Introduction

One of the fundamental problems of the sciences involved in the study of personality is the study of the process of socialization, i.e. the study of a wide range of issues related to how and thanks to what a person becomes an active social subject.

The concept of “socialization” is broader than the traditional concepts of “education” and “upbringing”. Education involves the transfer of a certain amount of knowledge. Education is understood as a system of purposeful, consciously planned actions, the purpose of which is to develop in a child certain personal qualities and behavioral skills. Socialization includes education, upbringing, and, moreover, the entire set of spontaneous, unplanned influences that influence the formation of personality, the process of assimilation of individuals into social groups.

The object of the study is the population of the Orenburg region.

The subject of the study is the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region.

The purpose of the study is to study and analyze the problems of socialization of the personality of the population of the Orenburg region.

Research objectives:

.Consider the theoretical aspect of personal socialization in the modern world;

.Conduct a sociological study on the problem of personal socialization;

.Formulate conclusions and practical recommendations.

1 Theoretical aspect of personal socialization in the modern world.

.1 Socialization of personality

Socialization of personality is the process of personality formation in certain social conditions, the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values ​​and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or group. Norms of behavior, moral standards, and beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in society.

The following stages of socialization are distinguished:

1. Primary socialization, or adaptation stage (from birth to adolescence, the child assimilates social experience uncritically, adapts, adjusts, imitates).

. Individualization stage(there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude towards social norms of behavior). In adolescence, the stage of individualization, self-determination “World and I” is characterized as intermediate socialization, since everything is still unstable in the worldview and character of the teenager.

Adolescence (18 - 25 years) is characterized as stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

. Integration stage(there is a desire to find one’s place in society, to “fit in” with society). Integration proceeds successfully if a person’s characteristics are accepted by the group, by society. If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

· maintaining one’s dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;

· changing oneself, the desire to “become like everyone else” - external compromise, adaptation.

. Labor stagesocialization covers the entire period of a person’s maturity, the entire period of his working activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it by actively influencing the environment through his activities.

. After workthe stage of socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of transmitting it to new generations.

Socialization is the process of personality formation.

Individual → Personality - through the process of socialization, which includes the development of:

· culture of human relations and social experience;

· social norms;

· social roles;

· types of activities;

· forms of communication.

Mechanisms of socialization:

· identification;

· imitation - reproducing the experience of others, their movements, manners, actions, speech;

· sex-role typing - the acquisition of behavior characteristic of people of the same sex;

· social facilitation - strengthening a person’s energy, facilitating his activities in the presence of other people;

· social inhibition - inhibition of behavior and activity under the influence of other people;

· social influence - one person's behavior becomes similar to another person's behavior. Forms of social influence: suggestibility - a person’s involuntary compliance with influence; conformism - a person’s conscious compliance with the opinion of a group (develops under the influence of social pressure).

.2 Problems of personal socialization in modern society

The problem of personality socialization, despite its wide representation in the scientific literature, remains relevant to this day. Processes occurring in any spheres of social life influence the individual, his living space, and internal state. As noted by S.L. Rubinstein, personality is “... not only this or that state, but also a process during which internal conditions change, and with their change, the possibilities of influencing the individual by changing external conditions also change.” In this regard, the mechanisms, content, and conditions of socialization of the individual, undergoing significant changes, cause equally intense changes in the personality being formed.

Modern man is constantly under the influence of many factors: both man-made and those of social origin, which cause a deterioration in his health. The physical health of an individual is inextricably linked with mental health. The latter, in turn, is associated with a person’s need for self-realization, i.e. provides that sphere of life that we call social. A person realizes himself in society only if he has a sufficient level of mental energy, which determines his performance, and at the same time, sufficient plasticity and harmony of the psyche, allowing him to adapt to society and be adequate to its requirements. Mental health is a necessary condition for the successful socialization of an individual.

Statistics show that on average there are only 35% of people free from any mental disorders. The layer of people with pre-morbid conditions in the population reaches considerable sizes: according to various authors - from 22 to 89%. However, half of the carriers of mental symptoms independently adapt to the environment.

The success of socialization is assessed by three main indicators:

a) a person reacts to another person as an equal;

b) a person recognizes the existence of norms in relations between people;

c) a person recognizes the necessary degree of loneliness and relative dependence on other people, that is, there is a certain harmony between the parameters “lonely” and “dependent”.

The criterion for successful socialization is a person’s ability to live in the conditions of modern social norms, in the “I - others” system. However, it is increasingly rare to find people who meet these requirements. Increasingly, we are faced with manifestations of difficult socialization, especially among the younger generation. As the results of research in recent years show, the number of children with behavioral disorders and deviations in personal development is not decreasing, despite the existence of an extensive network of psychological services.

This is how the problem of aggression among teenagers retains its practical significance. Undoubtedly, aggressiveness is inherent in any person. Its absence leads to passivity, submissiveness, and conformity. However, its excessive development begins to determine the entire appearance of the personality: it can become conflicting, incapable of conscious cooperation, and therefore complicates the comfortable existence of the individual among the people around him.
Another problem that causes concern to the public is the violation of social norms and rules by teenagers and their unwillingness to obey them. This in itself is a manifestation of a violation of the socialization process. There are more and more children belonging to the group of deviant teenagers.
Also, a problem in modern society is the increasing incidence of suicide among the child population. The scale of the problem is much wider than it seems at first glance. After all, statistics usually include completed attempts to leave life, but an even larger number of people with a tendency towards suicidal behavior remain unaccounted for.

All this allows us to conclude that modern children have a low ability to adapt, which makes it difficult for them to master social space in adequate ways. As a rule, unresolved difficulties of one age entail the emergence of others, which leads to the formation of a whole symptom complex, becoming entrenched in personal characteristics. Speaking about the importance of forming a socially active personality of the younger generation, we, however, are actually faced with the difficulties of their adaptation to changing conditions.

This is the origin of such a social problem as the experience of loneliness among young people. If a few decades ago the problem of loneliness was considered a problem for older people, today its age threshold has dropped sharply. A certain percentage of lonely people is also observed among student youth. Note that lonely people have minimal social contacts; their personal connections with other people, as a rule, are either limited or completely absent.

We see personal helplessness and personal maturity of the subject as the extreme poles of socialization. Undoubtedly, the goal of society should be the formation of a mature personality with such qualities as independence, responsibility, activity, and independence. These characteristics are most often inherent in an adult, but their foundation is laid already in childhood. Therefore, all efforts of teachers and society as a whole should be aimed at developing the indicated qualities. According to D.A. Tsiring, personal helplessness develops in the process of ontogenesis under the influence of various factors, including the system of relationships with others. A person’s location at one point or another on the continuum “personal helplessness - personal maturity” is an indicator of his socialization, and, in general, subjectivity.

2. Sociological research on the problem of personality socialization

.1 Questionnaire

Dear respondent!

I, Skachkova Oksana, a 1st year student at the Faculty of Management of the State Institute of Physical Education, am conducting a sociological study on the topic: “Problems of personal socialization.”

This sociological study was conducted with the aim of studying, analyzing and identifying problems of individual socialization.

I ask you to take part in a survey of the topic under study in order to identify your opinion on the state of problems of personal socialization in modern Russian society, since this study is relevant.

You are offered a list of questions with possible answers, from which you need to choose one that is close to you.

The questionnaire is anonymous.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation!

Questionnaire

1. Please indicate your age._______

Who can influence your opinion?

B) Just me.

What are your hobbies?

A) computer;

What was most important when choosing your profession?

B) payment for this profession;

C) the demand for this profession;

D) I find it difficult to answer.

How will you behave in a conflict situation?

A) I will remain silent to end the conflict;

B) I will conflict;

C) I will try to smooth out the conflict;

D) I find it difficult to answer.

How do you feel about work?

A) positive;

B) negative;

B) I find it difficult to answer.

Indicate your life values.

A) family, love, care;

B) work, career, money;

C) friends, hobbies, fun;

D) focus on personal growth.

Is your parents' experience valuable to you?

B) I find it difficult to answer.

Do you have many friends and acquaintances?

A) Yes, I don’t suffer from loneliness;

B) There is one.

Do you love your loved ones?

B) I find it difficult to answer.

.2 Analysis of the survey conducted

After conducting a survey on the topic “Problems of personal socialization”, the main conclusions can be formulated:

.The age of the respondents is from 18 to 35 years.

.When asked who could influence the respondents’ opinions, the majority of answers were “Family.” This means that family means a lot in life for the respondents. Everyone listens more to family than to friends or public opinion.

.The main hobby of the respondents is the computer. Unfortunately, in the current age, gadgets occupy an integral place in the life of every person. And sometimes they even replace communication with real people. For example, gamers are those people who devote almost all their free time to computer games. This has a bad effect on their psyche and health.

.When choosing a profession, for the majority of respondents it is salary (87% chose this answer option). Consequently, at this time, when choosing a profession, a person is motivated not by interest in this profession, but by how much he can earn.

.To remain silent in order to end the conflict was the main choice of respondents. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, people generally do not welcome conflicts and try in every possible way to avoid them. And secondly, it is much easier to remain silent than to answer the person who started the conflict and anger him even more.

.To the question “How do you feel about work?” the majority of respondents answered “positively.” This answer can be explained by the fact that each of us believes that “you can’t pull even a fish out of the pond without difficulty.” Every person who wants to earn money goes to work. There he works, and receives money for his work. But there were also those who gave a negative answer. I think these people don't like their jobs, they don't like what they do.

.The main values ​​of the respondents were family and love (53%, 18 people), with self-improvement in second place (33%, 11 people).

.Most respondents note that the experience of their parents is important to them. This means that parents and children are on good terms. After all, parents want the best for their children, and meanwhile children look at their parents and try not to make their mistakes. This interaction makes the family a necessary link in an integrated approach to educational work, an indispensable factor in the mental, labor, moral and physical education of people.

.Absolutely all respondents have many acquaintances and friends. This fact suggests that modern people do not suffer from loneliness.

.Just like when asked about friends and acquaintances, all respondents answered that they love their loved ones. After all, this is the most expensive thing we have. Our family and friends, who love us just as much, will always be able to support and help. This answer suggests that in the 21st century, love for one’s neighbor has not lost its power.

The process of socialization of the individual at present occurs under the influence of various factors: technologization, globalization, information processes, and the convergence of communication spaces have significantly affected the content of all aspects of human life.

In order to solve the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region, every person must understand that gadgets cannot replace “live” communication. We need to spend more time with family and friends, communicate, share, and not be closed off. It is also useful to read books and know what is happening in the region, in the country and in the world. After all, this is self-development.

In turn, the state must take measures to solve problems related to the choice of professions. The study showed that the majority responded that wages were the main factor. This means that many people work in jobs they don’t like. This leads to a deterioration in the condition (both moral and physical) of the employee, and therefore to a deterioration in productivity.

Bibliography

socialization personality society orientation

1.Volkov Yu.G. Sociology: textbook / Yu.G. Volkov. - M.: Science Spectrum, 2008. - 384 p.

2.G.M. Andreeva Social psychology: Textbook for higher educational institutions - 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Aspect Press, 2002

.Kravchenko A.I., Sociology. Study guide. - M., 2005.

.Kasyanov V.V. Sociology for economists / V.V. Kasyanov. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 2004. - 288 p.

5.Lavrinenko V.N. Sociology. M.: Culture and Sports, UNITY, 1998.

6.Stolyarenko L.D. Basics of psychology. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2003.

7.Sociology: textbook for universities / ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko. - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2006. - 448 p.

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Elena Esina
Socialization of personality in the modern world.

Introduction

The lives of people in our country have changed radically. These changes have affected almost all aspects of our lives, transforming them radically for everyone. levels: from the individual living conditions of a particular person to social foundations of society. IN modern sociocultural conditions require relationship to personalities as an open, changing system. At the same time, it takes on special significance socialization of personality, during which she tries to adapt to social pressure and establish a balance between internal and external values.

One of the fundamental problems of the sciences involved in the study personalities, is the study of the process socialization, i.e., the study of a wide range of issues related to how and thanks to what a person becomes an active social subject. In conditions of increasing complexity social life, the problem of including a person in social integrity, V social structure of society. The main concept that describes this kind of inclusion is « socialization» allowing a person to become a member of society.

By choosing this topic, I strive to discover for myself an understanding individuals in society. IN modern world In order to find a specific answer to a question, you often have to answer many other questions. Same in mine topic: First you need to ask yourself the question, what is there? socialization and personality.

Socialization

It is well known that the process socialization plays a decisive role in

formation personalities. Socialization- the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to function successfully in society. Unlike other living beings, whose behavior is determined biologically, man, as a being biosocial, needs a process socialization in order to survive. According to N.D. Nikandrov and S.N. Gavrov, “ socialization involves multilateral and often multidirectional influences of life, as a result of which a person learns the “rules of the game” accepted in a given society, socially approved norms, values, behavior patterns.” Initially socialization the individual occurs in the family, and only then in society.

Socialization divided into primary and secondary. Primary socialization very important for the child, as it is the basis for the rest of the process socialization. Highest value in primary family plays socialization, from where the child draws ideas about society, its values ​​and norms. So, for example, if parents express an opinion that is discriminatory regarding any social group, then the child may perceive such an attitude as acceptable, normal, and established in society. Secondary socialization is already happening outside the home. Its basis is the school, where children have to act in accordance with new rules and in a new environment. In the process of secondary socialization the individual no longer joins a small group, but a medium one. Of course, the changes that occur during the secondary socialization, less than those that occur during the primary process.

Process socialization consists of several stages, stages:

a) Adaptation stage (birth - adolescence). At this stage, uncritical assimilation occurs social experience, the main mechanism socialization is imitation.

b) The emergence of a desire to distinguish oneself from others - the identification stage.

c) The stage of integration, introduction into the life of society, which can be either successful or unsuccessful.

d) Labor stage. At this stage reproduction occurs social experience, impact on the environment.

After labor stage (old age). This stage is characterized by the transfer social experience for new generations. All in all, socialization - complex, a vital process. It largely depends on him how an individual will be able to realize his inclinations, abilities, and become a personality.

After thinking about it, I noticed that socialization it is also a process of acquiring basic skills for life in social environment. Social The environment for me is my family and the people around me - friends, colleagues and others.

Personality

Personality- these are those characteristics of a person that are responsible for the coordinated manifestations of his feelings, thinking and behavior. Personality Each person is endowed only with her own inherent combination of traits and characteristics that form her individuality - a combination of psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. There are many definitions personalities for example:

1) Kovalev A. G. defined the concept personality as complex, a multifaceted phenomenon of social life, a link in the system of social relations. 2) Asmolov A. G. considered personality from the point of view of the problem of the relationship between biological and social in man.

The Becoming of Man as personalities occurs only in specific social conditions. The demands of society determine both the behavior patterns of people and the criteria for assessing their behavior. Personality inseparable from society. Society shapes personality in the interests of preservation and development of society. Personality- creator of public wealth.

What at first glance seems to be a person’s natural qualities (for example, his character traits) is in fact fixed in personalities social requirements for her behavior.

Socialized individuals these are adapted to the conditions of their social existence, desocialized - deviant deviating from the main ones social demands and mentally abnormal personalities.

Along with social well-developed fitness the individual has personal autonomy, assertion of one's individuality. In critical situations such personality maintains her life strategy, remains committed to her positions and value orientations (integrity personalities) . She prevents possible mental breakdowns in extreme situations with a system of psychological defenses. (rationalization, repression, revaluation of values, etc.).

Understand personality means to understand, what life problems and in what way she solves, what initial principles for solving these problems she is armed with.

Having thought about this topic, what is personality I came to the conclusion that it is inherent in every person. Everyone in society acts as everyone has their own role, and also everyone has their own actions in certain circumstances. I think concept « personality» may be considered How: a set of habits and preferences. And I can also say that one is not born as a person, one becomes a person.

Modern world

IN socialization in the modern world occurs within certain institutions that perform the broadcast function social experience and attitudes accumulated by previous generations. In addition, the function is to maintain interaction between personalities in order to facilitate the transfer of individual experience and value orientations. All this should contribute to both personal development of the individual, and his formation as a member of a particular society. Many do not pay attention to the spiritual preconditions of labor, its valuable foundations and significance as a factor socialization. But we consider labor activity as a category of the economy; it seems to us to be very superficial and one-sided.

Any social impact, arising in the process of work activity, should contribute to the moral renewal of the individuals involved in it, their assimilation of certain ethical guidelines of society, which to a certain extent represents the ultimate goal socialization. Thus, development occurs personalities, involving her in the system social values ​​and norms. Such adaptation means the assimilation of the most important aspects of social life, and therefore a gradual socialization.

Socialization in the modern world characterized by the humanization of childhood, when the child acts as the main value of the family and society.

In order to become a full member of society, a person needs more and more time. If earlier socialization covered only the period of childhood, then modern a person needs socialize throughout your life. Also in in the modern world socialization of personality characterized by an intense change of determinants. Social uncertainty not only causes changes in inclusion individuals into communities, but also becomes a norm regulating the behavior of the subject. In this regard, in the research of psychologists and related specialists, the line of studying the value-semantic basis of risky behavior and ability (readiness) personalities to innovative behavior.

Modern the world is full of different computer technologies and often, in connection with this, personality(Human) hides from society, from live communication on the Internet. I believe that without the influence of society on a person it cannot happen socialization of personality. It is also largely a contradictory, often uncontrollable process. Such inconsistency and spontaneity in the formation of basic social values ​​and behavior patterns can lead to devastating consequences for both the individual personalities, and for society as a whole.

The result of this topic is that at all stages of the development of society, processes occur in it that determine the very essence of what exists at one time or another social reality, and features of the development of the components of a given society personalities.

Process socialization reaches a certain degree of completion upon reaching a personality of social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition personality of integral social status. However, in the process socialization may fail, failures. Manifestation of shortcomings socialization is deflecting (deviant) behavior. In the end socialization of personality in the modern world directly depends on the achievements of society.

At this stage, society is subject to intensive development of digital technologies, which affect adaptation and socialization of the individual in society. I gave examples and arguments socialization of personality in modern society and in my opinion, spirituality in it has been relegated to the background, making the economic direction of development a priority.

I think that would solve the problems socialization Every person must understand that gadgets cannot replace "live" communication. We need to spend more time with family and friends, communicate, share, and not be closed off. It is also useful to read books and know what is happening in the region, in the country and in world. After all, this is self-development.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

Kovrov State Technological Academy

them. V.A. Degtyareva

Department of Humanities

Essay on philosophy

Personality problems in modern society. The value of freedom.

executor:

student of group EB-112

Zheleznov Ilya

Supervisor:

Professor of the Department of Humanities

Zueva N.B.

Kovrov

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

1) The concept of personality, its structure……………………………………………………………………………….4

2) Personal problems in modern society……………………………………………7

3 The value of freedom……………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

LIST OF SOURCES USED……………………………………………………14

INTRODUCTION

Of all the problems that people have faced throughout human history, perhaps the most perplexing is the mystery of human nature itself. In what directions have we searched, what many different concepts have been put forward, but a clear and precise answer still eludes us. The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us. People differ not only in their appearance. But also by actions, often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the people on our planet you will not find two exactly alike. These enormous differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to solve the problem of establishing what the members of the human race have in common.

Astrology, theology, philosophy, literature and social sciences are just some of the movements that attempt to understand the complexity of human behavior and the very essence of man. Some of these paths turned out to be dead ends, while other directions are on the verge of flourishing. Today the problem is acute. More than ever, since most of the serious ailments of humanity are rapid population growth, global warming, environmental pollution, nuclear waste, terrorism. Drug addiction, racial prejudice, poverty are a consequence of people's behavior. It is likely that the quality of life in the future, and perhaps the very existence of civilization, will depend on how far we advance in understanding ourselves and others.

Let's look at a couple of articles:

1) Everett Sjostrom- a famous American psychologist and psychotherapist, wrote in an article about his work “The Manipulator” in 2004 that modern man, as a rule, is to some extent a manipulator, i.e. a person who, in pursuit of satisfying his desires, hides his own real feelings behind a wide variety of types of behavior. He contrasts a manipulator with a person who is actualized, self-confident and lives a full life, aimed at achieving not immediate desires, but serious life goals.

2) A modern view of the problem of personality is recorded in Vadim Zeland’s book “Transurfing of Reality” - 2006. This book talks about the difficult position of the individual in modern society, the way to preserve oneself as an individual, the way to develop personal choice and decisions on how not to become part of the crowd. A person, according to Zealand’s theory, is a sponge that absorbs all the information, which in our time is in abundance, all the opinions imposed on him by the media and other people, but a person has the right to decide for himself whether to accept this water (information) and squeeze out everything unnecessary, leave everything the most important thing for yourself, this is how your personality is formed.

3) Socialization of modern personality occurs in new sociocultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for satisfying needs leads to the problem of excessively easing living conditions. Distortions and disharmonies in the socialization process, which complicate and even completely block the harmonious development of the individual, increase with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into people’s everyday lives. The “unbearable lightness of being” provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the entire process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh. Tkhostov and KH. Surnov note in their study, “... of course, man is the subject and protagonist of progress; its main figure and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which at the individual psychological level turns into regression. A car leads to obesity, and using a calculator too early does not give the opportunity to develop the skills of arithmetic operations.” The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with a big psychological and social problem.

In the course of his formation and existence, a person in modern society faces a number of difficulties that prevent him from forming a stable worldview, gaining psychological comfort and the ability to engage in full-fledged social activity. These difficulties, in my opinion, are:

1. deformation of the socialization process;

1. problem of self-identity;

1. information oversaturation of society;

1. communication deficit;

1. problem of deviant behavior.

This, in turn, determines the relevance of this topic, since modern society, accelerated to the limit, requires even greater socialization of the individual, which in turn is impossible without self-identity.

The purpose of the work is to characterize the sociology of personality and the problems that arise in the process of its socialization.

The main tasks are:

1. Preparation of material;
2. Consider problems associated with personality formation;
3. Identify the sociological concept of personality and its structure.

The object of the study is the individual in modern society

The subject of the study is the factors influencing the formation and development of personality.

Chapter I. The concept of personality, its structure.

The problem of man, personality is one of the fundamental interdisciplinary problems. Since ancient times, it has occupied the minds of representatives of various sciences. A huge amount of theoretical and empirical material has been accumulated, but even today this problem remains the most complex and most unknown. It is not for nothing that it is said that a person contains the whole world within himself. Each person is connected by thousands of threads, visible and invisible, with the external environment, with society, outside of which he cannot form as an individual. It is this interaction between the individual and society that sociology considers, and the “society-person” relationship is a basic sociological relationship.

Let us turn to the concept of “personality”. Personality, individual, man these close, but not identical concepts are the object of various sciences: biology and philosophy, anthropology and sociology, psychology and pedagogy. Man is considered as a species representing the highest stage of the evolution of life on Earth, as a complex system in which the biological and social are combined, i.e., as a biosocial being. Each individual, specific person is an individual, he is unique; hence, when they talk about individuality, they emphasize precisely this originality, uniqueness. The uniqueness of the sociological approach to man is characterized by the fact that he is studied, first of all, as a social being, a representative of a social community, a bearer of its characteristic social qualities. When studying the processes of interaction between a person and the social environment, a person is considered not only as an object of external influences, but mainly as a social subject, an active participant in social life, having his own needs, interests, aspirations, as well as the ability and ability to exert his own influence on the social environment. As you can see, sociologists are interested in the social aspects of human life, the patterns of his communication and interaction with other people, groups and society as a whole. However, the interests of sociologists are not limited only to the social properties of humans. In their research, they also take into account the influence of biological, psychological and other properties. What content is included in the concept of “personality”? A number of questions immediately arise: is every individual a person, what are the criteria that give grounds to consider an individual a person, are they related to age, consciousness, moral qualities, etc. The most common definitions of personality, as a rule, include the presence of stable qualities and properties in the individual, who is seen as a responsible and conscious subject. But this again raises questions: “Is an irresponsible or insufficiently conscious subject a person?”, “Can a two-year-old child be considered a person?” An individual is a person when he, in interaction with society through specific social communities, groups, institutions, realizes socially significant properties and social connections. Thus, the broadest “working” definition of personality can be formulated as follows: personality is an individual included in social connections and relationships. This definition is open and flexible; it includes the measure of assimilation of social experience, the entirety of social connections and relationships. A child raised in human society is already included in social connections and relationships that expand and deepen every day. At the same time, it is known that a human child raised in a pack of animals never becomes a person. Or, for example, in the case of a severe mental illness, a rupture occurs, the disintegration of social ties occurs, and the individual loses his personality qualities. Undoubtedly, while recognizing everyone’s right to be an individual, at the same time they talk about an outstanding, bright personality or an ordinary and mediocre one, moral or immoral, etc.

Sociological analysis of personality involves determining its structure. There are many approaches to consider it. The concept of Z. Freud is well known, who identified three elements in the personality structure: It (Id), I (Ego), Super-I (Super-Ego). It is our subconscious, the invisible part of the iceberg, where unconscious instincts dominate. According to Freud, two needs are fundamental: libidinal and aggressive. The Self is the consciousness connected with the unconscious, which breaks into it from time to time. The ego seeks to realize the unconscious in a form acceptable to society. The super-ego is a moral “censor”, including a set of moral norms and principles, an internal controller. Therefore, our consciousness is in constant conflict between the unconscious instincts penetrating into it, on the one hand, and the moral prohibitions dictated by the Super-I on the other. The mechanism for resolving these conflicts is sublimation (repression) of the It. Freud's ideas have long been considered anti-scientific in our country. Of course, one cannot agree with him on everything; in particular, he exaggerates the role of the sexual instinct. At the same time, Freud's indisputable merit is that he substantiated the idea of ​​a multifaceted personality structure, human behavior, where the biological and social are combined, where there is so much that is unknown and, probably, completely unknowable.

So, personality is the most complex object, since it, being, as it were, on the edge of two huge worlds - biological and social, absorbs all their diversity and multidimensionality. Society as a social system, social groups and institutions do not have such a degree of complexity, because they are purely social formations. Of interest is the personality structure proposed by modern domestic authors, which includes three components: memory, culture and activity. Memory includes knowledge and operational information; culture social norms and values; activity practical implementation of the needs, interests, desires of the individual. The structure of the personality and all its levels are reflected in the structure of the personality. Let us pay special attention to the relationship between modern and traditional culture in the personality structure. In extreme crisis situations that directly affect the “highest” cultural layer (modern culture), the traditional layer, dating back to ancient times, can be sharply activated. This is observed in Russian society, when, in the conditions of the loosening and sharp breakdown of ideological and moral norms and values ​​of the Soviet period, there is not just a revival, but a rapid growth of interest not only in religion, but also in magic, superstitions, astrology, etc. “Lay-by-layer “Removal of layers of culture occurs in some mental illnesses. Finally, when analyzing the structure of personality, one cannot ignore the question of the relationship between the individual and social principles. In this regard, personality is a “living contradiction” (N. Berdyaev). On the one hand, each personality is unique and inimitable, it is irreplaceable and priceless. As an individual, a person strives for freedom, self-realization, to defend his “I”, his “self”; individualism is immanently inherent in him. On the other hand, as a social being, personality organically includes collectivism, or universalism. This provision has methodological significance. The debate about whether every person is an individualist or a collectivist by nature has not subsided for a long time. There are plenty of defenders of both the first and second positions. And these are not just theoretical discussions. These positions have direct access to the practice of education. For many years we have persistently cultivated collectivism as the most important quality of personality, anathematizing individualism; on the other side of the ocean, the emphasis is on individualism. What is the result? Collectivism taken to the extreme leads to leveling of personality, to leveling, but the other extreme is no better.

Obviously, the solution is to support the optimal balance of inherent personality properties. Development and flourishing of individuality, personal freedom, but not at the expense of others, not to the detriment of society.

Chapter II. Personality problems in modern society

In the course of his formation and existence, a person in modern society faces a number of difficulties that prevent him from forming a stable worldview, gaining psychological comfort and the ability to engage in full-fledged social activity. These difficulties, in my opinion, are: deformation of the socialization process; problem of self-identity; information oversaturation of society; lack of communication, problem of deviant behavior.

The socialization of modern personality occurs in new sociocultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for satisfying needs leads to the problem of excessively easing living conditions. Distortions and disharmonies in the socialization process, which complicate and even completely block the harmonious development of the individual, are increasing with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into people’s everyday lives. The “unbearable lightness of being” provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the entire process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh. Tkhostov and K.G. Surnov note in their study, “... of course, man is the subject and protagonist of progress; its main figure and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which at the individual psychological level turns into regression. A car leads to obesity, and using a calculator too early does not give the opportunity to develop arithmetic skills.” The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with great psychological and social danger. The ease with which a person satisfies his needs does not allow him to show purposeful efforts towards self-improvement, which ultimately leads to underdevelopment and degradation of the personality. Another problem of the modern personality, generated by the special conditions of formation and existence, is the problem of self-identity. The need for self-determination and self-identity has always been an important human need. E. Fromm believed that this need is rooted in human nature itself. Man is taken out of nature, endowed with reason and ideas, and because of this he must form an idea of ​​himself, must be able to say and feel: “I am I.” “A person feels the need for relatedness, rootedness and self-identity.

The modern era is called the era of individualism. Indeed, in our time, more than ever, a person has the opportunity to independently choose his life path, and this choice depends less and less on traditional social institutions and ideologies, and more and more on individual goals and passions. However, individualism usually refers to an attempt to fill the void with a variety of different combinations of hobbies, “lifestyle”, individual consumption and “image”. All modern people consider themselves individualists, having their own opinions and not wanting to be like others. However, behind this, as a rule, there are no beliefs or a clear idea of ​​​​the world around us and oneself. In the past, the entire set of signs given to the world by a person’s appearance and behavior was dictated by his true social status, profession and living conditions. Modern man is accustomed and accustomed to the idea that every detail of his appearance, first of all, says something about him to those around him, and only secondly is he really needed for something. We believe that this is due to the urban lifestyle, because it is in the street crowd that it is important to be different in order to be noticed.

The “personality” in whose interests modern man acts is the social “I”; this "personality" consists largely of the role assumed by the individual, and is in reality only a subjective disguise of his objective social function. As E. Fromm notes, “modern egoism is greed, arising from the frustration of the true personality and aimed at establishing a social personality.”

Due to false forms of self-identification in society, the concepts of “personality” and “individuality” are being replaced (being a person often means being different from others, standing out in some way, that is, having a strong personality), as well as “individuality” and “image” (individual originality a person comes down to his manner of “presenting himself,” to the style of clothing, unusual accessories, etc.). The Russian philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov wrote about this substitution of concepts: “Individuality, deprived of the opportunity to express itself in truly important, significant not only for itself, but also for another (for others, for all) actions, since the forms of such actions are predetermined assigned to it, ritualized and protected by all the power of social mechanisms, involuntarily begins to look for a way out for himself in trifles, in whims that mean nothing (to others, to everyone), in oddities.” In other words, individuality here becomes just a mask behind which hides a set of extremely general cliches, stereotypes, impersonal algorithms of behavior and speech, deeds and words. The next important problem of the social existence of a modern person is the information oversaturation of the surrounding world. Researchers of the influence of information flow on the human brain know that the resulting overloads can not only cause significant harm, but also completely disrupt the functioning of the brain. Consequently, information loads require the development of effective means of control and regulation, more stringent than during physical loads, since nature, having not yet encountered such a powerful level of information pressure, has not developed effective protection mechanisms. In this regard, the study of altered states of consciousness in Internet addicts requires special attention. As A.Sh. Tkhostov notes, “... on the Internet, a highly motivated user may find himself under the influence of a very intense flow of extremely significant (and often completely useless) information for him,” which he needs to have time to record, process, without missing out on tens and hundreds of new ones, every second emerging opportunities. The brain, overstimulated by excess stimulation, cannot cope with this task. A person becomes a translator of information processes, and his own subjectivity spirituality, the ability to choose, free self-determination and self-realization moves to the periphery of public life and turns out to be “open” in relation to the information-organized social environment. In this regard, only knowledge and properties of such instrumental subjectivity are in demand, which create new structures, directions and technological connections in this information environment. This also gives rise to a transformation of the personality itself, since subjectivity, built into the technical informatization of knowledge, is the basis for the deformation of modern man, who is losing the moral norms of self-awareness and behavior. Deprived of rootedness in real culture, these norms themselves become conditional. Rationality of the modern type acts as a method of technical-instrumental behavior of an individual who seeks to take root in an unstable world and strengthen his own position, or at least make it safe.

Another pressing problem of the modern personality is the lack of communication. According to S. Moscovici, in the conditions of industrial production, the creation of cities, the collapse and degradation of the traditional family and the traditional stratified model of society, in which a person was destined for a rightful place, there is an irreversible degradation of normal methods of communication. The emerging communication deficit is compensated by the development of the press and other modern communication technologies, which give rise to a specific phenomenon of the crowd: an unstructured public formation connected only by communication networks. However, this compensation is initially defective; its ease contains some inferiority. For example, Internet communication is much simpler than real human communication, so it does not require effort, it is more secure, it can be started and stopped at any time, it allows you to maintain anonymity and it is accessible. However, being technologically mediated, this communication is incomplete, because the interlocutors remain more abstract characters for each other than living people. The biggest disadvantage of such surrogate communication is that it does not provide a stable identity.

A society organized with the help of a communication network, according to S. Moscovici, is a crowd with a blurred identity, increased suggestibility, and loss of rationality. However, communication in real life may not always be complete either. Most modern social groups and communities are unstable and, as a rule, small formations that arise randomly and also spontaneously disintegrate. These “social ephemeris”4 are mainly created in the sphere of leisure and entertainment, as if in contrast to the formal associations that exist during work (for example, visitors to a nightclub, hotel residents, a circle of friends, etc.). At the same time, the ease with which people enter these communities, as well as the absence of formal restrictions in them, does not mean that the human personality here can be completely freed and revealed. The spontaneity of relationships and the instability of connections impose no less a limitation on purely personal, “mental” communication between people, and the entire communication process often comes down to the exchange of “standard” phrases or jokes. Within the framework of “social ephemeris,” communication, as a rule, is superficial and practically reduced to the level of reflexes, that is, more or less similar reactions to the same type of remarks from the interlocutor. In other words, only a certain outer shell participates in the conversation, but not the whole person. As a result, a person’s personality withdraws into itself and loses its “depth”. The living, direct connection between people is also lost. The destructive consequences of this kind of isolation were described by N.Ya. Berdyaev, who noted that “egocentric self-isolation and concentration on oneself, the inability to lose one’s temper is the original sin.” Thus, the conditions for the formation and existence of a modern personality lead to the emergence of a fragmented, closed personality, alienated from society and from itself, which is reflected in a number of postmodern concepts that proclaim the idea of ​​splitting the human “I”. In the philosophy of postmodernism, the phenomenon of “I” itself is assessed as culturally articulated, associated with a certain tradition, and therefore historically transitory.

The concepts of “man”, “subject”, “personality” are, from this position, only consequences of changes in the basic attitudes of knowledge. “If these attitudes disappear in the same way as they arose, if some event (the possibility of which we can only foresee, not yet knowing its form or appearance) destroys them, as it collapsed at the end of the 17th century. the soil of classical thinking, then we can guarantee this a person will be erased, like a face drawn on the coastal sand.” As for the philosophy of postmodernism’s own version of the articulation of the subject, it is characterized by a radical decentration of both the individual and any forms of the collective “I”. The rules of the episteme, acting as a regulator in relation to the activity of consciousness, but not reflexively recognized by the latter, act as a factor of decentration and depersonification of the subject. From the point of view of postmodernism, the very use of the term “subject” is nothing more than a tribute to the classical philosophical tradition: as Foucault writes, the so-called analysis of the subject is in fact an analysis of “the conditions under which it is possible for a certain individual to perform the function of a subject. And it would also be necessary to clarify in what field the subject is a subject and a subject of what: discourse, desire, economic process, and so on. There is no absolute subject." Thus, the programmatic presumption of the “death of man”, fundamental to the philosophical paradigm of postmodernity, is formulated. The rejection of the concept of “subject” is largely due to the recognition in the philosophy of postmodernism of the randomness of the phenomenon “I”. The presumption of subordination of unconscious desires to the cultural norms of the “Super-Ego”, put forward in classical psychoanalysis, was reformulated by J. Lacan into the thesis about the predetermination of desire by the material forms of language8. The subject as a link between the “real”, “imaginary” and “symbolic” is characterized by J. Lacan as “decentred”, because his thought and existence turn out to be non-identical to each other, being mediated by the alien reality of language. The unconscious, therefore, appears as a language, and desire as a text. The rational subject of the Cartesian type, as well as the desiring subject of the Freudian type, are replaced by a “decentred” instrument for the presentation of cultural meanings (“signifiers”) of language. As a consequence, the “death of man” is postulated, dissolved in the determinative influence of language structures and discursive practices on individual consciousness.

As for the so-called social roles, which presuppose the certainty of their subject-performer, these versions of self-identification are nothing more than masks, the presence of which does not at all guarantee the presence of a hidden “I” behind them, claiming the status of identity, “since this identity, however, the rather weak one, which we try to insure and hide under a mask, is in itself only a parody: it is inhabited by plurality, countless souls argue in it; systems intersect and command each other... And in each of these souls, history will discover not a forgotten identity that is always ready to be reborn, but a complex system of elements, numerous in turn, different, over which no force of synthesis has power.”

Thus, postmodernism proclaims the “death of the subject itself,” the final “end of the autonomous... monad, or ego, or individual,” which has undergone a fundamental “decentration.” The theories of postmodernism reflect the state of the modern personality, fragmented, subject to the influence of diverse and contradictory information flows, and therefore without a clear self-identity. Postmodernism correctly captures the state of modern society and the individual, but incorrectly declares this state to be normal, since the current state of affairs poses a danger to both the individual and society as a whole. Self-identification of a person with random “markers” causes constant discomfort, a feeling of dissatisfaction and uncertainty. This, in turn, increases the general degree of public discontent, which results in large-scale undirected aggression, shaking the institutions of the social system and throwing society back to the level of a textbook “war of all against all.” A crisis of self-identity implies the impossibility of a person acquiring “attachment” to the environment, his coordinates of existence and the subjective experience of this process as a lack of integrity and comfort of the cultural environment. In addition, this crisis was expressed in the attitude of modern man to the future and his own prospects. A person can only solve immediate problems, but not build an overall life strategy.

All this happens because the individual does not have a system of ideological coordinates, which should determine the content of the personality, give systematicity to its manifestations, determine the general strategy of behavior, and also provide filtering of incoming information and its critical assessment.

Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has brought this problem into the spotlight of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officials.

There are several concepts explaining the causes of deviant behavior. So, according to the concept of disorientation proposed by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, social crises are the breeding ground for deviations, when there is a mismatch between accepted norms and a person’s life experience and a state of anomie occurs—the absence of norms. American sociologist Robert Merton believed that the cause of deviation is not the absence of norms, but the inability to follow them.

Explaining the causes, conditions and factors determining this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. Its consideration involves searching for answers to a number of fundamental questions, including questions about the essence of the category “norm” (social norm) and deviations from it. In a stable functioning and steadily developing society, the answer to this question is more or less clear. A social norm is a necessary and relatively stable element of social practice, serving as an instrument of social regulation and control. A social norm finds its embodiment (support) in laws, traditions, customs, i.e. in everything that has become a habit, firmly established in everyday life, in the way of life of the majority of the population, supported by public opinion, plays the role of a “natural regulator” of social and interpersonal relations. But in a reformed society, where some norms have been destroyed and others have not been created even at the theoretical level, the problem of forming, interpreting and applying norms becomes an extremely difficult matter.

So, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in Russia, there was a surge in drug addiction, crime, alcoholism, etc. Let us consider the problem of drug addiction in more detail. The causes of drug addiction are the following motives characteristic of young people: dissatisfaction with life, satisfaction of curiosity about the effects of a narcotic substance; symbolism of belonging to a certain social group; expression of one’s own independence, and sometimes hostility towards others; learning about pleasurable, new, exciting or dangerous experiences; achieving “clarity of thinking” or “creative inspiration”; achieving a feeling of complete relaxation; escape from something oppressive.

Studies have shown that the first direct acquaintance of most adolescents with drugs occurs before the age of 15 (and only for 37% - later); before 10 years - 19%; from 10 to 12 years old - 26%; from 13 to 14 years old - 18%. Without accurate data, we can still assume that drug addiction is getting younger every year, which is associated with the acceleration process and the acceleration of the pace of a teenager’s entry into adulthood.

As for schoolchildren’s awareness of drugs, the situation here is twofold: on the one hand, 99% of respondents answered positively to the question of whether they know what drugs are, but on the other hand, practice shows that this knowledge is not always objective and are often determined by myths existing in society about drugs and drug addiction. But it’s one thing to talk about drug addiction in general, and quite another to face it face to face. What is the possible reaction to the news that your close friend is using drugs? 63% of respondents said that they would try to somehow influence to help a person in need get out of the hole into which he himself had climbed; 25%

will not change their attitude and 12% will break off the relationship (that is, we have 37% either passive contemplatives or people who do not want to take care of their neighbor, which, in fact, is practically the same thing). Perhaps this happens because one of the many myths formed in our minds is triggered: people who become drug addicts are weak, offended by fate and unable to control their actions. It should be noted once again that drug addiction among young people, perceived today as “problem number one,” is only a consequence, a reflection of deep internal contradictions, both mental and social. Many attempts to correct the situation today come down to the fact that the fight is often directed against the drugs themselves and their use (that is, against the effect, not the cause). Naturally, widespread promotion of a healthy lifestyle, increasing the level of awareness about the objective consequences of drug use, organizing and conducting other preventive measures - all this is significant (and effective only if a person can refuse to take drugs, switching to something else, no less dangerous in social terms), but somewhat similar to the behavior of the drug addict himself: a solution to the problem is expected from a one-time injection, which, indeed, creates the illusion of resolution, but only for a while. Recognizing the importance of preventive work, it should be said that it will become truly effective only when, along with the prevention of drug addiction, work is carried out to prevent psychotraumatic situations that arise mainly in the process of a child’s communication in the family - with parents, at school - with classmates and teachers. Accordingly, prevention work should be carried out not only with specific people, but also with representatives of their social environment.

Chapter III . The value of freedom

Freedom is one of the main philosophical categories that characterize the essence of man and his existence.

Freedom is considered in relation to necessity, arbitrariness and anarchy, with equality and justice.

The concept of freedom was born in Christianity as an expression of the idea of ​​equality of people before God and the possibility for a person of free choice on the path to God.

Free will is a concept that means the possibility of unhindered internal self-determination of a person in fulfilling certain goals and objectives of the individual. Will is a person’s conscious and free striving to achieve his goal, which is of a certain value to him. An act of will that expresses an obligation has the character of a spiritual phenomenon rooted in the structure of a person’s personality. Will is the opposite of impulsive aspirations and drives, the vital needs of a person. The concept of will refers to a mature personality who is fully aware of his actions and actions.

To understand the essence of the phenomenon of personal freedom, it is necessary to understand the contradictions of voluntarism and fatalism, to determine the boundaries of necessity, without which the realization of freedom is unthinkable.

Voluntarism is the recognition of the primacy of will over other manifestations of a person’s spiritual life, including thinking. The roots of voluntarism are contained in Christian dogmatics, the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. The will is considered the blind, unreasonable principle of the world, dictating its laws to man. To act in the spirit of voluntarism means not to take into account the objective conditions of existence, the laws of nature and society.

Fatalism initially predetermines the entire course of a person’s life, his actions, explaining this either by fate, or the will of God, or strict determinism (Hobbes, Spinoza, Laplace). Fatalism leaves no room for free choice and does not provide alternatives. Strict necessity and the resulting predictability of the main stages of human life are characteristic of astrology and other occult teachings, both past and present, various social utopias and dystopias.

European tradition often uses the term “freedom” as an analogue of “will” and, contrasting the concepts of necessity, violence and slavery, connects it with responsibility.

The most profound solution to the problem of freedom and responsibility can be found in the works of Russian religious thinkers F.M. Dostoevsky, N.A. Berdyaeva, M.M. Bakhtin, for whom freedom is a measure of personal dignity, and responsibility is a measure of humanity, a criterion of the highest moral principles. Considering the relationship between freedom and responsibility as the main direction of development of society, Russian philosophy does not think of them outside the ethical dimension. The ethics of free action (M.M. Bakhtin) is associated with the concepts of conscience, duty, honor, and dignity of a particular individual. Then a person is a person who acts; his way of existence is a responsible act.

N.A. Berdyaev in his philosophy of freedom distinguishes three types of freedom:

1. existential freedom (baseless, primordial ontological. It is rooted in the existence of the world).
2. freedom is rational (conscious necessity social. It manifests itself in society).
3. mystical freedom (creativity spiritual. It manifests itself in the Spirit. Only here can a person fully realize himself).

E. Fromm expresses his own concept of freedom in his book “Escape from Freedom.”

He distinguishes two types of freedom:

"Freedom from..." He calls it negative because it is a person’s attempt to escape responsibility.

Fromm says that modern man, having received freedom, is burdened by it, since freedom entails the need for choice and responsibility for one’s actions. Therefore, a person seeks to transfer his freedom, and, along with it, responsibility, to someone else (be it the church, state power, political party, public opinion). All this leads only to loneliness and alienation of a person, and is realized in authoritarianism (sadism and masochism as an attempt to realize oneself through power over another or subordination of one’s will to another); conformism (loss of one’s own individuality) or destruction (violence, cruelty, destruction of oneself and others);

"Freedom for..." This type of freedom is positive, since through spontaneous activity (creativity, love) it leads to self-creation and self-realization of the individual.

Models of the relationship between the individual and society. Several models of the relationship between the individual and society regarding freedom and its attributes can be identified.

Most often, this is a struggle for freedom, when a person enters into an open and often irreconcilable conflict with society, achieving his goals at any cost.

This is an escape from the world, the so-called escapist behavior, when a person, unable to find freedom among people, flees to his “world” in order to have a way of free self-realization there.

This is an adaptation to the world when a person, sacrificing to some extent his desire to gain freedom, goes into voluntary submission in order to gain a new level of freedom in a modified form.

It is also possible that the interests of the individual and society coincide in gaining freedom, which finds a certain expression in the forms of developed democracy. Thus, freedom is a most complex and deeply contradictory phenomenon of human life and society. This is the problem of correlating freedom and equality without suppression and leveling. Its solution is associated with an orientation towards one or another system of cultural values ​​and norms. The concepts of personality, freedom, and values ​​enrich the idea of ​​a person and allow us to correctly understand the structure of society as a phenomenon generated in the process of human life.

If we talk about the specifics of understanding human freedom and responsibility at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, it should be emphasized that the world is entering a period of civilizational turning point, when many traditional ways of human existence will require significant correction. Futurologists predict an increase in the phenomena of instability of many physical and biological processes, and an increase in the phenomenon of unpredictability of social and psychological phenomena. In these conditions, being an individual is an imperative for the development of man and humanity, implying the highest degree of responsibility, which extends from a narrow circle of the individual’s immediate environment to planetary and cosmic tasks.

Modern humanity, according to the conviction of J. Ortega y Gasset, is in a serious crisis, moreover, it faces a terrible danger of self-destruction. Ortega dedicated his most famous work, the essay “The Revolt of the Masses,” to understanding this tragic situation. The essay, written in 1930, was extremely popular, many of its ideas deeply penetrated the culture of the 20th century, and the problems raised remain relevant today.

A historical crisis, he argues, occurs when “the world,” or the belief system of past generations, loses its significance for new generations living within the same civilization, that is, a certain way of organizing society and cultural life. It is as if a person finds himself without peace. A similar state is typical today for the entire European civilization, which has gone far beyond the boundaries of Europe and has become synonymous with modern civilization in general. The reason for this crisis is the uprising of the masses. In our time, Ortega argues, society is dominated by the “man of the masses.” Belonging to the masses is a purely psychological sign. A mass person is an average, ordinary person. He does not feel any special gift or difference in himself, he is “exactly” like everyone else (without individuality), and he is not upset by this, he is content to feel the same as everyone else. He is condescending to himself, does not try to correct or improve himself; he is self-satisfied; lives effortlessly “floats with the flow” He is not capable of creativity and gravitates towards an inert life, which is condemned to eternal repetition, marking time. In thinking, as a rule, he is content with a set of ready-made ideas - this is enough for him.

This “simple” person in society is opposed by another psychological type of personality - the “person of the elite”, the chosen minority. "Chosen One" does not mean "important" who considers himself superior to others and despises them. This is, first of all, a person who is very demanding of himself, even if he is personally unable to satisfy these high demands. He is strict with himself, his life is subordinated to self-discipline and service to the highest (principle, authority), it is an intense, active life, ready for new, highest achievements. A “noble” person is characterized by dissatisfaction and uncertainty about his perfection; even if he is blinded by vanity, he needs confirmation of this in someone else's opinion. The degree of talent and originality of such people varies, but they are all capable of creativity, having accepted the “rules of the game” of their cultural system, voluntarily submitting to them.

The contradiction between a person’s desire for a free existence and the desire of society as a system to establish order is examined. The freedom of human individuals is noted by G. Spencer in his definition of social reality. Existentialists believe that human existence goes beyond the material and social world. A. Camus: “Man is the only creature who does not want to be what he is.” The equivalence of human existence to freedom is confirmed by the fact that both of these concepts can only be defined apophatically, that is, by listing what they are not. How is it possible to induce human individuals to respect social order? On the other hand, everything in a person is socially shaped by society, even his biological traits. For example, the behavior of infants varies depending on the social environment in which they live. The phenomenon of childhood itself manifests itself only in a developed society. For example, in the Middle Ages, children were treated like little adults - they were dressed in the same clothes as adults, and there was no production of toys.

Georg Simmel: “The very development of society increases human freedom.” With the growing scale of society and its differentiation, a person feels more and more free from every connection with a specific social circle, simply because there are more and more such social circles with the development of society. Talcott Parsons: “Why are the roles of family, community, and religion diminishing? Because alternative associations have appeared: political, cultural, entertainment circles.” On the other hand, the person feels increasingly lonely. M. Heidegger: “Loneliness is a negative mode of sociality,” that is, isolation from society. At the same time, with increasing isolation, the longing for society grows.

Thus, if we take the philosophical aspect of the problem, then freedom is associated with necessity and possibility. What is free is not the will that chooses based solely on a person’s desires, but the will that chooses based on reason, in accordance with objective necessity. The measure of personal freedom is determined by a specific situation, the presence of a range of possibilities in it, as well as the level of personal development, level of culture, understanding of one’s goals and the extent of one’s responsibility.

Freedom is associated with the responsibility of the individual to himself, other people, the team, and society. Personal freedom forms a single complex with the rights of other members of society. It is impossible to separate political and legal rights freedom of speech, conscience, beliefs, etc. from socio-economic rights to work, rest, education, medical care, etc. Human rights are usually enshrined in the Constitution of the state. The highest value of a person in a rule-of-law state is his rights and freedoms, and a person has the right to actively fight for them if they are violated.

Thus, the peculiarity of spiritual values ​​is that they have a non-utilitarian and non-instrumental character: they do not serve for anything else; on the contrary, everything else is subordinated and acquires meaning only in the context of higher values, in connection with their affirmation. A feature of the highest values ​​is also the fact that they form the core of the culture of a certain people, the fundamental relationships and needs of people: universal (peace, the life of mankind), communication values ​​(friendship, love, trust, family), social values ​​(freedom, justice, law , dignity, Honor, Glory, etc.), aesthetic values ​​(beautiful, sublime). The highest values ​​are realized in an infinite variety of situations of choice. The concept of values ​​is inseparable from the spiritual world of the individual. If reason and knowledge constitute the most important components of consciousness, without which purposeful human activity is impossible, then spirituality, being formed on this basis, refers to those values ​​that are associated with the meaning of a person’s life, one way or another deciding the question of choosing his life path, goals and meaning their activities and the means to achieve them.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion of the problem of personality in modern society:

So, an identity crisis, a decrease in the ability to process information and forecast, as well as the self-isolation of modern man indicate a lack of integrity of his personality, which causes disharmony in its psychological, social and cultural aspects. To summarize, we can say that objectively the modern personality has a need for integrity, however, firstly, the sociocultural environment does not contribute to its formation, and secondly, this need, as a rule, is not recognized by the individual himself. Being unconscious, it can find various distorted manifestations.

Thus, the search for integrity can occur in the form of a passion for Eastern spiritual practices, conversion to religious fundamentalism, attending various trainings and seminars on self-development, etc. However, all these methods give only a temporary and unstable effect, since a person continues to be within a fragmented and aggressive socio-cultural environment, or (in the case of religious fundamentalism) lead to opposition between the individual and society.

Conclusion of personality value:

Different cultures place different emphasis on freedom. For example, in modern Western European culture, liberalism places the concept of freedom at the forefront. And on the contrary, in many Eastern cultures there is a traditionally rational and purely practical attitude towards this concept, or even a complete lack of attention to the issue of freedom, which does not exist as an independent value. Also, freedom as an independent value is often assessed in cultures as something at least dangerous, and even downright harmful. Such an assessment may be based on the assumption that real freedom can only be achieved through individual self-sufficiency, while in practice all people live in communities.

The conclusion is also obvious that the more attention is paid to social benefits, the less value individual freedom has. And this point of view is often shared by the individual himself, as a bearer of culture. That is, such a restriction is non-violent in nature, but is based on the mutually beneficial coexistence of people.

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1. Shostrom E. Manipulator. The inner journey from manipulation to actualization. M.: April-Press, 2004.

1. Zeland V. Transurfing reality. AST, 2006.
2. Tkhostov A.Sh., Surnov K.G. The influence of modern technologies on personality development and the formation of pathological forms of adaptation: the other side of socialization. URL: http://vprosvet.ru/biblioteka/psysience/smi-v-razvitii-lichnosti/

• Simonovich Nikolai Evgenievich, doctor of sciences, professor, professor
• Russian State Humanitarian University

• SELF-REALIZATION OF PERSONALITY
• PERSONALITY
• TYPES OF PEOPLE
• INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

During periods of aggravation of contradictions between states and people, global changes occur in the consciousness of individuals. Currently, many generations of people with different life experiences, levels of education and systems of life values ​​have collided on the same plane. This causes misunderstanding between them and leads to a shock state of change in their established lives, causing stress and unpleasant feelings, loss of social status for many people of the older generation, loss of former friends and acquaintances, misunderstanding in the family between children and parents, change in the value system, loss personal identity).

• Formation of human intellectual and emotional capital: psychological aspects
• Reasons for escape of convicts from correctional institutions: psychological factors

Symptoms of such cultural and social shock include depression, self-doubt, and increased social tension in society. Carrying out internal reforms and transformations in all areas of life of the country's population is impossible without taking into account the new geopolitical position of Russia and the new worldviews of people. Indeed, for one group of people, the state, the new time of change, the people and natural resources represent the opportunity to receive super-income and profit, power and high social status in society. For such people, the possibility of enrichment is higher than morality and law. For them there is nothing personal except enrichment and business. Ideas, beliefs, and moral precepts for such people become a means for acquiring material wealth. .

At the same time, the driving motive for them is fame, the desire to become higher than others on the social ladder. They consider themselves better than others, more successful, and they care little about public opinion. Their energy and ambition are aimed at commercial, intellectual and political activities. . Such individuals are accustomed to relying on themselves in everything and know how to manipulate other people, convince and please their partners in business and social activities.

Successful people differ from others in the following ways:

1. They have a good supply of physical and spiritual energy, a thirst for life and activity. For them there are no words: “I can’t.” They live by the principle: “I can overcome anything.” [4, p. 48].
2. They have a very high motivation to improve the quality of life for themselves and those close to them. They strive for active longevity and plan their lives for decades to come.
3. They have a thirst for risk and continuous activity.
4. They have faith in their own strength.
5. Lack of fear of the future, presence of a good education and natural ingenuity and worldly wisdom.

Such people feel like fish in water under conditions of change and they are always ready for innovative transformations and creative decision-making. .

These are, first of all, young people whose childhood, adolescence and adulthood occurred in the post-perestroika period. They simply do not know any other life, and this allows them to move towards their intended goal without looking back and without checking their path with the years they have lived. They were brought up at a time when a new generation of people was emerging, a generation of consumers. Young people easily cope with social changes in life, the transition of society to a new qualitative technical level and are always ready to learn and gain new knowledge. They don't rest on their laurels. .

A completely different type of people lives and works according to the old principle. Their motto: “Live only in truth and conscience.” For them, the highest values ​​are kindness and honesty. They do not know how and do not like to risk their lives, stability and peace of mind. . They see their personal success and well-being only in the success and well-being of society. This category of people relies on their leaders, parents, elders in the family, party leaders, and bosses. For them, the spiritual principle comes first, and they care little about material things; they live according to the principle of sufficiency, and money for them is a means of living and solving pressing problems. . Such people in their lives make do with only what is necessary, they are unpretentious in everyday life and never want changes in life and work. For them, stability and tranquility are most important. At the slightest change in their lives, they fall into despair, fear and depression. [9, p. 593].

Anxiety and fear, uncertainty about the future, and poor health are becoming a widespread disease in modern society.

How to survive this period of social and cultural shock, while maintaining health, mental state and maintaining high morale? [10. P. 14].

We see overcoming social and cultural shock in three stages:

1. At first, people experience the joy of innovative and social change. They sincerely rejoice in freedom and the erasure of habitual stereotypes in public and personal life. .
2. Then all these joyful feelings fade into the background. Sobering occurs and there is a feeling that life itself does not give anything for nothing. During changes, you also need to work and provide for yourself and your loved ones. You need to rely only on yourself. A good uncle will not give anything for nothing. Then people develop fear of their future and their children, anxiety, depression and frustration. . Society is breaking up into rich and poor, the gap between them is growing every year, and the contradictions are also growing.
3. When two stages can be overcome, then after some time a feeling of confidence, security, satisfaction and faith in the future sets in.

Social instability manifests itself primarily at the personal level, anxiety increases, and the individual’s social identity is lost. Contradictions arise between the desire to make life better for others while maintaining a high standard of living. [13, p. 90].

It is necessary to take into account and know that a successful person is self-confident, he is prudent, purposeful, ready for change and wants to make life better for himself, his family and friends. Such a person always achieves his goals, realizes his plans and intentions. [14, p. 31].

A successful person has positive energy aimed at transforming and solving all the pressing problems facing society and him personally. [15, p. 101]. As a rule, he has a creative approach to his life and work activity, and his characteristics are closely related to the motivational and emotional-volitional sphere.

A creative person is different from other people, sometimes causing misunderstanding and bewilderment on the part of even the closest people. The activity of such a person is aimed at transformation and adaptation to the environment and reality. [16, p. 310]. At the same time, he is forced to undergo social adaptation to establish a balance between himself and the social environment, adapt to its norms and requirements, recognize and accept the value system of the new environment.

If a person does not undergo social adaptation, then stressful conditions arise, such as tension between the person and the current situation. Then his social well-being worsens, anxiety appears, and anxious expectations for the future appear.

This causes a deterioration in the quality of life, and therefore its duration. All this is associated with health conditions, significant costs for treating people, management and the population as a whole. .

We recommend that you prepare in advance psychologically and financially for the planned transformations and changes in life in advance of their occurrence; it must be linked to the daily life of a person, with his personal plans, values, goals and interests. In all this, the individual occupies a central place and all events are carried out for the sake of it. We recommend that a person think about it and create a model of the future and go beyond the usual time frame. For example, think about your future and imagine yourself as an eighty-year-old person and ask yourself the following questions:

1. Who am I? The answer can be different. During this time, many events happened. A person has succeeded or failed as a specialist, a father of a family, as an individual, as a citizen of his country. What useful things did he do for himself, for his family, how did he raise his children, what did he do to strengthen the power of his state? [19, p. 564].
2. What I couldn’t do and why. For what reason, who is to blame for this?
3. How can he help his children, grandchildren, how can he be useful to his state?
4. Will he be able to apply previously acquired knowledge or does he need to adjust his capabilities in accordance with his age and accumulated experience?
5. What retraining, what profession should be obtained in addition to this time, taking into account age? [20, p. 443].
6. Is he and his skills, knowledge and experience in demand by young specialists, leaders of a new direction and new modern thinking?
7. Knowledge of communication technologies and the ability to use them at work and in everyday life?
8. What can he teach his grandchildren, what experience can he pass on to them, and will it be interesting for his grandchildren to communicate with him at their leisure?
9. What is your health status at this time? To be in good physical shape, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle throughout your life, engage in physical exercise for the body, as well as undergo an annual medical examination and engage in health prevention. It is necessary to develop a correct and balanced diet and, of course, it is necessary to eradicate all bad habits.
10. What kind of life does a person lead at his current age?
11. Who surrounds him and with whom does he communicate and be friends? By this age, the environment changes dramatically, many peers are not around for obvious reasons, and the usual social circle has disintegrated. In order not to be lonely, a person needs communication and communication with the people around him. [21, p. 447]. It should be pleasant, light and not intrusive. How to achieve this and what do you need to know for this? When a person is open, loves the people around him and wishes them well, happiness and success in life and work, then he is reciprocated. This is not easy, through systematic work on yourself, through self-education and self-improvement of your body, spirit and knowledge about the life of modern people. If a person thinks about this in his youth, then he will set a real goal for himself, choose the right path and model his future. This will be his main goal in life, to become in demand throughout the years of his life.
12. To achieve a set goal, a person solves everyday problems consciously and confidently moves forward. His social well-being is good, his anticipation of old age is associated with an anxious expectation of the unknown, and his quality of life is improving. As a result, life expectancy increases, both physical and creative. The most important thing in all this modeling is that a person remains in demand throughout his life and in any team he will be a desirable employee and mentor for young professionals. The main thing is to understand that advice should be given to those who need it, and those who want to learn should be taught. Then, without conflicts and contradictions, you can transfer your accumulated knowledge and your rich life experience for the benefit of yourself and the common cause. In such a situation, the conflict between generations is reduced to a minimum and the social status of an adult increases, and his well-being increases from a sense of accomplishment. We must also take into account the fact that not everything and not everything needs to change.

The main thing is that all people can complement each other in solving the tasks assigned to society and to the individual, in particular.

Innovation and creative thinking of the younger generation, combined with the wisdom and experience of the older generation, will produce amazing results. Continuity of generations is necessary in the life and activities of people. The most important thing is to correctly distribute social roles between all generations of people, in accordance with their personal characteristics.

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