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Today we will talk about the new, latest generation of antihistamines, their list, how effective they are, pharmacological action, how to take, side effects and much more.

The prevalence of allergic diseases among the population is steadily increasing every year.

In order to stop the symptoms of allergies, improve well-being and completely eliminate the likelihood of severe and sometimes fatal complications, the use of antiallergic drugs is required.

Second generation antihistamines

There is no pronounced sedative effect and most of these drugs have a prolonged action, that is, they can be taken once a day.

The appointment of such drugs should be carried out with caution, as they have a cardiotoxic effect. That is, their intake is completely contraindicated for those who have a history of cardiovascular pathologies.

An example is a drug.

Pharmacological action of drugs

Antihistamines from the latter group are selective in their action - they act only on H1 - histamine receptors.

The anti-allergic effect on the body occurs due to several changes.

These medicines:

• They inhibit the production of mediators (including cytokines and chemokines) that affect systemic allergic inflammation;
• Reduce the total number and change the functioning of adhesion molecules;
• Reduce chemotaxis. This term refers to the release of leukocytes from the vascular bed and their penetration into the damaged tissue;
• Inhibit the activation of eosinophils;
• Prevent the production of superoxide radical;
• Reduce bronchial hypersensitivity.

All the changes that occur under the action of the latest generation of antihistamines lead to a decrease in the permeability of the walls of blood vessels. As a result, swelling, hyperemia, itching of the skin and mucous membranes disappear.

The absence of an effect on histamine receptors of types 2 and 3 determines the absence of pronounced side changes in the form of drowsiness and toxic effects on the heart muscle.

The latest anti-allergic drugs do not interact with choline receptors, and therefore patients are not bothered by dry mouth and blurred vision.

Due to the high anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect, antihistamines of the third group can be prescribed when necessary.

Possible side effects

Patients taking the latest generation of antihistamines rarely notice adverse reactions. But it cannot be said that they do not exist at all.

When treating with these drugs, the occurrence of:

• headaches;
• Increased fatigue;
• Periodic dizziness;
• Severe drowsiness or vice versa insomnia;
• hallucinations;
• tachycardia;
• Dryness in the mouth;
• Dyspeptic disorders in the form of nausea, colic and abdominal pain, vomiting;
• Pain in different muscle groups;
• Rash on the skin.

Very rarely, with prolonged treatment, hepatitis has developed. With a predisposition to allergies, the likelihood of body itching, anaphylactic reactions, including Quincke's edema, is increased.

List of drugs

The newest generation of antihistamines include:

• fexofenadine;
• Levocetirizine;
• cetirizine;
• Desloratadine;
• Hifenadine;

It must be remembered that the funds listed are also available under other names, but their main active ingredient does not change.

Norastemizol and a number of other drugs, which are still better known abroad, are under development.

Indications for use

The effectiveness of the treatment of allergies is largely determined by the correct selection of the drug, which must be entrusted to the doctor.

Third generation antiallergic medicines are used to treat patients with:

1. Seasonal and year-round;
2. Conjunctivitis that occurs under the influence of allergens;
3. contact dermatitis;
4. Urticaria of acute and chronic course;

The latest generation drugs can be used in the course and after the elimination of acute symptoms of anaphylactic shock, drug allergy, Quincke's edema.

General contraindications to their appointment is considered only intolerance by the patient of the main or additional components of the drug.

Fexofenadine

The drug is available in two dosage forms. Tablets have a dosage of 30, 60, 120 and 180 mg.

The suspension contains 6 mg of the main anti-allergic substance in one ml.

Allergy symptoms begin to subside about an hour after oral ingestion.

The maximum effect begins to appear after 6 hours and then keeps at the same level during the day.

You should take the medicine, observing the following rules:

• Patients over 12 years of age need a daily dose of the drug at a dose of 120 and 180 mg. The tablet is drunk once a day, preferably at the same time.
• From 6 to 11 years, the daily dose is 60 mg, but it is recommended to divide it into two doses.
• The tablet does not need to be chewed. Drink it with one glass of clean water.
• The duration of therapy depends on the type of allergic reaction and its severity.

Fexofenadine was successfully taken by a group of patients for a month or more without the development of symptoms of its intolerance.

The drug is best to cope with allergic rhinitis, it is recommended to prescribe it for hay fever, rashes on the body and urticaria.

Fexofenadine is not prescribed if the child is under 6 years of age. Caution in the treatment of this drug should be shown to those who have a history of renal or hepatic pathology.

The components of the drug pass into breast milk, and therefore it cannot be used during lactation.

How Fexofenadine acts on the course of pregnancy has not been clarified, therefore this remedy is prescribed to expectant mothers only in exceptional cases.

It is distinguished by the most rapid development of anti-allergic effects on the body - some patients note a decrease in allergy symptoms within 15 minutes after ingestion.

In most people taking the drug, improvement in well-being occurs after 30-60 minutes.

The maximum concentration of the main active substance is determined within two days. The drug passes into breast milk.

Levocetirizine is prescribed for the treatment of various forms of allergic rhinitis, the drug helps with, urticaria and.

Accept it, guided by the following rules:

• The tablet form is prescribed for children over 6 years of age and adults.
• Per day, you need 5 mg of the drug, which are contained in one tablet. It is drunk regardless of when a meal is planned, but the drug should definitely be washed down with a glass of water.
• The drug in drops from 6 years old is prescribed 20 drops per day. If the age of the child is less, then the dosage is selected depending on his weight.
• The duration of the course of treatment depends on the type and severity of the allergic reaction. Patients with pollinosis Levocetirizine can be prescribed for up to 6 months. In chronic allergies, the drug is sometimes continued for a year. In the event that possible contact with the allergen is expected, the medicine can be drunk within a week.

Levocetirizine is not prescribed in pediatric practice for children under two years of age. Contraindications to its use are also considered pregnancy, severe renal failure, congenital pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism.

For patients with impaired renal function, the dose of the drug is selected after passing the tests. In cases of mild to moderate pathology, a dose of 5 mg can be drunk once every two or three days.

Analogues of Levocetirizine are considered -, Alerzin, Aleron Neo, L-cet, Glenset, Zilola.

cetirizine

Available in the form of tablets, drops, syrup. The drug is a metabolite of hydroxyzine.

Cetirizine relieves itching well, so its action is optimal in the treatment of urticaria and itchy dermatoses.

The agent shows high efficiency in eliminating the symptoms of acute and chronic rhinitis caused by the influence of allergens, in particular ragweed.

The medicine eliminates the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis - lacrimation, itching, redness of the sclera.

The anti-allergic effect occurs after two hours and lasts for at least one day.

The drug is prescribed depending on the age of the patient:

Adjust the dose of the drug is necessary for patients with impaired renal function.

Cetirizine treatment is contraindicated during breastfeeding, with congenital disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, with individual hypersensitivity.

This medicine should be used with caution in those who have a history of epilepsy and convulsions.

During pregnancy, the drug is prescribed only in extreme cases.

The most famous analogues of Cetirizine include Rolinoz, Allertec, Amertil, Cetrinal.

Desloratadine

Available in tablet form and as a solution for oral administration.

According to statistics, allergy pills are among the most sold medicines. Antihistamines help to overcome the allergic reaction of the body.

Today, three generations of medicines, homeopathic and hormonal preparations are presented on the pharmaceutical market. Each of them has its pros and cons, which makes them applicable in various cases.

Mechanism of action

An allergen, getting into the human body for the first time, as a rule, does not cause clinical manifestations. However, the synthesis of immunoglobulin E, special antibodies, begins.

Over time, it accumulates and, if re-introduced, causes the release of many substances, including the production of histamine, which leads to an allergic reaction.

Histamine is a biologically active substance found in many tissues. In its normal state, its form is inactive.

When entering the active phase, this substance poses a danger to human health, as it causes malfunctions in the functioning of the muscular, respiratory and other systems.

Allergy pills contain substances whose mechanism of action is aimed at blocking the activity of histamine receptors. This does not allow histamine to bind to tissues and have a negative effect on them.

Types of skin reaction to an allergen

Types of allergy pills

Allergy medicines can be presented in tablets.

Tablets are usually divided into the following groups:

• Antihistamines;
• Hormonal;
• Homeopathic.

There are a lot of tablets with antihistamine action. They are classified into three generations.

First generation

First generation tools were invented several decades ago and have both their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of first generation allergy pills:

• fast action, which allows you to quickly (within 15-30 minutes) overcome acute manifestations of allergies;
• the ability to apply for a long period of time, as well as appoint children and women during pregnancy.

It is impossible not to note the disadvantages of such drugs. This should include:

• drowsiness;
• addiction of the body;
• lethargy or agitation;
• tachycardia.

Despite the rapid therapeutic effect, addiction and short duration of action make such drugs ineffective.

The main drugs of the first generation, aimed at combating allergies:

Second generation

Second-generation drugs are characterized by fewer side effects and a minimal risk of addiction.

They have a long-term effect, which allows you to reduce the number of medications to one or two times a day. At the same time, such drugs have their drawbacks, as they have a cardiotoxic effect.

This limits the circle of people who can be prescribed a second-generation drug.

The main drugs of the second generation, aimed at combating allergies:

third generation

Third generation drugs can be called the most popular. They are trusted the most, as they have the least harm combined with high efficiency.

Such pills will not cause drowsiness and will not have a negative impact on the functioning of the brain and heart.

However, they can be taken for several months, as they are not addictive.

The main drugs of the third generation, aimed at combating allergies:

homeopathic

Homeopathy is called adjuvant therapy. Such drugs can really help with allergies.

It is worth remembering that animal and plant components are used for their production, which means that the homeopathic tablets themselves can cause allergies.

Homeopathy works on a cumulative basis over time. This may require up to eight months of regular use of the drug.

The main homeopathic pills aimed at combating allergies:

Hormonal

Hormonal pills are developed on the basis of adrenal hormones, which allows you to achieve a powerful anti-inflammatory effect in a short period of time.

As a rule, drugs of this type are prescribed at the beginning of treatment in order to quickly overcome the main symptoms.

After that, the doctor changes the drug to a safer one. The most popular allergy pills in this group are Kestin.

Kestin is characterized by high efficiency.

Available in the form of tablets and syrup. Allows you to eliminate all possible symptoms of allergies, including Quincke's edema.

Before use, you should consult a doctor, as the drug has contraindications and is incompatible with a certain group of drugs.

Cromons

Cromones are drugs that stabilize the work of mast cells, which are involved in the production of histamine. They are prescribed for bronchial asthma and various allergic reactions.

The effect occurs only after a course of treatment.

The best cromones in tablets:

What drugs are most often prescribed by doctors

If you have symptoms of an allergy, you should consult an allergist. In some cases, a therapist and a pediatrician, as well as a dermatologist, can help. What drug will the doctor recommend?

The answer to this question depends on many factors:

• patient's age;
• the presence of chronic diseases;
• type of allergy;
• drug tolerance;
• the form of the course of the disease, etc.

Recently, doctors are betting on the latest generation of drugs. However, each case has its own exceptions. It is not recommended to prescribe the drug yourself.

Cost Comparison Table

The table shows a list of the most popular allergy pills and their average cost in Russian rubles.

What is the best choice for a pregnant woman

Pregnancy is the most important and responsible stage in a woman's life. It is best to consult a doctor in this case.

He will take into account the trimester of pregnancy, the nature and degree of manifestation of allergies and select the safest drug.

It can be Diphenhydramine, Suprastin, Tavegil, Claritin, etc.

Video: Tablets for the treatment of allergies to the sun

Features of the selection of treatment in children

Children are the most susceptible to allergies. Do not self-administer the drug to a child.

Only a doctor can take into account all the factors that provoked an allergy and choose the most suitable one.

As practice shows, doctors in the case of children give preference to a second-generation drug.

How to choose

Only a doctor can prescribe the right drug.

Antihistamine tablets do not cure, but only relieve symptoms.

It is important to find the source of the allergy and avoid contact with it. Depending on the form of manifestation of an allergic reaction and other characteristics of the body, tablets are selected.

Why you shouldn't self-medicate

Self-medication can only aggravate the clinical picture.

Pills have both indications and contraindications. Taking into account all the factors that provoked the allergy, and the individual characteristics of the person, side effects will be avoided.

What is the key in treating the manifestations of symptoms for an allergen?

The key step in dealing with allergies is to find and eliminate the allergen.

This is possible by analyzing external factors. Special tests for allergens offered by medical laboratories will also help to find the answer.

Frequently asked Questions

It is worth considering the most popular questions from patients and the answers to them from specialists.

What are the most effective drugs?

It is impossible to give an unambiguous answer about which drug is most effective.

In some cases, cheap allergy pills will help, in others, even the most expensive medicines will not give the desired result.

It all depends on the type and form of the allergic reaction.

It is worth remembering that herbal tablets can worsen the clinical manifestation of symptoms if a person is allergic to plants.

Are there drugs that do not cause drowsiness?

Almost all drugs of the second and third generation are devoid of such a side effect as drowsiness.

Are there herbal preparations? Do they help?

Homeopathic tablets are made from herbs.

In many cases, this is an effective remedy in the fight against allergies.

However, to achieve a therapeutic effect, these drugs should be taken for a long period of time.

Is it possible to be treated with one remedy for the whole family?

There is no one universal drug suitable for everyone. That is why finding one solution for all family members will not work.

Content

A small number of people are fortunate enough to never experience allergic reactions in their lives. Most people have to deal with them from time to time. Effective antihistamines will help to cope with allergies for both an adult and a child. Such funds help to eliminate negative reactions on the body to certain stimuli. There is a wide range of anti-allergic drugs on the market. It is desirable for every person to be able to understand them.

What are antihistamines

These are drugs whose work is aimed at suppressing the action of free histamine. This substance is released from the connective tissue cells that enter the immune system when an allergen enters the human body. When histamine interacts with certain receptors, swelling, itching, and rashes begin. All of these are symptoms of an allergy. Drugs with an antihistamine effect block the aforementioned receptors, alleviating the patient's condition.

Indications for use

You must be prescribed antihistamines by a doctor, having made an accurate diagnosis. As a rule, their administration is advisable in the presence of such symptoms and diseases:

• early atopic syndrome in a child;
• seasonal or year-round rhinitis;
• negative reaction to plant pollen, animal hair, household dust, some medications;
• severe bronchitis;
• angioedema;
• anaphylactic shock;
• food allergies;
• enteropathy;
• bronchial asthma;
• atopic dermatitis;
• conjunctivitis caused by exposure to allergens;
• chronic, acute and other forms of urticaria;
• allergic dermatitis.

Antihistamines - list

There are several generations of antiallergic drugs. Their classification:

1. New generation drugs. The most modern medicines. They act very quickly, and the effect of their use lasts for a long time. Block H1 receptors, suppressing allergy symptoms. Antihistamines in this group do not worsen the functioning of the heart, therefore they are considered one of the safest.
2. 3rd generation drugs. Active metabolites with very few contraindications. They provide a fast stable result, they are gentle on the heart.
3. 2nd generation drugs. Not sedative drugs. They have a small list of side effects, give a big load on the heart. Do not affect mental or physical activity. Antiallergic drugs of the second generation are often prescribed for the appearance of a rash, itching.
4. 1st generation drugs. Sedative drugs that last up to several hours. Well eliminate the symptoms of allergies, but have many side effects, contraindications. From their use always tends to sleep. At the present time, such drugs are prescribed very rarely.

New generation antiallergic drugs

It is not possible to list all the drugs in this group. Let's take a look at some of the best ones. This list opens with the following drug:

• name: Fexofenadine (analogues - Allegra (Telfast), Fexofast, Tigofast, Altiva, Fexofen-Sanovel, Kestin, Norastemizol);
• action: blocks H1-histamine receptors, relieves all allergy symptoms;
• pluses: acts quickly and for a long time, is available in tablets and suspensions, is well tolerated by patients, does not have too many side effects, is dispensed without a prescription;
• cons: not suitable for children under six years of age, pregnant women, nursing mothers, incompatible with antibiotics.

Another drug that deserves attention:

• name: Levocetirizine (analogues - Aleron, Zilola, Alerzin, Glenset, Aleron Neo, Rupafin);
• action: antihistamine, blocks H1 receptors, reduces vascular permeability, has antipruritic and antiexudative effects;
• pluses: there are tablets, drops, syrup on sale, the drug acts in just a quarter of an hour, there are not many contraindications, there is compatibility with many drugs;
• cons: a wide range of strong side effects.

• name: Desloratadine (analogues - Lordes, Allergostop, Alersis, Fribris, Edem, Eridez, Alergomax, Erius);
• action: antihistamine, antipruritic, decongestant, relieves rash, runny nose, nasal congestion, reduces bronchial hyperactivity;
• pluses: the new generation allergy medicine is well absorbed and works quickly, relieves allergy symptoms for a day, does not have a negative effect on the central nervous system and reaction rate, does not harm the heart, joint use with other drugs is allowed;
• cons: not suitable for pregnancy and lactation, prohibited for children under 12 years of age.

Antihistamine 3 generations

The following drug is popular and has many good reviews:

• name: Desal (analogues - Ezlor, Nalorius, Elyseus);
• action: antihistamine, relieves swelling and spasms, relieves itching, rash, allergic rhinitis;
• pluses: it is available in tablets and solution, does not give a sedative effect and does not affect the rate of reactions, it works quickly and acts for about a day, it is quickly absorbed;
• cons: bad effect on the heart, many side effects.

Experts respond well to this drug:

• name: Suprastinex;
• action: antihistamine, prevents the appearance of allergic manifestations and facilitates their course, helps with itching, peeling, sneezing, swelling, rhinitis, lacrimation;
• pluses: it is available in drops and tablets, there is no sedative, anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effect, the drug acts in an hour and continues to work for a day;
• cons: there are a number of strict contraindications.

The group of third-generation drugs also includes the following:

• name: Ksizal;
• action: pronounced antihistamine, not only relieves allergy symptoms, but also prevents their occurrence, reduces the permeability of vascular walls, fights sneezing, lacrimation, edema, urticaria, inflammation of the mucous membranes;
• pluses: sold in tablets and drops, does not have a sedative effect, is well absorbed;
• cons: has a wide list of side effects.

2nd generation antiallergenic drugs

A well-known series of drugs, represented by tablets, drops, syrups:

• name: Zodak;
• action: prolonged anti-allergic, helps against itching, skin peeling, relieves swelling;
• pluses: subject to dosages and rules of administration, it does not cause drowsiness, quickly begins to act, is not addictive;
• cons: prohibited for pregnant women and children.

The next second generation drug:

• name: Cetrin;
• action: antihistamine, well helps with edema, hyperemia, itching, peeling, rhinitis, urticaria, reduces capillary permeability, relieves spasms;
• pluses: there are drops and syrup on sale, low cost, lack of anticholinergic and antiserotonin effects, if the dosage is observed, it does not affect concentration, is not addictive, side effects are extremely rare;
• cons: there are a number of strict contraindications, an overdose is very dangerous.

Another very good drug in this category:

• name: Lomilan;
• action: systemic blocker of H1 receptors, relieves all allergy symptoms: itching, peeling, swelling;
• pluses: does not affect the heart and central nervous system, is completely excreted from the body, helps to overcome allergies well and quickly, suitable for continuous use;
• cons: many contraindications and side effects.

Means of the 1st generation

Antihistamines of this group appeared a very long time ago and are now used less often than others, however, they deserve attention. Here is one of the most famous:

• name: Diazolin;
• action: antihistamine, blocker of H1 receptors;
• pluses: gives an anesthetic effect, acts for a long time, helps well with dermatosis with itchy skin, rhinitis, cough, food and drug allergies, insect bites, is cheap;
• cons: there is a moderately pronounced sedative effect, many side effects, contraindications.

This one also belongs to the drugs of the 1st generation:

• name: Suprastin;
• action: anti-allergic;
• pluses: available in tablets and ampoules;
• cons: a pronounced sedative effect, the effect does not last long, there are a lot of contraindications, side effects.

The last member of this group:

• name: Fenistil;
• action: histamine blocker, antipruritic;
• pluses: available in the form of a gel, emulsion, drops, tablets, relieves skin irritation well, relieves pain a little, inexpensive;
• cons: the effect after application passes quickly.

Allergy pills for children

Most antihistamines have strict age contraindications. The question would be quite reasonable: how to treat very small allergies, who suffer at least as often as adults? As a rule, children are prescribed drugs in the form of drops, suspensions, and not tablets. Means approved for the treatment of infants and persons under 12 years of age:

• Diphenhydramine;
• Fenistil (drops are suitable for babies older than a month);
• Peritol;
• Diazolin;
• Suprastin (suitable for babies);
• Clarotadine;
• Tavegil;
• Tsetrin (suitable for newborns);
• Zyrtec;
• Claricens;
• Cinnarizine;
• Loratadine;
• Zodak;
• Claritin;
• Erius (allowed from birth);
• Lomilan;
• Fenkarol.

Mechanism of action of antihistamines

Under the action of an allergen, an excess of histamine is produced in the body. When it is associated with certain receptors, negative reactions are caused (edema, rash, itching, runny nose, conjunctivitis, etc.). Antihistamines reduce the release of this substance into the blood. In addition, they block the action of H1-histamine receptors, thereby preventing them from binding and reacting with histamine itself.

Side effects

Each drug has its own list. The specific list of side effects also depends on which generation the remedy belongs to. Here are a few of the most common:

• headache;
• drowsiness;
• confusion;
• decreased muscle tone;
• fast fatiguability;
• constipation;
• concentration disorders;
• blurred vision;
• abdominal pain;
• dizziness;
• dry mouth.

Contraindications

Each antihistamine drug has its own list, specified in the instructions. Almost every one of them is forbidden to be taken by pregnant girls and nursing mothers. In addition, the list of contraindications for therapy may include:

• individual intolerance to the components;
• glaucoma;
• stomach or duodenal ulcer;
• prostate adenoma;
• obstruction of the bladder;
• childhood or old age;
• diseases of the lower respiratory tract.

Best Allergy Remedies

TOP 5 most effective drugs:

1. Erius. A fast-acting medicine that well eliminates a runny nose, itching, rashes. It's expensive.
2. Eden. Drug with desloratadine. Does not give a hypnotic effect. It copes well with lacrimation, itching, swelling.
3. Zyrtec. A drug based on cetirizine. Fast acting and efficient.
4. Zodak. An excellent allergy medicine that instantly eliminates symptoms.
5. Tsetrin. A drug that rarely gives side effects. Quickly eliminates allergy symptoms.

The price of antihistamines

All medicines are available for purchase, and you can easily choose the most suitable one. Sometimes they give good discounts on funds. You can buy them in pharmacies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, order their delivery by mail in online pharmacies. For an approximate price range for antihistamines, see the table:

Name of the drug, form of release, volume	Approximate cost in rubles
Suprastin, tablets, 20 pcs.
Zyrtec, drops, 10 ml
Fenistil, drops, 20 ml
Erius, tablets, 10 pcs.
Zodak, tablets, 30 pcs.
Claritin, tablets, 30 pcs.
Tavegil, tablets, 10 pcs.
Cetrin, tablets, 20 pcs.
Loratadine, tablets, 10 pcs.

teacher

pharmacology of Guyan copper-

ANTI-ALLERGIC MEDICINES.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-ALLERGIC DRUGS.

1. Antihistamines: H-1 blockers.

2. Glucocorticoids.

3. Mast cell membrane stabilizers.

4.α-,β-agonists of direct action.

5. Calcium preparations.

1.Allergy- an immunopathological process, which is a consequence of a sensitized organism to the action of various substances with antigenic properties (allergens). Allergy-- excessive perverse reaction of the immune system to contact with a foreign substance. allergies these are allergic diseases of mild and moderate severity: urticaria, hay fever, Quincke's edema, bronchial asthma, serum sickness, allergic dermatitis, exanthema, photodermatosis.

Acute urticaria- immediate type reaction, this is a humoral reaction. Caused by drugs (penicillin, aspirin food (fish, nuts, eggs), environmental antigens (animal hair, dust, fungi), insect bites. Characterized by skin hyperemia, swelling, itching, blistering. Histamine plays a decisive role in the last link reactions Called within 15-20 minutes.

Pollinosis (hay fever) - caused by pollen from flowering plants. Clinical picture: swelling of the nasal mucosa, "sheet syndrome" (profuse rhinorrhea), lacrimation, headache, sometimes itching of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, palate at the beginning of flowering plants. In severe cases, coughing fits and asthmatic breathing may develop.

Allergic rhinitis-s combination of allergic rhinitis with sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea with conjunctivitis, laryngitis. Caused by fungal spores, animal dander, dust, plant pollen, airborne particles.

Allergic conjunctivitis- swelling and hyperemia of the conjunctiva, sometimes with profuse lacrimation, severe itching. On cosmetics, under the influence of irradiation of ultraviolet rays.

Serum sickness- immunocomplex reaction type 3. When an antigen enters the body, an antigen-antibody immune complex is formed, which settles on the walls of blood vessels, joints, symptoms appear 6-9 days after the body encounters the antigen. Characterized by fever, skin manifestations, swelling in the joints and lymph nodes, vasculitis. It is caused by drugs (penicillin, streptomycin, serum, radiopaque agents).

Quincke's edema angioedema, captures deep-lying tissues, including the skin and subcutaneous loose connective tissue. More often tissues of the back of the hands or feet, eyelids, lips, genitals, mucous membranes. Swelling of the upper airways (around the throat) can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Anaphylactic shock- immediate allergic reaction of the humoral type. It often develops after an injection of a drug or vaccine, sometimes with an insect bite in a matter of minutes. The patient experiences fear, anxiety, dizziness, accompanied by tinnitus, decreased hearing and vision, headache, feeling hot, itching, cold sweat, goosebumps. Experiencing a feeling of pressure, heaviness behind the sternum, pain in the heart, or pain in the abdominal cavity. Possible motor excitation or convulsions of the limbs, the pupils dilate. Blood pressure drops sharply, respiratory failure as a result of bronchospasm and laryngeal edema, without timely medical care, a person can die in 5-10 minutes (adrenaline, prednisone are administered). Anafil. shock can have a variety of clinical symptoms, depending on the localization of the stages of anaphylactic shock in the organs.

Cases of the development of anaphylactic shock in 30 minutes - 2 hours after ingestion of nuts, honey, strawberries, raspberries are described. Allergenic properties are expressed in antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, novocaine, vitamins B1 and B6, salicylates and pyrazolones (analgin, aspirin), more common allergic reactions.

REMEMBER: allergic reactions of varying severity up to shock can be caused by drugs used to treat allergies! There are cases with prednisolone, calcium chloride, pipolfen.

REMEMBER: under certain conditions any drug can cause the development of anaphylactic shock even with prolonged use.

REMEMBER: the medicinal product contains various excipients that do not have pharmacological activity, or combination preparations from medicinal substances --- they can also cause an allergic reaction.

Bronchial asthma- chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, causing a concomitant increase in hyperactivity

respiratory tract, leading to episodic bouts of bronchospasm, expiratory dyspnea (difficulty exhaling), the development of asthmatic status, threatening the life of the patient. Inductors in a sensitized organism are household allergens (household dust, animal hair and dander, fungal allergen, bed mites), external allergens (plant pollen), medicines (aspirin), chemical compounds (chloramine, rosin, washing powder, formaldehyde and etc.).

"Triggers" (provocative factors) are inducers, respiratory infections, weather conditions, physical activity, drugs from the group of β-blockers. A decisive role in the development of bronchial asthma is played by mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes. Consider the mechanism of development of the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. There are 3 stages:

Stage 1: Immunopathological.

An allergen (antigen) enters the body, has a foreign protein structure for the body. B- and T-lymphocytes (these are types of immunocompetent cells in the submucosal and mucous layer of the bronchi) study the antigen, take a “cast” of the structure from it and turn into plasma cells (plasmocytes), “antibody factories”, which synthesize antibodies to it, able to neutralize the antigen by combining with it. Until the re-entry of the antigen (allergen) in the body, no clinical signs of allergies appear. See fig.1.

Antagonism" href="/text/category/antagonizm/" rel="bookmark">by antagonists of allergy mediators.

Histamine antagonists or antihistamines, or histamine H-1 blockers. Preparations: diphenhydramine, suprastin, diprazine, fencarol, astemizole, loratadine, allergodil and others;

Leukotriene antagonists: montelukast, zafirlukast;

Bradykinin antagonists: parmidin.

3.Drugs that prevent the release of mediators of allergy and inflammation from mast cells.

Mast cell membrane stabilizers: ex. cromoglycic acid. Preparations: intal (cromolyn sodium), cromohexal, nalcrom, haikrom, nedo-cromil (Tyled) and others;

Mast cell membrane stabilizers with a different chemical structure: ketotifen. With a less pronounced effect in eufillin, β-2-agonists. In bronchial asthma, they are used more often by inhalation (intal, ketotifen, β-2-agonists.)

4. Functional antagonists of allergy mediators or symptomatic therapy.

4.1. anticongestants (decongestants) or vasoconstrictors:

--α-2-adrenergic agonists: naphthyzinum, xylometazoline, nazivin, ephedrine, sunoref ointment. Drops in the nose, eyes with allergic rhinitis, hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis. "Sunoref" --- ointment for the nose.

Vasoconstrictor α-1-agonists: mezaton, fetanol for injection in anaphylactic shock to increase blood pressure.

Vasoconstrictor α-and β-agonists (norepinephrine and adrenaline hydrochloride) or sympathomimetics (ephedrine) to increase blood pressure, relieve bronchospasm;

Mimetic bronchodilators: epinephrine, ephedrine, β-2-salbutamol, fenoterol.

Long-acting β-2-agonists: formatrol, salmeterol.

Glucocorticoids (prednisolone, fluocinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone,

dexamethasone, beclomethasone) have a powerful immunosuppressive effect on allergic processes, membrane-stabilizing effect, bronchodilator, anti-edematous effect;

5.Auxiliary means.

Calcium preparations: calcium chloride, calcium gluconate and lactate for various allergies. The anti-allergic effect is associated with the sealing of the vascular wall and the reduction of tissue edema, the stabilization of the mast cell membrane. When administered intravenously, they cause a feeling of heat due to the release of histamine from mast cells --- "locking effect" leads to the depletion of mast cells.

6.Means used to suppress immune responses of a delayed type with cytotoxic reactions.

Immunosuppressants, cytostatics: chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, krizanol.

ANTIHISTAMINES.

Block histamine H-receptors. They are divided into H-1 and H-2 receptors, respectively, antihistamines are called H-1 blockers and H-2 blockers. Consider the localization of histamine receptors and their effects during excitation according to table No. 1.

H-1 RECEPTORS and the effects of histamine	H-2 RECEPTORS and the effects of histamine.
Smooth muscles of the intestine; Smooth muscle. bronchi; Smooth muscle. urinary bubble; Capillaries, vessels; Mucous membranes of the nose.	Glands of the stomach; Salivary glands; The muscles of the uterus.
Muscle contraction intestines; contraction of the bronchi; Bladder contraction; Expansion of blood vessels, capillaries, decrease in blood pressure; increased penetration vascular stiffness, edema, hyperemia, feeling of heat, itching; Rhinorrhea (increased nasal mucus), swelling of the nose, sneezing.	Increasing secretion gastric juice; Increased salivation; Decreased tone of the uterus.

Table number 1.

Antagonists or blockers of histamine receptors cause opposite effects. H-2 blockers (ranitidine, famotidine) are used to treat hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis, accompanied by severe heartburn. They inhibit the secretion of acid and pepsin, are considered antisecretory agents.

H-1-BLOCKERS.

Medicines with antiallergic action, eliminate the effects of histamine. They are divided into 1st and 2nd generation. See table. No. 2.

1st GENERATION	2nd GENERATION.
Diphenhydramine; Suprastin; Pipolfen; Diazolin; Tavegil; Fenkarol; Hydroxyzine (atarax).	Loratadine (Claritin); Desloratadine (erius); cetirizine; Fexofenadine (Telfast).
They pass the BBB, have a sedative or hypnotic or other effect on the central nervous system. Possess antispasmodic, hypotensive or other effects. Short duration. Many can be small children.	They do not pass or pass the BBB poorly, do not have a sedative and psychotropic effect. Prolonged drugs. Not suitable for pregnant women and small children under 2 years of age.

H-1 blockers potentiate the effects of CNS depressants narcotic, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, hypnotics, antipsychotics, ethyl alcohol, sedatives), except for diazolin.

1st generation of H-1-histamine blockers.

Dimedrol.Dimedrolum. action substance diphenhydramine.

Release form: 1). tablets, powders, 0.02-0.03-0.05 g each. 3-4 times a day;

2) rectal suppositories with diphenhydramine, 0.01-0.02-0.015-0.005 gr;

3).solution 1% - 1ml for injection s / c, vn / mice, iv.

Children's dosages are from 0.005 to 0.05 grams.

Effects: local anesthetic (numbness in the mouth), antiallergic (antipruritic, decongestant, etc.), sedative, hypnotic in large doses, antiemetic, slight antispasmodic and even hypotensive due to ganglioblocking effect. The effects of diphenhydramine are not only due to the blockade of H-1 receptors, but also due to the blockade of H-(nicotinic) and M-cholinergic receptors.

P: Mild to moderate allergies (serum sickness, urticaria, hay fever), insect bites, allergic drug reactions, pruritic dermatoses, o. and chron. eczema.

PE: Drowsiness, lethargy, dizziness, dry mouth, dyspepsia. disorders (constipation or diarrhea), daytime weakness, difficulty urinating, allergic reactions. Rarely: oppression of hematopoiesis.

ETC: Increased sensitivity, acute asthma attack, pregnancy, newborns up to 2 months, be careful with prostate adenoma, glaucoma. It is impossible for drivers during work or for people with a profession that requires increased attention and reaction (mental and motor). Cannot be used with alcohol.

1% solution of Diphenhydramine is administered with 50% solution of analgin and 2% solution of novocaine together with pains vn / mice. often in a hospital (analgesic mixture"), while both analgin and novocaine often cause allergic reactions.

Suprastin.suprastinum. action substance is chloropyramine.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025 g. adults inside during meals 3-4 times a day. 2) 2.5% solution, 2 ml vn / mouse. or intravenously in saline for severe anaphylactic and allergic reactions.

Children from 1 to 12 months	1/4 tab.	Accept during 2-3 times a day.
Children from 1 year to 6 years	1/3 tab.

effects Suprastin has a pronounced antipruritic, antihistamine, antispasmodic effect and sedative due to the M-cholinergic blocking effect.

Suprastin increases the binding of histamine to plasma proteins and reduces its release from mast cells. It is advisable to appoint

when using histamine liberators, which increase

release of histamine from mast cells.

P: Various moderate, severe and mild allergies, skin diseases (neurodermatitis, contact dermatitis), etc.

PE: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, incoordination, dry mouth are possible.

ETC: Similar to diphenhydramine, additionally: not for children under 1 month old, with peptic ulcer in the acute phase, simultaneous use of MAO inhibitors.

Tavegil.Tavegilum. Synonym for clemastine.

Release form: 1). Tablets by 0.001 gr.

retard tablets contain 0.0025gr. №20.

Adults and children over 12 years old.	according to 1 tab.	Accept 2 times a day morning and evening before meals drinking water.
Children from 6 to 12 years old.	1/2 - 1 tab.
Children aged 1 to 6 years.	individually doctor chooses.

effects tavegila: sedative, slight antispasmodic, pronounced antiallergic and antipruritic effect, characterized by a rapid onset and a significant duration of up to 12 hours. It is advisable to use in the treatment of short-term allergic reactions, such as food or drug allergies.

P: various allergies.

PE: Similar to suprastin and diphenhydramine, palpitations, arrhythmia and a decrease in blood pressure were rarely observed in older people.

ETC: Children under 1 year old, not allowed with MAO inhibitors, lactation, during pregnancy strictly according to the doctor's indications. Not allowed with alcohol; it is impossible for people with a profession that requires increased attention and reaction during work.

Fenkarol. Phencarolum. The active substance is chifenadine hydrochloride.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025-0.05 grams.

Adults	2 tablets 3-4 times a day.	After
Children over 12 years old to 18 years old	1 table 2-3 times a day.
Children from 7 to 12 years old	By 0.01-0.015 gr. 2-3 times a day.
3 to 7 years old	By 0.01 gr. 2 times a day.
2 to 3 years	0.05 gr. 2-3 times a day.

Effects and Benefits phencarol: anti-allergic and antipruritic, unexpressed sedative effect due to poor penetration through the BBB, due to some M-anticholinergic effect, a slight antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi and intestines, blocks H-1 and H-2 receptors of the gastric glands , thereby providing local protection of the gastric mucosa in case of food allergies. Reduces vascular permeability and reduces the hypotensive effect caused by histamine, a slight antiserotonin effect and an antiarrhythmic effect on the myocardium --- the sum of protective effects on the cardiovascular system! Therefore, it is advisable to use for the prevention of possible anaphylactic reactions to the introduction of a vaccine or drug for children and allergy sufferers. The positive quality of fenkarol has been established: it does not enhance the inhibitory effect on the central nervous system of alcohol and hypnotics.

P: Various allergies: hay fever, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, food allergies, children before vaccination 3 days before, drug allergies, bronchial asthma, angioedema.

PE: Dry mouth, slight sedation, dyspeptic symptoms.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, drivers or people with a profession that requires attention, mental and motor reactions; period of breastfeeding, severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, liver and kidneys, peptic ulcer of the stomach and 12 duodenal ulcer. During pregnancy (especially in the 1st trimester), use carefully strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Diprazine.Diprazinum. The active substance is promethazine.

Synonym for pipolfen.

Release form: 1). Dragee 0.025-0.05 grams at night or 2 times a day before meals.

2). 0.025% solution for injections of 2 ml for vn / mice. injections.

The drug passes the BBB, depresses the central nervous system, blocks H-1 receptors, α-adrenergic receptors, serotonin, cholinergic receptors.

Effects of diprazine: antiallergic, antipruritic, antiemetic, hypnotic and sedative action. Also hypotensive, hypothermic in doses above average. Diprazine reduces the excitability of the vestibular system, inhibits the functions of the labyrinth and trigger zones of the medulla oblongata, therefore, is prescribed for dizziness and nausea during travel, Meniere's disease.

Adults with allergies vestibular disorders	1 tab. (25 mg) 1 time per night or 2 times a day. WFD=150mg (for adults).	Before meals!
Adults for prevention nausea and vomiting.	25mg every 4-6 hours
Children over 10 years old, teenagers	5-20mg 1-3 times per day
Children 5-10 years old	5-15mg 1-3 times per day
Children 2-5 years old	5-10mg 1-3 times a day
Children from 2 months to 14 years old intramuscularly injected solution	0.5mg-1mg per kg of body weight child 3-5 times a day.

Diazolin is used in lytic mixtures to potentiate anesthesia, the doses of analgesics and anxiolytics are reduced. It is advisable to use diprazine in situations where a combination of anti-allergic and sedative effects is necessary: ​​pre - or postoperative period, burn disease.

P: Various allergies, excruciating itching, angioedema, prevention and relief of vomiting, nausea during and after anesthesia,

with analgesics in the mixture, Meniere's disease, dizziness, tone while traveling by transport.

PE: Drowsiness, anxiety, dry mouth, in young children, increased sleep apnea, dyspeptic disorders, hematopoiesis suppression (rare cases), decreased blood pressure, tachycardia or bradycardia, allergic reactions, difficulty urinating, extrapyramidal disorders when taking high doses.

ETC: Children under 2 months of age, infants under 2 years of age should not be taken orally, during lactation and pregnancy. Hypersensitivity, alcohol poisoning, intoxication with drugs that depress the central nervous system. Do not use with MAO inhibitors, alcohol, with vomiting in children of unspecified genesis. It is impossible for drivers, people with a profession that requires attention and reaction.

Very caution in young children, the elderly due to the risk of side effects and sleep apnea in children. Caution in patients with prostate adenoma, glaucoma, epilepsy, Raynaud's disease, SARS, blood diseases.

Diazolin.Diazolinum. The active substance is mebhydrolin.

Release form: 1). dragee 0.01g. inside after meals 1-2 times a day. Children ½ or 1/4 tablet per reception.

Poorly penetrates the BBB, does not cause a pronounced sedative and hypnotic effect. Weakly blocks M-cholinergic receptors, which means it does not have an antispasmodic effect. The effect can last up to 48 hours.

Effects: Antiallergic and antipruritic action, antiexudative.

P: Allergic reactions with excruciating itching, runny nose: hay fever and allergic rhinitis seasonal and chronic, urticaria, eczema, insect bites. In combination therapy of bronchial asthma, itchy dermatoses.

PE: In high doses, dry mouth, drowsiness, dyspeptic symptoms: heartburn, nausea, epigastric pain, difficulty urinating. Rarely - oppression of a hemopoiesis. Children have paradoxical reactions in the form of irritability, insomnia, tremors.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute phase, inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, prostate adenoma, epilepsy, angle-closure glaucoma, arrhythmias, pyloric stenosis, drivers and people with a profession that requires attention and reaction,

Caution in pregnancy and kidney and liver disease with impaired function.

Hydroxyzine.Hydroxyzinum. Synonym for Atarax.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025 g. 2). Syrup, contains in 1 ml = 0.05 g.

3). Solution for injection vn/mice. in 1 ml = 50 mg.

Passes the BBB, blocks the central H-1-histamine receptors, M-cholinergic receptors, inhibits the subcortical structures of the central nervous system.

Effects: pronounced sedative and moderate tranquilizing effect, improves memory and attention. The anti-allergic effect occurs 1 hour after ingestion and lasts from 20 hours or more, depending on age and liver diseases. Therefore, the drug is used 1 time per day or 1 time in two days. Adults are prescribed in psychiatry up to 300 mg per day, in general practice -25-100 mg per day. Children are prescribed taking into account body weight and age. From 1 year to 6 years 1-2.5 mg per day per kg of body weight in divided doses.

P: Relief of anxiety, psychomotor agitation, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, premedication, postoperative period, itching.

PE: Drowsiness, weakness, neurological disorders (headache, dizziness), urinary retention, dyspeptic disorders, tachycardia, dry mouth.

ETC: Pregnancy, lactation, hypersensitivity, porphyria.

REMEMBER! Many drugs have an antihistamine effect: ketotifen with a membrane-stabilizing effect, donormil from the group of hypnotics.

2nd generation H-1-histamine blockers.

Loratadine.Loratadinum. Synonyms: Claritin, Erolin, Klargotype.

Release form:.

1). Syrup 5 (10) mg in 1 teaspoon.

2). Tablets are simple and effervescent, 0.01g each

It is taken orally before meals 1 time per day, after dissolving the effervescent tablets in a glass of water, simple tablets are well washed down with water before meals.

Adults and children over 12 years old (weighing more than 30kg)	10mg(1table) or 2 teaspoons of syrup 5 mg.	Inside 1 time per day before meals
Children aged from 2 to 12 years	5 mg (1/2 table) or 1 teaspoon of syrup.	Inside 1 time per day before meals.
Adults with hepatic or renal insufficiency (Cl creatinine< 30мл/мин).	Initial dose of 10mg every other day or 5mg daily.	Inside every other day, or in a minimum dose daily.

Effects: antiallergic, antiexudative and antipruritic.

It develops in 1-3 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. BBB does not pass.

P: Allergic rhinitis, hay fever, urticaria, angioedema,

bronchial asthma, insect bites causing allergic reactions, pseudo-allergic reactions to histamine liberators.

PE: Neurological reactions: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, impaired concentration, agitation (in children), tremor, paresthesia, dry mouth, dyspeptic disorders, jaundice, anorexia, nasal congestion, sneezing, bronchospasm, arthralgia, myalgia, palpitations, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, dysmenorrhea, allergic reactions, etc.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, children under 2 years of age, breastfeeding in women (lactation), drivers and people with a profession that requires attention and reaction.

REMEMBER: Histamine blockers have more undesirable side effects on almost all body systems in the presence of a highly effective anti-allergic effect compared to 1st generation drugs.

Desloratadine.Desloratadinum. Synonym for Erius.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.005 g. Adults inside, at the same time, 1 time per day, without chewing, drinking water, it is possible during meals.

2). Syrup containing in 1 ml = 0.0005 g. For children and teenagers.

The action occurs in 30 minutes, lasts 24 hours. The effects are similar as it is an active metabolite of loratadine. Difference: rapid onset of anti-allergic action and can be used with meals.

Cetirizine.Cetirizinum. Synonymous with "Zirtek", "Allertek", "Cetrin", "Zyncet".

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.01 g. cetirizine. 2). Drops for oral administration. 3). Syrup, contains 5 ml = 5 mg or 10 mg of cetirizine.

Adults and children over 6 years old	10 mg 1 time per day or 5 mg twice a day	inside regardless of food intake
Children from 2 to 6 years old	2.5 mg 1 time per day (5 drops), sometimes 2 times a day.
Children over 6 years old with dysfunction liver and kidneys.	Up to 5 mg per day per reception.

Effects: Antiallergic, antipruritic and antiexudative action due to the blockade of peripheral H-1 receptors, reduces skin and vascular reactions to histamine: edema, hyperemia, blistering, alleviates the symptoms of allergic reactions caused by histamine. It inhibits the release of allergy mediators, inhibits the migration of eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils in response to the introduction of an allergen, inhibits the activity of histamine inducers, and much more.

The action of cetirizine occurs 1-2 hours after ingestion. The duration of the antiallergic effect in adults is 24 hours, in children and newborns up to 12 hours.

P: Various chronic and seasonal allergies, pruritus, eczema.

PE: Neurological disorders (similar to loratadine), drowsiness (14%), fatigue (6%), ototoxicity, tinnitus, deafness, eye hemorrhage, dyspeptic disorders: taste perversion, anorexia, inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bleeding from the rectum, palpitations, hypertension, allergic reactions, bronchitis, respiratory tract infection, skin manifestations, abnormal liver function, etc.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, including to hydroxyzine, pregnancy, lactation, children under 2 years of age (up to 6 years in case of impaired renal and hepatic function), carefully in old age strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Fexofenadine.Fexofenadinum. Synonym for "Telfast".

Release form: 1). Suspension for oral administration.

2). Tablets of 0.12 grams or 0.18 grams in a shell. Inside adults and children over 12 years of age, 60 mg 2 times a day, with seasonal allergic rhinitis 120 mg 1 time per day, chronic idiopathic urticaria 180 mg 1 time per day.

Effects: Antiallergic and membrane-stabilizing mast cells. Fexofenadine selectively blocks peripheral histamine H-1 receptors. The drug inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from fibroblasts, reduces the basal expression of adhesion molecules, no development of tolerance was noted when used for 28 days. The effect occurs an hour after administration, reaches a maximum after 2-3 hours and lasts for 12 hours or more. Side effects are mild and rare.

P: Allergic rhinitis vasomotor and seasonal, hay fever, angioedema, urticaria.

PE: Neurological disorders: headache, rarely dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, dyspepsia, rhinorrhea, susceptibility to SARS, hematopoietic depression.

ETC: Increased sensitivity, children under 12 years of age. During pregnancy, breastfeeding is used strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Glucocorticoids.

Hormonal drugs that are identical in action to the hormones-glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex. GLA (natural hormone hydrocortisone) affects carbohydrate, protein, fat and, to a lesser extent, mineral metabolism. Possess pronounced immunosuppressive effect : suppress both immediate-type immune reactions (anaphylactic shock, angioedema, skin manifestations, etc.), and delayed-type immune manifestations associated with the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues, the formation of killer lymphocytes, response to transplanted tissue antigens, etc. Therefore, they are classified as immunosuppressants. Glucocorticoids prevent and suppress inflammatory reactions, regardless of the cause that caused them (mechanical, chemical, radiation, infectious, immunological tissue damage): pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. GLA inhibits not only the early manifestations of the inflammatory process: edema, capillary dilation, fibrin deposition, migration of leukocytes to the area of ​​inflammation, phagocytic activity; with continued therapy, they also suppress the late proliferative phase of inflammation: ingrowth of capillaries, proliferation of fibroblasts, synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides of the interstitial substance, and in the final phase of inflammation, scarring. GLA inhibit the formation of mediators of allergic reactions in leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages - monocytes, inhibiting their activation by antigens, the release of interleukins 1 and 2, prostaglandins, leukotrienes --- antiallergic action, coincides with the anti-inflammatory action in the early stages of allergic and inflammatory processes. Suppressing the activity and division of immunocompetent cells (mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, etc.), which secrete allergy and inflammation mediators, inhibit the development and growth of connective tissue cells, have a membrane-stabilizing effect on mast cells, reduce the secretion of bronchial glands by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, used to prevent allergies. Increase the sensitivity of β-2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchi to bronchodilator agonists (β-2-agonists). The sum of the effects of GLA leads to a decrease in bronchial hyperreactivity, so they are necessarily used to treat bronchial asthma, preferring aerosol dosage forms that are practically non-resorbable through the lungs (not absorbed into the blood). GLA is the most effective drugs for the relief and treatment of acute allergic reactions, shock conditions, since their main effects are: immunosuppressive, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, decongestant, membrane-stabilizing, antipruritic and anti-shock. GLA are indispensable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis, infectious and allergic diseases.

Preparations: prednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, budesonide, fluticasone.

Prednisolone (tablets). Synonym "Prednisol".

Prednisolone hemisuccinate.Prednisoloni hemisuccinatis.

Release form: 1) Tablets of 1-5-20 mg. Take in the morning, taking most of the dose early in the morning, in the afternoon the rest of the dose. 2). Powder for injection in ampoules of 25 mg. Intravenously or intramuscularly, previously dissolved with water for injection, in case of severe and acute allergies.

The average dose for adults is 5-60 mg per day, for children 0.4-2 mg per day in 3-4 doses.

P: Acute allergic reactions, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic, infectious-toxic shock, burn scab, thyrotoxic crisis, o. adrenal insufficiency, infectious-allergic myocarditis, rheumatism and deforming arthrosis, systemic and lupus erythematosus, o. hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, bronchial asthma.

PE: Edema, increased blood pressure, increased blood clotting or a tendency to thrombosis, increased blood sugar (steroid diabetes), leaching of calcium from the bones (osteoporosis), insomnia, excitability, virilization and amenorrhea in women, obesity, tendency to infections, syndrome " cancellation”, gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

ETC: Gastrointestinal ulcer, hypersensitivity, hypertension, steroid diabetes, thrombosis, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, renal failure, viral, fungal infections, tuberculosis, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation, steroid osteoporosis, thromboembolism, psychosis. Children under 6 years of age strictly according to the doctor's indication for cupping, children over 6 years of age strictly according to the doctor's indication.

Betamethasone. Synonym "Celeston", "Betazon", "Celestoderm", "Diprospan".

Betamethsonum.

Contains a fluorine atom, is a highly active hormonal drug, has the same effects as prednisolone.

Release form: 1). Ointment or cream is applied topically, applied in a thin layer 2-6 times a day until clinical improvement, then 2 times a day.

2). Eye and ear drops. Subconjunctival in an average dose of 2 mg.

3). Suspension "diprospan" for injection: adults and adolescents intravenously / bolus and slowly drip at 4-8 mg per day, then maintenance doses of 2-4 mg; or intramuscularly 4-6 mg (up to 9 mg) per day. It is injected intra-articularly, into the ganglia and soft tissues, the lesion, mixing, if necessary, with anesthetic solutions.

P: Various acute and chronic allergies, autoimmune diseases, shock conditions of various origins, systemic connective tissue diseases (arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, Bechterew's disease, myositis, lupus, etc.), cirrhosis of the liver, itching, pruritus, eczema, diaper rash, keratitis, iridocyclitis, iritis, dermatosis of the external auditory canal, breast and prostate cancer.

PE: The same.

ETC: Same as prednisone.

For the prevention of bronchospasm, reducing bronchial hyperreactivity, aerosols of the 1st and 2nd generations of GLA are used.

Ointments, creams should not be applied to ulcerative and wound surfaces, to the edges of wounds, as they prevent healing and scarring.

Dexamethasone.Dexamethasonum. Synonym for Dexon.

Release form: 1). Eye drops with suspension. In the first days in case of acute inflammatory diseases, the eyes are instilled 1-2 drops 4-5 times a day for 2 days, then 3-4 times a day for 4-6 days.

In chronic conditions, instill 2 times a day, 1-2 drops.

It is part of the combined drops for the treatment of the outer and middle ear "Polydex".

P: O. and hr. allergic, inflammatory processes of the eyeball of the anterior and posterior parts of the eye: conjunctivitis, scleritis, deep keratitis without damage to the epithelium, choroiditis, retinitis, optic neuritis, uveitis, conditions after trauma and surgery (not earlier than 7 days after injury or surgery), chemical and thermal burns in the later period.

PE: Burning sensation, conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, increased intraocular pressure.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, viral, bacterial and fungal infections of the eyes, glaucoma, violation of the integrity of the cornea of ​​​​the eye. It should not be used by drivers and people whose profession is associated with increased concentration of attention.

PRECAUTIONS: remove eye soft contact lenses before use; install no earlier than 15 minutes. Intraocular pressure should be measured and the condition of the cornea should be monitored.

Budesonide. Synonym for "budesonide", "benacort", "budenofalk".Budesonidum.

1000 times stronger than cortisol (a natural hormone) when applied locally to the focus of inflammation or allergic manifestations, when administered subcutaneously 40 times, when taken orally 25 times more active than cortisol.

Release form: 1). Powder for inhalation, the dose is selected for an adult individually, taking into account the severity of the disease. Adults: 200-800mcg per day, sometimes up to 1600mcg per day. Children, depending on age. 2). Drops in the nose: intranasally, 2-3 drops in each nasal passage for adults for 10-14 days. 3). Capsules whole inside: 30 minutes before meals, 3 mg 3 times a day, washed down well with water.

P: Bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, Crohn's disease.

PE: Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, dry mouth, paradoxical bronchospasm, vasculitis, gastrointestinal ulcer, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, hypokalemia.

ETC: Lactation period, active form of tuberculosis, candidiasis, viral and bacterial infections, childhood, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma,

pregnancy (strictly under the supervision of a doctor in case of a threat to the life of a pregnant woman).
Beclomethasone dipropionate in aerosols of 200 doses, contains 1 dose of 50 mcg, or 100 mcg or 250 mcg. It is used inhalation for bronchial asthma, the dose is selected individually for the patient, depending on the severity and course of the disease, age. Basic therapy: 100-400 mcg 2 times a day with moderate bronchial asthma, with severe form from 800-1600 mcg per day in several doses, etc.

More active aerosols of the 2nd generation of GLA, 2-3 times stronger than beclomethasone and its analogues (beclocort, becotide), containing a fluorine atom in their molecule:

fluticasone, flunisolide . The segment "flu" means fluorine.

Fluticasone. Synonymous with "flixotide", "cutiveit", "flixonase".

Fluticasonum.

Release form: 1) Nasal spray: in the morning, 100 mcg (children under 12 years old, 50 mcg) in each nasal passage.

2). Aerosol for inhalation 2 times a day, 100-250 mcg for mild asthma, 250-500 mcg for moderate, and severe asthma, 500 mcg, respectively.

3) Cream or ointment is applied in a thin layer to the affected area of ​​the skin 2 times a day.

P: Allergic rhinitis, prevention of asthma exacerbations, eczema, nodular pruritus, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, insect bites, prickly heat, seborrheic dermatitis.

PE: Irritation of the nasopharynx, perforation of the nasal septum (nasal spray), paradoxical bronchospasm, allergic contact dermatitis.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, breastfeeding, acne, itching in the genital area, skin lesions of infectious origin, infancy up to 1 year, spray and aerosol for children under 4 years of age.

REMEMBER: ointments and creams are prescribed according to the doctor's indication for allergic and inflammatory lesions in the initial stage, they are prescribed for itching, provided that the skin is intact. Do not apply to open wounds, ulcers, edges of wounds and burns. Do not use for bacterial, fungal, viral skin lesions. According to the doctor's prescription, if necessary, ointments with GLA and antiseptics are used for treatment: "Lorinden-S" or "Lorinden-A".

REMEMBER: For GLA aerosols, use a spacer tip to minimize dispersion of aerosol droplets in the oral cavity, which leads to a decrease in mucosal immunity to fungal infection. If there is no spacer or aerosol is dispersed in the mouth ---- the patient should rinse the mouth and spit it out.

REMEMBER: GLA drops are widely used in the early stages of acute inflammatory or allergic processes in the eye and ear diseases. In the early days, to reduce inflammation, swelling, itching, it should be instilled more often up to 4-5 times a day, in the following days, as inflammation subsides, swelling is reduced, it is used less often 2-3 times a day. Long-term external dosage forms with GLA should not be used because of their pronounced immunosuppressive effect, the effect on connective tissue.

Mast cell membrane stabilizers.
They include derivatives of cromoglycic acid (cromoglycates ): intal, nalcrom, cromohexal, cromoglin, hycrom, nedocromil, lecrolin, cromogen, bicromat, ifaral. They are easily destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, absorbed into the blood about 1%, therefore, they are more often used topically (eye drops, nasal sprays) and inhalation, capsules are used for food allergies and some intestinal lesions. They give a quick anti-allergic effect, however, in the treatment of bronchial asthma (BA), a course of treatment should be followed.

Mechanism of action: they have the ability to block the entry of calcium ions into mast cells (according to some reports, they stimulate the release of calcium), leads to a locking effect of the membrane, degranulation of mast cells is suppressed, allergy mediators are located in the granules of mast cells and cannot go out through the membrane. Membrane stabilizers block the activity of the phosphodiesterase enzyme, which causes the breakdown of c-AMP, as a result of the accumulation of the c-AMP substrate of the bronchi

gradually relax. The drug also has a membrane-stabilizing effect. ketotifen, some β-2-agonists, aminofillin. Cromolyns are well tolerated and prescribed for the prevention of BA bronchospasm.

Intal.intal. Synonyms "kromoheksal", "kromoglin", "hykrom".

Contains cromoglycic acid.

Release form: 1). Capsules for inhalation of 0.02 grams, attached inhaler. Dissolve 1 capsule in solution for injection and inhale 3-4 times a day. 2) Eye drops 3). Spray nasal..

Effects: membrane-stabilizing and anti-allergic.

P: Prevention of bronchospasm (inhalation), acute and chronic allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis and hay fever (for plant pollen).

PE: When inhaled, irritation of the pharynx, larynx, rarely allergic reactions, dermatitis, malaise, insomnia, tinnitus, dyspeptic disorders, myositis, chest pain, vasculitis.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy (especially the 1st trimester), children under 2 years of age, lactation.

Ketotifen. Synonym for Zaditen. Ketotifen.

Release form: 1). Capsules or tablets of 1 mg or syrup for children. Take orally with meals for adults and children over 3 years old for the first 3-4 days, 1 mg in the evening, then 2 mg per day (1 mg in the morning and evening).

If necessary, the dose is increased to 4 mg per day. It should be used for more than 1-1.5 months to achieve a pronounced membrane-stabilizing effect. Effects of ketotifen: membrane-stabilizing, anti-allergic, antihistamine (H-1-blocking), anti-asthma.

P: Prevention of bronchospasm of any form of asthma, allergic bronchitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis.

PE: Sedation (lethargy, drowsiness, lethargy), dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, constipation, allergic skin reactions, thrombocytopenia and cystitis are rare.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation, children under 3 years (tablets) and syrup for children under 6 months.

PRECAUTIONS: It is impossible for people with a profession that requires attention and mental and motor reactions. Do not use in conjunction with oral antidiabetic drugs. Enhances the effect of drugs and ethanol that depress the central nervous system .

Calcium preparations.

In medicine, calcium chloride and calcium gluconate are used. Calcium compensates for the deficiency of calcium in the body, which is necessary for blood clotting, for contraction of muscles and myocardium, blood vessels, and for the formation of dental and bone tissue. Calcium reduces the permeability of cell membranes and the vascular wall, prevents the development of inflammatory reactions, increases the body's resistance to infections, and can significantly enhance phagocytosis. When administered intravenously, it stimulates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It enhances the secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal glands, providing a moderate diuretic effect.

calcium chloride.Calcium chloridum. Common list.

Release form:% solution of 10 ml for intravenous injection. injections on saline slowly.2). 5--10% oral solution after meals, 10-15 ml 2-3 times a day, children 5-10 ml per reception

P: Increased need for calcium (pregnancy, lactation), bleeding of various localization (uterine, intestinal, pulmonary, nasal), allergies and allergic manifestations, bronchial asthma, tetany, spasmophilia, osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, hepatitis, nephritis, eclampsia, poisoning with magnesium salts , oxalic and fluoric acid, psoriasis, weakness of labor activity, inflammatory and exudative processes (pneumonia, pleurisy, adnexitis, endometritis).

PE: When ingested, heartburn, pain in the epigastric region. With intravenous administration, a feeling of heat, flushing of the face, bradycardia, with rapid administration --- ventricular fibrillation of the heart.

ETC: Hypercalcemia, atherosclerosis, tendency to thrombosis.

REMEMBER! You can not enter subcutaneously and intramuscularly --- tissue necrosis is possible, high concentrations of the solution, starting from 5%, cause severe irritation of the subcutaneous tissues.

calcium gluconate available in tablets of 0.5 grams for adults, for children with cocoa at 0.25 grams, 5% solution with fruit syrup and 10% solution for intramuscular mice. and intravenous injections of 5 and 10 ml.

Assign adults 1-3 grams and more 2-3 times a day; children under 1 year old - 0.5 grams each; from 2 to 4 years --- 1g; from 5 to 6 years --- 1-1.5 grams; from 10 to 14 years old - 2-3 grams each. 2-3 times a day.

calcium lactate in tablets of 0.5 grams orally, 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day, previously dissolved in warm water.

The indications are the same as for calcium chloride.

Symptomatic remedies for allergic diseases. Read the definitions of allergies at the beginning and fix the main symptoms in your memory.

Decongestant local agents or anticongestants	α-2-agonists: naphthyzinum, galazolin, nazivin.	Nasal drops, sometimes in the eyes.	Allergic. rhinitis, pollinosis, conjunctivitis.
Hypertensive facilities	-α-1-agonist: 1% solution of mezaton; -α-and-β-agonists: 0.1% solution of adrenaline; Sympathomimetics: 5% solution of ephedrine.	Solutions for injections in / in and s / c.	Anaphylactic shock (low blood pressure).
Bronchodilators	-β-2-agonists: salbutamol, fenoterol, formoterol, salmeterol.	Aerosols, capsules for inhalation. powders for injection.	Bronchial asthma.
Adsorbents	Activated carbon, polyphepan, smecta.	Tablets, granules, powders inside.	Food, drug allergy (when the allergen gets inside).
Antipruritic, anti- body means	Hormonal preparations of glucocorticoids: hydrocortisone, betameson, "proctosedil", dexamethasone, etc.	Ointments, creams, eye and ear drops. Rectal capsules.	hives, eczema, Allergic dermatitis, skin itching, inflammation and swelling with itching after insect bites.

Allergy is the body's reaction to external irritating factors, such as household chemicals, pollen, drugs, household dust, and many others. Itching, runny nose, sneezing, tearfulness, various skin rashes are all signs of an allergy.

In the modern world, allergy pills are the most popular among people who suffer from such a problem. They are unable to independently remove the manifestations of allergic reactions, but can prevent their development.

In order not to harm yourself, it should be remembered that if the pathogen is still entering the body, then even the largest doses of the drug will not help stop this process and everything will be ineffective.

Allergy pills: list and prices

When choosing drugs, we ask ourselves the question: “Which pills for skin allergies are better?” To answer this question, you need to make sure that the main allergen is eliminated before taking any allergy remedy. If this does not happen, any drugs will not give the desired result, even if the dose is increased.

List of the most effective antiallergic pills:

• Lordestin;
• Erius;
• Loratadine;
• Fenkarol;
• Telfast;
• Diazolin;
• Zodak;
• Kestin.

Thanks to a wide range of anti-allergy tablets, you can choose any drug that suits you. The average price of such drugs is from 200 to 600 rubles. A variety of drugs allows you to purchase both a cheap analogue and the best of the latest generation.

1st generation antihistamines

Today, drugs in this group are practically not prescribed by doctors, but still we suggest studying the list:

1. Suprastin, Chloropyramine- the safest of the 1st group. Price 128.00 rub.
2. Tavegil - there are allergic reactions to its ingredients. Price 159.00 rub.
3. Diphenhydramine - affects the central nervous system. Price 75.00 rub.
4. Diazolin - irritates the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Price 69.00 rub.
5. Peritol - increases appetite.
6. Pipolfen - reduces intestinal motility.
7. Diprazil - affects the activity of the nervous system.
8. Phenkarol - low medicinal efficiency. Price 376.00 rub.

These drugs are currently used much less frequently than 2nd and 3rd generation drugs, since they have a number of side effects:

• dry mouth.
• excitation.
• constipation.
• decrease in visual acuity.
• depression of the central nervous system: drowsiness, inhibition of reaction, decreased concentration.

Suprastin and chloropamine are the only 1st generation drugs that continue to be popular because they do not cause strong cardiotoxic effects. However, we do not recommend their use, as there are more effective drugs.

2nd generation antihistamines

The second generation of drugs with antihistamine effect has been developed relatively recently. A significant advantage of these drugs is the absence of a negative effect on the central nervous system, that is, they do not cause drowsiness and lethargy.

The most popular second-generation drugs are

1. - a popular drug that is even for the elderly and for children from a year old. It acts quickly and for a long time, does not affect the functioning of the heart and does not have a sedative effect. Price 174.00 rub.
2. Semprex is a drug that combines high antihistamine and minimal sedative effects.
3. Trexil is the first second-generation allergy drug. It works effectively, but depresses the work of the CCC. Price 97.45 rubles.
4. Fenistil - allergy pills that do not cause drowsiness and sedation. Price 319.00 rub.
5. Gistalong is an effective drug in the fight against chronic allergies, as it has an antihistamine effect for up to three weeks.

When used in the treatment of children, Claritin is often prescribed, this medicine is approved for use in the treatment of diseases in infants and has the smallest group of possible side effects.

3rd generation antihistamines

To effectively combat allergies, the best third-generation drugs have been developed. They are the most progressive and perfect and help a lot. Such funds are not characterized by an effect on the work of the heart, as well as a negative effect on the central nervous system of a person. They are inherently active metabolites of second-generation drugs.

List and prices:

1. Telfast, a metabolite of terfenadine, also does not interact with other drugs, is not metabolized in the body, does not cause drowsiness and does not impair psychomotor functions. It is considered a safe and effective remedy among antihistamines. These allergy pills should not be taken by children under 6 years of age. Price 570.00 rub.
2. Fexofenadine is an analogue of the previous drug. It also does not affect the brain and nervous system, does not interact with drugs and alcohol, and is an effective and safe remedy. Price 281.79 rubles.
3. Cetirizine - effective for skin irritations. It is not metabolized in the body and quickly penetrates the skin, so it eliminates dermatitis well. Can be used in children over 2 years of age. Price 105.00 rub.
4. Zirtek - has practically no side effects, acts throughout the day (the effect occurs in about 1-2 hours). Since the substances of the drug are excreted by the kidneys, in case of kidney failure and other problems, the drug should be used carefully and under the supervision of a specialist. Price 199.00 rub.
5. - its use is possible in the treatment of both adult and small patients of an allergist, starting from the age of two. It is considered the safest and most effective remedy for relieving allergy symptoms. The drug does not depress the functioning of the central nervous system and practically does not cause a sedative effect. Price 164.00 rub.

Only a specialist can select and prescribe tablets against skin allergies. It should take into account existing diseases, as well as the manifestations and severity of allergies.

Last generation allergy pills: list

There are not many such drugs, however, the result of their use speaks for itself:

1. Erius contributes to the blocking of peripheral histamine receptors, as a result of which the whole cascade of negative reactions of the body is inhibited.
2. Zyrtec prevents the development, and greatly facilitates the course of an allergic reaction. In addition, the drug perfectly fights itching.
3. Telfast can be used for a long time without any harm to health. The action of the drug begins an hour after ingestion and reaches a maximum in about six hours.

Despite such positive qualities, the latest generation of anti-allergic tablets should be prescribed by a specialist. This will allow more effective treatment and not spend extra money on the purchase of unnecessary expensive drugs.

Glucocorticoids

They can be prescribed topically and systemically for very severe forms of allergies. Locally - in the form of ointments and gels, systemically - in the form of injections and tablets.

Taking glucocorticoids saves from allergies in most cases, because in essence they are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and have a powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect.

Hormonal drugs include:

1. Dexamethasone;
2. Beclamethasone.

Regardless of the drug that the patient uses, this should be done with extreme caution and in no case should you prescribe this or that medicine on your own. In the case of antihistamines, one can still guess, but self-administration of hormones in most cases ends up detrimental to health.

Allergy Treatment Program

When treating any allergic reaction on the skin, you need to adhere to a specific program of therapeutic measures:

1. Partial or absolute elimination of the intake of the causative agent of an allergic reaction in any possible way.
2. Limiting the influence of irritating factors (overheating, hypothermia, overdrying and waterlogging of the skin).
3. Avoiding those foods that can increase the risk of developing allergies. These include sweet foods, citrus fruits, dairy products, chocolate, and coffee;
4. Exclusion of excessive physical and mental overstrain.

It is advisable to use anti-allergy pills only when the impact of these factors is minimized - if this rule is not observed, the dose of drugs has to be constantly increased, but the expected effect cannot be obtained.