The role of communication in human life. The problem of communication of modern man

Communication is the main component of any relationship, from the first stages of human development to modernity. The most intimate, loving and romantic relationships are born through ordinary conversation. Yes, it is undeniable that all feelings at the beginning of a relationship are preceded by a first glance, an assessment of appearance and unconscious labeling, but this is nothing compared to communication. Some novice psychologists, attaching great importance to statistical data, give inappropriate advice on the norms of communication, on the time that should be given to a conversation, but how one can reason and give advice regarding uncontrolled processes that are inextricably linked with emotions.

Each person is inherent in the contrast of the information received from reality. Good cannot be appreciated without evil. Based on this, you should not give free rein to your internal assessment of the interlocutor. If a person is not sociable with you, this in no way indicates his constant isolation. We equally love loneliness and noisy companies, but everything has its time.

In the modern world(information age) communication available anywhere and anytime. Almost every person has a mobile phone, and modern mobile communication has no limits, except perhaps in the zone of the solar system. An incredible number of cellular operators and even more tariff plans allow you to keep in touch with loved ones. International cellular communication opens the horizons of communication with relatives on different continents, thousands and tens of thousands of kilometers away. Your every word is priceless for your parents, grandparents and all other people related to you by family ties, because love is multifaceted and knows no boundaries.

BRANCH OF THE FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KAZAN (VOLGA) FEDERAL UNIVERSITY" IN NABEREZHNY CHELNY

CHAIR OF PHILOSOPHY

Specialty: 150700.62 - Engineering

TEST

in the discipline "Psychological workshop" on the topic:

Communication, its importance in human life. Functions. Types and levels of communication»

Completed by: 3rd year student

departments of group 4331-h

Checked by: Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor

Burganova N.T.

Naberezhnye Chelny

Introduction

)Communication, definition

2) The value of communication in human life

)Communication functions

2) Types of communication

) Types and forms of communication

2) Phases and means of communication

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

communication communication man

Communication plays a big role in people's lives and activities. In various forms of communication, people exchange the results of their activities, accumulated experience, mutual exchange of knowledge, judgments, ideas, ideas, interests, feelings, aspirations, needs and goals of people are coordinated, a psychological community is formed, mutual understanding is achieved. In the process of communication, a common program and a common strategy for joint activities are formed. Thanks to communication, the horizons of a person expand, the limitations of individual experience are overcome. Communication has an important place in human development.

Relationships and interactions can be regulated through communication, but their regulation is not limited to the use of communication. Specific means of communication are verbal and non-verbal, while specific means of building relationships and interactions are different. Relationships and interaction, in turn, affect communication, but their functioning is not limited to this influence, and their regulation is a special task. If we try to give a comprehensive definition of communication in small groups, then communication in a group is the exchange of information between its members in order to achieve mutual understanding in regulating relationships in the process of joint life and activity.

Communication is inextricably linked with the activities of people. This is recognized by all psychologists who consider communication from the standpoint of an activity approach. However, the nature of this relationship is understood differently. Some authors (A.N. Leontiev) consider communication to be a certain aspect of activity: it is included in any activity, then its elements, conditions.

Communication, definitions

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings, people. In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level does the process of communication become conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called the communicator, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

Communication is of great importance in the formation of the human psyche, its development and the formation of reasonable, cultural behavior. Through communication with psychologically developed people, thanks to the wide opportunities for learning, a person acquires all his higher cognitive abilities and qualities. Through active communication with developed personalities, he himself turns into a personality. If from birth a person was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, he would never become a civilized, culturally and morally developed citizen, he would be doomed to remain a semi-animal until the end of his life, only outwardly, anatomically and physiologically resembling a person. This is evidenced by numerous; the facts described in the literature and showing that, being deprived of communication with their own kind, the human individual, even if he, as an organism, is completely preserved, nevertheless remains a biological being in his mental development. As an example, we can cite the conditions of people who are occasionally found among animals and who for a long period, especially in childhood, lived in isolation from civilized people or, already as adults, as a result of an accident, found themselves alone, isolated from their own kind for a long time ( e.g. after a shipwreck). Of particular importance for the mental development of the child is his communication with adults in the early stages of ontogenesis. At this time, he acquires all his human, mental and behavioral qualities almost exclusively through communication, since until the beginning of schooling, and even more definitely before the onset of adolescence, he is deprived of the ability to self-educate and self-educate. The mental development of a child begins with communication. This is the first type of social activity that arises in ontogenesis and thanks to which the infant receives the information necessary for his individual development.

The value of communication in human life

As noted earlier, communication and interpersonal relationships consist of processes that are often intertwined and mutually. Each process can be considered separately, since it has its own characteristics. These processes are the exchange of information between people (the communicative side of communication), the organization of interaction, the influence on other people (the interactive side of communication), the perception and mutual understanding of each other or the knowledge of oneself and the other (the perceptual side of communication). Let's consider them separately.

Communication is the exchange of information. The main goal of any communication process is to ensure the understanding of the information being exchanged. An important role is played by the significance of information, thanks to which the partners are trying to develop a common meaning, the same understanding of the situation. It should be noted that information in communication is not simply transmitted from one person (who is called a communicator or sender) to another (who is called a recipient or addresser), but is exchanged. The main purpose of such a communication process is to ensure an adequate understanding of the information that is being transmitted.

Message can be considered a method of communication intended for the transfer of information. With its help, certain information is transmitted from one person to another, both during direct communication (thanks to language, gestures, facial expressions), and through various means of mass communication. At the same time, it is useful to remember the commandment: "Do not start talking until you start thinking." In addition, it is advisable to comprehend not only the idea itself, but also how it will be perceived by people who become familiar with it.

Communication as interaction. With any act of communication, there is an exchange of not only knowledge, opinions, ideas, that is, information, but also actions, in particular, there will be a common strategy for interaction. Interaction is a process of direct or indirect influence of subjects on each other, generating the causality of their actions and interconnection. This process requires the activity and mutual orientation of the actions of those people who take part in it.

There are many types of interaction, and therefore several of their classifications. One of the most famous is the division into cooperation (cooperation) and competition (rivalry). A classification is known, where the number of subjects communicating is taken as the basis for interaction. If there are two subjects, then this interaction is a pair (in a dyad). If there are many subjects, then they can interact in a group (group interaction), between groups (intergroup interaction), or the subject can act with a group (subject-group interaction). This subject can be the leader or any member of the group.

Communication as perception and understanding of each other.

Perception is the mental state of a person's reflection of objects and phenomena as a whole in the aggregate of all their qualities and properties with their direct impact on the senses. This is a process of mutual perception and understanding of interlocutors, their knowledge of each other. In general terms, we can say that the perception of another person means displaying his external features, correlating them with the personal characteristics of the individual and interpreting his actions on this basis. Considering the process of knowing one person by another during communication, the famous psychologist S.L. Rubinshtein wrote: “In everyday life, communicating with people, we are guided by their behavior, since we, as it were, “read” a person, that is, we decipher the meaning of his external data and reveal the meaning of the text obtained in this way in a context that has its own internal psychological plan. This "reading" happens quickly, because in the process of communicating with the people who surround us, we produce a certain, more or less automatically functioning subtext to their behavior. " The image of another person is often formed on the first impression, and this can lead to errors in her perception. No wonder they say, do not judge by clothes - judge by mind. It is important to realize that the mistake will be not so much an inadequately constructed impression of a person as the use of this inadequate impression in subsequent interpersonal relationships with him.

Communication functions

Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities.

Communication is one of the most important concepts in psychology. It more diversely reveals the individual characteristics of all participants in this process.

Communication has its own functions, means, types and types, channels and phases.

A study by psychologists and sociologists shows that up to 70% of managerial decisions are made by managers orally in the process of business interaction. It can be said without exaggeration that the nature of business contacts has a decisive influence on the effectiveness of joint activities, on the success of conversations, business meetings and negotiations, press conferences, auctions and presentations.

Even in the age of computers, the main instrument of communication between people is the word. Anyone who has perfectly mastered the skills in the process of communication gets the opportunity to live according to the principle “I came, I saw, I persuaded”. Communication is an extremely subtle and delicate process. It talks about direct and indirect communication, direct and indirect.

Direct communication is understood as natural contact "face to face" with the help of verbal (speech) and non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, spatial (distance, approach, removal, turns "to" and "from"), temporary (earlier, later )). The practical importance of the ability to "read" non-verbal information should be emphasized. The pace of speech, loudness, change in pitch and tempo of voice coloring are all means of conveying the emotional state of a person, his attitude to the message being transmitted. A person cannot consciously control the entire sphere of his communication, so often even what he wants to hide appears, for example, through the movements of the hands, the position of the legs, the expression of the eyes, etc. Only by taking into account all the accompaniment that accompanies the speech, you can correctly perceive the communication partner.

Mediated communication can be considered as incomplete mental contact with the help of written or technical devices that make it difficult or time-consuming to receive feedback between the participants in the communication. Obviously, the emergence of various technical communication devices has significantly increased the number of sources of human experience, but also greatly complicated the system of human communication.

In its meaning, communication is multifunctional. There are five main functions of communication.

The binding role is the most important condition for bringing people together in the process of any activity.

Formative role. Here communication acts as the most important condition for the formation and change of the mental image of a person (especially in the early stages).

confirmation function. In the process of communicating with other people, a person gets the opportunity, as it were, to confirm himself, to establish himself in what he is. Even W. James noted that for a person "there is no more monstrous punishment than to be presented in society to oneself and remain completely unnoticed." This state of a person is fixed in the concept of "non-confirmation". Moreover, unlike denial, which can be expressed by the words “You are wrong” or “You are bad” and implies a certain amount of confirmation, albeit with a negative assessment, non-confirmation means “You are not here”, “You do not exist”.

Everyday experience of human communication is replete with procedures organized according to the principle of the simplest "confirmatory therapy": rituals of acquaintance, greeting, naming, showing various signs of attention. They, speaking in scientific language, are aimed at maintaining a “minimum of confirmation” in a person.

The fourth function is to organize and maintain interpersonal relationships at the level of defined emotional contacts.

The fifth function of communication is intrapersonal, i.e. communication of a person with himself.

Types of communication.

Communication at the level of social roles (role communication) - boss-subordinate, seller-buyer, teacher-student, is dictated by the role played, the place that a person occupies in the system of social social relations is fixed.

Under the interpersonal relationship is meant (the most common model of communication) the participation of two specific personalities with unique qualities that are revealed to the other in the course of communication and organization of joint actions.

Business communication can be easily distinguished from functional-role communication. Business communication is a type of interpersonal communication aimed at achieving some kind of substantive agreement. In business communication (unlike, for example, secular communication) there is always a goal.

Types of communication are determined by the rules, the implementation of which is implied. So, if the rules of "secular" communication are based on a code of courtesy, then the basis of business relations is a code based on the principles of cooperativeness. It contains the following rules:

Types and forms of communication

There is practically no period in a person's life when he is out of communication. Communication is classified according to content, goals, means, functions, types and forms. Specialists distinguish the following forms of communication.

Direct communication is historically the first form of communication between people. It is carried out with the help of organs given to man by nature (head, hands, vocal cords, etc.). On the basis of direct communication at the later stages of the development of civilization, various forms and types of communication arose. For example, indirect communication associated with the use of special means and tools (a stick, a footprint on the ground, etc.), writing, television, radio, telephone and more modern means for organizing communication and exchanging information.

Direct communication is a natural face-to-face contact, in which information is transmitted personally by one interlocutor to another according to the principle: "you - to me, I - to you." Indirect communication involves the participation in the communication process of an "intermediary" through which information is transmitted.

Interpersonal communication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs. It implies knowledge of the individual characteristics of the partner and the presence of joint experience of activity, empathy and understanding.

Mass communication is multiple connections and contacts of strangers in society, as well as communication through the media (television, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc.).

Professionals in the field of trade and services in their daily activities are faced with the problems of interpersonal communication.

In psychology, there are three main types of interpersonal communication: imperative, manipulative and dialogic.

Imperative communication is an authoritarian (directive) form of influence on a communication partner. Its main goal is to subjugate one of the partners to the other, achieve control over his behavior, thoughts, as well as coercion to certain actions and decisions. In this case, the communication partner is considered as a soulless object of influence, as a mechanism that must be controlled; he acts as a passive, “suffering” side. The peculiarity of imperative communication is that forcing a partner to do something is not hidden. Orders, instructions, demands, threats, instructions, etc. are used as means of influence.

Dialogic communication is an alternative to imperative and manipulative types of interpersonal communication. It is based on the equality of partners and allows you to move from a fixed attitude towards oneself to an attitude towards an interlocutor, a real communication partner.

Dialogue is possible only if a number of rules of relationship are observed:

psychological attitude to the emotional state of the interlocutor and one’s own psychological state (communication on the principle of “here and now”, i.e., taking into account the feelings, desires, physical condition that partners are experiencing at this particular moment); trust in the partner’s intentions without assessing his personality (principle of trust);

perception of a partner as an equal, having the right to his own opinion and his own decision (principle of parity);

communication should be directed to common problems and unresolved issues (principle of problematization);

the conversation must be conducted on your own behalf, without reference to someone else's opinion and authorities; you should express your true feelings and desires (the principle of personifying communication).

Dialogue communication involves an attentive attitude to the interlocutor, to his questions.

In the process of communication, there is no desire to understand a person, his individual characteristics are not taken into account, therefore this type of communication is usually called formal. In the course of communication, a standard set of masks is used, which have already become familiar (strictness, politeness, indifference, etc.), as well as a set of facial expressions and gestures corresponding to them. During the conversation, “common” phrases are often used to hide emotions and attitudes towards the interlocutor.

Primitive communication. This type of communication is characterized by "necessity", that is, a person evaluates the other as a necessary or unnecessary (interfering) object. If a person is needed, they actively come into contact with him, interfere - they “push him away” with sharp remarks. After receiving what they want from a communication partner, they lose further interest in it and, moreover, do not hide it.

Formal role communication. In such communication, instead of understanding the personality of the interlocutor, knowledge of his social role is dispensed with. Each of us plays many roles in life. A role is a way of behavior that is set by society, therefore it is not common for a seller, a cashier of a savings bank, to behave like a military leader. It happens that during one day a person has to “play” several roles: a competent specialist, colleague, leader, subordinate, passenger, loving daughter, granddaughter, mother, wife, etc.

Business conversation. In this type of communication, personality traits, age, moods of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the case are more important.

Secular communication. Communication is pointless, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases. Politeness, tact, approval, expression of sympathy - the basis of this type of communication.

Communication is carried out using verbal (verbal) and non-verbal means.

The study of the communication process showed how complex, diverse the phenomenon is and made it possible to single out the structure of communication, consisting of three interrelated parties:

communicative, which is manifested in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, transfer and reception of knowledge, opinions, feelings;

interactive, which consists in organizing interpersonal interaction, i.e. when the participants in communication exchange not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions;

perceptual, which manifests itself through the perception, understanding and evaluation of each other by people.

In the course of communication, a person seeks not only to perceive the interlocutor, but to know him, to understand the logic of his actions and behavior. Cognition and understanding by people of others and themselves occurs in accordance with the psychological mechanisms of perception.

Identification is likening oneself to another. To understand a communication partner, you need to put yourself in his place, since you can’t really understand a person until you have been in his “skin”. This mechanism allows you to understand the values, habits, behavior and norms of another person.

Empathy (empathy) is not a rational understanding of the problems of another person, but an emotional response, empathy, empathy. Empathy is based on the ability to correctly imagine what is happening inside a person, what he experiences, how he evaluates events. It has been established that the ability to show empathy increases with the acquisition of life experience. Older people, who have seen and experienced a lot, understand a person who has fallen into certain circumstances better than young people.

The highest form of empathy is effective, characterizing the moral essence of a person. For example, you can simply empathize with a fellow student who “flunked” an exam, or you can help prepare for a retake.

Attraction (attract, attract) is a form of knowing another person, based on the emergence of positive feelings for him: from sympathy to love. The reason for the appearance of a positive emotional attitude of communication partners is often their internal similarity. For example, young people (boys, girls) understand each other much better than adults who surround them (parents, teachers, etc.).

To correctly understand a communication partner, it is important to know his attitude towards us, how he perceives and understands us. In this case, the mechanism “works”, which in psychology is called reflection.

Reflection (turning back) is the ability of a person to imagine how he is perceived by a communication partner. It is no longer just knowing the other, but also knowing how the other understands us: our mental abilities, individual personality traits and emotional reactions. At the same time, our attention is transferred from the partner in communication to ourselves and there is a kind of doubling of mirror images of each other.

Understanding another person is very important for successful communication with him. Often we are interested in what makes the interlocutor act this way and not otherwise, that is, what are the reasons for his actions. After all, knowing them, you can predict the further behavior of a communication partner. If a person always had complete information about the surrounding people with whom he enters into communication, then he could accurately build tactics for interacting with them. But in everyday life, as a rule, we are in conditions of lack of information, not knowing the true reasons for the behavior of another person. This ignorance forces us to attribute to others the most diverse reasons for their behavior and actions. They are based on the similarity of the behavior of the interlocutor with some known image or the analysis of our own reasons, which are found in a similar situation. Attributing the causes of behavior to another person is called causal attribution (i.e., I give a reason, I give it). Research shows that each person has habitual explanations for other people's behavior. Some people always find the culprit of what happened and attribute the cause of what happened to a specific person, but not to themselves.

Phases and means of communication

Of all the phases of communication, the preparation phase is the most critical, if it is possible. Communication needs to be planned, to choose the right place and time, to determine for oneself attitudes towards the results of communication. The first phase of communication is making contact. Self-adjustment is important here, it is important to feel the state, the partner’s adjustment, to get used to it yourself. It is important to position the partner towards you and ensure a smooth start. This period ends with the establishment of psychological contact.

Next comes the phase of focusing on something, some problem, the task of the parties and the development of topics, then - motivational probing. Its purpose is to understand the motives of the interlocutor and his interests. Then follows the phase of argumentation and persuasion, if there are differences of opinion. And finally, the phase of fixing the result. This is always a critical moment in a relationship. As opposed to a break, the end of a relationship is the end of contact. And a mistake in this phase can sometimes completely change the result of many hours of conversation. It is always necessary to end the communication so that there is a prospect of continuation.

In business communication, it is the exchange of information that is significant for the participants in the communicative act that is the most important side. The means that allow you to do this most effectively are divided into verbal (speech) and non-verbal.

It would seem that non-verbal means are not as important as speech ones. In fact, this is not so: we receive and transmit more than 65% of the information just with the help of non-verbal means. With their help, the inner world of a person is revealed. Information received or transmitted in verbal form may not always be reliable. And it is precisely to correctly understand non-verbal signals, which are much less amenable to conscious control, that allow us to establish the degree of frankness of our interlocutor.

All non-verbal means of communication are divided into the following groups:

kinetic, i.e. visually perceived (facial expressions, posture, gestures, gait, look);

prosodic, i.e. rhythmic and intonational aspects of speech (pitch, loudness, timbre, stress force) and extralinguistic - the inclusion of pauses, sighs, laughter, crying, etc .;

takecenic, i.e. dynamic touches in the form of a handshake, patting, kissing;

proxemic, i.e. orientation of partners at the time of communication and the distance between them (distancing).

The use of a number of non-verbal means of communication is rather severely limited by the national, cultural and religious traditions of a particular people. If the facial expressions, which give a clear and precise idea of the emotional state of a person, are interpreted in the same way, regardless of nationality and culture, then the specific meaning of such non-verbal signs as posture, gestures, distances or norms of approach is different in different cultures.

Non-verbal means of communication help in creating the image of a communication partner, serve to clarify and sometimes change the meaning of a verbal message, to give or enhance the emotional coloring of what was said.

Despite the importance of non-verbal ways of transmitting information, the meaning of the message, its content is still conveyed in a verbal, or speech, way.

The ability to speak correctly, or oratory, was taught in ancient Greece. Currently, a large number of publications are devoted to him, so I will briefly dwell on the most significant points that make it possible to make the speech more beautiful and convincing:

speech should be clear, tone - moderate;

it is necessary to strengthen intonation, highlight important words and subordinate unimportant ones to them;

a change in the pace of speech will give it expressiveness;

pause before and after important thoughts.

The hardest part is usually the beginning of the performance. It should be short, one or two sentences is enough, and sometimes you can do without it at all.

The ending of the speech is the element of the speech that is remembered the most. Therefore, you can end your speech with a quote that is appropriate for the occasion, or with a brief summary of the points made.

When giving a speech, it is important to look not at the floor or over the interlocutor, but at him. The speech should be clear, specific; if the fact being stated is sufficiently abstract, use examples. To strengthen the main thing in the material presented, these thoughts can be repeated, but not to use the same phrases every time. Do not try to cover many questions at once. Try to avoid verbal cliches, hackneyed words and expressions.

CONCLUSION

Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Communication includes the exchange of information between its participants, which can be characterized as the communicative side of communication. The second side of communication is the interaction of those who communicate - the exchange in the process of speech is not only words, but also actions, deeds. And, finally, the third side of communication involves the perception of communicating each other.

Socio-psychological knowledge, the skills of analyzing situations that arise in the process of communication are of great importance for building effective relationships between people. On the one hand, they help a person to better understand himself, his inner world, to realize the socio-psychological aspects of his "I": social attitudes, stereotypes, behavior and interaction strategies, communication style, the ability to listen effectively, control their emotions and adequately understand other people. . On the other hand, such knowledge makes it possible to better understand people, to create such a situation of communication with them, individually attuning to their inner mental state, which would most fruitfully contribute to their creative development, would give a sense of security.

Business relations develop mainly in a small group, a member of which is a particular individual. The people around him play a huge role in shaping the values of any person, and knowledge of the socio-psychological laws of life, groups, the ability to analyze them is the most important part of a person's life.

Using various types and forms of communication, groups of people can most effectively interact with each other and with the outside world, achieve the desired results of activities, make decisions, develop and satisfy the needs for joint activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Gippenreiter Yu.B. "Introduction to General Psychology". M.: 1997.

2.Kovpak D., Kamenyukin A. "Safe communication" 2012.

.Kuzin F.A. "Culture of business communication" Practical guide. Practical guide. - M.: 2000.

.Larinenko V.N. - Psychology and ethics of business communication - "Unity", M., 1997

.Nakamoto S. “Communication genius, how to become one.”2013.

.Rytchenko T.A., Tatarkova N.V. - Psychology of business relations - MGUESI, M., 2001

.Sukharev V.L. Ethics and psychology of a business person. M.: 2003

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Types of communication
Communication functions
Gestures and movements in communication
The culture of communication at the table
Table conversation
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners.

The subjects of communication are living beings, people. In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level does the process of communication become conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called the communicator, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

The purpose of communication answers the question: “For the sake of what does a being enter into an act of communication?”. This may be information about the internal (emotional, etc.) state of the subject, about the situation in the external environment. The content of information is most diverse if the subjects of communication are people.

Means of communication: ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and deciphering information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another.

Encoding information is a way of transmitting it. Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means of recording and storing information.

In society, modesty and restraint of a person, the ability to control one's actions, to communicate carefully and tactfully with other people are considered good manners.

General concepts of communication culture

The culture of communication is the established order of conduct in the field of business and business contacts.

Communication, if understood as a set order of behavior, helps to avoid mistakes or smooth them out in accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the main function or meaning of communication of a business person can be defined as the formation of such rules of behavior in society that contribute to mutual understanding of people in the process of communication.

The second most important function of communication is the function of convenience, that is, expediency and practicality. Starting with the little things and down to the most general rules, communication is a system that is close to everyday life.

One of the first rules that determine communication itself is that it is worth doing this not because it is customary, but because it is either expedient, or convenient, or simply respectful towards others and oneself.

Communication is one of the main "tools" for forming an image. In modern business, the company's face plays a significant role. Those companies in which communication is not respected lose a lot. Where communication is present, productivity is higher, results are better. Therefore, you should always remember one one of the most important postulates that businessmen all over the world know: good manners are profitable. It is much more pleasant to work with a company where communication is observed. Almost all over the world, it has become the norm. This is because communication, by virtue of its vitality, creates a pleasant psychological climate conducive to business contacts.

It must be remembered that communication helps us only when there is no internal tension that is born from an attempt to do according to the rules of communication what we have never done before.

Communication - a set of connections and mutual influence of people developing in their joint activities. It implies some result - a change in the behavior and activities of other people. Each person has a specific role in society. The plurality of role positions often gives rise to their clash - role conflicts. In some situations, an antagonism of positions is revealed, reflecting the presence of mutually exclusive values, tasks and goals, which sometimes turns into an interpersonal conflict.

In the activities of the causes of the conflict: subject-business disagreements, differences in personal interests.

The cause of the conflict is insurmountable semantic barriers in communication.

Conflict is an extreme case of exacerbation of contradictions. This phenomenon is natural - it can and should be controlled.

The structure of the conflict:

The carriers of contradictions are opponents;
Their capabilities are determined by the rank:
- first rank - represents himself and his goals in the conflict;
- the second rank - groups and group goals;
- the highest rank is a person who protects the laws of the state.

The act of communication includes the communicants themselves (>2 people), performing communicative actions. Messages are characterized by content.

Scheme of a communicative act:

K - S - P (communicator, message, recipient].

For the communicator (the speaker), the meaning of information precedes the coding process (utterance), because he first has a certain idea, and then embodies it in a system of signs. For the recipient, the meaning of the received message is revealed simultaneously with decoding.

Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Includes:

Exchange of information between participants.
Exchange in the process of speech actions and deeds.
Perception of communicating people with each other.

An important component is the motives of the participants in communication, their goals and intentions. A person can say one thing and think another. Provisions in the communicative act of dissociation (disagreement) are forms of the content of the message. Recognized by observing the behavior of the interlocutor - facial expressions, facial expressions, gestures, etc. In order for us to be understood correctly, it is necessary that the form, meaning and content of the message coincide. It is necessary to choose the optimal voice volume, communication distance, behavior depending on the content of the conversation.

Types of communication

There are different types of communication.

Age.
Sexual.
Professional.
General cultural.
Educational.

An important feature is the level of formation of the culture of communication.

Types and kinds of communicative acts.

By content:
- production;
- practical household;
- interpersonal-family;
- scientific and theoretical;
- scientific and practical;
Contact form:
- straight;
- indirect (correspondence).
By type of connection:
- bidirectional (letter);
- unidirectional (books).
According to the degree of interaction between communicants:
- high;
- satisfactory;
- insignificant;
- unsatisfactory;
- negative.
  With an unsatisfactory degree, they speak of communicative incompatibility, tk. interests, manners of speaking and communicating in general do not coincide.
According to the results:
- negative, totally misunderstood;
- zero, we can’t understand each other in any way;
- positive.

Characteristics of a sociable and non-communicative personality.

Sociable - want and be able to speak, be proactive in communication, be able to persuade to communicate, an extrovert.

Uncommunicative - introvert.

The psychological climate of the team.

Collective - a group of people with interpersonal relationships and engaged in joint activities.

Integration is the psychological unity of a given community. Collectivist self-determination is the first phenomenon of the collective to ensure this integration. This is the predominant way the individual reacts to group pressure, acts as a special quality of interpersonal relationships.

The cohesion of the team is the most important characteristic, a measure of its unity, caused by the awareness of the obligation of the goal, tasks and ideals, as well as interpersonal relations that have the character of partnership, mutual assistance.

Team cohesion indicators:

Value-oriented unity is the convergence of assessments in the moral and business spheres, in the approach to the goals and objectives of joint activities.
The adequacy of assigning responsibility for the results of joint activities - are basically objective in nature - the contribution of each member of the team to the common cause, regardless of the ultimate success or failure of joint activities.

Communication functions

The great importance of interpersonal communication is explained by the most important functions that it performs. First, in communication, information is exchanged between people. The information and communication function in one form or another is associated with all forms of human activity. Even thought processes, according to some scientists, proceed more efficiently under the condition of ongoing information communication.

Communication performs the so-called regulatory-communicative function. In communication, rules of behavior, goals, means, motives of behavior are developed, its norms are assimilated, actions are evaluated, a kind of hierarchy of values is formed. It is not surprising that it is in communication that a person learns and experiences his significance.

Communication regulates the level of emotional tension, creates psychological relaxation and ultimately forms the emotional background on which our activities are carried out and which to a large extent determines the very attitude. This function of communication in social psychology is called affective-communicative. In real communication, all its functions organically merge, regardless of its form.

Gestures and movements in communication

Behavior is as much a way of showing respect for other people as neat clothes, polite manner in conversation, tact.

In the manner of behavior, the role of habits is quite large. They can both emphasize the dignity of a person, and reduce to zero the best features.

Sometimes a person behaves unnaturally and at the same time loses no less than in the previous case. Being natural is one of the main conditions for a business person, since an attempt to look different is most noticeable from the outside.

Gestures and movements are part of the image. It often happens that it is a gesture that shows the mood, the face of a person, even when he himself does not want it.

Movements should not be sharp and fast. It is not necessary to lower your eyes for a long time or sit in a relaxed position when talking. You can relax during leisure hours, but during working hours smartness is an integral feature of a businessman.

If you are among people who are older than you, then in a manner you should be more collected, more tactful than among people of your age.

The gait should not be sluggish. But you should not wave your arms and take big steps. The best option is measured movements, straight posture.

Sitting on a chair, no need to swing, sit on the edge,

The habits of mechanically swinging your leg, fidgeting in a chair, periodically tapping on it with your heel are classified as "uncomfortable". This can be perceived as an unwillingness to continue the conversation, etc.

When talking, it is best to sit straight, without bending over or leaning back. The most acceptable landing for a business woman: knees together, feet one near the other, the lower leg is turned a little obliquely.

Propping your head with your hand while talking is ugly. It can mean boredom or tiredness.

Crossing the arms on the chest is in principle acceptable, but this gesture is perceived by the interlocutor as dissatisfaction or a desire to end the conversation.

Raised shoulders or a retracted head mean tension, give the impression of isolation.

To position the interlocutor, you need to tilt your head to the side. The tilt of the head gives the impression that the person is listening intently.

You should not do what can be judged as wasting time in a conversation (lighting a cigarette, wiping the glasses). This looks like an attempt to evade the answer.

If a woman gets into a car, she should first sit in the seat and then pull her legs in.

Leaving the car, the woman first stretches her legs, and then gets out.

Telephone conversations as an integral part in the life of a modern person

It is believed that the easiest business communication is a telephone conversation. In fact, this is far from the case. A phone call should be subject to the same brevity requirements as business correspondence and faxing.

The caller always appears first. If there is no subscriber with whom you wanted to contact, then it is not necessary to introduce yourself. It will be enough to say hello and ask to invite the person you are interested in to the phone. If he is not there, find out when he will be there, or ask him to pass something to him and hang up. No need to hold the phone for a long time if no one answers at the other end. You should not ask who you are talking to, you can only clarify whether you dialed the number correctly and whether you got through to where you wanted.

It is permissible to instruct an employee or secretary to get through to the person you are interested in.

If your colleague is asked to answer the phone, then it is impossible to find out who is asking him.

If you made a mistake with the number, then the next time you dial it, immediately check whether this is the number that you need.

In the event that you are very busy, then it is better to turn off the phone or ask the secretary to answer the phone.

The caller ends the call.

The culture of communication at the table

Behavior in the restaurant has a number of specific features.

For example, if you go to a restaurant with your companion, and this decision arose spontaneously, then the man finds empty seats. If the meeting was scheduled in advance, then the man should come a little earlier than the woman, undress in the wardrobe and ask the waiter where the booked table is. All this must be done before the arrival of the invited lady. After that, you meet a woman, help her undress and escort her into the hall.

Usually, before entering the hall, visitors examine themselves in the mirror.

In front of a mirror, you can only fix your hair, clothes, this applies to both men and women. Defects in clothes and hairstyles are removed in the toilet.

A man enters the restaurant hall first, and his companion follows him. If a woman was the first to enter the hall, then on the way to the table the man is a little ahead of her, shows the places and helps to take the most convenient place.

The most convenient places are usually considered: near the wall - facing the hall, in the middle of the hall - facing the entrance.

The man sits down after the lady has sat down.

Do not sit at a table with friends if they do not invite you first. Thank your friends for the invitation and sit down at another table.

If you sit down at a table with people you do not know, then it is not necessary to get acquainted. You just need to say hello and wish you bon appetit.

A man should offer a menu to a woman or read it himself. If you came to a restaurant with a company, then someone reads alone, and each one orders individually.

You should not loudly call the waiter, knock with a fork, spoon or knife on a glass, shout out something. It is best to wait until the waiter is close to you, and gesture to show that you need him.

Sitting at the table you can not comb your hair, whistle, sing. There is no need to play with objects that come to hand.

It is considered tactless to talk to those sitting at the next table. If there is a need to discuss something with people sitting at the next table, it is best to sit down with them for a couple of minutes. If acquaintances pass by your table, then you need to greet them without getting up. You need to get up if you have a conversation.

If you came with a companion, and if the table is large, the woman should be seated to your right, if the table is small, then opposite.

In a large company, seating should be based on the range of interests and age (provided that this is not a banquet).

If you came in company, but without a companion, then pay attention to the woman sitting to your right. All women can be invited to the dance. If you invite a stranger to dance, do not be intrusive and ask her to dance more than twice.

Smoking is not allowed during dancing. Talking is desirable, but not required. If a woman is in a restaurant with her companion, you must ask him for permission to invite the lady to dance.

The initiator of the meeting usually suggests leaving the restaurant first.

The calculation is made when everyone has finished eating.

When paying an invoice, the following rules are usually followed:

if the invitation to the restaurant came from one person, then he usually pays.
a man pays for an invited woman. However, a woman can pay for herself.
if the decision to go to a restaurant was born in the company, then the calculation procedure must be agreed in advance. You can pay "share", or every man for himself.

It is unacceptable to have any discussion on this topic after the invoice has already been paid.

The required amount is placed on the plate on which the invoice is submitted. Do not draw attention to yourself when you pay - it is ugly. The man should help the lady get dressed.

It is advisable to take the woman home.

Table conversation

The most general rule is that you need to talk at the table about something calm, you should not touch on sensitive topics, witty and light conversation is preferable. At the table, it is customary to talk about topics that increase appetite.

Don't worry about the cost of food and drinks.

At the table it is considered impolite to whisper in the ear of your interlocutor.

It is desirable to talk at the table not only with your partner, but also with your closest neighbors. Any conversation should be conducted in such a way as not to interfere with food.

If you need to say something to another person sitting behind your neighbor, then they say behind his back. The conversation "through a neighbor" should not be long, it may consist of a remark, a joke, a small phrase, but all this if necessary.

Do not touch the interlocutor in order to attract his attention.

If during a conversation you want to sneeze, try to do it quietly and apologize to your interlocutor. If someone from those present sneezed, leave it unattended, you do not need to say: "Be healthy!"

Don't turn your back if you intend to talk to your neighbor.

In a conversation, you should not talk about the reasons that prompt you not to eat any dish - just refuse.

The best time to make a table speech or a toast is a break or a pause between courses when those present at the table are not eating. The speech should not be long or too pretentious. The person who wants to take the floor stands up, taps his glass lightly in order to attract the attention of the guests and begins to speak. The table speech ends with a toast.

Before the start of the speech, the speaker may ask to fill the glasses.

It is impolite to continue eating or talking to your neighbors while someone is speaking. You have to listen silently.

Correlation of communication with etiquette

The word "etiquette" is of French origin and means "label", "label". In European languages, incl. and in Russian, it has become generally accepted, used to refer to external forms of cultural behavior.

Etiquette is "an established order of behavior, forms of treatment in any communication." Initially, etiquette meant the rule of palace ceremonial at the French royal court, then spread to aristocratic circles.

Etiquette in modern society has a number of varieties: diplomatic, military, business, everyday informal communication. Etiquette is a formalized, agreed upon, accepted in a given society or social group, rules of conduct, through which a respectful attitude towards a person, his dignity is expressed, convenience of communication is created, and its compliance with aesthetic tastes is ensured.

Etiquette allows us not only to do the right things in mass, repetitive situations, but also prescribes them certain norms of verbal communication.

Etiquette also defines the rules of conduct in special circumstances of life. So, fun is unacceptable at a funeral, but it is necessary to express sympathy and condolences to relatives and friends. At a wedding, a party, it is customary to be cheerful, friendly, sociable and not spoil the mood of others with a mournful look.

At all times and in all established societies, people's behavior is regulated by rules that correspond to a specific situation of communication. When they pronounce the word "etiquette", I want to add: "court", the phrase "court etiquette" is so common. And at once magnificent pictures of ceremonies emerge in my memory, brilliant outfits of court ladies with fans and nobles with swords, and with feathers on their hats. The cavaliers bow low in intricate bows and make complex and deft movements with their hats, sweeping the sparkling floor with feathers; ladies crouch, bowing their heads in wigs. The music of unhurried minuets and the appeal is heard: “Oh, madam, if I were allowed to express my admiration! ...” It is clear that the challenge to the duel should have been arranged with a spectacular throwing of the glove at the feet of the offender with words like: “I have the honor to offer you, sir, cross your sword with mine, tomorrow at dawn at the left wall of the monastery of Saint-Germain! And the callee had to pick up the thrown glove, which would mean: “the challenge to the duel is accepted,” and answer like this: “I have always dreamed of an opportunity, sir, to give you a fencing lesson in exactly the place and at the time that You have chosen to appoint."

But now we will not talk about the etiquettes of bygone days, familiar from the novels of Dumas or Walter Scott, we will not dwell on the peace pipe lighting ceremony in the North American Indian tribes. There are many books that tell us about the rules of good manners, about behavior in public places, about how to properly set the table, handle a fork and knife, etc., how to invite you to a dance, and give up your seat on the tram. The totality of all rules of conduct and verbal treatment constitutes what is called etiquette. Each action, each appeal must, as you know, be accompanied by rituals appropriate to the occasion: "magic words": please, thank you, etc. You can, of course, forget (if it really happened) about this or that verbal formula that accompanies the service, finding something else, no less suitable. It is only important to always remember that the essence and meaning of etiquette are determined by the inner readiness of one person to help another and what is called delicacy, tact. In other words, do not impose your society while remaining polite; the desire not to interfere with others, remaining free to perform their own actions. And this means, in the end, that you can’t make noise and interrupt others in a conversation. If you want to express your opinion (including an objection, disagreement with the words or actions of others), you must first inquire whether the interlocutor said everything he wanted, whether he is ready to listen to you. Etiquette, as you may already guess, includes not only verbal forms of expressing politeness and sympathy. The etiquette of words and actions should not conflict with the appearance of a person, his clothes. In other words, etiquette is not fully observed if, with all the correctness and politeness of behavior, young people come to the theater in jeans and colorful T-shirts. Even worse, if someone in bright extravagant clothes joins the funeral procession.

Even when dressing (and even earlier when purchasing clothes), one must keep in mind that clothes, gait, manner of standing, sitting, even laughing, form a kind of sign system; one way or another, a dressed person declares something, informs others about himself. For example, a wedding dress, a festive costume are signs of an upcoming celebration; a sports suit, a tennis racket in the hands "say" that a person is an athlete; sloppy hairstyle and unkempt jeans - that a person neglects the aesthetic feelings of others. Dirt under the nails and soiled clothes does not at all signal that a person belongs to the working class. These are just signs of a slob who has neither the rules of personal hygiene nor the concept of the aesthetics of appearance. Loud negotiations during a film show, a hat not removed indoors are signs of bad manners and selfishness.

"They are greeted by clothes, they are escorted by mind," says Russian folk wisdom. In other words, both the appearance and the words you say are important in communication. Etiquette, as we have said, regulates communication, the interaction of people. It is necessary to take etiquette, the ability to communicate seriously, wisely. The rule is quite simple: what may be unpleasant for you is unpleasant for others.

So, what does it take to communicate properly? It is necessary, first of all, to respect the interlocutor, to listen to him with possible attention, without interrupting and allowing him to speak, not to "noise" the communication channels. It is also necessary to look appropriately so that there is no disagreement, try to say only what we think, so as not to introduce dissociation. All these, if not universal ways of communication, then at least they will help to communicate more correctly and find a common language with people.

Neglect of etiquette, unwillingness to follow it is an indicator of insufficient cultural development of a person, which makes it difficult for him to interact with other people. Compliance with etiquette rules creates an atmosphere of friendliness, respect, trust, warmth, a special psychological climate that overcomes the alienation of people.

Conclusion

The culture of communication should be not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand another person. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly help another person, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.

At the heart of all good manners is the concern that the person does not interfere with the person, so that everyone feels good together. We must be able not to interfere with each other. It is necessary to educate in oneself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a careful attitude to the world, to society, to nature, to one's past.

Conversation as a method of obtaining psychological information.

The conversation allows you to identify individual psychological characteristics of a person: inclinations, interests, tastes, and more.

The essence of the conversation is an auxiliary tool for additional coverage of the problem under study. The conversation should always be planned in accordance with the objectives of the study. The questions asked in the conversation can be like tasks aimed at identifying the qualitative originality of the process being studied, but at the same time, such tasks should be as natural and non-standard as possible. As such, the conversation should not be of a template-standard nature, it should always be as idealized as possible.

Bibliography

"Culture of communication", Chernysheva M.A., "Knowledge", 2006
"Communication of a business person" M. Maksimovsky. M., 2001
"Psychology and ethics of business communication". Ed. V.N. Lavrinenko. M., 2007
"Culturology in questions and answers", "Phoenix", Rostov-on-Don, 2000
Nochevnik M.N. "Human communication". - M.: Politizdat, 2000
Voykunsky A.E. "I say, we say...": Essays on human communication. - M.: Knowledge, 1999

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