Work on large livestock farms in our time is impossible without the widest use of mechanization. Machines deliver feed to farms and take away milk from there, supply water and heat for steaming feed, feed and water animals with the help of machines, remove manure and take it to the fields, milk cows, shear sheep, hatch chickens from eggs.

First of all, the most difficult and labor-intensive work was mechanized on the farms: the distribution of feed, milking cows, and manure removal.

Feeders are used to distribute feed. Some of them are made in the form of long conveyors and are installed directly in the premises where animals are kept. These are stationary feeders. They are powered by electric motors. Other feeders are made in the form of carts with a feed hopper and a dispensing device - these are mobile feeders and. They are moved by tractors or mounted on a car frame instead of a body. You can also find mobile (more precisely, self-propelled) machines with an electric drive.

Stationary feeders installed on livestock and poultry farms can be used to dispense a wide variety of feed. The feeder dispenses feed to all feeders. Some designs of stationary feeders are located above the feeders, dumping precisely measured portions of feed into them.

Mobile feeders are adapted to the distribution of certain feeds. Some feeders can distribute silage and chopped grass, others - dry feed, others - liquid, fourth - semi-liquid and solid. Some machines are designed in such a way that they can mix different feeds during distribution. They are called feed mixers. Mobile feeders are often used to transport feed to stationary feeders.

Feed dispensing machines take on 30-40% of all labor costs for animal care.

To mechanize the milking of cows - a very tedious operation if performed manually - milking machines are used. They operate due to the vacuum created by a vacuum pump in the main pipeline (vacuum wire) to which the devices are connected (see Fig.).

Each cluster consists of 4 teat cups (see fig.), a collector, a pulsator, vacuum and milk hoses and a milking bucket. The milking cups are double-walled: the outer wall is made of hard material, and the inner wall is made of rubber. Glasses for the time of milking are put on the nipples of the udder of the cow. In this case, two chambers are formed: under the nipple and between the walls of the glass - around the nipple. These chambers are connected through a collector and a pulsator to a vacuum line and a milking bucket. The pulsator and collector in a certain sequence automatically create either a vacuum or a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure in the chambers.

If both chambers are connected to a vacuum wire, then a vacuum appears in them, and milk is sucked out of the udder teat. There is a step "sucking". If the suction chamber is connected to a vacuum wire, and the interwall chamber is connected to the atmosphere, then the “compression” cycle will occur - the sucking out of milk will stop. After the vacuum is restored in the interwall chamber, the “sucking” cycle will again begin, etc. This is how push-pull devices work. But if, at the end of the "compression" stroke, the rarefaction in the interwall chamber is not restored, but the suction chamber is connected to atmospheric air, then there will be no compression and sucking, and the "rest" stroke will begin. Blood circulation will be restored in the nipple. This is how three-stroke machines work. So, for two-stroke devices, two cycles are performed - sucking and squeezing, and for three-stroke devices - sucking, squeezing and rest. Three-stroke devices meet the requirements of animal physiology more: in three "strokes" a calf sucks milk from a cow's udder.

Milk is collected from all four glasses into one milk hose using a collector.

Manure cleaning machines perform several operations: remove manure from premises, transport it from livestock buildings to storage or disposal sites. The premises are freed from manure with the help of electrified conveyors, hand trucks, bulldozers, cableways. The manure conveyor is most often a long chain on which metal scraper bars are mounted. The conveyor is placed in a wooden chute. Such conveyors connect the places where manure accumulates (the manure zone of the premises) with the place of its loading onto vehicles.

Some farms operate devices to remove manure with water. The manure is washed off into the manure collectors, and from there, after appropriate processing, it is pumped into vehicles that transport it to the fields as a very valuable fertilizer.

Produced recently by our industry, it is intended for the complex mechanization of farms both with tethered stall and loose keeping of animals. Based on the level of farm equipment milking machines and others equipment for livestock farms projects for the construction of livestock buildings are also being developed. Theoretical calculations and practical experience show that it is economically expedient to create farms with a population of at least 200 cows. The existing mechanization is mainly calculated on the equipment of such farms (for example, milk pipeline for 200 heads), however, it can also be successfully used in barns for 100 heads (other types milk pipeline, milking platform "Christmas tree").

The water supply of most farms is carried out by equipping wells with a depth of 50 to 120 m, with casing pipes with a diameter of 150-250 mm. Water from wells is supplied by submerged deep electric pumps of the UETsV type. The type of pump and its performance are selected depending on the depth, diameter of the well and the required amount of water for the farm. Water towers installed near wells are used as a reservoir for receiving and accumulating water. The most convenient and easy to use all-metal tower of the Rozhkovsky system. Its capacity (15 cubic meters) provides uninterrupted water supply to the farm (up to 2000 heads) with periodic pumping and filling the tower with water from the well. At present, towerless water pumps, small-sized and with full automation of control, are increasingly being used.

For watering cows in barns with tethered content, the following is used dairy farm equipment: single-cup valve individual drinkers T1A-1, one for every two cows. The drinking bowl has the small sizes, it is convenient in service. With loose keeping of animals, drinkers AGK-4 with electric heating are widely used. They are installed on open walking areas at the rate of one per 50-100 heads. The AGK-4 drinker provides water heating and maintaining the temperature up to 14-18 ° at frost up to 20 °, consuming about 12 kW / h of electricity per day. For watering animals on walking grounds and pastures in the summer, a group automatic drinker AGK-12 should be used, which serves 100-150 heads. For watering animals on pastures and summer camps, 10-15 km away from water sources, it is advisable to use the PAP-10A automatic drinker. It is mounted on a single-axle trailer with pneumatic tires, has 10 drinkers, a water tank and a pump powered by the tractor's PTO. In addition to its direct purpose, the drinker can be used for pumping water with a pump installed on it. Drinking bowl PAP-10A is aggregated with a tractor "Bela-Rus", it provides water to a herd of 100-120 cows.

Feeding animals with tethered content is also carried out with the help of dairy farm equipment, in particular - mobile or stationary feeders. In tethered cowsheds with feed passages up to 2.0 m wide, it is advisable to use a feed dispenser - a PTU-10K tractor trailer - for distributing feed into flies. This feeder is aggregated with all brands of Belarus tractors. It has a body capacity of 10 cu. m and productivity on distribution from 6 to 60 kg per 1 shoulder strap, m feeders. The cost of the feed dispenser is quite high, so dairy farm equipment it is most advantageous to use it on farms with 400-600 cows or on two or three closely spaced farms.

If the farm uses ground ensiling or laying silage in trenches with entrances, then it is most convenient to load silage and straw into the PTU-10K feed dispenser using a PSN-1M silo loader. The loader separates the silage or straw from the heap or stack, crushes and delivers the crushed mass to the body of the feeder or to other vehicles. The loader is aggregated with MTZ-5L and MTZ-50 tractors; it is powered by the power take-off shaft and hydraulics of the tractor. The loader is equipped with a BN-1 bulldozer hitch, which serves to rake up the remains of silage and straw, as well as for other chores. The loader is operated by one tractor operator, with a capacity of up to 20 tons of silage and up to 3 tons of straw per hour.

In those cases when the silage mass is stored in deep storages, pits or sectional trenches, it is advisable to use the EPV-10 electrified intermittent loader instead of the PSN-1M loader. It is a gantry crane with an inclined beam, but which moves the carriage with a vibrating grab. The capacity of the loader is about 10 tons per hour, served by one worker. The advantage of the EPV-10 electrified loader is that it can be used to extract manure from buried manure storages, replacing the working body. Its capacity for unloading manure is 20-25 t/h.

If the barn has a low ceiling (less than 2.5 m) or insufficient width of the feed aisle between the feeders (less than 2 m), it is advisable to use a stationary transporter - the TVK-80A feed dispenser to distribute feed in the stalls. It is installed along the entire length of the barn for one row of cows along the feeding front. The receiving loading part of the conveyor is located in a special room, and its loading is carried out with the conveyor turned on from the trailed tractor feeder PTU-10K. Feed-dispensing sensors TVK-80 and PTU-10K operate simultaneously in the specified mode. The rate of distribution of feed to animals is regulated by changing the feed rate of its feed distributor PTU-10K.

With loose housing for feeding on a walking area, a mobile feeder is most effective, although in some cases, in particular, when keeping animals in boxes, the TVK-80A feeder can also be successfully used. In summer, mowing, chopping and loading green mass into the PTU-10K trailed feeder is carried out by the KIR-1.5 mower-chopper, in autumn-winter time silage and straw are loaded into the feeder by the PSN-1M mounted loader.

Two types of milking machines are used for milking cows in tethered housing: "Milking set 100", DAS-2 and DA-ZM for milking in buckets and do-ill installation"Daugava" for milking into the milk pipeline, "Milking set 100" is designed for a barn for 100 heads. It consists of 10 Volga milking machines, vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines, an OOM-1000A milk cleaner-cooler with a frigator box, a TMG-2 milk collection and storage tank, a VET-200 electric water heater, OTSNSh milk pumps -5 and UDM-4-ZA. The milking kit provides milking, primary processing and storage of milk, so it is advisable to use it for equipment milking machines remote cowsheds, where it is necessary to store milk for one or two milkings for a short time. The load on the milkmaid when using the kit is 22-24 cows.

For farms located in close proximity to dairies; drain points or transport highways, the DAS-2 milking machine is recommended or milking machine YES-ZM. The DAS-2 milking machine is equipped with a two-stroke milking machine "Maiga", vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines and a cabinet for storing replaceable rubber. Milking machine DA-ZM contains the same equipment, but is equipped with three-stroke milking machines "Volga" or mobile milking machines. PDA-1. Milking with portable machines increases labor productivity by 1.5-2.0 times and greatly facilitates the work of milkmaids compared to manual milking. However, when using portable milking machines, manual labor is not completely excluded. Manually transfer milking machines with buckets from cow to cow, and also carry milked milk. Therefore, on farms with more than 100 cows, the costs of manual milking operations, including those associated with working with milking machines, increase somewhat, and therefore it is more expedient to use Daugava milking machines with a milk pipeline, through which one person can milk up to 36-37 cows.

The milking machine "Daugava" is produced in two versions: "Molokoprovod-100" for equipping farms for 100 cows and "Molokoprovod-200" for farms for 200 cows. The set of the milking machine "Molokoprovod-100" includes 8 two-stroke milking machines "Maiga", a glass milk pipeline with a device for measuring milk during control milking, a device for circulating washing of milking machines and a milk pipeline, a vacuum equipment, milk cooler, bath for washing dairy equipment, milk pumps OTSNSh-5 and UDM-4-ZA, water centrifugal pump, water heater VET-200. Milking machine "Molokoprovod-200" has the same units, but with milk pipeline designed to serve 200 cows. In addition to the listed equipment, which is available in each installation of the "Milk Pipeline", the set includes equipment supplied at the request of the farm. For example, for farms that do not have sources of cold water, a refrigeration unit MHU-8S of a compression type can be supplied, the refrigerant in which is freon. The refrigeration capacity of the unit is 6200 kcal/h, which, if cold accumulation is possible, provides cooling of 4000 liters of milk per day to a temperature of 8°C. The use of a refrigeration unit allows you to improve the quality of milk due to its timely cooling equipment for dairy farms.

Also, at the request of farms, for farms where it is necessary to store milk of one or two milk yields for a short time, a TMG-2 tank is supplied. If such a tank is not needed, then the milking machine is equipped with two or four vacuumized tanks with a capacity of 600 liters each. In this case, the milk diaphragm pump UDM-4-ZA is excluded from the kit. The use of the "Milk pipeline" in comparison with milking in portable buckets, in addition to facilitating labor, improves the quality of milk, since milk FROM the cow's udder to the milk tank goes through pipes and is isolated from the environment. When using a milk pipeline, it is necessary to regularly wash it after milking (using a device for circulating washing) with warm water and solutions of detergents and disinfectants: powder A and powder B. The collection of applications and the sale of these chemical detergents is carried out by the All-Union associations "Soyuzzoovetsnab" and Soyuzselkhoztechnika.

In many farms, during the summer, cows are kept on pastures. If the pastures are located in the immediate vicinity of the farm, it is advisable to carry out milking on the farm with the same milking machine that is used in winter. However, pastures are often remote from farms, so it is not profitable to drive cattle for milking to the farm. In this case, a pasture milking unit UDS-3 is used. This milking machine has two sections, each with four walk-through machines, 8 Volga milking machines, a milk pipeline, a cooler, a milk pump and equipment that provides water heating, electric lighting, udder washing and milk cooling, the vacuum pump of the milking unit is driven by action in pasture conditions from a gasoline engine, but it also has an electric motor, from which it can work in the presence of electricity. Serve milking machine 2-3 milkmaids, productivity of the milking machine 55-60 cows per hour.

To remove manure from premises with tethered livestock, as well as from pigsties and calves with group cage keeping of pigs and calves, they also use equipment for livestock farms: conveyors TSN-2 and TSN-3.06. The horizontal and inclined part of the TSN-2 conveyor consists of one spatial chain, which is driven by a drive mechanism from an electric motor. The TSN-Z.OB conveyor consists of a horizontal part with a drive and an inclined part also with its own drive. This design allows, if necessary, to use each part of the conveyor independently. The use for manure cleaning greatly facilitates the work of cattlemen and increases their productivity, allowing you to combine manure cleaning with other work on the farm. To clean manure with loose content from walking areas and from premises, tractors of various types with bulldozer attachments (BN-1, D-159, E-153 and others) are used. In some farms, mainly in the northwestern regions of the country, electrified trolleys VNE-1.B are used to transport manure from the barn to the manure storage.

Application equipment for livestock farms on farms gives a significant reduction in labor costs for production. So, only about 6 man-hours are spent on 1 quintal of milk. In the Kalinin collective farm, Dinskoy district, Krasnodar Territory, the introduction of complex mechanization on a farm with a livestock of 840 cows made it possible to release 76 people for other work. Labor costs using equipment for livestock farms for the production of 1 centner of milk decreased from 21 to 6 man-hours, and the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased from 11.2 to 8.9 rubles. One more example. On the Mayak collective farm, Dunaevets district, Khmelnytsky region, before the introduction of complex mechanization on the farm, one milkmaid served 12-13 cows, the cost of maintaining 100 cows with partial mechanization of processes was 31.7 thousand rubles . per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk was 12.8 rubles. After the implementation of the application equipment for livestock farms production processes, each milkmaid began to serve an average of 26 cows, the cost of maintaining 100 cows decreased to 26.5 thousand rubles. per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased to 10.8 rubles.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

Abstract

"Mechanization of small livestock farms"

Fulfilled course student

faculty

Checked:

Introduction 3

1. Equipment for keeping animals. 4

2. Animal feeding equipment. nine

Bibliography. fourteen

INTRODUCTION

Equipment with automatic tying of cows OSP-F-26o is designed for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual tying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in the combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in milking parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

1. EQUIPMENT FOR KEEPING ANIMALS

Combined stall equipment for cows OSK-25A. This equipment is mounted in stalls in front of the feeders. It ensures keeping cows in stalls according to zootechnical requirements, fixing individual animals when untying the entire group of cows, as well as supplying water from the water main to the automatic drinkers and serves as a support for attaching milk and vacuum wires to milking units.

The equipment (Fig. 1) consists of a frame to which a water pipe is connected; racks and fences connected by clamps; brackets for attaching milk and vacuum wires; automatic drinkers; tether chains and untether mechanism.

Each of the 13 individual automatic drinkers (PA-1A, PA-1B or AP-1A) is attached to the rack bracket with two bolts and connected to the latter through a branch pipe and an elbow. The plumbing bracket with a rubber gasket is pressed against the rack. The design of the equipment provides for the use of plastic drinking bowls AP-1A. To attach metal automatic drinkers PA-1A or PA-1B, an additional metal stand is installed between the rack bracket and the drinker.

The harness consists of a vertical and a female chain. The release mechanism includes separate sections with welded pins and a drive lever fixed with a bracket.

The operator of machine milking serves the equipment.

To tie a cow, the chain must be removed. Using the female and vertical chains, wrap around the neck of the cow, depending on the size of the neck, pass the end of the vertical chain through the corresponding ring of the female chain and put it on the pin again.

Rice. 1. Prefabricated stall equipment for cows OSK-25A:

1 - frame; 2 - automatic drinker; 3 - leash

To untie a group of cows, you need to release the drive lever from the bracket and turn the untie mechanism. The vertical chains fall off the pins, slip through the rings of the female chains and free the cows. If it is not necessary to untie the animals, the ends of the vertical chains are put on the opposite ends of the pins.

Technical characteristics of equipment OSK-25A

Number of cows:

subject to simultaneous untying up to 25

placed in section 2

Number of drinkers:

for two cows 1

included 13

Stall width, mm 1200

Weight, kg 670

Equipment with automatic leash of cows OSP-F-26. This

equipment (Fig. 2) is intended for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual untying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in milking parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

Rice. 2. Equipment with automatic leash for cows OSP-F-26:

1 - rack; 2 - leash

When milking cows in stalls, a mount for milk and vacuum wires is provided. In contrast to the prefabricated stall equipment OSK-25A, the equipment OSP-F-26 provides self-fixation of cows in stalls, while the labor costs for animal maintenance are reduced by more than 60%.

In each stall, at a height of 400 - 500 mm from the floor, a trap with a fixing plate is installed on the front wall of the feeder. All plates are fixed on a common rod, which can be set to two positions using a lever: “fixation” and “unlocking”. A collar with a chain pendant and a rubber weight attached to its end is put on the cow's neck. In the “fixed” position, the plates overlap the window of the closed guide. When approaching the feeder, the cow lowers her head into it, the chain suspension of the collar with a weight, sliding along the guides, falls into the trap, and the cow is tied. If the lever is moved to the “unlocked” position, the weight can be freely pulled out of the trap, and the cow is untied. If it is necessary to untie an individual cow, the weight is carefully removed from the trap by hand.

OSP-F-26 equipment is produced in the form of blocks connected during installation. In addition to the elements of an automatic harness, it includes a water supply system with automatic drinkers, a bracket for attaching milk and vacuum wires.

Elements of automatic harness can also be mounted on the stall equipment OSK-25A during the reconstruction of small farms, if the technical condition allows it to be operated for a sufficiently long time.

Technical characteristics of the OSP-F-26 equipment

Number of places for animals up to 26

Number of drinkers 18

Stall width, mm 1000 - 1200

Height of traps above the floor, mm 400 - 500

Overall dimensions of one block, mm 3000x1500x200

Weight (total), kg 629

Equipment for keeping cows in short stalls. Ta

some stall (Fig. 3) has a length of 160-165 cm and consists of limiters 6 and 3, manure canal 9, feeders 1 and tie tie 10.

Rice. 3. Short stall with a tie for cows:

1 - feeder; 2 - swivel pipe for fixing animals;

3 - arched front limiter; 4 - front rack of the stall;

5 - vacuum milk line; 6 - direct front limiter;

7 - side dividers of stalls; 8 - stall; 9 - manure channel; 10 - leash; 11 - bracket for mounting the swivel pipe

The limiters are made in the form of arcs - short (70 cm) and long (120 cm), preventing the transverse movement of the animal in the stall and preventing injury to the udder of a neighboring cow during rest. For the convenience of milking, a short limiter is installed opposite the valves of the vacuum and milk pipelines. 5.

Moving animals back is limited by a ledge above the manure grate and a leash, and forward movement is limited by a straight or blown-shaped pipe. The arc retainer contributes to the convenient location of the animal in the stall and allows free access to the feeder and drinker. Such a retainer must take into account the dimensions of the animal vertically and horizontally.

To fix the animals on a leash in front of the feeder at a height of 55-60 cm from the floor level, a swivel pipe is attached to the front posts using brackets. The distance from it to the front pillars is 45 cm. Hooks are welded to the pipe, with which the links of the tie leash are connected, which are constantly located on the animal's neck. When fixing the cow, the hooks are set in a position in which the chain is held on the pipe. To release the animal, the pipe is turned, and the chains fall off the hooks. The swivel pipe prevents the feed from being thrown out of the feeder. The tie chain is 55-60 cm long.

2. ANIMAL FEEDING EQUIPMENT

For feeding animals on farms, a complex of small-sized non-energy-intensive multi-operational machines and equipment is provided, with the help of which the following technological operations are performed: loading and unloading and transporting feed to the farm or feed shop, as well as within the farm; storage and grinding of components of feed mixtures; preparation of balanced feed mixtures, transportation and distribution to animals.

Universal unit PFN-0.3. This unit (Fig. 4) is mounted on the basis of a T-16M or SSH-28 self-propelled chassis and is designed to mechanize forage harvesting, as well as for loading and unloading operations and transporting goods both inside the farm and in the field. It consists of a self-propelled chassis 3 with body 2 and attachment 1 with hydraulic drive of working bodies.

The unit can work with a set of working bodies: when harvesting fodder, it is a mounted or front mower, a rake-tedder and a rake for picking up hay, a mounted tedder, a hay or straw stacker; during loading and unloading operations - this is a set of grippers, front bucket, clamshell forks. The machine operator, using interchangeable working bodies and a hydraulically controlled hitch, performs loading and unloading operations with any cargo and feed on the farm.

Rice. 4. Universal unit PFN-0.3:

1 - hinged device with hydraulic drive; 2 - body; 3 - self-propelled chassis

Technical characteristics of the unit PFN-0.3

Load capacity with grab, kg 475

Maximum breakout force, kN 5.6

Loading cycle time, s 30

Productivity, t/h, when loading with forks:

manure 18.2

silo 10.8

sand (bucket) 48

Capture width by a ladle, m 1,58

Weight of the machine with a set of working bodies, kg 542

Unit movement speed, km/h 19

Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4. Self-loader SU-F-0.4 is designed for mechanization of manure removal from walking areas and cleaning of the territory of livestock farms. It can also be used for the delivery of bedding materials, fodder root crops from storage facilities for processing or for distribution, cleaning feed passages from feed residues, loading and delivering any loose and small-sized materials for intra-farm transportation, lifting piece and packaged goods when loading into general purpose vehicles . It includes a tractor self-propelled chassis 1 (fig. 5) with tipper body 2, equipped with a hitch 3 and front bucket 4.

Using the chassis hydraulics, the machine operator lowers the loader bucket to the surface of the site and, by moving the chassis forward, picks up the material until the bucket is full. Then, using hydraulics, it raises the bucket above the chassis body and turns back to dump the material into the body. The cycles of selection and loading of the material are repeated until the body is completely filled. To load a body with an automatically opening front side, the same hydraulic cylinder of the self-propelled chassis is used as for lifting the bucket. By reversing the hydraulic cylinder rod supports, the bucket can be switched to bulldozer mode for clearing areas and feed passages and to forward tilt material unloader mode.

Rice. 5. Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4:

1 - self-propelled chassis T-16M; 2 - dump body; 3 - hitch with hydraulic drive; 4 - bucket

Thanks to the rigid design of attachments, a reliable selection of the loaded material is achieved.

It is possible to retrofit the self-loader with a hinged rotating brush for cleaning the farm area.

Technical characteristics of the self-loader SU-F-0.4

Load capacity, kg:

dump platform1000

Productivity in manure cleaning with its transportation

at 200 m, t/h up to 12

Capture width, mm1700

Bucket capacity, kg, when loading:

root crops250

Ground clearance, mm400

Movement speed, km/h:

when taking material up to 2

with a fully loaded body up to 8

Lifting height in the bucket of piece cargo, mdo 1.6

The smallest turning radius, m 5.2

Overall dimensions, mm:

length with lowered bucket 4870

height with raised bucket 2780

width 1170

Attachment weight, kg 550

Forage loader-distributor PRK-F-0.4-5. It is used for loading and unloading operations, distribution of feed and cleaning of manure from manure passages and from sites on small and atypical farms. Depending on the specific operating conditions, the following operations are performed using a loader-distributor: self-loading silage and haylage located in storage areas (trenches, piles) into the body of the feeder; silage, haylage, root crops and chopped stalked feed and feed mixtures loaded with other means; transportation of feed to the place where animals are kept; its distribution during the movement of the unit; issuance of stationary feeders into receiving chambers and bunkers; loading various agricultural goods into other vehicles, as well as their unloading; cleaning roads and sites; cleaning of manure from manure passages of livestock farms; self-loading and unloading of bedding material.

The moisture content of silage should be 85%, haylage - 55%, green mass - 80%, roughage - 20%, feed mixture - 70%. Fractional composition: green and dried mass of feed with a cutting length of up to 50 mm - at least 70% by weight, roughage with a cutting length of up to 75 mm - at least 90%.

The unit can be operated outdoors (on paddocks and feedlots) and in livestock buildings at a temperature of -30 ... +45 0 C. Distribution of feed, unloading of bedding and cleaning of manure is carried out at a positive temperature of the material.

For the passage of the unit, transport passages are required at least 2 m wide and up to 2.5 m high.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Belekhov I.P., Clear A.S. Mechanization and automation of animal husbandry. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.,

2. Konakov A.P. Equipment for small livestock farms. Tambov: TSNTI, 1991.

3. Agricultural machinery for intensive technologies. Catalog. - M.: AgroNIITEIITO, 1988.

4. Equipment for small farms and family contracts in animal husbandry. Catalog. -M.: Gosagroprom, 1989.

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Altai State Agrarian University

Faculty of Engineering

Department: mechanization of animal husbandry

Settlement and explanatory note

In the discipline "Mechanization and technology of animal husbandry"

Topic: Mechanization of a livestock farm

Is done by a student

Agarkov A.S.

Checked:

Borisov A.V.

Barnaul 2015

ANNOTATION

In this course work, calculations of the number of livestock breeding enterprises for a given capacity are given, a set of main production buildings for accommodating animals has been made.

The main attention is paid to the development of the scheme of mechanization of production processes, the choice of means of mechanization on the basis of technological and technical and economic calculations.

INTRODUCTION

At present, a large number of livestock farms and complexes operate in agriculture, which will be the main producers of agricultural products for a long time to come. In the process of operation, tasks arise for their reconstruction in order to introduce the latest achievements of science and technology, to increase the efficiency of the industry.

If earlier on collective farms and state farms there were 12-15 dairy cows per worker, 20-30 fattening cattle, now with the introduction of machines and new technologies these figures can be significantly increased. livestock farming place mechanization

The reconstruction and introduction of the system of machines into production requires specialists to have knowledge in the field of mechanization of animal husbandry, the ability to use this knowledge in solving specific problems.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN

When developing master plans for agricultural enterprises, the following should be provided for:

a) planning linkage with the residential and public sector;

b) location of enterprises, buildings and structures in compliance with the respective minimum distances between them;

c) measures to protect the environment from pollution by industrial emissions;

d) the possibility of construction and commissioning of agricultural enterprises in the operation of start-up complexes or queues.

The zone of agricultural enterprises consists of the following sites: a) production;

b) storage and preparation of raw materials (feed);

c) storage and processing of production waste.

The orientation of one-story buildings for keeping livestock 21 m wide, with proper development, should be meridional (longitudinal axis from north to south).

Walking grounds and walking and fodder yards are not recommended to be placed on the north side of the premises.

Veterinary institutions (with the exception of veterinary checkpoints), boiler houses, open-type manure storage facilities are built on the leeward side in relation to livestock buildings and structures.

The feed shop is located at the entrance to the territory of the enterprise. In close proximity to the feed shop there is a warehouse for concentrated feed and storage for root crops, silage, etc.

Walking grounds and walking and fodder yards are located near the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping livestock; if necessary, it is possible to organize walking and fodder yards in isolation from the building.

Feed and bedding stores are built in such a way as to provide the shortest paths, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to the places of use.

Crossing on the sites of agricultural enterprises of transport flows of finished products, feed and manure is not allowed.

The width of driveways at the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated from the conditions of the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes.

Distances from buildings and structures to the edge of the carriageway of highways are accepted as 15 m. Distances between buildings are within 30-40 m.

1.1 Calculation of the number of cattle places on the farm

The number of cattle places for cattle enterprises of dairy, meat and meat reproductive areas is calculated taking into account the coefficients.

1.2 Farm area calculation

After calculating the number of cattle places, determine the area of the farm, m 2:

Where M is the number of heads on the farm, head

S - specific area per head.

S=1000*5=5000 m2

2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

2.1 Feed preparation

The initial data for the development of this issue are:

a) the number of farm animals by groups of animals;

b) the diet of each group of animals.

The daily ration for each group of animals is compiled in accordance with zootechnical standards and the availability of feed on the farm, as well as their nutritional value.

Table 1

The daily ration for dairy cows of live weight is 600 kg., with an average daily milk yield of 20 liters. milk with a fat content of 3.8-4.0%.

Type of feed	The amount of feed	The diet contains
		Protein, G
Mixed grass hay
Corn silage
Bean-grass haylage
Roots
Mix of concentrates
Salt

table 2

Daily ration for dry, fresh and deep-calving cows.

Type of feed	Amount in the diet,	The diet contains
		Protein, G
Mixed grass hay
Corn silage
Roots
Mix of concentrates

Salt

Table 3

Daily ration for heifers.

Calves of the prophylactic period are given milk. The rate of feeding milk depends on the live weight of the calf. Approximate daily allowance is 5-7 kg. Gradually replace whole milk with diluted milk. The calves are given special compound feed.

Knowing the daily ration of animals and their livestock, we calculate the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily ration of feed of each type according to the formula:

Substituting the table data into the formula, we get:

1. Mixed grass hay:

q days hay = 650*5+30*5+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=3780kg.

2. Corn silage:

q day silage =650*12+30*10+60*20+240*18+10*2+10*2=13660 kg.

q day haylage \u003d 650 * 10 + 30 * 8 \u003d 6740 kg

5. Mixture of concentrates:

q day concentrates =650*2.5+30*2+60*2.5+240*3.7+10*2+10*2=2763 kg

q day straw =650*2+30*2+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=1740 kg

7. Additives

q days of addition =650*0.16+30*0.16+60*0.22+240*0.25+10*0.2+10*0.2=222 kg

Based on formula (1), we determine the daily productivity of the feed shop:

Q day =? q days i ,

where n is the number of groups of animals on the farm,

q day i - daily diet of animals.

Q days \u003d 3780 + 13660 + 6740 + 2763 + 1740 + 222 \u003d 28905? 29 tons

The required performance of the feed shop is determined by the formula:

Q tr \u003d Q day / (T slave * d),

where T slave - the estimated time of operation of the feed shop for the issuance of feed for one feeding, h; T slave \u003d 1.5-2.0 hours;

d - frequency of feeding animals, d=2-3.

Q tr \u003d 29/2 * 3 \u003d 4.8t / h

Based on the results obtained, we choose a feed shop, etc. 801-323 with a capacity of 10 t/h. The feed shop includes the following production lines:

1. Line of silage, haylage, straw. Feeder KTU - 10A.

2. Line of root crops: dry feed hopper, conveyor, grind - stone trap, washing of dosed feed.

3. Feed line: dry feed hopper, conveyor - concentrated feed dispenser.

4. Also includes a belt conveyor TL - 63, a scraper conveyor TC - 40.

Table 4

Technical characteristics of the feeder

Indicators	Feeder KTU - 10A
Load capacity, kg
Delivery during unloading, t/h
Speed, km/h

Transport
Body volume, m 2
Price list, p

2.2 Mechanization of feed distribution

The distribution of feed on livestock farms can be carried out according to two schemes:

1. Delivery of feed from the feed shop to the livestock building is carried out by mobile means, distribution of feed inside the premises - stationary,

2. Delivery of feed to the livestock premises and their distribution inside the premises - by mobile technical means.

For the first feed distribution scheme, it is necessary to select, according to the technical characteristics, the number of stationary feed dispensers for all livestock premises of the farm in which the first scheme is used.

After that, they begin to calculate the number of mobile feed delivery vehicles, taking into account their features and the possibility of loading stationary feeders.

It is possible to use the first and second schemes on one farm, then the required productivity of the in-line production line for distributing feed for the whole farm is calculated using the formula

29/(2*3)=4.8 t/h.

where - the daily need for feed of all kinds at the rate of t section - the time allotted according to the daily routine of the farm for the distribution of a single feed requirement to all animals, t section = 1.5-2.0 hours; d - frequency of feeding, d = 2-3.

Estimated actual productivity of one feeder is determined by the formula

where G to - the load capacity of the feeder, t, it is taken for the selected type of feeder; t p - duration of one flight, h.

where t s, t in - the time of loading and unloading the feeder, h;

t d - the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, h.

Unloading time:

Loading time: h

Supply of technical equipment at loading t/h

where L Cp is the average distance from the place of loading of the feeder to the livestock premises, km; Vsr - average speed of movement of the feeder on the territory of the farm with and without cargo, km/h.

The number of feeders of the selected brand is determined by the formula

Round up the value and get 1 feeder

2. 3 Water supply

2.3.1 Determining the need for water on the farm

The need for water on the farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption rates established for livestock farms, which are given in Table 5.

Table 5

We find the average water consumption on the farm using the formula:

where n 1, n 2, …, n n , - number of consumers i-th species, head.;

q 1, q 2 ... q n - the daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, l.

Substituting into the formula, we get:

Q cf day \u003d 0.001 (650 * 90 + 30 * 40 + 60 * 25 + 240 * 20 + 10 * 15 + 10 * 40) \u003d 66.5 m 3

Water on the farm is not consumed evenly throughout the day. The maximum daily water consumption is determined as follows:

Q m day \u003d Q cf day * b 1,

where b 1 - coefficient of daily unevenness, b 1 =1.3.

Q m day \u003d 1.3 * 66.5 \u003d 86.4 m 3

Fluctuations in water consumption on the farm by hours of the day take into account the coefficients of hourly unevenness, b 2 = 2.5.

Q m h \u003d (Q m day * b 2) / 24.

Q m 3 h \u003d (86.4 * 2.5) / 24 \u003d 9 m 3 / h.

The maximum flow rate per second is calculated by the formula:

Q m 3 s \u003d Q m 3 h / 3600,

Q m c \u003d 9 / 3600 \u003d

2.3.2 Calculation of the external water supply network

The calculation of the external water supply network is reduced to determining the length of the pipes and the pressure loss in them according to the scheme corresponding to the master plan of the farm adopted in the course project.

Water supply networks can be dead-end and ring.

Dead-end networks for the same object have a shorter length, and, consequently, a lower construction cost, which is why they are used on livestock farms (Fig. 1.).

Rice. 1. Scheme of a dead end network:1 - Koropenetrated 200heads; 2-calf house; 3 - Milking and milk block; 4 -Dairy; 5 - Milk reception

The pipe diameter is determined by the formula:

Accept

where is the velocity of water in the pipes, .

The head loss is divided into length loss and local resistance loss. The loss of pressure along the length is due to the friction of water against the walls of the pipes, and the loss in local resistance is due to the resistance of taps, gate valves, turns of branches, narrowings, etc. The head loss along the length is determined by the formula:

3 /s

where is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes;

pipeline length, m;

water consumption in the area, .

The value of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of the losses along the length of external water pipes,

Plot 0 - 1

Accept

/from

Plot 0 - 2

Accept

/from

2.3.3 Selecting a water tower

The height of the water tower should provide the necessary pressure at the most remote point (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Determining the height of the water tower

The calculation is made according to the formula:

where there is a free head for consumers when using automatic drinking bowls. At a lower pressure, water slowly enters the bowl of the autodrinker, at a higher pressure, it splashes. If there is a residential building on the farm, the free pressure is assumed to be equal for a one-story building - 8 m, two-story - 12 m.

the sum of losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m.

if the terrain is flat, the geometric difference between the level marks at the fix point and at the location of the water tower.

The volume of the water tank is determined by the required supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, firefighting measures and the control volume according to the formula:

where is the volume of the tank, ;

control volume, ;

volume for fire fighting measures, ;

water supply for household and drinking needs, ;

The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm during 2 h in the event of an emergency power outage according to the formula:

The control volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption on the farm, the water consumption schedule, the pumping capacity and frequency of pumping.

With known data, the schedule of water consumption during the day and the mode of operation of the pumping station, the regulating volume is determined using the data in Table. 6.

Table 6

Data for the selection of control tanks for water towers

After receiving, select the water tower from the following row: 15, 25, 50.

We accept.

2.3.4 Selecting a pumping station

To lift water from the well and supply it to the water tower, water jet installations, submerged centrifugal pumps are used.

Water jet pumps are designed to supply water from mine and bore wells with a casing pipe diameter of at least 200 mm, up to 40 m. Centrifugal submersible pumps are designed to supply water from boreholes with a pipe diameter of 150 mm and higher. Developed head - from 50 m before 120 m and higher.

After choosing the type of water-lifting installation, the brand of the pump is selected according to performance and pressure.

The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the mode of operation of the pumping station and is calculated by the formula:

where is the operating time of the pumping station, h, which depends on the number of shifts.

The total head of the pumping station is determined according to the scheme (Fig. 3) according to the following formula:

where is the total head of the pump, m;

distance from the axis of the pump to the lowest water level in the source;

immersion value of the pump or suction intake valve;

the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m.

where is the sum of the pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m;

the sum of the pressure losses in the suction pipe, m. In the course project can be neglected.

where is the height of the tank, m;

installation height of the water tower, m;

difference of geodetic marks from the axis of the pump installation marks of the foundation of the water tower, m.

By found value Q And H choose brand of pump

Table 7

Technical characteristics of submersible centrifugal pumps

Rice. 3. Determination of the pressure of the pumping station

2 .4 Mechanization of manure cleaning and disposal

2.4.1 Calculation of the need for manure removal agents

The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the cost of products significantly depends on the adopted technology for cleaning and disposal of manure. Therefore, much attention is paid to this problem, especially in connection with the construction of large industrial-type livestock enterprises.

The amount of manure in (kg) obtained from one animal is calculated by the formula:

where is the daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg(Table 8);

daily norm of litter per animal, kg(Table 9);

coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water: with a conveyor system.

Table 8

Daily excretion of feces and urine

Table 9

The daily norm of litter (according to S.V. Melnikov),kg

daily output (kg) manure from the farm is found by the formula:

where is the number of animals of the same type of production group;

the number of production groups on the farm.

annual output (T) find by the formula:

where is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. duration of the stall period.

The moisture content of bedless manure can be found from the expression, which is based on the formula:

where is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87 % ).

For the normal operation of mechanical means of removing manure from the premises, the following condition must be met:

where is the required performance of the manure cleaner under specific conditions, t/h;

hourly performance of the technical tool according to the technical characteristics, t/h.

The required performance is determined by the expression:

where is the daily output of manure in this livestock building, T;

accepted frequency of manure cleaning;

time for one-time cleaning of manure;

coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be cleaned;

the number of mechanical means installed in this room.

According to the obtained required performance, we select the conveyor TSN - 3B.

Table 10

Technical characteristics of manurepicking conveyor TSN- 3B

2.4.2 Calculation of vehicles for the delivery of manure to the manure storage

First of all, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the method of manure delivery to the manure storage: by mobile or stationary technical means. For the selected method of manure delivery, the number of technical means is calculated.

Stationary means of manure delivery to the manure storage are selected according to their technical characteristics, mobile technical means - on the basis of the calculation. The required performance of mobile technical means is determined:

where is the daily output of manure from the entire livestock of the farm, T;

operating time of technical means during the day.

The actual estimated performance of the technical means of the selected brand is determined:

where is the carrying capacity of the equipment, T;

duration of one flight, h.

The duration of one flight is determined by the formula:

where is the loading time of the vehicle, h;

unloading time, h;

time in motion with and without load, h.

If manure is transported from each livestock building that does not have a storage tank, then it is necessary to have one trolley for each room, and the actual productivity of the tractor with the trolley is determined. In this case, the number of tractors is calculated as follows:

We accept 2 MTZ-80 tractors and 2 2-PTS-4 trailers for manure removal.

2.4.3 Calculation of manure processing processes

To store bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.

The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:

where is the volumetric mass of manure, ;

manure height.

The manure first enters the sections of the quarantine storage, the total capacity of which must ensure the reception of manure for 11…12 days. Therefore, the total storage capacity is determined by the formula:

where is the storage accumulation duration, day.

Multi-section quarantine storages are most often made in the form of hexagonal cells (sections). These cells are assembled from reinforced concrete slabs with a length 6 m, width 3m installed vertically. The capacity of this section is 140 m 3 , so the number of sections is found from the ratio:

sections

The capacity of the main manure storage should ensure the holding of manure for the period necessary for its disinfection (6…7 months). In construction practice, tanks with a capacity of 5 thousand m 3 (diameter 32 m, height 6 m). Based on this, you can find the number of cylindrical storages. Storage facilities are equipped with pumping stations for unloading tanks and bubbling manure.

2 .5 Ensuring microclimate

In livestock buildings, there is more heat, moisture and gas production, and in some cases the amount of heat generated is sufficient to meet heating needs in winter.

In prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with ceilings without attics, the heat generated by animals is not enough. The issue of heat supply and ventilation in this case becomes more complicated, especially for areas with outdoor air temperature in winter. -20°C and below.

2.5.1 Classification of ventilation devices

A significant number of different devices have been proposed for the ventilation of livestock buildings. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be as cheap as possible in the device, operation and widely available in management, do not require additional labor and time for regulation.

Ventilation units are divided into supply, air supply, exhaust, exhaust air and combined, in which air is supplied to the room and exhausted from it by the same system. Each of the ventilation systems according to structural elements can be divided into window, flow-target, pipe horizontal and pipe vertical with an electric motor, heat exchange (heater) and automatic action.

When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of animals with clean air.

With the frequency of air exchange, natural ventilation is selected, with forced ventilation without heating the supply air and with forced ventilation with heating of the supplied air.

The rate of hourly air exchange is determined by the formula:

where is the air exchange of the livestock building, m 3 /h(air exchange by humidity or by content);

room volume, m 3 .

2.5.2 Natural air ventilation

Ventilation by natural air movement occurs under the influence of wind (wind pressure) and due to temperature differences (thermal pressure).

The calculation of the necessary air exchange of the livestock premises is carried out according to the maximum allowable zoohygienic standards for the content of carbon dioxide or air humidity in the premises for different types of animals. Since the dryness of the air in livestock buildings is of particular importance for creating resistance to diseases and high productivity in animals, it is more correct to calculate the volume of ventilation according to the norm of air humidity. The volume of ventilation calculated from humidity is higher than that calculated from carbon dioxide. The main calculation must be carried out by air humidity, and the control one by the content of carbon dioxide. Air exchange by humidity is determined by the formula:

where is the amount of water vapor emitted by one animal, g/h;

the number of animals in the room;

allowable amount of water vapor in the room air, g/m 3 ;

moisture content in the outdoor air at the moment.

where is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal for an hour;

the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the room air;

carbon dioxide content in fresh (supply) air.

The required cross-sectional area of the exhaust ducts is determined by the formula:

where the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe is a certain temperature difference, .

Meaning V each case can be determined by the formula:

where is the height of the channel;

indoor air temperature;

air temperature outside the room.

The performance of a channel having a cross-sectional area will be equal to:

The number of channels is found by the formula:

channels

2 .5.3 Space heating calculation

Optimum ambient temperature improves the performance of people, as well as increases the productivity of animals and birds. In rooms where the optimum temperature and humidity are maintained by biological heat, there is no need to install special heating devices.

When calculating the heating system, the following sequence is proposed: choosing the type of heating system; determination of heat losses of a heated room; determination of the need for thermal appliances.

For livestock and poultry premises, air heating, low-pressure steam with a temperature of devices up to 100°C, water temperature 75…90° С, electrically heated floors.

The heat flow deficit for heating the livestock building is determined by the formula:

Since it turned out to be a negative number, heating is not required.

where the heat flux passing through the enclosing building structures, J/h;

the flow of heat lost with the exhaust air during ventilation, J/h;

accidental loss of heat flow, J/h;

the flow of heat given off by animals, J/h.

where is the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosing building structures, ;

area of surfaces losing heat flow, m 2 ;

air temperature indoors and outdoors, respectively, °C.

The heat flux lost with the exhaust air during ventilation:

where is the volumetric heat capacity of air.

The heat flux emitted by animals is equal to:

where the heat flux released by one animal of a given species, J/h;

the number of animals of this species in the room, Goal.

Random heat flux losses are taken in the amount 10…15% from, i.e.

2 .6 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing

The choice of means of mechanization of milking of cows is determined by the method of keeping cows. When tethered, it is recommended to milk cows according to the following technological schemes:

1) in stalls using linear milking machines with the collection of milk in a milking pail;

2) in stalls using linear milking machines with the collection of milk;

3) in milking parlors or on sites using milking machines such as "Carousel", "Herringbone", "Tandem".

Milking machines for a livestock farm are selected based on their technical characteristics, which indicate the number of cows served.

The number of milkers, based on the allowable load by the number of livestock served, is found by the formula:

N op =m d.s. /m d \u003d 650/50 \u003d 13

where m d.s. - the number of dairy cows on the farm;

m d - the number of cows when milking in the milk pipeline.

Based on the total number of dairy cows, I accept 3 milking machines UDM-200 and 1 AD-10A

Productivity of the production line of milking Q d.c. we find it like this:

Q d.c. \u003d 60N op * z / t d + t p \u003d 60 * 13 * 1 / 3.5 + 2 \u003d 141 cows / h

where N op - Number of machine milking operators;

t d - the duration of milking the animal, min;

z is the number of milking machines serving one milker;

t p - time spent on manual operations.

The average duration of milking one cow, depending on its productivity, min.:

T d \u003d 0.33q + 0.78 \u003d 0.33 * 8.2 + 0.78 \u003d 3.5 min

Where q is a one-time milk yield of one animal, kg.

q=M/305c

where M is the productivity of a cow for lactation, kg;

305 - duration of location days;

c - the frequency of milking per day.

q=5000/305*2=8.2 kg

Total annual amount of milk subject to primary processing or processing, kg:

M year \u003d M cf * m

M cf - the average annual milk yield of a forage cow, kg / year

m is the number of cows on the farm.

M year \u003d 5000 * 650 \u003d 3250000 kg

M max day \u003d M year * K n * K s / 365 \u003d 3250000 * 1.3 * 0.8 / 365 \u003d 9260 kg

Maximum daily milk yield, kg:

M max times \u003d M max days / c

M max times =9260/2=4630 kg

Where q - the number of milkings per day (c = 2-3)

Productivity of the production line for machine milking of cows and milk processing, kg/h:

Q p.l. = M max times / T

Where T is the duration of a single milking of a herd of cows, hours (T \u003d 1.5-2.25)

Q p.l. = 4630/2=2315 kg/h

Hourly loading of the production line for the primary processing of milk:

Q h \u003d M max times / T 0 \u003d 4630/2 \u003d 2315

We select 2 coolant tanks type DXOX type 1200, Maximum volume = 1285 liters.

3 . PROTECTION OF NATURE

Man, displacing natural biogeocenoses and laying down agrobiocenoses with his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere.

In an effort to get as many products as possible, a person influences all components of the ecological system: soil, air, water bodies, etc.

In connection with the concentration and transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, livestock complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture.

When designing farms, it is necessary to provide for all measures to protect nature in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem, including preventing livestock waste from entering fields beyond farms, limit the amount of nitrates in slurry, use slurry and wastewater for non-traditional energy, use sewage treatment plants, use manure storage facilities that eliminate the loss of nutrients in manure; exclude the entry of nitrates to the farm through feed and water.

A comprehensive program of planned ongoing activities aimed at protecting the environment in connection with the development of industrial animal husbandry is shown in Figure No. 3.

Rice. 4. Measures for the protection of the external environment at various stages of technological processeslarge livestock complexes

CONCLUSIONS ON THE PROJECT

This 1000 tie-down farm specializes in milk production. All processes for the use and care of animals are almost completely mechanized. Due to mechanization, labor productivity increased and became easier.

The equipment was taken with a margin, i.e. does not operate at full capacity, and its cost is high, payback within a few years, but with rising milk prices, the payback period will decrease.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Zemskov V.I., Fedorenko I.Ya., Sergeev V.D. Mechanization and technology of livestock production: Proc. Benefit. - Barnaul, 1993. 112s.

2. V.G. Koba., N.V. Braginets and others. Mechanization and technology of livestock production. - M.: Kolos, 2000. - 528 p.

3. Fedorenko I.Ya., Borisov A.V., Matveev A.N., Smyshlyaev A.A. Equipment for milking cows and primary processing of milk: Textbook. Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2005. 235p.

4. V.I. Zemskov “Design of production processes in animal husbandry. Proc. allowance. Barnaul: AGAU Publishing House, 2004 - 136p.

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Status and prospects of mechanization of animal husbandry in Russia

Animal husbandry is a rather labor-intensive type of production, therefore, the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress through the mechanization and automation of work processes is an obvious direction for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.

Today in Russia, labor costs for the production of a unit of output on large mechanized farms are 2-3 times lower than the average for the industry, and the cost is 1.5-2 times lower. And although the level of mechanization of the industry as a whole is high, it lags far behind developed countries, and therefore is insufficient. Thus, only about 75% of dairy farms have a comprehensive mechanization of work, among beef producers such less than 60%, pork - about 70%.

In Russia, the labor intensity of animal husbandry remains high, which negatively affects the cost of production. For example, the share of manual labor in servicing cows is about 55%, and in sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig farms - at least 80%. The level of automation of production in small farms is even lower - on average, it is 2-3 times behind the entire industry as a whole. For example, only about 20% of farms with a herd of up to 100 heads and about 45% with a herd of up to 200 heads are fully mechanized.

Among the reasons for the low level of mechanization of domestic animal husbandry, one can name low profitability in the industry, which does not allow enterprises to purchase imported equipment, and on the other hand, the lack of domestic modern means of integrated mechanization and livestock breeding technologies.

According to scientists, the development of the production of standard modular livestock complexes with a high level of automation, robotization and computerization by the domestic industry could improve the situation. The modular principle would make it possible to unify the designs of various equipment, ensuring their interchangeability, facilitating the process of creating livestock complexes and reducing operating costs for them. However, this approach requires targeted intervention in the situation by the state represented by the relevant ministry. Unfortunately, the necessary steps in this direction have not yet been taken.

Technological processes to be automated

The production of livestock products is a long chain of technological processes, operations and works related to the breeding, keeping and slaughter of farm animals. In particular, the following types of work are performed at the enterprises of the industry:

feed preparation,
feeding and watering animals,
removal and processing of manure,
collection of products (eggs, honey, wool shearing, etc.),
slaughter of animals for meat,
animal mating,
performance of various works to create and maintain the necessary microclimate in the premises, etc.

The mechanization and automation of animal husbandry cannot be continuous. Some types of work can be fully automated by entrusting them to computerized and robotic mechanisms. Other works are only subject to mechanization, that is, they can only be performed by a person, but using more advanced and productive equipment as tools. Very few jobs today require entirely manual labor.

Mechanization and automation of feeding

The preparation and distribution of feed, as well as the watering of animals, is one of the most labor-intensive technological processes in animal husbandry. It accounts for up to 70% of the total labor costs, which by default makes it the first "target" for automation and mechanization. Fortunately, it is relatively easy for most livestock industries to outsource this type of work to robots and computers.

Today, the mechanization of feed distribution provides a choice of two types of technical solutions: stationary feeders and mobile (mobile) feeders. The first solution is an electric motor that drives a belt, scraper or other conveyor. The feed supply at the stationary distributor is carried out by unloading it from the bunker onto the conveyor, which then delivers the food directly to the feeders. In turn, the mobile feeder moves the hopper itself directly to the feeders.

Which type of feeder to use is determined by doing some calculations. Usually they come down to the fact that it is required to calculate the implementation and maintenance of which type of dispenser will be more cost-effective for housing a given configuration and a given type of animals.

The mechanization of drinking is an even simpler task, since water, being a liquid, is easily transported by itself through pipes and gutters under the influence of gravity (if there is at least a minimum angle of inclination of the gutter / pipe). It is also easy to transport with the help of electric pumps through the pipe system.

Mechanization of manure removal

The mechanization of production processes in animal husbandry does not bypass the process of manure cleaning, which among all technological operations is in second place in terms of labor intensity after feeding. This work needs to be done frequently and in large volumes.

In modern livestock complexes, various mechanized and automated manure removal systems are used, the type of which directly depends on the type of animals, their housing system, configuration and other features of the premises, the type and amount of bedding material. In order to achieve the maximum level of automation and mechanization of this type of work, it is highly desirable to provide for the use of specific equipment at the stage of construction of the premises in which the animals will be kept. Only then will comprehensive mechanization of animal husbandry become possible.

Manure removal can be carried out in two ways: mechanical and hydraulic. Systems of a mechanical type of action are divided into:

a) scraper conveyors;
b) cable-scraper installations;
c) bulldozers.

Hydraulic systems are distinguished by:

By driving force:
- gravity (manure moves along an inclined surface under the influence of gravity);
- forced (manure moves under the influence of external coercion, for example, the flow of water);
- combined (part of the "route" manure moves by gravity, and part is forced).
According to the principle of action:
- continuous action (manure is removed around the clock as it arrives);
- periodic action (manure is removed when accumulated to a certain level or after certain periods of time).
By design:
- floating (manure continuously moves along the channel due to the difference in its level at the top and bottom of the channel);
- slide gates (the channel blocked by the damper is partially filled with water and manure is accumulated in it for several days, after which the damper is opened and the contents descend further by gravity);
- combined.

Dispatching and integrated automation in animal husbandry

Increasing the efficiency of production and reducing the level of labor costs per unit of output in animal husbandry should not be limited to automation, mechanization and electrification of individual technological operations and types of work. The current level of scientific and technological progress has already made it possible to fully automate many types of industrial production, where the entire production cycle from the stage of acceptance of raw materials to the stage of packing finished products into containers is performed by an automatic robotic line under the supervision of one dispatcher or several engineers.

Obviously, due to the specifics of animal husbandry, it is currently impossible to achieve such indicators of the level of automation. However, one can strive for it as a desired ideal. There is already such equipment that makes it possible to abandon the use of individual machines and replace them with production production lines. Such lines will not be able to control absolutely the entire production cycle, but they are able to fully mechanize the main technological operations.

Flow technological lines are equipped with complex working bodies and advanced sensor and alarm systems, which allows achieving a high level of automation and control of equipment. The maximum use of such lines will allow moving away from manual labor, including operators of hotel machines and mechanisms. They will be replaced by dispatcher control and process control systems.

The transition to the modern level of automation and mechanization of work in animal husbandry in Russia will reduce operating costs in the industry by several times.