itself is damaged, both eyes close. This is done so that, following the movements of a healthy eye, the damaged eye does not move either (the eyes move together). Cotton-gauze pads (balls) are placed under the blindfold. Front and back, such a bandage looks like a cross of bandages. We leave our ears open.

9) sling bandage. It is superimposed on the jaw or on the nose and is made from a kind of cotton-gauze bandage from a bandage.

10) Bandage Deso. Fixes a fracture of the clavicle. A roller of a bandage or any other soft fabric is placed under the armpit of the injured arm. We start winding from the healthy side. The damaged arm bent at the elbow is firmly attached to the body. When applied correctly, front and back looks like an arrow from a damaged arm.

11) For fixation of the shoulder joint a spike bandage is used.

12) On the elbow (and knee) joint a converging or diverging tortoiseshell dressing is applied. If the joint area is damaged directly, then the bandage is divergent, if below or above the joint, then it is divergent. The arm is bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90 degrees. For a convergent bandage, bandaging begins with circular strengthening rounds either in the lower third of the shoulder above the elbow joint, or in the upper third of the forearm. Then the dressing material in the area of ​​damage is closed with eight-shaped tours. Bandage moves cross only in the area of ​​the elbow bend. Eight-shaped tours of the bandage are gradually shifted to the center of the joint. Finish the bandage with circular tours along the line of the joint. For a divergent bandage, wind in reverse order.

13) Wrist bandage Wound from the wrist, then on the palm and to the fingers. You can bandage each finger. Or you can make a bandage between your fingers and wrap it all together like a mitten.

14) P harness for chest. Before applying the bandage, a gauze bandage about a meter long is placed in the middle on the left shoulder girdle. One part of the bandage hangs freely on the chest, the other - on the back. Then, with another bandage, fixing circular tours are applied in the lower parts of the chest and with spiral moves (3-10) the chest is bandaged from the bottom up to the armpits, where the bandage is fixed with two or three circular tours. Each bandage round overlaps the previous one by 2/3 or 3/4 of its width.
The ends of the bandage, freely hanging on the chest, are placed on the right shoulder girdle and tied to the second end hanging on the back. A belt is created, as it were, that supports the spiral moves of the bandage. When applying a bandage, make sure that it does not restrict the victim's breathing.

15) A spica bandage (descending or ascending) is applied to the upper thigh. First, several circular tours are applied to the belt and then to the thigh.

P.S. The information is taken from a lecture on the medical training of rescuers of the Ministry of Emergencies.

Each of us has at least one bandage in our first aid kit. But it is better that there are several of them and of different sizes: narrow (3-7 cm wide for bandaging fingers and hands), medium (10-12 cm wide for bandaging the head, neck, forearm, shoulder, lower leg and foot) and wide (width 14-16 cm, for dressings on the abdomen, pelvis and chest).

Also in the home first aid kit should be sterile wipes and an individual sterile package. In the absence of such, a handkerchief or any piece of clean cloth, previously ironed with a hot iron, is suitable for bandaging.

Types of basic dressings

A properly applied bandage should not slip (to do this, first make two or three turns of the bandage to secure it) or interfere with normal blood circulation (i.e., do not squeeze too much).

Scarf bandage. It is used in the absence of a gauze bandage using an ordinary scarf to hang an injured hand. To do this, bend the injured arm at the elbow joint at a right angle. Under the forearm, bring the unfolded scarf so that the base of the scarf runs along the axis of the body, its middle is slightly higher than the forearm, and the top is behind and above the elbow joint. Spend the upper end of the scarf on a healthy shoulder girdle. Bring the lower end onto the shoulder girdle of the injured side, closing the forearm in front with the lower, smaller part of the scarf. Tie the ends of the scarf in a knot over the shoulder girdle. Circle the top of the scarf around the elbow joint and secure with a pin to the front of the bandage.

Bandage "cap". It is used to hold a sterile napkin on a wound with skull injuries. First you need to close the wound with a sterile napkin using tweezers. Then lay the prepared piece of a narrow bandage (about 70 cm) on the crown in the form of a ribbon so that its ends go down in front of the ears. Ask the patient (or a relative) to keep them taut and slightly apart. Then do 2 fixing circular rounds around the head through the forehead and back of the head. And the next round goes around the section of the bandage held by the patient, and goes along the occipital region to the opposite side to the other end of the bandage. Having wrapped the tour around the opposite end of the bandage-tie, we return along the frontal-parietal region to the original segment of the bandage-tie and repeat everything again, gradually bringing each tour closer to the center of the head (until the bandage covers the entire crown). The remaining end of the bandage must be wrapped and tied around either end of the tie bandage and tied under the chin with the opposite tie. Remove the remaining bandage with scissors.

Spiral bandage. As a rule, it is used for shoulder injuries. To do this, fasten the first two or three turns above the elbow and continue bandaging up so that each subsequent turn of the bandage half (or two-thirds) covers the previous one.

Bandage "eight". In another way, it is also called "cruciform". It is used when bandaging the ankle joint or hand. As the name implies, the turns of the bandage should cross like the number eight. If the bandage is applied to the knee or elbow joint, then bandaging is similar, only the turns of the bandage intersect on the flexor surface of the joint (in the elbow or knee fossa).

Spiral bandage. Used for bandaging fingers. To do this, after two or three circular turns around the wrist, the bandage must be led along the back surface of the hand to the tip of the finger, and then spirally towards the base of the finger. After that - again through the rear of the hand to the wrist, and then secure. If you need to cover your fingertip, it is better to use returning bandage: when the strip of the bandage goes first along the back of the finger, then the bandage must be folded at the tip of the finger and closed with the palm of your hand. After that, it remains only to strengthen the bandage with transverse turns of the bandage around the finger.

Note:

• Before applying the bandage, do not touch with your hands the surface of the sterile bandage that will lie on the wound, burn or frostbite.
• To remove the bandage, if it is dry, never tear the bandage from the skin: unwind the bandage, keeping your hands close to the surface of the body.
• If the bandage needs to be removed quickly, then cut it.

In autumn, when it is cool and humid, the flu begins to rage, from which children and adults suffer.

To avoid infection with a dangerous virus with all its complications, you need to protect yourself by any possible means.

A cotton-gauze bandage is the simplest and most affordable means of protecting the respiratory tract from various bacteria and infections. It is also necessary when someone in the family is already sick and you do not want the rest of the family to become infected.

• Disease protection transmitted by airborne droplets (flu, diphtheria, whooping cough).
• During surgical operations.
• High levels of dust, smoke, smog in the air. The gauze product should be moistened with water.
• In case of fire will help protect against toxic products of combustion and smoke for a while.
• With a bacteriological attack when poisonous gases are being sprayed.
• In case of an accident at a nuclear power plant the means of protection will be able to filter the radioactive dust.
• Air pollution vapors of ammonia or chlorine.

The product can be worn for 3-4 hours, after which it is disposed of. If the bandage was used to protect against ammonia or chlorine, then it must be burned.

material requirements

Cotton wool must be from natural 100% cotton, without impurities of synthetics and chlorine for bleaching. It should not contain short fibers that, when inhaled, can enter the lungs.

Before use, shake it several times in front of a light source. If fine dust remains in the air, then it is better not to use cotton wool..

The gauze must be thick enough to provide effective protection. GOST bandages are considered the highest quality.

Synthetic material is a poor protection, causing an allergic reaction, irritation and breathing difficulties. High quality protective agent it is better to sew from sterile materials.

The finished product can have from 4 to 8 layers. The standard size of cotton-gauze bandages is 15 cm in height and 90 cm in length, of which 30-35 cm are spent on ties on both sides. The product sizes are the same for adults and children.

A do-it-yourself cotton-gauze bandage looks like in the photo:

Step by step instructions for making

In the midst of an epidemic in pharmacies, a rush usually begins with protective masks, so it is best to sew them yourself. Moreover, it will not take you much time and effort. A disposable factory mask purchased at a pharmacy is valid for a short period of time and cannot be reused.

A preventive product made of cotton wool and gauze can be washed and used several more times.

Now let's figure out how to make a cotton-gauze bandage. For this you will need:

• cotton wool;
• pharmaceutical bandage or gauze;
• ruler;
• scissors;
• needle and thread.

Respirators were designed specifically for respiratory protection when working in a hazardous environment. What exist, we will tell in the next review.

What are the personal protective equipment for the skin, read this.

The use of medical protective equipment in combination with the protection of the skin and respiratory organs is the best way to save and protect a person from infection in emergency situations. Detailed information .

Now let's take a closer look at how to make a cotton-gauze bandage from a bandage.

Option number 1

You will need:

• 2 bandages 14 cm wide and 7 m long;
• packaging of hygienic medical cotton wool (100 grams).

On the edge of the bandage length 60 cm put cotton wool size 14x14 cm by wrapping it in a bandage 3 times. The second bandage must be cut lengthwise into two parts. Each half is twisted for ties, they are threaded up and down, the bandages are sewn up. The output is 12-14 dressings.

How to make (sew) a cotton-gauze bandage with your own hands, see the training video:

Option number 2

1. Take two long strips of bandage 70-90 cm and fold them 3 times.
2. Sew them along the entire length. You can baste by hand or sew on a typewriter.
3. Take 4 identical pieces of gauze 17x17 cm. Between 2 layers, place a cotton square and cover with the remaining 2 layers of gauze. Sew along the edges with a basting stitch.
4. Turn the edges inward by 1 cm and stitch carefully.
5. Sew long ties along the finished mask so that one is on top and the other on the bottom. They must be the same length.

Option number 3

In the middle of the cut gauze 100x50cm put a layer of cotton 20x30cm. Bend on both sides, cut long ties without cotton wool into two parts 30-35 cm from the edge. They will serve as ties.

One of the options for making a cotton-gauze bandage with your own hands is shown in the diagram:

How to wear

In order for a gauze product to serve as a prevention of viral diseases, you need to know how to put it on and wear it correctly. When used correctly, this affordable remedy can reliably protect against germs.

Common Mistakes

A common mistake is to wear a bandage for a long time and wear it again.. For a healthy person, such a mask can be harmful if it is not removed for more than two hours.

Influenza viruses are so tiny that they easily pass through the microscopic gaps of the dressing and a person breathes these microbes. The moisture that is formed from breathing keeps them alive inside.

It is the sick person who should wear such a bandage.. With us, everything happens the other way around - we ourselves must protect ourselves from bacilli spread by patients in crowded places. Don't be shy about wearing a mask in public.

If a cotton-gauze bandage helps you out during an epidemic, then it doesn’t matter at all whether it was bought at a pharmacy or made by yourself. Timely taken protective measures for prevention are much more effective than subsequent long-term treatment.

It is difficult to overestimate timely first aid, the quality of which largely determines the outcomes of various injuries.

And therefore, every citizen (including a schoolboy, student, housewife, pensioner) should be able to provide emergency care, know the basic rules for applying simple bandages, be able to apply a soft bandage, etc.

Here, the indications and technique for applying the simplest soft bandages for a wide variety of injuries are considered. These bandages are universal for any part of the body. They can be simple, protective, medicinal, pressing (hemostatic), immobilizing.

You need to remember the basic elements of building bandages, work out the skills of applying them, and then you will be able to competently provide first aid for various injuries, even in difficult situations.

When applying bandages, it should be remembered that the assisting person is facing the victim, the bandage is designed from the periphery to the body, bandaged with uniform tension, each subsequent bandage stroke should cover 1/2 or 2/3 of the previous one and securely hold the dressing material until the victim enters the medical institution.

When applying a bandage, the patient is in a horizontal or sitting position.

Circular headband applied quickly and easily. A bandage of any width is used. Bandage moves around the damaged area, covering each other. It should evenly press on soft tissues around the entire circumference of the head; can be located horizontally, vertically, obliquely or go into a cruciform, eight-shaped bandage. It is used for injuries of the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital regions of the head, one or both eyes.

It should be remembered that head wounds are often accompanied by profuse bleeding, which lasts 2-4 minutes. During this period, a blood clot (thrombus) usually forms, covering the wound of the damaged vessel. However, this is not always the case. Continued bleeding is associated with high blood pressure, and therefore, when providing assistance, one should strive to press the vessels in the wound area for 4-8 minutes and, only after making sure that the bleeding has stopped, apply a bandage.

Circular and spiral neck bandages (or combinations thereof) are used primarily for minor wounds. When applying these dressings, one must be very careful, because in case of injury to the vessels of the neck (arteries, veins), with a weak tension of the bandage, bleeding may continue; possible sudden air embolism (air entering the vessels) with a fatal outcome; a strong pressure bandage interferes with the patency of the veins and can cause suffocation.

Apply this bandage as standard. First, a support move is made with a bandage: the bandage is held in the right hand, its end is in the left hand and the bandage is moved with uniform tension around the neck from left to right, then it is crossed, the end of the bandage is lowered and pressed with the next move. Next, the bandage is led along an ascending or descending line, covering the previous move with the next one by 1/2 or 2/3 of its width.

spiral bandage with "harness" allows you to firmly fix the dressing on the chest. The technique of applying it is simple: a bandage 2 m long is torn off, thrown over a healthy shoulder girdle, a “harness belt” is created, which is a fixer for the future bandage. Then, over the hanging bandage, circular ascending strokes are made from the bottom up - from the lower chest and upper abdomen to the armpits. The loosely hanging ends of the bandage-string ("belt belt") are lifted up and tied over the other shoulder girdle.

We must not forget that chest injuries are always serious, even in cases where there is no severe damage to the internal organs.

The mechanism of occurrence of a threatening condition is that with a penetrating wound of the chest, air is sucked into the pleural cavity (around the lung) with each breath and, accumulating there, causes compression of the mediastinal organs (lungs, heart, large vessels) with their subsequent displacement to the healthy side .

Therefore, in case of a penetrating wound and the presence of a “sucking” or “floating” wound, before applying a spiral bandage to the chest, it is necessary to hermetically close this wound in any way: either grab the skin into a fold with your fingers, or squeeze the entire lumen of the wound into the fold, eliminating the flow of air into it. Then, in this position, strips of adhesive plaster (“adhesive plaster suture”) are applied to the wound, which holds the edges of the wound, or the wound circumference is treated with BF-6 glue and an airtight fabric (cellophane) is glued onto it, and then a circular bandage.

Bandage on the abdomen circular or spiral superimposed on his wounds and burns. With open wounds, the skin around the wound is first treated with alcohol, an alcoholic solution of iodine or cologne, then the wound is closed with a sterile napkin or carefully ironed cotton cloth. The bandage can have many options depending on which area of ​​the abdomen it is applied to. It can be descending, ascending, spike-shaped. The bandage is fixed with a circular bandage around the abdomen.

Remember that sometimes internal organs (intestine, omentum) can fall out through the wound. It is strictly forbidden to set internal organs (omentum, intestines) that have fallen out during injuries! In these cases, after closing the wound with a sterile material, it is necessary to organize a quick transportation of the victim to a medical facility.

Bandage for fractures of the clavicle. More than 250 such dressings have been developed. The simplest of them are eight-shaped (cruciform) and ring-shaped of cotton-gauze rings. When applying an eight-shaped bandage, the patient sits, and the caregiver is behind him. Before applying a bandage to the victim, rolls of cotton wool or foam rubber are placed in the armpits. Bandage moves (10-15 cm wide) pass in front of the shoulder joints, through the armpits and cross behind the shoulder blades.

The technique for making cotton-gauze rings and applying an annular bandage is simple. For the preparation of rings, women's stockings (kapron, knitted), tights, bloomers, shirt sleeves can be used: they are filled with cotton wool and folded into rings. These rings are put on the victim one by one on the arm up to the upper third of the shoulder and, pulling them together from behind (maximally reducing the shoulder blades), they are fixed with bandage strips with an effort that excludes circulatory disorders of the upper limbs (compression of the axillary and brachial arteries).

Bandages for fractures of the humerus. First, the injured limb is brought to the body, bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90°, then bandaged to the body. In the absence of dressings, shirts, tunics, blouses, sweaters, T-shirts are used. The lower edge of this clothing is wrapped up and fixed with pins, ribbons or clothespins.

With a fracture of the "surgical" neck of the shoulder you can apply a bandage "snake". To do this, prepare a cotton-gauze "sausage" in the form of a tourniquet, a tourniquet or a tube. They are wrapped around the forearm in a spiral (several times), then the forearm is raised at an angle of 90 ° and laid with the palmar surface to the chest, fixing the ends of the cotton-gauze "snake" behind the neck.

Spike bandage is used for injuries of large (shoulder, hip) joints. It begins with the circular moves of the bandage. The bandage is led obliquely around the joint from left to right, from back to front along the front surface of the shoulder, then it is turned obliquely upwards, etc. Multiple distortions of the bandage are obtained, which, gradually shifting, form a bandage in the form of an ear. It can be unilateral, bilateral, anterior, posterior or external.

Eight bandage it is convenient for applying to parts of the body of a complex shape: the area of ​​the ankle, shoulder, wrist joints, perineum.

Divergent tiled (turtle) the bandage is applied to very mobile joints (knee, elbow). Good fixation of dressing material. At first, it is fixed with two or three bandage moves through the middle of the joint, then it is formed with bandage moves passing above and below the middle of the joint.

return bandage superimposed with injuries to the head, hand or foot. Its construction is quite simple. The bandage moves gradually cover the entire damaged head, the limb according to the "forward - backward" principle, are strengthened by circular or spiral bandage tours.