Food poisoning is a common problem that occurs when eating low-quality foods. Poisoning has its own specific symptoms and requires medical attention.
Hidden danger of poisoning
Do not underestimate any poisoning, including food poisoning. Causes of food poisoning - the use of inedible products (poisonous mushrooms); low-quality, expired food; food that contains a large number of dangerous, poisoning the body of bacteria. Food poisoning can also be obtained as a result of non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, and in case of violation of the storage and preparation of food.
To people who are not related to medicine, it may seem that when the first signs of food poisoning appear, such as nausea, weakness, upset in the digestive tract, you should not worry.
Many people know that when such symptoms appear, you need to drink activated charcoal or any other sorbent available at home. But this is not always enough. In severe cases of poisoning, first aid may be required.
Food intoxication is not the only problem that can occur in a person who has food poisoning. Eating poor-quality food can result in infection with an intestinal infection.
Diagnoses that may result from poisoning
If the food contained certain harmful bacteria, they can provoke the development of unpleasant and requiring long-term medical treatment of diseases.
The most common diseases resulting from poisoning include:
- Dysentery is an acute infectious disease caused by the Shigella bacterium. It is characterized by severe intoxication of the whole organism and inflammation of the intestines. In the people, the disease is known under the name "bloody diarrhea". In cases of complications, dysentery is dangerous with a possible rupture of the intestine. Requires medical treatment.
- Botulism is a complex infectious disease that is accompanied by severe intoxication. Botulism sticks most often multiply in improperly canned foods, fish, sausages. At the slightest suspicion of the possibility of infection with botulism, you need to see a doctor. In cases of delayed treatment, the disease is dangerous with irreversible damage to the nervous system and can lead to death.
- Escherichosis is an infectious disease that affects the digestive tract. Poisoning in escherihosis is accompanied by the development of acute enterocolitis and enteritis. Infection can occur in the absence of hygiene, through water and food, and is often observed in young children. Definitely requires medical intervention and medication.
- Salmonellosis is a type of intestinal infection, which is accompanied by severe intoxication, affects the gastrointestinal tract. With untimely treatment, it can provoke the development of renal failure. Requires mandatory treatment in a medical institution.
First symptoms and signs
The first symptoms of food poisoning in adults and children can appear both 2-4 hours after eating, and a day later. Food intoxication activates the protective reactions of the body, which begins to reject the harmful substances that have entered it. Often one of the first symptoms indicating food poisoning in humans is nausea and vomiting. The poisoned person may feel sudden lethargy, weakness, unprovoked severe fatigue.
In addition, food poisoning, which requires help and treatment, can manifest itself with the following symptoms:
- diarrhea;
- a slight increase in temperature;
- abdominal pain;
- strong thirst;
- increased sweating, chills, pallor of the lips and skin of the face.
If a person suspects that they have recently eaten food of questionable quality and they are showing similar symptoms of food poisoning, they should not be ignored. Provided that vomiting and urination are infrequent, and abdominal pain is moderate, you can treat and provide first aid for food poisoning at home on your own.
How to deal with food poisoning at home
After the first symptoms of food poisoning appear, the question arises of how to help the body cope with intoxication. This process at home can be divided into several main stages:
- Cleansing the stomach - if the intake of poor-quality food, which could be poisoned, has been recently completed, first of all, you need to cleanse the stomach of its remnants. To do this, you need to drink about 2 liters of a weak solution of potassium permanganate or a 2% soda solution. Vomiting is caused until all the remnants of food come out of the stomach along with the solution.
- Sorbent intake - to cleanse the body of harmful substances that have already been absorbed. For these purposes, it is recommended to use Smecta, activated charcoal or white charcoal. If necessary, first aid can be provided by any other sorbent that is available in the home first aid kit (Enterosgel, Laktofiltrum).
- Restoration of water balance is an important stage, without which first aid for food poisoning cannot be dispensed with. With severe diarrhea and vomiting, a person loses a lot of fluid, which must be replenished by drinking plenty of water. In addition to water and tea, you can use a drug such as Regidron. It is recommended to drink at least 3 liters of liquid during the day.
In what cases should you seriously worry and consult a doctor
If first aid for food poisoning has been provided, but severe vomiting and diarrhea do not go away within the next two to three hours, it is worth calling an ambulance. Treatment of food poisoning at home can have negative consequences in cases where the patient needs more serious qualified help than just taking a sorbent. In case of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, an ambulance should be called immediately.
For example, the poison of the pale toadstool can destroy liver cells in a short time. Exotoxic butulism sticks that enter the body with food, if first aid is not provided, cause not only poisoning, but also affect the human nervous system.
Do not hesitate to call an ambulance so that a qualified first aid is provided to a person if the symptoms of food poisoning intensify.
- body temperature increased to 39 ° C and above;
- the poisoned person complains of very severe cramps or constant abdominal cramps;
- the stomach became hard or strongly swollen;
- a skin rash appeared on the body;
- the main signs of food poisoning were supplemented by inflammation and pain in the joints;
- breathing disorders became noticeable, difficulty swallowing is observed;
- blood is visible in the patient's stool or vomit.
Treatment in a hospital
If the use of poor-quality food has occurred relatively recently, and the patient has all the first signs of food poisoning, except for vomiting, gastric lavage with a probe is used in a hospital. In the absence of diarrhea, a siphon enema may be used. The main goal of these procedures is to rid the body of the remnants of toxic substances as soon as possible.
The decision on how to treat food poisoning is made by the attending physician. Therapy will depend on the severity of the patient's condition and the type of poisoning.
The following groups of drugs are most often used:
- Painkillers (Spazgan, No-Shpa) - relieve acute pain and spasms.
- Antipyretics (Paracetamol, Analgin + Diphenhydramine) - are used at temperatures above 39 ° C, and at lower temperatures, in cases where patients can hardly tolerate it.
- Sorption preparations - most often used various enterosorbents. They are prescribed in the intervals between taking other drugs (the difference should be at least 2 hours) and only after the patient's high temperature subsides.
- Drugs that stop vomiting and diarrhea are prescribed if the symptoms of food poisoning (vomiting and diarrhea) do not go away for too long or are prolonged and debilitating for the patient.
- Rehydrants (Chlorazole, Oralit) - used to restore electrolytes, fight dehydration. In mild cases, they are taken orally. Treatment of severe poisoning can take place with the use of parenteral rehydration. For these purposes, drugs such as Chlosol, Trisol, etc. can be used.
- Antibiotics, antibacterial and antimicrobial agents are used extremely rarely. They begin treatment in cases where there is a suspicion of mixed poisoning, or when food poisoning in an adult and a child is accompanied by an intestinal infection.
- Probiotics are drugs that must be present in the treatment of food poisoning in both children and adult patients, even after all the first symptoms have passed. They help to restore the intestinal microflora, reduce irritation of the intestinal mucosa and provide general support to the digestive tract.
How to speed up recovery
Regardless of where you received treatment and first aid for food poisoning (at home or in a hospital), you need to take some preventive measures to speed up the recovery of the body. First of all, this is a long-term intake of probiotics, which will restore the disturbed flora and help to cope with dysbacteriosis (often appears after prolonged diarrhea). Even after a full recovery, it is worth sticking to a diet for some time - do not use fatty, spicy, fried and alcohol. After suffering intoxication, the body is always weakened, and it should not be loaded with products that are heavy for the gastrointestinal tract.
Foods that cause food poisoning
Prevention of food poisoning primarily requires knowledge of the products that most often become the causes of poisoning.
These include:
How to protect yourself from poisoning
The causes of food poisoning are varied, but quite effective prevention of food poisoning exists. Any, even the simplest disease, is always much easier to prevent than to treat later. There are developed recommendations on how to avoid food poisoning and protect yourself from its unpleasant consequences as much as possible. If the choice of food and places where food is taken is done responsibly and consciously, many unpleasant problems can be prevented.
Expiry date must be checked
Being extra careful while shopping will help avoid the problems that food poisoning brings with it. The habit of checking the expiration date on the labels should become an unshakable rule. If possible, do not even eat food that is nearing its expiration date.
When choosing products, you should be realistic and understand that in modern stores they have long learned, if necessary, to interrupt the finally allowed date for the use of goods. Even if the product has a normal expiration date, but an unpleasant odor emanates from it, and in a glass container you can see that the sauce or mayonnaise has exfoliated; cottage cheese dripped - you should immediately refuse to buy such goods in order to prevent possible food poisoning.
What foods should be avoided
When shopping, it is recommended to avoid products with broken packaging. Canned food with swollen lids; fish, the hermetic packaging of which is broken; crumpled packs of juice - everything should be banned for eating.
Prevention of food poisoning also consists in the complete rejection of dishes that carry a potential threat. At a party, never eat forest mushrooms and dishes from them. In the hot season, completely abandon salads with mayonnaise and do not buy confectionery with creams. These products spoil very quickly and often cause poisoning.
Proper food processing at home
Compliance with the rules of heat treatment of products and their storage at home is also very important. Meat and fish should always be cooked well. Their use in raw form should be completely abandoned. Eggs should not be consumed raw either (they may be carriers of salmonellosis). Food should be thawed immediately before cooking. Fruits and vegetables should not be rinsed in running water before use, but washed very thoroughly.
If meat with an unpleasant odor appears in the refrigerator, it must be thrown out immediately. You should not hope that by carefully frying it, you can protect yourself from intoxication.
Where not to buy food
Another answer to the question of how to avoid poisoning is the habit of eating only in well-known and proven places. Shawarma stalls, vans with hot dogs and hamburgers that are cooked on the go, even if they theoretically comply with all sanitary and epidemic standards, should not inspire confidence.
The prospect of stopping while traveling at a roadside cafe and ordering a juicy kebab there can also end in poisoning with stale food. It is almost impossible to check the origin of meat and compliance with the regime of its storage in such places.
Food poisoning is a digestive disorder that occurs as a result of eating food that contains microorganisms that are toxic or harmful to the human body. Bacteria, in the presence of a number of factors, are the main cause of exposure to the body.
- non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
- the use of stale foods;
- improper storage or preparation of food;
- weakening of the immune system.
Types of food poisoning
Modern medicine divides food poisoning into two main groups:
- microbial origin - toxic infections, toxicosis, mixed;
- non-microbial origin, which are caused by poisonous tissues of animals and poisonous plants.
Sometimes the cause cannot be determined.
Among the foods that carry the potential danger of poisoning, there are:
- raw eggs;
- mushrooms;
- fish and meat;
- dairy and dairy products;
- homemade marinades and preserves;
- confectionery with protein and oil creams;
- meals from public catering, in the preparation of which sanitary standards were violated;
- products with damaged packaging.
Symptoms
The clinical picture depends on the amount of poor-quality food products or toxic substances that have entered the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on the type of toxic infection pathogen or toxin type. Depending on this, the duration of the incubation period of the disease can vary from several hours to several days.
The first symptoms of the disease are sudden pain in the abdomen, and after a short period of time, diarrhea can join them (however, its presence is not necessary). At this stage, with a high degree of probability, nausea and vomiting may occur. Symptoms of food poisoning of this period arise due to the negative impact on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines of microbes and their toxins (symptoms of gastroenterocolitis).
The body's response to infection is intoxication, resulting from the ingestion of toxins into the blood. The degree of intoxication determines the severity of the patient's condition. The main symptoms of intoxication include:
- headache and general weakness of the body;
- lethargy;
- fever, chills;
- nausea and vomiting;
- pain in muscles and joints.
The vomiting and diarrhea that accompanies food poisoning can lead to fluid loss in the body.
The symptoms of dehydration are as follows:
- diarrhea, nausea and vomiting;
- general weakness;
- headache;
- increased heart rate;
- thirst;
- decreased urination;
- dry mucous membranes.
First aid
When the first symptoms occur, you should seek medical help for the treatment of food poisoning. But before the arrival of a specialist, treatment can be carried out at home to facilitate the patient's well-being. Timely provided emergency first aid often saves not only health, but also human life.
If a person has the characteristic symptoms of food poisoning, first of all it is necessary to rinse his stomach. The most common flushing agent is a weak solution of potassium permanganate. But in this case, there is one caveat - even the tiniest, undissolved crystal can cause a severe burn of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, esophagus and stomach.
Treatment of food poisoning at home can be carried out with a solution prepared from a liter of boiled water, five drops of iodine and two tablespoons of baking soda. This tool is no less effective, but in terms of security, much more reliable. The patient needs to drink the maximum amount of the prepared solution (how much strength is enough), and then induce vomiting by pressing the finger on the root of the tongue. Gastric lavage is carried out until the vomit is clear and clear.
Immediately after gastric lavage, in the absence of diarrhea, the patient should be given a laxative or a few tablespoons of vegetable oil. In the presence of diarrhea, the patient is given activated charcoal (1 tablet per 5 kg of weight).
After carrying out these procedures, the patient must be warmed:
- wrap in a warm blanket;
- apply a heating pad to the legs;
- offer warm tea.
Treating food poisoning at home
For mild malaise, no specific treatment for poisoning is required. After 1-3 days, with a sparing diet and plenty of drinking, the patient's condition returns to normal. In severe cases of poisoning, treatment at home is dangerous.
Drug treatment will be more effective and will consist of the following elements.
1. Rehydration therapy as the main treatment for food poisoning. The use of rehydrants leads to the restoration of water and electrolyte deficiency in the body. Rehydration is carried out orally with the help of Regidron, Oralit, Litrozole, Chlorazole. In severe cases or when restoring fluid volume in young children, rehydration is carried out parenterally using the drugs Laktosol, Acesol, Trisol, Chlosol, Quartasol.
2. Sorption therapy. Enterosorbents during the absence of vomiting and in the intervals between taking other drugs help to quickly eliminate toxins. Adsorption involves the use of the following drugs: black or white coal, Enterosgel, Smecta, Polysorb, Sorbogel, Polyphepan, etc.
Sorption therapy is not carried out at high body temperature, and also requires maximum caution when prescribing to children and elderly patients.
3. Pain relief therapy. Food poisoning with intense pain syndrome, which is accompanied by diarrhea with painful urge to defecate, should be treated with antispasmodics: No-Shpa, Spazgan, Drotaverine, Spazmalgon.
4. Antibacterial and antimicrobial therapy. Preparations of this group are prescribed extremely rarely, as they can aggravate the picture of dysbacteriosis along with poisoning. Antimicrobials and antibiotics are prescribed for mixed poisoning (Ftalazol, Intetrix, Nifuroxazide, Ersefuril).
5. Antidiarrheal and antiemetic therapy. Due to the fact that diarrhea and vomiting are protective reactions of the body in case of poisoning, you should not immediately deal with them. But in cases where these symptoms are very pronounced, the patient is prescribed antiemetic drugs (Motilium, Cerucal) and diarrhea drugs (Loperamide, Trimebutin).
6. Antipyretic therapy. An increase in body temperature during poisoning does not reach high rates. However, some adults and children do not tolerate hypothermia well. Such patients are prescribed Ibuprofen, Ibuklin, Paracetamol.
7. Therapy that restores the intestinal microflora. Food poisoning disrupts the normal intestinal biocenosis. It requires restoration with the help of the following drugs: Bifidumbacterin, Bioflor, Linex, Bionorm, Enterogermina, Aktisubtil.
Treatment with folk remedies
There are many home remedies for food poisoning. If the poisoning in an adult is not very acute, you can safely use traditional medicine recipes.
- Every 15 minutes after the appearance of the first signs for an hour, take 3-5 g of activated charcoal or specially treated clay.
- Every hour for 3 hours, take 1-2 g of vitamin C.
- A decoction of marshmallow root with the addition of honey for oral administration, 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.
- Treatment of poisoning at home is carried out with a decoction of dill with the addition of honey, take half a glass before meals.
- An infusion made from ground ginger should be taken every half hour in a tablespoon.
- Cinnamon infusion is used as a natural sorbent and antispasmodic.
- A decoction of wormwood and yarrow is used to cleanse the body of toxic substances.
- You can stop the reproduction of bacteria with the help of juice squeezed from three lemons, with the addition of water and sugar. The resulting remedy is drunk in one gulp.
- Mixture for single consumption, prepared from 150 g of orange juice and a raw egg. After that, during the day you need to drink as much water as possible.
If a minor is sick, check with your doctor before treating your child for food poisoning.
Diet
Proper nutrition in most cases is the main factor in the treatment of poisoning. It helps to restore the normal water-salt balance, normalize the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and prevent exhaustion of the body.
On the first day of the onset of symptoms of food poisoning, special importance is given not to food, but to drink. An adult should drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day. In order not to provoke vomiting, you need to drink in small portions, but often. As safe drinks, they recommend: sweet tea, boiled water acidified with lemon, rosehip broth, fruit drinks, compotes.
When the signs of acute poisoning subside, the patient must follow a sparing diet, which involves:
- the number of meals per day - 5-6 times;
- small portion size;
- restriction of fatty foods;
- limiting the use of foods containing carbohydrates (vegetables and fruits);
- introduction of animal protein into the diet;
- food should be easily digestible (semi-liquid consistency).
Prevention
Food poisoning is very easy to provoke poor-quality food products, as well as those with an expired shelf life. Keep your kitchen clean, disinfect kitchen appliances.
Use fresh produce, wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Rinse greens under running water.
Keep cooked food in a sealed container. Yesterday's food is best cooked before eating.
Observe personal hygiene, wash your hands before preparing food. Remember that your gut health depends on what you eat.
Everyone has experienced food poisoning at least once in their life. Doctors distinguish between two types of poisoning. The first type is the use of poisonous mushrooms, plants, berries that are not suitable for ingestion. The second group is the ingestion of spoiled, contaminated or dirty foods that lead to intoxication of the body. This is the kind of poisoning we encounter most often. Food poisoning often lies in wait for us if we dine at questionable catering establishments. Poisoning often appears when hygiene rules are not followed - unwashed fruits and vegetables can be dangerous. The risk of developing food poisoning also depends on the condition of the digestive tract. If the intestine is weak, it reacts to the slightest changes in the diet. In addition, they distinguish the type of infection - poisoning with simple bacteria disappears in a few days, and, for example, salmonellosis is much more difficult to treat. In this article, we will try to understand food poisoning - we will consider its symptoms, learn how to act in case of poisoning and how to be treated at home.
Symptoms of food poisoning
The symptoms of food intoxication may not always be characteristic, sometimes the absence of vomiting and diarrhea leads a person to other diagnoses, the patient may associate weakness and poor health with a cold and other pathologies. How poisoning can manifest itself, let's try to figure it out.
Most often, poisoning is accompanied by pain in the gastrointestinal tract of various localization - in the stomach or intestines, it can even stab the side.
There is a feeling of nausea, in some cases vomiting occurs.
In most cases, a person develops diarrhea, but it does not always happen. By the way, the absence of vomiting and diarrhea is much more dangerous, because toxins do not leave the body, their concentration increases more and more.
Often the patient's abdomen swells, strong gas formation, flatulence develops.
Intoxication makes itself felt - there is weakness, poor health, dizziness. In children, this manifests itself especially clearly - the baby constantly lies, even if by nature he is very active and mobile.
In case of severe poisoning, the temperature may rise, fever, chills, aching joints, fog may appear before the eyes.
With obvious dehydration, when a person suffers from diarrhea and vomiting, the smell of acetone appears from the mouth. In such a situation, you need to urgently consult a doctor.
Poisoning can occur within an hour after consuming a spoiled product. The maximum time after which signs of food poisoning appear is a day.
First aid for food poisoning
If you are poisoned by low-quality, dirty or spoiled products, it is very important to act competently in the first hours. As soon as you suspect that you have poisoning, analyze what you have been eating lately. If you are not sure about the freshness or sterility of the prepared dishes, it is better to do yourself a gastric lavage. This will help cleanse the body of the remnants of spoiled food that has not yet been absorbed into the walls. Remember, the less toxins in the body, the faster you will recover. You can remove the remnants of these toxins with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Make pale pink water, drink at least two glasses of the solution, after which the body itself will experience the urge to vomit. As soon as you have emptied your stomach, you need to drink and vomit again. This should be done until food stops coming out of the stomach, and the water remains clear. If there is no urge to vomit, drink more water and press your fingers on the root of the tongue - the contents of the stomach will come out very quickly.
In difficult cases, in a hospital, not only the stomach, but also the intestines are washed. To do this, make a cleansing enema to rid the intestinal wall of toxins that have penetrated beyond the stomach. After washing the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to take sorbents. The simplest option is activated charcoal, which should be taken at a dosage of one tablet per 10 kg of body weight. That is, if your weight is 60 kg, you need to drink at least 6 tablets of coal at a time. Instead of this sorbent, you can drink what you have at hand - Filtrum, Polysorb, Enterosgel, Smecta, etc. If vomiting occurs after taking the sorbent, repeat the procedure in half an hour, do not be afraid of an overdose. Try to restrain vomiting at least a little, after a few minutes the sorbent will begin to act and the nausea will pass.
The best cure for food poisoning is fasting. In no case should you eat in the first hours after intoxication, even if you want to. Doctors say that fasting is much more beneficial than even dieting, although not everyone can endure it. If you do not eat anything during the day, the body will be able to cope with poisoning faster, there will be no trace of the disease. But eating is an additional burden. Compassionate mothers who are trying to feed their baby during the period of poisoning should know about this, with the words "He will not have the strength to fight the disease."
You can’t eat, but you can and even need to drink. Excessive vomiting and diarrhea lead to dehydration, which is very dangerous, especially for young children. The fact is that a baby can have physiological stools in the amount of 10-12 times a day, this is normal. In such a situation, the mother does not immediately notice that the baby has diarrhea. Mucus or blood in the stool, an unusual color of emptying should alert the mother. Dehydration is a very dangerous condition, in a child it can occur in an unrealistically short time. Therefore, you need to solder the baby. In order not to induce vomiting, it is necessary to give the baby a teaspoon of water every 5 minutes, from large portions of liquid the baby will have the urge to vomit. During the period of poisoning, breastfeeding is very helpful - it is a natural defense against dehydration. However, do not allow prolonged application - a large portion of milk can cause the baby to vomit again. It is better to put the baby to the breast more often, but not for long.
You can restore the water-salt balance in adults and children with the help of a special solution Regidron. If it is not at hand, you can prepare the composition yourself - add half a teaspoon of salt and the same amount of baking soda per liter of water. Drink as often as possible - the liquid flushes out the remnants of toxins from the body. After all the above activities, you can lie down to rest, because the patient feels weakened.
As noted, the best diet is fasting. However, not many people can withstand daily fasting, especially if the state of health has already returned to normal. But this does not mean that you need to eat questionable foods, fatty foods and stale fruits again. In the first days after poisoning, only lean and light meals are allowed. These are steamed chicken and rabbit meat, simple cereals, crackers, dryers, bananas, baked apples, biscuits. Rice has a very good effect - it perfectly fixes, relieves diarrhea. Oatmeal is recommended for stomach pain - it gently envelops its walls, relieves spasm, it is a light food that will not bring discomfort. It is very good to drink jelly, tea, herbal decoctions. Light vegetarian dishes are acceptable, without a lot of salt and spices. You should exclude baking, heavy meat, fatty, smoked, spicy and fried foods from your diet.
After the acute period of the disease has passed, some patients note that their stools have not yet recovered. This occurs against the background of a violation of the normal intestinal microflora. To remedy the situation, you should drink a course of probiotics - Linex, Hilak Forte, Acipol, etc. You can improve the condition of the intestines if you drink fermented milk products with live bacteria.
Folk remedies in the fight against poisoning
In the piggy bank of home medicine recipes, there are a lot of recommendations that will help get rid of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Cinnamon. Cinnamon powder perfectly absorbs everything unnecessary, it is an excellent natural sorbent. A teaspoon of spices should be poured with boiling water, let it brew and cool, drink in small sips throughout the day.
- Ginger. This is an excellent remedy for nausea. Grate the root and add along with the tea leaves to the teapot. But remember, nausea can only be suppressed if the stomach is completely empty.
- Altey. The root of this plant perfectly removes toxins and stops diarrhea. A tablespoon of crushed root should be poured with a glass of boiling water, let it brew and drink 50 ml three times a day.
- Dill. From the seeds of dill, you need to prepare a decoction - this is an excellent tool in the fight against flatulence, bloating and increased gas formation.
- Rose hip. Rosehip broth contains a lot of acids and vitamin C, which is so necessary for poisoning and dehydration. Drink the decoction should be in small portions half an hour before meals.
Home treatment recipes perfectly restore the body after poisoning, but you should not always rely only on yourself. Some categories of patients should in no case stay at home in case of poisoning - only being in a hospital under the supervision of doctors. These patients include children under three years of age, pregnant women, and the elderly. If the poisoning does not go away, and the symptoms only increase, you should definitely consult a doctor at any age. You should also go to a consultation with a general practitioner or infectious disease specialist if the poisoning keeps a high temperature, if a rash appears on the skin, if blood appears in the feces, vomiting does not stop, or the patient loses consciousness. If poisonous mushrooms or plants are ingested, an ambulance team should be called immediately.
How to protect yourself from poisoning
We all know to wash our hands after going to the toilet and before any meal. But, unfortunately, this rule is not always followed, especially when we are talking about children. Here are some more tips to help you protect yourself from poisoning.
Eat only in approved places. Dubious food service outlets, where the seller takes money with one hand and holds a hamburger bun with the other, can be dangerous.
Wash your hands before and after preparing food, especially if you have handled raw meat or poultry.
Every 2-3 days, make an audit in the refrigerator, do not let the products stale. Do not use products that have expired. If you notice that the shelf life of the product will soon end, cook something out of it for dinner. For example, sausage can be added to pizza, sour kefir can be used to bake a cake, etc.
Do not leave food open on the table - cockroaches and flies can crawl on them, after which you eat contaminated food.
Keep a separate cutting board for raw meat, fish, and poultry on the farm.
Cook meat, fish and eggs thoroughly.
Carefully inspect the cans for integrity. Any product, even with a good expiration date, should be discarded if it has an unpleasant, sour or unusual smell.After opening condensed milk or other canned food, you need to transfer the contents to glass or porcelain dishes, food in a metal container oxidizes under the influence of air.
Do not leave cooked soups on the stove overnight, be sure to put all cooked food in the refrigerator. If you did not immediately eat the soup, but left it for tomorrow, when you re-eat, try to warm it up thoroughly, i.e. boil.
And, of course, buy only fresh and high-quality products, use filtered or boiled water for drinking and cooking.
We can say that food poisoning is a minor disorder that quickly passes, the body recovers in a few days. But sometimes food poisoning can hide something more serious, such as salmonellosis or botulism. Therefore, if you cannot cope with the poisoning on your own, do not experiment, go to the hospital as soon as possible. After all, any disease is treated more successfully if you seek help in time!
Video: what to do with food poisoning in a child
Food poisoning is a name that combines acute digestive disorders caused by food and drinks of inadequate quality.
General symptoms
All food poisonings are characterized by the following symptoms:
- nausea;
- vomit;
- diarrhea;
- general weakness, apathy;
- loss of appetite;
- pale skin (easy to determine by the color of the lips and face);
- sharp pain in the epigastric region or abdomen;
- increased sweating;
- dehydration;
- a slight increase in temperature (37.5–38.0).
Symptoms of food poisoning can appear both a couple of hours after eating, and the next day, depending on the type of poisons acting and individual characteristics. In young children, symptoms appear faster and are more pronounced than in adults. When the first symptoms of food poisoning appear, the patient's condition should not be ignored, but first aid should be urgently provided.
You can't do without a doctor's call if you have the following symptoms:
- symptoms of intoxication do not go away within two or more hours;
- body temperature is kept at around 39 and above;
- there was a very sharp pain in the abdomen, severe cramps;
- traces of blood in the stool or urine;
- a skin rash appears on the body;
- inflammation and pain in the joints;
- the patient is in an unconscious state;
- headache started;
- the patient's stomach became hard to the touch, swollen;
- the victim has difficulty swallowing, his breathing has increased;
- you suspect berries or .
In particularly severe symptoms, increased salivation, impaired muscle tone, double vision, and decreased urine volume are likely.
Classification and features of food poisoning
While you are waiting for the doctor, try to find out the source of the toxins to facilitate diagnosis and treatment. In no case should the food that the victim consumed be thrown away - it must be transferred to the laboratory for analysis. Store a small amount in an airtight container.
There are two types of food poisoning.
Infectious poisonings are caused by viruses, microbes, protozoa, as well as the results of their vital activity that have been ingested with food. Such poisoning occurs due to non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, violation of the rules for the preparation and storage of products. The concentration of microbes in food should be high enough (over 10 thousand units per gram of product).
Until the symptoms of food poisoning are clarified, the victim must be isolated from the rest of the family, providing him with separate cutlery and dishes. It is advisable to treat the items most frequently used in the house (for example, doorknobs) with a disinfectant.
- Ignore symptoms and do nothing.
- Treat the patient with folk methods - decoctions of herbs, tinctures.
- Give the victim antibiotics and other medicines without consulting a doctor.
- Drinking alcohol.
Possible consequences
The consequences of food poisoning depend on several factors: the type of toxic substances, the severity, the time of treatment.
Women are especially dangerous. Some types of microbes are able to penetrate the placental barrier and harm the fetus.
Food poisoning can cause disease.
Dysentery (pathogen - Shigella bacterium) - severe intoxication, characterized by inflammation of the intestine and can cause it to rupture;
Salmonellosis (causative agent - salmonella) - affects the gastrointestinal tract, further causes chronic renal failure;
Escherichoz - disrupts the digestive tract, leads to the development of acute enterocolitis and enteritis;
- one of the most dangerous types of intoxication, can cause irreversible pathologies of the nervous system, and even death.
Non-infectious food poisoning is no less dangerous and can worsen the functioning of all body systems. So, it destroys liver cells and leads to toxic hepatitis, acute renal failure. The least of the possible evils is dysbacteriosis, which is eliminated by the appointment of an appropriate diet. Full recovery from any food intoxication should be under medical supervision.
10 rules of prevention
To avoid food poisoning, try to adhere to preventive measures:
- Be conscious of where you buy your products. You should not buy them in spontaneous markets, in subway crossings, stalls. This is especially true for meat, fish, milk and other perishable ingredients.
- Check expiration dates before buying. Often dishonest sellers forge labels. If in doubt, ask for confirmation (consignment note) or choose another store.
- Do not buy alcohol without a license.
- Avoid the so-called. "dangerous foods" - forest mushrooms, if you are unsure of their quality, raw eggs, perishable and fatty foods in the summer heat. Stick to the right diet.
- Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
- Keep cutting boards, knives, and utensils clean, especially after handling raw meat. Change the kitchen towel regularly and exterminate insects in the house.
- Store cooked meals in the refrigerator for no more than three days, and if an unpleasant odor appears, throw it away. Even prolonged heat treatment is not able to destroy all types of pathogenic microorganisms.
- Always filter and boil your drinking water.
- Keep an eye on the integrity of the cookware - scratched enamel or non-stick coating can supplement your diet with heavy metals.
- Observe the rules of personal hygiene and teach them to all family members, regardless of age.
Food poisoning- a non-contagious disease resulting from the consumption of food containing harmful microorganisms or substances toxic to the human body.
Food poisoning is a collective concept, as it can be caused by a number of different reasons, but the mechanism of the development of the disease, as well as its manifestation, are similar. All types of food poisoning are characterized by: general intoxication, inflammation of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the frequent development of dehydration.
Types and classification of food poisoning
There are 2 main groups of food poisoning:
- food poisoning microbial origin
- Toxic infections (Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, E. coli, Bac. cereus, Str. faecalis, etc.)
- Toxicosis
- Bacterial (toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Cl. botulinum.)
- Fungal (toxins produced by Aspergilus, Fusarium, etc.)
- mixed
- food poisoning non-microbial origin
- Poisoning caused by poisonous plants and animal tissues:
- Plants poisonous in nature (henbane, belladonna, fly agaric, etc.)
- Animal tissues that are poisonous in nature (organs of fish - barbel, pufferfish, Marinka, etc.)
- Plant products that are poisonous under certain conditions (green potatoes containing corned beef, raw beans, etc.)
- Animal products that are poisonous under certain conditions (caviar, milk, liver of some fish during spawning mackerel, burbot, pike, etc.)
- Poisoning by chemical impurities (pesticides, nitrates, compounds that got into the product from packaging materials, etc.)
- Food poisoning of unknown cause.
The main causative agents of food poisoning: Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, E. coli, Bac. cereus, Str. Faecalis, as well as poorly studied Hafnia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiela, etc.
Toxicosis- an acute or chronic (in the case of fungal toxicosis) disease, in which the development of the disease occurs due to the action of a toxin that has accumulated on food products. The pathogen itself enters the body in small quantities. For example, when cheese is aged for a long time, only staphylococcal toxin can be preserved without a living microorganism.
General Mechanisms for the Development of Food Poisoning
The causative agents of food poisoning can produce toxins, both in food and in the human body. Also, when the pathogen is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, an additional portion of various toxic substances is released. When toxins enter the human body, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is primarily affected, which is manifested by an inflammatory reaction and a violation of the motor activity of the intestine. This is accompanied by the occurrence of pain in the abdomen, the appearance of diarrhea and vomiting. After toxins begin to enter the bloodstream, general intoxication of the body develops, which is accompanied by a number of characteristic symptoms (headache, fever, increased heart rate, etc.).Symptoms and signs of food poisoning
The first symptoms of poisoning
How long does it take for poisoning to show up?Regardless of the factor that caused the poisoning, the manifestations of the disease are similar and can be divided into 3 main groups of symptoms:
- Symptoms of inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines (symptoms of gastroenterocolitis)
- Symptoms of intoxication
- Symptoms of dehydration
Symptoms of gastroenterocolitis 
Symptoms result from the damaging action of microbes and their toxins on the lining of the stomach and intestines. - Stomach ache
- Discomfort in the abdomen
- Nausea
- Vomit
Symptoms of intoxication
Intoxication occurs as a result of the entry of toxins into the blood, which leads to various disorders in many organs and systems. Intoxication reflects the body's response to infection. The severity of the condition of patients is largely due to the degree of intoxication. The main symptoms of intoxication:
- General weakness
- Chills
- Headache
- Increase in body temperature
- Pain in muscles and joints
- lethargy
- Nausea
- Vomit
| Symptoms | Degree of intoxication |
||
| Light | Medium | heavy | |
| Weakness | Minor | Moderate | Pronounced |
| Chills | insignificant | Expressed | strongly pronounced |
| Body temperature | Fine | Increased, up to 38 °C | Over 38°C or below 36°C |
| Pain in muscles and joints | No | Present in some cases | present in a large proportion of cases |
| Rapid breathing | No | Expressed moderately | Significantly expressed |
| Cardiopalmus | No | Expressed moderately | Significantly expressed |
| Lowering blood pressure | No | Mild to moderate | Pronounced |
| Headache | No | Moderately pronounced | Significantly expressed |
| dizziness | No | Occasionally | Frequent |
| lethargy | No | Weakly expressed | Distinctly expressed |
| convulsions | No | Sometimes | Characteristic, can be intense |
| Vomit | Up to 5 times a day | From 5-15 times | More than 15 times |
| Chair | Up to 10 times a day | From 10-20 times | Over 20 times |
Symptoms of dehydration
Symptoms of dehydration are caused by loss of fluid through vomiting and diarrhea. The main symptoms of dehydration:
- General weakness
- Thirst
- Dryness of mucous membranes
- Increased heart rate
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomit
- Diarrhea
- Decreased urination
| Symptoms | Dehydration degree |
|||
| I | II | III | IV | |
| Fluid loss relative to body weight | Until 3% | 4-6% | 7-9% | 10% or more |
| Vomit | Up to 5 times a day | 6-10 times | 11-20 times | Multiple. over 20 times |
| loose stool | Up to 10 times | 11-20 times | over 20 | Without an account, for yourself |
| Thirst, dry mouth | Moderately pronounced | Significantly expressed | Significantly expressed | pronounced |
| Skin elasticity | Not changed | reduced | Dramatically reduced | Vivid expression |
| Voice change | Not | Weakened | Hoarseness of voice | Absence |
| convulsions | Not | In the calf muscles, short-term | Prolonged and painful | Common seizures |
| Pulse | Not changed | Up to 100 beats in min. | 100-120 beats in min. | Very weak or not detectable |
| Arterial pressure | Not changed | Up to 100 mm Hg | Up to 80 mm Hg | Less than 80 mmHg |
Factors that indicate food poisoning:
- The onset of the disease is acute, sudden (from 30 minutes to 7 days, more often 2-6 hours)
- The disease develops simultaneously in a group of individuals
- As a rule, a short course of the disease (3-5 days)
- A clear connection of the disease with the use of a certain dish or product
- Food poisoning is not transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person, and this is their main difference from infectious diseases.
First of all, it is necessary to single out such diseases as shigellosis and salmonellosis, which are inherently infectious diseases. However, they are often considered as food poisoning. These diseases are somewhat more severe than banal food poisoning and require close attention, especially in treatment.
Dairy food poisoning
Poisoning with milk, kefir, butter, cheese, cottage cheese ...Possible causative agents of the disease: Shigella Sonne, name of the disease shigellosis("city disease", dysentery), staphylococcus aureus, etc.
shigella- a bacterium, in the form of a rod with a rounded end. On products in the soil live up to 5-14 days. They die in the rays of direct sunlight within 30 minutes, when boiled instantly.
Cause:
- There are carriers of the Shigella Zone infection who hide their disease and do not want to seek medical help; if they do not comply with sanitary rules, food becomes contaminated. Contamination of sick food products occurs at various stages of the collection, transportation and sale of these products.
- Insufficient disinfection or contamination of milk and dairy products directly at dairies and factories.
- Dairy products are an excellent breeding ground for bacteria.
- As a risk factor, sour cream, milk, cottage cheese, kefir, cream, and cheese are in the first place.
Symptoms of general intoxication:
- Onset is acute (1-7 days)
- General malaise
- moderate headache
- Usually the temperature is normal, the increase to 38 ° C and above is rare
- A sharp decrease in appetite
Symptoms of colitis (inflammation of the large intestine):
- Cramping pains, often on the left in the lower abdomen
- False urge to defecate(tenesmus)
- Frequent, scanty stools rectal spit) with a lot of cloudy mucus and streaks of blood, often more than 10 times a day
- Shigella excreted from feces
Meat, chicken, egg poisoning, protein poisoning
A frequent causative agent of salmonella disease, causing the so-called salmonellosis.Salmonella- rod-shaped bacterium with rounded edges, mobile - has flagella over the entire surface.
Salmonella can survive in meat for up to 6 months, in frozen meat for more than six months, in eggs for up to 1 year or more, and on eggshells for up to 24 days. In the refrigerator, being in meat, salmonella not only survive, but are also able to multiply (at low positive temperatures). Salmonella at 70 ° C dies within 5-10 minutes, but in the thickness of a piece of meat it can withstand boiling for several hours.
Symptoms of poisoning:
Type of patient:
- Paleness, possible cyanosis of the extremities
- Onset is acute or hyperacute (from 2 hours to 72 hours)
- General malaise
- Headache
- temperature rise to 38°C and above
- A sharp decrease in appetite
- In severe cases, loss of consciousness, convulsions
- Cramping pains, mainly above and around the navel
- The stool is plentiful, watery, up to 10 times a day, greenish or dark brown in color, fetid odor, sometimes looks like "swamp mud".
- There is no blood in the feces.
- Salmonella is isolated from vomit, feces. With a common form from the blood and urine.
Confectionery poisoning
The main poisoning is not caused by the microorganism itself, but by the toxin that it produces. Most often, staphylococcus enters food products from people suffering from various purulent diseases (furunculosis, festering wounds, tonsillitis, sinusitis). Staphylococcus multiplies well in dairy products, especially in confectionery creams, etc. In the process of life, staphylococci secrete a special type of toxin - enterotoxin, which causes poisoning. Enterotoxin does not change the taste or smell of food. The toxin is resistant to heat, able to withstand heating up to 100 C for 1-2 hours.
Symptoms and features of staphylococcal toxin poisoning:
- Rapid onset of illness (30-60 minutes after eating contaminated food)
- Nausea, the most common symptom
- indomitable vomiting
- Severe cutting pain in the abdomen, above the navel
- Body temperature is normal or low, rarely rises to 38-39 C, lasts several hours.
- lethargy
- Dizziness
- Diarrhea in 50% of cases, no more than 2-5 bowel movements per day, duration 1-3 days
- No blood or mucus in the stool
- Greater likelihood of development, seizures and loss of consciousness
fish poisoning
If after visiting the sushi bar you feel a general malaise, nausea, stomach pain and you have diarrhea, it looks like you have been poisoned. The most common causative agents of poisoning in sushi bars are 1) bacteria from the group of Escherichia coli (E.Coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter), 2) Staphylococcus aureus 3) Proteus, etc. Usually, such bacteria get into food if basic hygiene rules are not followed and improper storage. In this case, the classic development of food poisoning occurs. Symptoms: general weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. However, there are fish poisonings that become poisonous on their own under certain conditions. For example, during the spawning of milk, the liver and caviar of such fish as pike, perch, burbot, barbel, beluga become poisonous, causing severe poisoning.
There are also poisonings that occur as an allergic reaction. After eating fish, symptoms such as redness of the skin, itching, swelling of the face, burning in the mouth, headache, nausea, and diarrhea may occur. This manifestation of poisoning is explained by the high content in fish of substances that cause allergy symptoms, such as histamine, etc. After the end of the action of histamine, all symptoms disappear without a trace, after about 7-8 hours. But for your own safety, it is better to take anti-allergic drugs (suprastin, cetirizine, etc.), and consult a doctor, because the development of a true allergic reaction to fish components cannot be ruled out.
Be careful when choosing fish
- It is strictly forbidden to eat fish with scales flying around, a swollen stomach, cloudy eyes.
- Fish stored at 1 °C
- Do not defrost fish unless you have decided what you are going to cook. Once thawed, the fish quickly begins to deteriorate and release dangerous toxins.
mushroom poisoning
Among poisonings with plant poisons, mushroom poisoning occupies a leading place.There are more than 70 species of poisonous mushrooms in Russia, of which 20 have highly toxic properties. During the year, in every 5th Russian family there are cases of mushroom poisoning. The number of victims increases during the so-called "mushroom season" from May to November. At this time, severe, sometimes massive poisoning of people occurs, many of which end in death. No one is safe from poisoning, sometimes even the most experienced mushroom pickers face this problem.
Read more about mushroom poisoning in the article: mushroom poisoning
Canned food poisoning botulism
Botulism- a serious, potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxin. It is characterized by damage to the nervous system with impaired vision, swallowing, speech and progressive respiratory depression.Read more about canned food poisoning in the article: Botulism
Emergency care for poisoning
| Do I need to call an ambulance? |
|
| Not really | Why and in what cases? |
| Yes need! |
|
Treatment of poisoning at home
The main task in the treatment of food poisoning is the removal of toxins from the body and the restoration of water-mineral balance.Since the causes of the described condition can be very different - and food poisoning, and botulism, and salmonellosis, and rotavirus infection, remember the main rule: no antibiotics without a doctor's prescription! The best thing you can do in the condition described above without a doctor's prescription is to take a sorbent.
Since 2011, standards for the treatment of infectious diseases in children from birth have been in force in Russia. According to them, the enterosorbent PEPIDOL is the drug of choice.
Once in the intestines, it works selectively - it kills harmful microbes, but does not touch the beneficial ones. Its composition is an aqueous solution of pectin, 3% for children and 5% for adults. As a result of the application, the condition, as a rule, normalizes within a day.
Scheme of administration: every three hours (4 times a day) at the age dosage, until the condition is completely normalized.
| What to do? | How? | What for? |
Do gastric lavage  | See gastric lavage | Rapid removal of contaminated food residues, microorganisms and their toxins from the body. Gastric lavage is most effective if performed for the first time hours after poisoning. |
Cleanse the intestines in the absence of diarrhea.  | Take a laxative or do an enema. Salt laxatives:
| Diarrhea is a natural process of cleansing the body of harmful substances, so you should give the body some time to remove all unnecessary on its own. And you should not interfere with him, namely, immediately take antidiarrheal drugs. |
| Replenish fluid and minerals lost with vomiting and diarrhea. | Replenishment of fluid is made depending on the degree of dehydration 2 ways to replenish fluid: 1. Through the mouth (Per os) for patients with mild and moderate poisoning. Special solutions are used:
Dissolve 1 package in 1 liter of boiled water (temperature 37-40 C). Drink should be in small sips, 1 glass (200 ml) for 10 minutes. For best efficiency, 1-1.5 liters should be drunk in 1 hour. The first stage of fluid replenishment lasts 1.5-3 hours, in 80% of cases it is enough to normalize the condition. However, with ongoing losses, the correction is carried out for another 2-3 days (stage II). At the first stage of treatment, the calculation of the required fluid is made based on the degree of dehydration and the weight of the patient: I degree 30-40 ml/kg II-III degree 40-70 ml/kg At the second stage of treatment, the required volume of fluid is determined based on the volume of fluid lost with vomiting and diarrhea in the next day. 2.Intravenous infusion:
Severe degree - 60-120 ml / kg, 70-90 ml / min Moderate degree - 55-75 ml / kg, 60-80 ml / min | Timely replenishment of lost fluids and minerals quickly normalizes the general condition, accelerates the elimination of toxins from the body, and prevents severe metabolic disorders. Contraindications for the use of oral solutions:
|
| In most cases, the above actions are enough to improve the general condition and the onset of a speedy recovery. However, with concomitant chronic diseases (chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, etc.), treatment must be supplemented with some more drugs. | ||
| Take an enterosorbent - a drug that binds toxins.  |
| The drugs bind microbes and their toxins. Reduce the symptoms of intoxication, improve the general condition, speed up recovery. |
| Reduce pain |
| The drugs relieve spasms that occur during poisoning, thereby eliminating pain. |
| Protect the lining of the stomach and intestines | Take astringents and enveloping agents:
| Protects the mucous membrane from irritation and damage, helps to reduce pain. |
| Take an antiseptic (for severe diarrhea) |
| It has a detrimental effect on the causative agent of the disease. It has antimicrobial, antifungal and antiprotozoal activity. |
Take Enzymes  |
| As an adjuvant therapy, given the possible violations of the secretion of the digestive glands and the lack of secretion of digestive enzymes. |
Restore intestinal microflora  |
You can use other eubiotics: bactisubtil (1 caps. 3-6 r. per day, before meals) linex (2 caps. 3 times a day), bifidumbacterin forte | Normaze - lactulose, which is part of the drug, promotes the growth of healthy microflora, thereby preventing the development of putrefactive. Biococktail is an ecological clean food product, normalizes the intestinal microflora, binds, neutralizes and removes toxins from the body. |
| Specific treatment for food poisoning caused by shigella: Antibacterial drugs:
|
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Some features of the treatment of poisoning caused by salmonella:
|
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Poisoning, treatment with folk remedies
- Bath or sauna help to actively remove toxins from the body.
- Decoction of dill with honey. For 200 ml of water 1 tsp. dry grass or 1 tbsp. fresh greens. Boil for 20 minutes on low heat, cool, add boiled water to the initial volume, then add 1 tbsp. l. honey. It is recommended to drink the decoction within 30 minutes. before meals 100 ml . Dill has an analgesic effect, relieves spasms, accelerates the elimination of toxins, due to an increase in urination. Normalizes the work of the digestive tract. Honey relieves inflammation, has bactericidal properties, binds toxins, contains a healing composition of vitamins and minerals.
- Althea infusion. 1 tbsp chopped marshmallow root, pour 200 ml of boiling water, close the lid and leave for 30 minutes. Strain, drink 1 tbsp. before meals 4-5 times a day.
- Ginger tea. Pour 1 tsp. ground ginger 200 ml boiling water, leave for 20 minutes. Drink 1 tablespoon every 30-60 minutes. Ginger actively binds toxins and promotes their removal. It has antibacterial properties, eliminates spasms, strengthens the immune mechanisms of the body.
- Water with lemon juice, rosehip tea, rowan. Drinks contain a large amount of vitamin C, which is involved in the processes of neutralization and elimination of toxins. In addition, other vitamins and minerals found in drinks well replenish the micro and macro elements lost with vomiting and diarrhea.
- During the day, instead of eating, it is recommended to use decoctions of rice and flaxseed. Prepare rice water: for 1 part of rice, 7 parts of water, boil for 10 minutes, take 1/3 cup 6 times a day.
Diet for poisoning, what can you eat?
Patients are prescribed a sparing diet. Food that can have a mechanical or chemical effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines (smoked meats, canned food, spicy and spicy dishes, milk, raw vegetables and fruits) is excluded from the diet. For the first days of illness, diet No. 4 is recommended, then as the diarrhea stops, diet No. 2 is prescribed, after which they switch to diet No. 13. Diet number 4
Diet with restriction of fats and carbohydrates and a normal content of proteins. Products that have a mechanical and chemical effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa (milk, sweets, legumes), products that enhance the processes of fermentation and putrefaction in the intestines, as well as products that stimulate gastric secretion and bile secretion (sauces, spices, snacks) are excluded.
- Free liquid 1.5-2 liters
- Energy value - 2100 kcal
- Diet 5-6 times a day
- Dishes are boiled or steamed.
- Recommended: soups, non-concentrated broths, boiled low-fat fish, cereals on the water (from rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), mashed potatoes, kissels, cottage cheese, dried white bread, cookies, tea, rosehip decoctions, blueberry kissels.
- Exclude: bakery and flour products, milk and dairy products, legumes, fruits and vegetables, sweets, fatty meats, fish, canned food, soups with cereals and vegetables.
Poison prevention
- Correctly determine the suitability of the product for consumption, discard "suspicious" products, especially if:
- Product has expired or is about to expire
- The seal of the package is broken
- Smell, taste, color of the product changed
- Uncharacteristic product consistency (heterogeneous, layered)
- The appearance of bubbles during stirring, sediment on the bottom, transparency is broken, etc.
- Don't experiment with eating raw eggs
- It is better to refrain from snacking on the go from the stalls
- Putting food in the fridge while you're at it.
- Do not defrost food in the place where you will cook later.
- It is good to thermally process foods, especially meat, fish, eggs. Food cannot be marinated at room temperature.
- Protect products from contact with insects, rodents and other animals that may be carriers of harmful microorganisms.
- Wash hands thoroughly before eating food. Wash should be at least 20-30 seconds with soap, preferably under warm water.
- Keep kitchen utensils clean. Kitchen surfaces should be wiped down both before and after cooking.
- Be sure to wash vegetables and fruits well before eating.
