Burnt alum is obtained by heating aluminum-potassium alum at a temperature not exceeding 160 ° until 55% of the original weight remains. The remaining mass is ground into powder and sieved.
White powder; slowly and not completely soluble in water (1:30). When exposed to air, it slowly absorbs water.
Used for powders as an astringent and drying agent (with sweating feet, etc.).
Storage: in well-closed jars.
Rp,: Acidi salicylici 2.0 Aluminis usti Talci aa 50.0 M. D. S. Powder
Alum (Alumen)
Potassium aluminum sulfate. Alum aluminum-potassium.
Synonym: Aluminii et Kalii sulfas.
Colorless transparent crystals or white crystalline powder, weathered in air. Soluble in water (1:10), easily soluble in hot water, insoluble in alcohol. Contain 10.7% aluminum oxide.
The aqueous solution has an acidic reaction and a sweetish-astringent taste.
LIQUID DRILLING (Liquor Burovi)
8% aluminum acetate solution (Liquor aluminii acetatis 8%).
Prepared from alum (46.5 parts), calcium carbonate (14.5 parts), dilute acetic acid (39 parts) and water.
Colorless transparent liquid of acid reaction with a slight smell of acetic acid and a sweetish-astringent taste. It has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect; in high concentrations, it has moderate antiseptic properties.
LEAD ACETATE (Plumbi acetas)
Synonym: Plumbum aceticum.
Colorless transparent crystals with a slight acetic smell, Soluble in 2.5 parts of cold and 0.5 parts of boiling water.
Applied externally in the form of aqueous solutions (0.25-0.5%) as an astringent for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes.
Storage: List B. In well-closed jars.
DERMATOL (Dermatolurn)
Synonyms: Bismuthum subgallicum, Bismuth gallate basic, Bismuthi subgallas.
Amorphous lemon-yellow powder, odorless and tasteless, practically insoluble in water and alcohol. Let's dissolve at heating in mineral acids (with decomposition). Easily soluble in sodium hydroxide solution to form a yellow solution that quickly turns red in air.
Contains 52-56.5% bismuth oxide.
Xeroform (Xeroformium)
Fine amorphous powder of yellow color, with a slight peculiar smell. Practically insoluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. Contains 50-55% bismuth oxide.
Applied externally as an astringent, drying and antiseptic agent in powders, powders, ointments (3-10%).
Storage: in a container, protected from light and moisture.
Xeroform ointment (Unguentum Xeroformii).
BISMUTH NITRATE BASIC (Bismuthi subnitras)
Synonyms: Bismuthum nitricum basicum, Bismuthum subnitricum, Magisterium bismuthi.
White amorphous or fine crystalline powder. Practically insoluble in water and alcohol, freely soluble in hydrochloric acid.
It is used as an astringent and partly an antiseptic for gastrointestinal diseases (gastric and duodenal ulcers, enteritis, colitis).
Potentilla rhizome (Rhizoma Tormentillae)
Harvested in autumn, washed and dried rhizomes of a wild Potentilla plant (dubrovka, wild galangal, uzik), fam. rosaceae (Rosaceae).
Contains a large amount of tannins, as well as resin, gum, pigment and other substances.
Applied as a decoction (1 tablespoon of crushed rhizomes per cup of boiling water) inside (1 tablespoon 3 times a day) for diarrhea, for rinsing - with stomatitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis.
Astringent action of medicinal plants is due to the physicochemical reaction that occurs when the binders contained in the plant come into contact with tissue fluids, intercellular substance and cells of the body. As a result, the cell membranes and the surface layer of the cellular protoplasm are compacted by an insoluble protein compound. The astringent action is characterized by reversible changes in the structure of proteins, the formation of sparingly soluble and low-permeability compounds.
In case of an overdose, a stronger manifestation of the astringent effect of the drug occurs, which leads to destructive changes in the entire cell or even tissues, which can cause an increase in local blood circulation, acceleration of cell division and an increase in tissue fluid (irritant effect) or, finally, necrosis of superficial, and sometimes more deep layers of cells and the complete destruction of the latter (cauterizing effect).
Action of binders contained in medicinal plants, as a rule, is short-lived. Under the influence of astringents, a seal forms on the surface of the cells, which protects the endings of sensory nerves from irritation, which leads to a weakening of the feeling of pain. When exposed to astringents, local vasoconstriction occurs, their permeability decreases and exudation processes decrease, and, consequently, the development of the inflammatory process slows down. Entering into combination with the proteins of microorganisms, astringents reduce their vital activity, i.e. cause a bacteriostatic effect.
Astringents are divided into two large groups:
1) containing tannins, tannin.
2) Inorganic compounds (metal binders) which include salts of aluminum and many heavy metals, including lead acetate, bismuth nitrate, aluminum alum, zinc oxide, zinc and copper sulfates, silver nitrate.
organic binders
The most important member of this group is tannic acid, or tannin, from others you can specify: oak-tannic acid, catechudic acid, quinodubic acid, coffee-tannic acid and many others, which got their name from the plants in which they are contained.
All of them have a characteristic tart and astringent taste. When they come into contact with mucous membranes or wound surfaces, the latter shrink (due to protein coagulation, cells become more compact, smaller), turn pale (reduction of the lumen of small vessels due to contraction of their muscles or from compression by surrounding tissues) and become dry (cessation of secretion of glandular cells and exudation of fluid from the vessels). This is especially pronounced on inflamed tissues, due to which exudation decreases, the release of leukocytes is limited or even stops, and suppuration decreases. When astringents come into contact with blood, its proteins fall out, and. Local application of astringents as anti-inflammatory and hemostatic is based on these properties. In addition, when applied topically, they also show a weak antiseptic effect.
Use of organic astringents in medicine
Astringents of plant origin usually taken externally for catarrhal, purulent and ulcerative lesions of the skin and mucous membranes.
They are used for the purpose of local action in cases of excessive secretion (with ulcers, stomatitis, gingivitis, diarrhea, etc.), in case of metal and alkaloid poisoning, and as hemostatic.
Astringents of natural origin are often used in inflammatory processes in the intestines as anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal and antimicrobial agents.
Astringent preparations taken orally cause a slowdown in peristaltic movements and a decrease in secretion, which leads to a thickening of the intestinal contents and its slower movement through the digestive tract. At the same time, reflex reactions are weakened and pain sensations are reduced.
Astringents are also used as deodorizing agents, since, by preventing rotting and changing rotten masses, they thus destroy the fetid odor.
Medicinal plants that have an astringent effect
Tannins have tanning properties and a characteristic astringent taste, they are found in the bark, wood, leaves, fruits (sometimes seeds, roots, tubers) of many plants - oak, chestnut, acacia, spruce, larch, Canadian hemlock, eucalyptus, tea, cocoa, pomegranate tree, persimmon and cinchona trees, sumac, quebracho and others; give leaves and fruits a tart taste. Tannins inhibit the growth of microorganisms pathogenic for many plants, protect plants from being eaten by animals.
However, not all astringent plants have an astringent taste.
According to their medicinal properties and use in medicine, astringent medicinal plants are divided into three groups:
Hemostatic to help stop bleeding. Typical hemostatic plants include hibiscus, oak, goldenseal (gold seal), mullein, nettle, turmeric, heart-leaved madder (manjishta), yarrow, blackhead, and saffron. Their taste is usually astringent or bitter, they improve metabolism, and purify the blood.
Fixing that stop the excessive excretion of waste products. Typical termination-promoting members of this group include gentian, blackberry, oak bark, red raspberry, water lily, lotus seed, sumac, and curly sorrel. To taste - astringent or bitter.
Plants with astringent action, stopping, blackhead, as well as honey are the most famous healing agents.
Healing herbs treat tissues damaged by cuts, wounds, burns, hemorrhages, etc. Usually they are used externally in the form of poultices and patches. Having a mostly astringent or sweet taste. However, they are not as effective for deep or extensive tissue damage. Many of them have a softening and soothing effect on the skin and mucous membranes. Some may contain vegetable slime.
Some herbs have three kinds of astringent at once, and because of this they have become known as herbs that heal all ailments. These include yarrow and blackhead.
These substances are able to coagulate proteins on the surface of the mucous membrane, in the area of wounds, ulcers. Coagulated proteins form a film that protects sensitive endings from the effects of local damaging factors.
Binder classification means is based on the chemical structure of drugs.
1. Organic astringents - tannin (halodubic acid - obtained from ink nuts - growths on young shoots of Asia Minor oak); preparations of plants containing tannin and other polybasic acids are infusions, decoctions, tinctures or extracts from oak bark, St. , fruits of bird cherry, blueberry, etc.
2. Inorganic astringents - preparations of certain metal salts (in the form of weak solutions, powders and other LF): lead acetate, aluminum-potassium alum, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, dermatol, etc.
Organic astringents form stable insoluble albuminates with proteins. These albuminates do not dissociate, as a result of which the action of acids is limited only to the most superficial layer of proteins and does not extend to the underlying tissues.
Inorganic binders also form albuminates with proteins, the density of the latter and the binding strength of the cations depending on the nature of the metal. The ability of albuminate to dissociate, i.e., to donate a cation, leads to the fact that the cation coagulates all new layers of protein, capturing cell membranes. An irritating effect occurs with the involvement of sensitive nerve endings in the reaction, and with a deeper effect of the metal on the tissue - a consistent necrosis of many layers of cells - a cauterizing effect.
Indications for the use of astringents:
1. Acute inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract. Herbal astringents (infusions, decoctions, extracts) - are prescribed orally for gastritis, enteritis, enterocolitis; in the form of rinses - with stomatitis; enemas - with colitis. It should be borne in mind that such drugs have a mainly symptomatic effect and do not exclude the need for a pharmacological effect on the causative agent of an infectious disease.
2. Peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and duodenitis. To protect the mucous membrane from irritation with food, hydrochloric acid, along with special therapy, basic bismuth nitrate and some vegetable astringents (from calamus rhizome) are used as part of combined preparations (Vikalin, Vikair, etc.).
3. Acute laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis. In the form of inhalations, fresh decoctions of sage, chamomile can be used, which, along with an astringent effect on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, have moderate antibacterial activity.
4. Conjunctivitis, chronic catarrhal laryngitis, urethritis. Weak (0.1 - 0.25%) solutions of zinc sulfate or copper sulfate in the form of drops, lubrications, instillations are used as astringents and antiseptics. Burns, ulcers, skin and soft tissue injuries. As astringents in solutions and aerosols, any herbal preparations with similar properties can be used.
5. Acute poisoning with alkaloids, heavy metals. Here we are no longer talking about astringent properties, but about the precipitation and binding of these poisons (morphine, atropine, copper salts, etc.) by polybasic plant acids. For the treatment of poisoning, tannin is most often used in the form of a 0.5% aqueous solution for gastric lavage, followed by careful removal of the lavage, since the binding of poisons to tannin is reversible.
DRUGS.
Tannin(Taninum) - used in the form of aqueous (1 - 2%) solutions for inflammatory processes in the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx for rinsing; for lubrication - 5 - 10% solutions; for burns, cracks, ulcers, bedsores - 3 - 10% solutions. Inside, it is prescribed only for poisoning with alkaloids and heavy metal salts, with which it forms insoluble compounds.
F. w.: powder.
Decoction of oak bark(Decoctum corticis Quercus) at a concentration of 1:10 is used for inflammatory diseases for rinsing the mouth, throat, pharynx, larynx; 1:5 for the treatment of burns.
Grass of succession(Herba bidentis). Prepare infusions for oral administration and for rinsing. It has astringent and anti-inflammatory action.
F. w.: packages of 100.0
Bismuth nitrate basic(Bismuthi subnitras) has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, is applied externally as an ointment (5-10%) for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. Inside prescribed for GU and DU, enteritis, colitis, 0.25 g and 0.5.
F. w.: powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5, ointment, is part of the combined preparations: Vikalin, Vikair, De-nol, etc.
Salvin(Salvinum) - preparation from the leaves of sage officinalis. It has astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, has an antimicrobial effect on gram-positive microflora, including those resistant to antibiotics. Apply topically.
F. w.: vials containing 10 ml of a 1% alcohol solution.
Rp.: Sol. Salvini spirituosae 1% - 10 ml
D. S. Dilute 4-10 times with distilled water;
apply for periodontitis, stomatitis (in the form
applications, irrigation).
Chamomile flowers(Flores Chamomillae). They contain azulene, essential oil, glycoside, etc. Azulene has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, enhances regeneration processes.
Rp.: Flores Chamomillae 100.0
D.S. A tablespoon of chamomile flowers
pour a glass of boiling water, cool and
use for mouthwash
with gingivitis, stomatitis.
Romazulon(Romasulon) contains chamomile extract and chamomile essential oil. The drug has an anti-inflammatory and deodorizing effect.
F. w.: vials of 100 ml.
Rp.: Romasuloni 100 ml
D. S. Dilute a teaspoon of the drug
in a glass of warm water (rinse
with gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis).
Rotokan(Rotocanum) - a combined preparation containing chamomile, calendula and yarrow extract in a ratio of 2: 1: 1. When applied topically, it has an anti-inflammatory, hemostatic effect, and also enhances the regeneration of the oral mucosa. The drug is used for the treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis, diseases of the oral mucosa in the form of applications, instillations into the periodontal canals and oral baths. F. w.: bottles of 110 ml.
Rp.: Rotoani 110 ml
D. S. Dilute a teaspoon of the drug in a glass of warm water.
Hypericum herb(Herba Hyperici) is used as an infusion or tincture. It has astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and epithelization-stimulating action. Used to treat gingivitis, periodontitis, diseases of the oral mucosa. Assign in the form of oral baths after surgical treatment of periodontal diseases, as well as for applications on the mucous membrane of the gums.
Rp.: Herbae Hyperici 50.0
D. S. Pour a tablespoon of herbs into a glass
boiling water, cook for 10 minutes. chill (for
mouthwash for gingivitis, stomatitis).
Rp.: T-rae Hyperici 100 ml
D.S. 30 - 40 drops per half glass of water for rinsing
Diarrhea, or in the common people diarrhea, is a fairly common occurrence in life. It can be caused by stress, or it can be a sign of a disease. It is important to find out the cause of diarrhea for the correct selection of drugs.
Medicines are antimicrobial when the infection is caused by microbes, symptomatic when diarrhea is non-infectious and means of restoring microflora in dysbacteriosis.
Mechanism of action of astringents
Astringents belong to the group of symptomatic drugs, their action is to neutralize organic acids in the gastrointestinal tract, absorb pathogenic flora and reduce mucosal inflammation.
Astringents: classification
Astringents are divided into organic, they are mainly extracted from plants and inorganic, which are salts of aluminum and some heavy metals.
Organic Astringents
Organic astringents contain tannins and have a tart, astringent taste. When interacting with cells and cell fluid, they cause the formation of a dense, insoluble and low-permeable protein compound on the surface layer. It protects the nerve endings from irritation, relieves spasms and soothes pain. Astringents also interact with microorganism cells, which significantly reduces their activity. This also contributes to the achievement of a bacteriostatic effect. The action of astringents is usually short-lived, so they are used several times to consolidate the effect. True, with an overdose of funds, not only the necrosis of the surface layers, but also the deeper ones, i.e. can occur. there will be a burning effect.
Tannin is called one of the main organic astringents, it is isolated from the shoots of the Asia Minor oak. It is also found in combination with other tannins in alder seedlings, oak bark, calamus roots, cinquefoil and burnet, in herbs - chamomile, St. John's wort, sage, succession, in blueberries and fruits.
Inorganic astringent
Inorganic astringents also create a film and seal on the surface of the skin, which protects it from external influences. They are used mainly externally for rinses, lotions and powders as an antiseptic. Bismuth-based preparations, such as De-nol, are used inside, they relieve inflammation of the mucosa well and thicken the stool.
Astringent medicines
For the treatment of short-term disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, organic astringents are widely used, tk. they do not have a harmful effect on the body if the dosage is observed. Inorganic agents have a slightly different mechanism of action and are used to treat chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
Laxative astringents
With diarrhea caused by malnutrition, a drug based on aluminum and magnesium salts is used - Attapulgite, which has a high adsorption capacity. The advantage of the drug is that it is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Take no more than 2 days.
Astringent properties also have Gastrolit, which is a mixture of sodium and potassium salts, glucose and chamomile extract. Normalizes the electrolyte balance in the intestines.
Burnet root extract is a herbal medicine. Take 30-50 drops diluted with water 3 times a day
Tanncomp, contains tannin obtained from natural raw materials. When treating with this drug, you need to follow a diet and drink plenty of fluids.
Astringent anti-inflammatory drugs
Astringents, in addition to fixing, also cause an anti-inflammatory effect, this is due to the fact that when they are used, the pathogenic flora becomes less active. Astringents do not cause cell death, and after the completion of their use, all processes in the cells are restored.
I would like to pay attention to the burnet officinalis, it belongs to the champions in terms of the content of biologically active substances. It is used as an anti-inflammatory, astringent and disinfectant. In addition, it inhibits intestinal motility and is therefore used in the treatment of acute enteritis and diarrhea in children. In medicine, both a decoction of burnet and an alcohol extract are used.
Chamomile has a weaker effect, it can be added to tea or just drink a decoction. The benefit of chamomile is that it reduces allergic reactions.
Indications for the use of astringents
Astringents for diarrhea are used in the following cases:
- The presence of acute inflammatory diseases in the digestive tract: gastritis, enteritis, colitis. In this case, they are used in the form of infusions, decoctions, extracts. If the disease has an infectious nature, then antibacterial agents are prescribed at the same time.
- The presence of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis. In this case, inorganic astringents, mainly bismuth nitrate, are used to protect the mucosa. Sometimes it is combined with calamus root extract.
- In acute poisoning with alkaloids and heavy metals. In this case, astringents are used to bind poisons and prevent their absorption. Apply mainly half-percent aqueous solution of tannin.
Astringents: application
Organic astringents, due to their ability to form a protective film on the surface of the mucosa, are used in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, especially if they are accompanied by bleeding. Inorganic astringents, in addition to the astringent effect, have another pharmacological effect, it all depends on the concentration.
Folk astringents
Plants with astringent properties: oak bark, bird cherry and blueberries, calamus rhizomes, cinquefoil and burnet, alder seedlings were widely used in the treatment of digestive disorders. They were used mainly in the form of decoctions prepared both from a separate component and fees.
Astringents for diarrhea
A decoction of dried bird cherry and blueberries will help both children and adults. To prepare it, take 3 parts of bird cherry and 2 parts of blueberries, grind. 1 st. brew a spoonful of the resulting mixture in a glass of boiling water and take 2 tbsp. spoons 3 times a day. You can make jelly from these berries, it also has a good effect.
From the roots of burnet, cinquefoil and alder seedlings, a decoction is prepared in the same way: 2 tbsp. tablespoons of raw materials for half a liter of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes and take 2 tbsp. spoon half an hour before meals.
If other means do not help, then a decoction of oak bark is guaranteed to help. To prepare it, take a pinch of bark per 300 ml. water and simmer for 7 minutes. Take before meals 1 tbsp. spoon.
When using astringents, you need to follow a diet and eat only light food, until the complete disappearance of diarrhea.
Astringents are applied topically. They compact inflamed tissues due to a reversible coagulating effect on proteins and the formation of a protective film on the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, wounds, ulcers. Compaction of the inflammatory tissue contributes to vasoconstriction, a decrease in secretion, a decrease in swelling and pain. All this leads to the limitation of the zone of inflammation. There are the following means:
Organic origin (tannin, decoction of oak bark, infusions and decoctions of sage leaves, St. John's wort, chamomile flowers, blueberries, bird cherry, serpentine root);
Inorganic origin (lead acetate, basic bismuth nitrate, aluminum alum, zinc oxide, copper sulfate, silver nitrate, collargol)
For oral use (for gastric ulcer, gastritis, enteritis), astringents of plant origin are used.
Externally, plant products and salts of heavy metals are used (for burns, frostbite, dermatitis, erosion).
TANNIN
gallodubic acid. Obtained from sumac and skumpia plants. Easily soluble in water and alcohol. Aqueous solutions form precipitates with alkaloids, protein solutions and salts of heavy metals. It is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, nose, throat, larynx in the form of rinsing with a 1-2% aqueous or glycerin-water solution or for lubrication (5-10%) for burns, ulcers, cracks, bedsores. Assign inside in case of poisoning with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids - the stomach is washed with a 0.5% aqueous solution of tannin. Available in powder form.
BISMUTH NITRATE BASIC
It is a mixture of bismuth compounds: ВiNO 3 (OH) 2; BiONO 3 ; WHO. Practically insoluble in water and alcohol, freely soluble in hydrochloric acid. Used as an astringent and antiseptic for gastrointestinal diseases (gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, enteritis, colitis). Release form: powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 g; ointment 10%; is part of the tablets "Vikalin" Vikair ".
SILVER NITRATE (lapis, silver nitrate)
In small concentrations (0.05-0.25% solution) it has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, in higher concentrations (1%-2% solution) it has a cauterizing effect. Applied externally for erosions, ulcers, excessive granulations, hyperplastic laryngitis. Forms of release 0.05-2% solutions and in the form of lapis pencils.
Enveloping and adsorbing agents
Enveloping means form colloidal systems with water, which, when applied topically, are able to form a protective layer and protect sensitive nerve endings from exposure to irritating substances and to slow down the absorption of drugs. Enveloping agents include starch mucus, mucus from flax seeds, milk, egg white solution, oatmeal decoction, aluminum hydroxide. It is used for inflammatory and ulcerative lesions of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, enteritis, colitis, in the appointment of drugs that have an irritant effect on the mucous membranes, in case of poisoning with acids, alkalis and other aggressive substances.
Adsorbents - have a large contact surface with substances and therefore are able to adsorb gases, alkaloids, toxins. Activated carbon, kaolin (white clay), talc, magnesium carbonate, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate have adsorbing properties.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
Coal of animal or vegetable origin, specially treated. Used for dyspepsia, flatulence, food intoxication, poisoning with alkaloids, salts of heavy metals. Release form: tablets of 0.25 g, powder.
ALMAGEL
A combined preparation containing aluminum hydroxide (gel), magnesium oxide, D-sorbitol, has adsorbing, enveloping and antacid properties. Applied with peptic ulcer of the stomach and 12 duodenal ulcer, acute and chronic hyperacid gastritis. Assign inside 1-2 teaspoons 4 times a day half an hour before meals and at night. Release form - bottles of 170 or 200 ml
Sukralfat (Venter, Sukrat)
The drug has an adsorbing, enveloping and antacid effect. Upon entering the stomach on the surface of the affected mucosa, it forms a protective polymer film and has a cytoprotective effect. Assign adults with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer and hyperacid gastritis 0.5-1 hour before meals, 1-2 tablets before breakfast, lunch and dinner. Tablets are swallowed without chewing, washing down with a small amount of water. Release form - tablets of 0.5 in a package of 100 pieces.
Irritants
Irritants are used to reduce pain emanating from organs or muscles. To do this, stimulate the nerve endings in those areas of intact skin that are innervated by fibers that are part of the same nerve roots. These drugs cause reddening of the skin and elements of inflammation (release of large amounts of histamine, prostaglandins). Vasodilation at the site of application of irritating agents leads to an improvement in blood circulation and tissue trophism, the release of small amounts of inflammatory mediators and has a distracting effect, since the entry of afferent impulses into the CNS from the skin can change the effect of signals coming from other peripheral zones innervated by fibers from the same most nerve root.
Irritants include: capsin, Finalgon ointment, Kapsikam ointment, camphor ointment, camphor alcohol and many others.
MENTHOL
The main component of peppermint essential oil. Excites cold receptors, reflexively reduces vascular tone. It is the main component of validol. Unfortunately, validol is popular among the population as a means to relieve cardiac pain. It has no curative effect and should not be used in coronary patients. It has a mild local anesthetic effect, has weak antiseptic properties. Applied externally as a distraction and analgesic for myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, migraine. In inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (runny nose, laryngitis, pharyngitis, etc.), they are used as inhalations and for lubricating mucous membranes, in nasal drops. Menthol is an ingredient in many combination medicines. Available in powder form, menthol oil 1% and 2%, alcohol solution 1% and 2%.
AMMONIA
Ammonia solution 10%. When inhaling vapors, it reflexively excites the respiratory center, acting through the receptors of the upper respiratory tract. It is used as an ambulance to excite breathing and remove patients from fainting. Externally in the form of lotions for insect bites. Included in the drops of ammonia-anise, ammonia liniment.
FINALGON
The ointment contains vanillylnonamide and butoxyethyl ether, which cause prolonged expansion of capillaries and hyperemia of the skin, providing a distracting, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Assign for muscle and joint pain of various origins, tendovaginitis, neuritis, sciatica, sports injuries. Using the applicator, the ointment is rubbed into the skin of the affected area and covered with a woolen cloth. The ointment is used 2-3 times a day. Avoid getting the ointment on the mucous membranes. Release form - tubes of 20 g complete with an applicator.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
