The oral cavity of an adult is associated with the performance of many functions, due to which it reflects the state of the body. In particular, the mucosa demonstrates various pathological and systemic phenomena occurring in the body, characterizes the strength of immunity, the health of internal organs, etc. As a rule, diseases of the oral cavity in adults (you can see the photos and symptoms below) are divided into 3 types: diseases of the gums, teeth and mucous membranes.

First, let's find out what factors affect the condition of the human mucosa:

• unsystematic, self-administration of antibiotics and potent drugs;
• weak defenses, the presence of HIV, AIDS;
• inflammation of the teeth and gums;
• dysfunction and damage to internal systems;
• influence of sharp temperatures;
• illiterate diet (the predominance of too spicy or sour food);
• the presence of bad habits (alcoholism, smoking);
• the presence of inflammation, infections;
• general dehydration;
• beriberi;
• unstable hormonal background;
• hereditary predisposition.

Inflammatory processes of teeth and gums provoke diseases of the oral mucosa

In a healthy state, the oral cavity contains bacteria and other organisms that are in an opportunistic state. But under the influence of the above conditions, they provoke mucosal diseases: infectious, inflammatory, viral, fungal, lichen, as well as dysbacteriosis.

Infectious and inflammatory processes

To infectious diseases of the oral cavity and tongue (photo below) include stomatitis. They are caused mainly by irregular and illiterate oral hygiene, and sometimes are the result of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and some others (tonsillitis).

Viral diseases

These include diseases of an infectious nature, ulcerative necrotic stomatitis, as well as the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases.

But the most common viral "guest" in the oral cavity is herpes. Inflamed, it settles in the area around the mouth, but often passes to the mucous membrane. Symptoms of such a lesion are erosive aphthae on the inside of the cheeks and lips, tongue, and palate.

Sometimes herpes also affects the periodontal tissues, gums, being a consequence of acute catarrhal gingivitis.

Fungal lesions

Fungal disease of the oral cavity in adults (photo below) is caused by the activity of yeast-like microorganisms of the Candida group.

Such fungi live in an inactive state in most of the population. But any external and internal factors (pathological processes, weakened immunity, hypothermia, etc.) activate them. As a result, the fungus is formed on various mucous areas, including in the oral cavity, which indicates the development of candidomycosis.

Types of disease:

lichen disease

As a rule, the mucous membrane is affected by lichen planus. At the same time, it can appear on the skin. It is a consequence of a weakened immune system, as well as systemic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, diabetes, hereditary predisposition to pathology.

The disease is in acute form (month), subacute (up to six months) and long-term (more than 6 months).

The main symptoms: reddening of the mucosa, the appearance of blistering rashes, erosions and ulcers, plaques.

Dysbacteriosis

This ailment is just a consequence of the illiterate use of antibiotics, as well as the use of local antiseptics in the treatment of colds.

Symptoms of the disease at an early stage are practically invisible: bad breath, the appearance of cracks in the corners of the lips. The development of the disease is accompanied by loosening of the teeth, the appearance of concomitant ailments, such as periodontal disease. Also, plaque is intensively formed on the teeth, corroding the enamel.

The appearance of cracks in the corners of the lips is a sign of dysbacteriosis

With untimely restoration of the microflora of the oral mucosa, dysbacteriosis can cause damage to the receptors of the tongue, affect the vocal cords and the function of the tonsils.

Above, we examined diseases of the oral cavity in adults. We turn to diseases and pathologies of teeth and gums.

Major diseases of the tooth and gums

Let's take a look at the common reasons:

• weakened immunity;
• wrong diet;
• bad habits;
• diseases of the mucosa itself;
• injuries and microcracks, including those resulting from dental procedures;
• lack of trace elements (fluorine, calcium, etc.), vitamins in the body;
• allergies to dentures, types of food, oral solutions and drugs, etc.;
• the presence of infections, viruses, inflammatory processes;
• increased deposition of plaque and stone, which leads to caries;
• poor oral hygiene.

Introducing oral diseases in adults (photo below), which are affected by the above conditions.

1. periodontal disease. A rare and complex disease that leads to depletion and destruction of periodontal tissues. It can be asymptomatic, without causing discomfort or pain. It is often detected already at the stage of flowing into a more complex form - periodontitis.

Symptoms can be noticed during a visual examination of the oral cavity. As a rule, exposed necks or roots of the tooth are visible due to changes in the shape of the gums. The papillae between the teeth atrophy, which also leads to a change in the positions of the teeth.

1. Periodontitis. It is a consequence of periodontal disease and is caused by additional factors: metabolic disorders, weakening of the body's defenses, lack of proteins and vitamins, concomitant neuro-somatic pathologies, illiterate regular oral hygiene, environmental factors, improper diet (too little hard and coarse food). Also, the disease can be a consequence of gingivitis.

Periodontitis

The symptoms of the disease are different: the gums bleed, there is a smell from the mouth, plaque quickly appears. At advanced stages, soft tissue edema, abscesses, pain and looseness of the teeth appear.

1. Gingivitis. It occurs against the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, infections, allergic reactions, or is the result of erratic nutrition, exposure to adverse environmental factors, hormonal changes.

Symptoms: gums bleed, burning and itching in them, bad breath, and ulcers and necrotic areas may also occur.

1. Xerostomia. Often appears in diabetics, is a consequence of an allergic reaction, other pathologies.

The symptoms are as follows: overdried mucosa, inflammation, itching, burning, decreased secretion of saliva, inflammation of adjacent glands.

1. cheilite. It is an ailment characteristic of the red area of ​​the lips, which has inflammatory or trophic processes under it. The reasons for its appearance are as follows: hormonal imbalance, the action of viruses or fungi, prolonged exposure to the sun, allergies, lack of B vitamins, neurogenic factors.

The main symptoms: inflamed and painful seizures in the corners of the lips, soft tissue hyperemia and swelling.

All of the above ailments are treated exclusively by systemic doctors and dentists.

A special place among dental diseases is occupied by diseases of the oral mucosa (OR).

As a rule, curation of patients with such pathological conditions causes significant difficulties for practical dentists both in terms of diagnosis, and in terms of treatment, and in terms of the likelihood of infection of medical personnel. Nevertheless, regardless of the specialization of the dentist, to whom the patient with the pathology of the COP turned, he needs to make a diagnosis (at least presumptive) and treat or provide first aid, and then refer the patient for examination and treatment to the appropriate specialized medical institution.

The task of the dentist in such a situation is complicated by the fact that diseases of the oral mucosa are characterized by the severity of manifestation and the complexity of diagnosis. With constant injury to the mucous membrane and the presence of abundant microflora in the oral cavity, various elements of the lesion quickly change their original appearance, becoming outwardly similar. The greatest difficulties for practicing dentists, as our experience shows, are erosive and ulcerative lesions of the COP. The relatively high prevalence of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity is due to the fact that the oral mucosa has limited morphological features, therefore, it responds to many influences of a different nature in the same way - the formation of erosions and ulcers (Potekaev N.S., 2004).

The presence of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa of various localization and intensity of development, the active influence of the microbial factor, the rapid spread of the pathological process to the underlying tissues, the possibility of malignancy, the deterioration of the general condition of the patient require timely diagnosis from the dentist followed by rational and effective therapy.

The formation of erosions and ulcers is accompanied by a number of diseases of the oral mucosa and manifestations of skin, infectious and general somatic diseases on it:

- acantholytic pemphigus;

- allergic reactions;

- erythema multiforme exudative (MEE);

- chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis (CRAS);

- acute herpetic stomatitis;

- chronic recurrent herpes;

- herpes zoster;

- lupus erythematosus;

- injuries of mechanical, physical and chemical origin;

- leukoplakia;

- lichen planus;

- tuberculosis;

- syphilis;

- diseases of the cardiovascular system;

- damage to the COR with long-term use of certain drugs (for example, methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis);

- blood diseases;

- malignant neoplasms and a number of other diseases.

When examining a patient with ORS pathology, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to establish the type, form, severity, nature of the course of the disease, to identify general and local etiological and pathogenetic factors that caused the disease. In some cases, it is required to involve specialists not only of the dental profile.

In the diagnosis of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the mouth, lips and tongue, the correct definition of the elements of the lesion, understanding the features of the clinical course, knowledge of the morphofunctional features of these anatomical formations, and the relationship of their pathology with diseases of other organs and systems are important. Diagnosis of such diseases must be carried out not only on the basis of clinical data (where the main differential diagnostic feature is the elements of the lesion), but also taking into account the results of stomatoscopy, staining of the mucous membrane, cytological, histological, biochemical, microbiological, immunological, allergological and other research methods.

When examining a patient with mucosal pathology, special attention is paid to the following points:

- the type of primary (papule, tubercle, bladder, etc.) and secondary (erosion, ulcer, etc.) elements of the lesion;

- size, shape and color of the lesion;

— surface (smooth, rough, granular);

- borders (clear, not pronounced, even, scalloped, polycyclic);

- type of plaque (fibrinous, bladder cover, necrotic, purulent, etc.);

- the consistency of the edge and base (dense, soft);

- subjective sensations of the patient (soreness, itching, burning) or their absence;

- prevalence, symmetry of localization of lesions;

- the presence of lesions on other mucous membranes or on the skin.

Unfortunately, even despite a thorough examination, making a diagnosis in case of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the COP is often a difficult task, especially for primary care dentists working in small dental clinics and in private offices, and by the nature of their activities, they rarely encounter with this type of pathology.

Recall the features of some elements of the lesion associated with the formation of defects in the oral mucosa.

Erosion(Fig. 570, a) - a defect in the surface layer of the mucous membrane (within the epithelium) without penetrating it into the connective tissue, which is formed during the opening of such cavity formations as a vesicle, vesicle, after the destruction of papules. Traumatic erosion is called abrasion or excoriation. Usually heals without a persistent mark or scar.

Ulcer(Fig. 570, b) - a tissue defect resulting from the breakdown of a pathological substrate (how it differs from wounds arising from traumatic damage to normal tissues), penetrating through all layers of the mucosa, including connective tissue, it has a bottom and edges. Healing always occurs with the formation of a scar.

Aphtha(Fig. 570, c) - a superficial defect in the epithelium of the mucous membrane (erosion or ulcer) of an oval or round shape, 0.3 × 0.5 cm in size, covered with a fibrinous coating and surrounded by a hyperemic rim. Afta is a clinical rather than a morphological concept.

chronic fissure(Fig. 570, d) - a linear rupture of the mucous membrane, the red border of the lips, which occurs at the site of impaired tissue elasticity or in the area of ​​natural folds and is accompanied by inflammatory infiltration. A deep crack affects the connective tissue of the lamina propria, heals with the formation of a scar.

Differential diagnosis of the most common erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa is presented in table 75.

Table 75 Disease Sign Syphilis primary Tuberculosis Chronic traumatic ulcer Gingivostomatitis Vincent Malignant neoplasms Ulcer shape rounded rounded Wrong Wrong Round or irregular The bowl is wrong The edges of the ulcer Soft, smooth rolled, dense Undermined, soft Smooth, compacted Soft, smooth Dense, often uneven Flat with white-gray bloom smooth, even, red meat, "greasy" Filled with granulations, there are Trill grains Hilly, maybe. gray coating Flat with dirty gray Rough, decaying masses, vegetation Uptrend The resulting ulcers merge with the old ones. Grows as development Growing (but may grow in depth) Soreness painful Painless very painful slightly painful painful May be painless Cytological examination epithelial cells Pale treponema Mycobacteria, Langhans giant cells epithelial cells epithelial cells atypical cells Serological reactions Negative 6 weeks after infection - positive Positive Negative Negative Negative

The final diagnosis of damage to the mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, lips is considered established when all data on the history of the dental disease, its relationship with the state of general health, together with the results of additional studies and advisory opinions, are fully specified and systematized.

After conducting diagnostic studies, it is necessary to inform the patient about the diagnosis, severity of the disease, prognosis and planned treatment, and motivate him to actively cooperate with the attending dentist.

Treatment of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane

of the mouth should begin only after establishing at least a preliminary ("working") diagnosis. It is carried out in several directions:

1. Local symptomatic treatment.

2. Local etiopathogenetic treatment.

3. General etiopathogenetic treatment (according to indications).

4. General symptomatic treatment (according to indications).

Local symptomatic treatment.

This component of complex therapy provides for a non-specific drug effect on the COR lesion. It includes four successive steps:

1. Anesthesia is carried out using oral baths or applications of solutions of local anesthetics (0.5% solution of novocaine, 0.25-0.5% solution of lidocaine, etc.). For these purposes, you can also use a medicinal composition consisting of propolis, dicaine, dimexide (DMSO) in a ratio of 1:1:1 (Danilevskiy N.F. et al., 2001), Lollicaine gel (Maksimovskaya L.N. ., 2002). With application anesthesia, the analgesic effect occurs after 20-30 seconds and lasts for 10-15 minutes. It is better not to use applications of 10% suspension of anestezin in peach oil, as they will impede subsequent antiseptic treatment. Application anesthesia can be used by the patient independently at home, for example, before meals or in case of severe botanical syndrome.

2. Removal of plaque or necrotic tissue from the surface of the lesion provides access to the affected surface of drugs. Plaque can be removed mechanically - with a trowel, scalpel or excavator. Soft, non-fixed plaque can be removed from the surface of the lesion with a cotton swab moistened with an antiseptic solution. An effective and physiological way to remove plaque and necrotic tissues is the use of solutions of proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain). Purification of the lesion is facilitated by the use of sorbents (SKN, SKN-2M, AUM "Dnepr" MN, "Enterosgel"). They are used for application sorption either in pure form or alternating with proteolytic enzymes and antiseptics.

3. Treatment of the lesion and the oral cavity with antiseptic solutions allows you to influence the microflora, reduce the risk of inflammatory complications, and improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity. For this purpose, oxygen- and chlorine-containing preparations are usually used: 0.5-1% solution of hydrogen peroxide (in no case - 3%!), 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, 0.03-0.06 % solution of sodium hypochlorite, 0.05% solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate. These drugs are used in the form of oral baths, rinses, applications on the lesion. In some cases, the focus is irrigated with a solution of a medicinal substance through a syringe with a blunt needle. Effective in this case is the use of the drug "Tizol" (Ron G.I. et al., 2003), which is an aqua-complex of titanium glycerosolvate in the form of a gel. This remedy has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiallergic, analgesic and penetrating effects. An important property of this drug is that it does not spread in the oral cavity.

4. The use of keratoplastic agents and drugs that stimulate regeneration begins after the subsidence of acute phenomena, cleansing of the lesion, the appearance of signs of granulation and epithelialization. For these purposes, applications of the following preparations are used: rosehip oil, sea buckthorn oil, oil solutions of vitamins A and E, Aevit, 1% solution of citral in peach oil, Cigerol, Hypozol-N, Methyluracil ointment, "Phytomix 14", etc. In recent years, in the complex treatment of patients with erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa, it is recommended to use local preparations such as the immobilized Imozimaza enzyme (in the form of applications on a previously dried affected mucosal surface on gauze napkins 4-5 times a day, 2- 3 min for 10-14 days); collagen-containing preparation "Emparkol" (in the form of applications on gauze napkins 4-5 times a day for 10-14 days); "Solcoseryl dental adhesive paste" (in the form of applications with water to create an adhesive film 2-3 times a day for 10-14 days); complex drug "Tsiarkum", which includes silver ions, copper, citric acid. The drug (a napkin is impregnated with this liquid) is applied to eroded surfaces cleaned under application anesthesia from fibrinous plaque. The use of biopolymer adhesive soluble films is effective (for example, Oblekol-films, Diplen-films, Galavit). The prolonged action of the medicinal substance in this form of application gives the maximum therapeutic effect. It should be borne in mind that the topical application of ointments containing corticosteroids, despite the rapid anti-inflammatory effect, is not advisable, since these drugs slow down the regeneration of the mucous membrane and negatively affect local defense mechanisms.

The elimination of local irritating factors is an essential component of the local treatment of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa, which can provoke and support the development of the pathological process. For this purpose, the removal of mineralized dental deposits, grinding of sharp edges of teeth, filling of decayed teeth, correction of prostheses and elimination of other local traumatic factors are carried out in the early stages. The only exceptions are the removal of roots and decayed teeth, the treatment of chronic forms of pulpitis and periodontitis, which are usually postponed to a later date until the complete epithelialization of ulcers and erosions.

We want to draw attention to the fact that it is unacceptable to use so-called cauterizing agents for “therapeutic” purposes and to use the same antiseptic preparations for rinsing the mouth for a long time (for example, potassium permanganate, furacilin, chlorhexidine bigluconate), as well as solutions of baking soda.

Local etiopathogenetic treatment.

This component of complex treatment is highly effective, however, for adequate prescription of drugs, it is necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis, which, as noted above, is not always possible.

Means of specific etiopathogenetic effects in various diseases are listed below.

1. If fungi of the genus Candida are detected, antimycotic drugs are used locally in the form of applications: nystatin suspension, levorin transbuccal tablets, fluconazole ointment, Clotrimazole cream, etc. Anti-candidiasis activity is also possessed by 1-2% aqueous solutions of methylene blue and brilliant green, iodinol, Lugol's solution, citral.

2. Local treatment of syphilitic lesions in the oral cavity is carried out with 8% biyoquinol suspension, 7% bismoverol suspension, miarsenol solution, 10% novarsenol suspension in glycerin, 10% osarsol suspension in peach oil.

3. For herpetic viral lesions of the oral mucosa, applications of antiviral drugs (Zovirax, Acyclovir) are used. It should be remembered that the use of these funds is effective only at an early stage of viral lesions of the oral mucosa (i.e., in the first hours and days of the disease), but not in the presence of erosions and ulcers.

4. In chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, injections of 0.1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate mixed with 1 ml of a 0.25-0.5% solution of novocaine or trimecaine are indicated under the base of aphthae.

5. In case of erosive and ulcerative form of lichen planus, injections under the base of erosions 1-1.5 ml of a 5% solution of hingamine daily or every other day (10-12 injections in total) give a good therapeutic effect.

6. In case of allergic and toxic-allergic diseases, applications to the lesion focus of antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective. In the acute phase, short-term local application of corticosteroid hormones is acceptable. For example, in the acute period of exudative erythema multiforme, applications to the affected areas of 0.5% prednisolone or 0.1% triamcinolone ointment are recommended 1-3 times a day until clinical improvement.

7. Correction of local radiation reactions of the oral mucosa in cancer patients against the background of radiation therapy is recommended to be carried out using the aerosol preparation "Likosol" (3-5 times before and after meals) (Vorobiev Yu.I. et al., 2004; Istranova E. V. et al., 2004). Such procedures are well tolerated by patients, reduce hyperemia, swelling, burning sensation.

Physiotherapy of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the SOR is carried out with the absolute exclusion of the malignant and specific nature of the pathological process. In this case, it is advisable to use UF, IGNL, hydrotherapy (with the inclusion of both individual agents / calendula, arnica / of plant origin, and phytocompositions, as well as antiseptics).

In patients with erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa, NO-therapy is recommended. Daily sessions of NO-therapy for erosion and ulcers at NO concentration of 0.5 l/min, exposure of 15 seconds per area of ​​1 mm2 are expedient. The course of treatment for chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis and recurrent herpes consists of 2-5 sessions of NO-therapy. With erosive-ulcerative and bullous forms of lichen planus - from 4-7 sessions.

General etiopathogenetic treatment.

In dentistry, general etiopathogenetic treatment is prescribed, as a rule, in severe cases that are difficult to respond to local treatment. As a rule, it is carried out in a hospital together with doctors of related specialties (infectionists, dermatovenereologists, immunologists, etc.).

The general etiotropic treatment of candidiasis of the COR consists in the ingestion of polyene antimycotic drugs (nystatin, levorin, in severe cases - amphotericin). Nizoral is also effective. It is administered orally up to 400 mg per day for 10-12 days.

Treatment of syphilis should be etiotropic (specific), course, individualized. It is carried out by a venereologist in accordance with the instructions approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, with specific anti-syphilitic drugs.

With true pemphigus, corticosteroids (prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone) and cytostatics (methotrexate) are prescribed inside according to special schemes. This treatment should be carried out by a dermatologist.

Persons with vegetative-neurotic reactions are shown sedative and antidepressant therapy, which should be carried out by a neuropsychiatrist.

In case of allergic and toxic-allergic diseases, hyposensitizing, desensitizing and immunomodulating therapy is carried out.

With a pronounced inflammatory reaction, especially in a severe course of the disease, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs is indicated - drugs of a steroid and non-steroid nature (for example, Tantum Verde in the form of a liquid or spray). The choice of anti-inflammatory drugs is carried out differentially, taking into account the clinical manifestations and the pathomorphological essence of the disease.

Immunomodulatory therapy should be prescribed only after receiving an immunogram and consulting the patient with a clinical immunologist. Otherwise, such “therapy” can do more harm than good.

General symptomatic treatment.

General symptomatic treatment is usually prescribed for severe disease. Often it has to be carried out in stationary conditions. It includes infusion detoxification therapy, parenteral nutrition. Sometimes massive antibiotic therapy with broad-spectrum drugs is necessary, aimed at suppressing the secondary microflora.

In addition, the concept of "general treatment" includes high-calorie nutrition, restorative and stimulating therapy, heavy drinking, exclusion of spicy, irritating foods, smoking and alcohol. Inside are prescribed: vitamins, stimulating and restorative drugs. Effective physiotherapeutic procedures aimed at stimulating the protective forces and general improvement of the body.

After the patient recovers (or at the onset of the disease remission stage), the final sanitation of the oral cavity is carried out (scheduled treatment of caries, its complications, periodontal diseases), prosthetics with the exclusion of dissimilar metals in orthopedic structures. If there are indications, the patient is taken to the dispensary.

Importance in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment have:

- assessment of the general condition of the patient;

— normalization of indicators of laboratory tests;

- healing and disappearance of the elements of the lesion characteristic of this disease;

- restoration of the normal structure of the oral mucosa;

- the transition of the disease from severe to lighter forms, for example, the transition of the erosive-ulcerative form of LP to a typical one) (Tretyakovich A.G. et al., 2005). * * *

In conclusion, we should focus on two fundamental, in our opinion, points.

1. Given the fact that sometimes infectious diseases (AIDS, syphilis, tuberculosis, herpetic lesions, etc.) are the cause of erosive and ulcerative lesions, when admitting patients whose diagnosis is not completely clear, measures should be taken to eliminate the likelihood infection of medical personnel. Dental interventions related to the provision of care to such patients should be carried out with the strictest observance of the disinfection and sterilization regime in the medical institution. In this case, it is advisable to confine ourselves to the provision of emergency care, and carry out a full-fledged sanitation after the diagnosis is made, the end of treatment and complete epithelialization of the lesions.

2. If conservative treatment of erosive-ulcerative lesions within 10-14 days is ineffective and there is no tendency for their healing after the source of acute or chronic irritation of the SOR is removed, surgical excision of the lesion should be used with a mandatory preliminary histological examination. We share the opinion of P.I. Laptev and A.I. Volozhin (2004) that all precancerous conditions should be treated surgically. There is no need for waiting tactics. This is permissible only in cases of background damage to the SOR, tongue, lips, where the reverse development of the pathological process is possible under the influence of a general therapeutic treatment of the underlying disease. The treatment of precancerous conditions, as well as cancer of the oral cavity, tongue and lips, is the responsibility of the oncologist and / or dental surgeon.

It must be emphasized that the identification, treatment and dispensary observation of patients with diseases of the oral mucosa, tongue and lips is carried out by a dentist. He, like other medical workers of the general medical and preventive health care network, who, by the nature of their professional activities, are faced with pathology of organs and tissues of the oral cavity (oncologists, maxillofacial surgeons, dermatologists, infectious disease specialists), is obliged to carry out work aimed at early detection, treatment and dispensary observation of patients with diseases of the mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, lips, as well as for the prevention of these diseases.

Diseases of the oral mucosa can be of the most diverse nature. Problems with the mucous membrane can even be provoked by pathologies in other human organs. Let's see why there are various diseases inside the mouth and how to treat them.

It is the mucous membrane that reflects the presence of many possible problems in the human body. All pathological processes that occur inside and are caused by weak immunity or various diseases affect the condition of the tissues inside the mouth.

If the oral cavity is completely healthy, then bacteria or microorganisms are still present in it. In the absence of a provoking factor, they do not have a pronounced activity. However, if conditions are created that will allow to provoke diseases of the mucosa, then the bacteria become activated and become the cause of the disease.

There are many factors that affect the condition of the oral cavity:

• inflammatory processes on the teeth or gums can be chronic and often recur;
• temperature difference, both in the form of hot and cold food intake, and in general after frostbite or overheating of the body;
• problems with the functioning of internal organs, partial damage to body systems;
• frequent use of serious medications, self-administration of antibiotics or strong drugs;
• lack of body defenses, the presence of HIV infection or AIDS;
• addictions, addiction to tobacco and alcohol;
• inflammatory processes and various infections;
• beriberi, dehydration;
• eating problems - an excess of fatty foods, a passion for spicy dishes and sour foods;
• problems at the hormonal level;
• hereditary factor.

Avitaminosis - a common cause of diseases in the oral cavity

Oral diseases can be infectious, inflammatory, viral or fungal. Sometimes patients have processes of a lichen type or dysbacteriosis.

The classification of diseases of the oral mucosa is very extensive. This is another reason why you should never self-medicate. It is much wiser to consult a doctor for professional diagnosis and therapy.

In the video, a dentist talks about the main diseases of the oral cavity in adults:

The most common diseases of the oral cavity

Oral hygiene should be carried out regularly and efficiently, because not only the condition of the teeth depends on it. If the patient refuses to follow the standard rules, you can earn a sore throat, problems with the gastrointestinal tract and a number of many other pathologies.

Stomatitis

The manifestation of an infectious disease of the mouth or tongue is classified as a subgroup of stomatitis. There is a division of this disease into types:

1. Catarrhal stomatitis. With this disease, the patient feels a strong edema, which is accompanied by soreness. The plaque may be white or have a yellowish tint.
2. Ulcerative stomatitis. The defeat of the mouth occurs over the entire area and depth. Swelling of the lymph nodes is possible, the patient complains of severe pain and constant dizziness, weakness may be noted. As a rule, diseases of the oral mucosa are characterized by painful symptoms and discomfort. If the patient was previously diagnosed with enteritis or gastric ulcer, then the pathology occurs more often.
3. . The disease is characterized by the formation of aphthae, erosive lesions are noticeable. It occurs after infection of the oral cavity, problems with the gastrointestinal tract or rheumatism. The patient feels lethargy and decreased performance, there is hyperthermia.

Oksana Shiyka

Dentist-therapist

Diseases of the oral mucosa are very painful, with self-medication or untimely assistance, they can become chronic. Specialists focus on pathological processes in the mouth. Classification by type of disease makes it most likely to select a more effective therapy.

Fungal diseases

Diseases of this group are associated with excessive activity of fungi of the Candida species. Yeast-like microorganisms are present in most of the population, but most often are in an inactive state. Activation is promoted by:

• weakening of the immune system;
• pathological processes;
• hypothermia;
• inflammatory events.

The fungus begins its activity in the mouth and damages the mucous membrane, which indicates the presence of candidomycosis. This microorganism is the cause of many diseases:

1. atrophic candidiasis. Usually, the pathology is acute, the mucous membrane is very dry, it is distinguished by impressive redness. White plaque and scaly epithelium settle in the folds of the mouth. The disease is always hard to bear.
2. Atrophic candidiasis of a chronic course. Most often it originates in patients who have used removable plate-type dentures for a long time. In the oral cavity there is a strong drying, all the mucous membranes are inflamed.
3. pseudomembranous candidiasis. This is the most common pathology that occurs in an acute form. The mucous membranes are covered with curdled white discharge. Salivation is poor, causing the mouth to dry out. When chewing food, discomfort, a burning sensation, and sometimes severe itching occur.
4. Hyperplastic candidiasis. Very quickly passes into the chronic stage. The inflamed surface is characterized by the accumulation of various plaques and small nodes, there is a dense plaque in the mouth. If you try to deal with the problem on your own, then cleaning from plaque leads to severe inflammation, followed by the release of blood from the wounds.

Candidiasis

In the video, Elena Malysheva talks about candidiasis:

Lichen

Some patients are surprised when they find out that the doctor diagnosed them with lichen in the oral cavity, as they believe that the disease affects only the skin. Despite this stereotype, this disease is a very common phenomenon for the oral mucosa.

Lichen in the mouth

Oksana Shiyka

Dentist-therapist

Lichen planus can spread on the body and in the mouth. Usually, people who have a history of diabetes mellitus, weakened immunity, various diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract suffer from pathology. In some cases, there is a hereditary predisposition to this disease.

In acute form, lichen lasts about a month, moderately acute - implies a course of no more than six months. If lichen planus accompanies the patient much more time, then we are talking about the chronic form of the disease. In the oral cavity in adults with this problem, erosions, plaques and multiple ulcers are noted. In addition, blister-type rashes can be noted on the reddened mucosa.

Dysbacteriosis

Oksana Shiyka

Dentist-therapist

Some patients, self-medicating, do not understand that serious complications can occur if antibiotics are taken uncontrollably. It is because of the lack of the correct treatment regimen and illiterate medication that dysbacteriosis in the mouth can occur.

Passion for antiseptic drugs for viral diseases of the cold type, brings a person to the formation of this pathology. The disease of the oral cavity is characterized by an unpleasant odor. At an early stage, cracks appear in the corners of the lips, which, without treatment, will become inflamed and bleed.

If you do not visit a doctor in time, you can lose your teeth, as they will loosen. Some of the patients on the background of the disease begin to suffer from periodontal disease. When examining the teeth, it is noted that there is a strong plaque on them. This substance adversely affects the condition of the incisors, it can corrode the enamel.

Strong plaque on the teeth can signal dysbacteriosis

If there is no timely restoration of the microflora of the mucous membranes, then the dysbacteriosis will spread further. Pathology completely affects the receptors of the tongue, adversely affects the functioning of the tonsils and can harm the vocal cords.

Common diseases of teeth and gums

The list of diseases of the oral cavity includes not only mucosal lesions. As practice shows, pathological processes often extend to other areas, primarily affecting the gums and teeth.

Because of this, the following diseases can develop:

1. Periodontitis. The disease leads to severe depletion and destruction of periodontal tissues. It is manifested by the exposure of the neck or roots of the teeth due to changes in the shape of the gums. The papillae located between the teeth atrophy, which leads to a change in their position. Symptoms can be detected during an examination of the oral cavity.
2. Periodontitis. Often formed after the patient has been diagnosed with periodontal disease. In addition, it may manifest itself due to additional factors: problems with metabolism, due to a lack of protein and vitamins, poor quality, constant consumption of rough food. With this pathology, the patient complains of bleeding gums, the rapid formation of plaque, pain and the precarious position of the teeth.
3. Gingivitis. It is closely related to the problems of the gastrointestinal tract, the endocrine system, blood vessels and the heart. This disease of the oral cavity affects people who do not eat right, live in an unfavorable climate, and have hormonal imbalances. An unpleasant odor can constantly come from the mouth, ulcers and necrotic lesions are formed.
4. Xerostomia. The pathological process often manifests itself in patients with diabetes mellitus, and the disease can also manifest itself due to severe allergies or other specific factors. Usually the symptoms are pronounced and it is difficult not to notice them. The mucous membrane will be very dry, itching and burning are felt, saliva is almost not secreted, the inflammatory process in the mouth is extensive.
5. Cheilite. Visually, the disease can be seen even from the outside, since the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lips is very inflamed, ulcers are located under them on the inside. Most often, the pathological process occurs due to a malfunction in the hormonal background of the body, excessive sun exposure, allergies, lack of vitamins, and exposure to fungal flora. Lip tissues may have swelling that does not go away for a long time.

Periodontitis Periodontitis Gingivitis Xerostomia Cheilitis

In the video, the dentist tells what cheilitis is:

Oral diseases should be treated by dentists or doctors of narrow specialties. It is forbidden to self-medicate or resort to the help of traditional medicine. In most cases, with a similar approach to oral disease, there was a deterioration in the general condition, the transition of diseases to the chronic stage and the formation of complications.

WHO statistics show: various types of oral diseases are diagnosed in 90% of the world's population. The pathologies under consideration affect patients of all ages. Anomalies are localized in soft and hard tissues, reappear after an apparent recovery, and in the absence of therapy cause the development of severe complications.

General concepts

According to the medical literature, diseases of the oral cavity include pathologies of the teeth, gums, tongue and mucous membranes. Diseases have a viral, infectious or fungal etiology, arise as a result of the development of inflammatory processes in the body, the appearance of oncological neoplasms. There is no single classification of anomalies: most scientists differentiate diseases detected in the oral cavity according to heterogeneous characteristics.

Causes

The list of main factors influencing the appearance of pathologies in the oral cavity includes weakened immunity, nutritional errors, hormonal disruptions, bad habits, taking antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs without a doctor's prescription, and genetic predisposition. In addition, anomalies can be caused by a special state of the body - pregnancy and lactation.

Additional factors that can provoke the development of oral diseases are:

• hypothermia;
• frequent stress;
• avitaminosis and lack of trace elements;
• allergic reactions;
• pathology of the internal systems of the body;
• mechanical injuries of hard, soft tissues in the mouth;
• increased viscosity of saliva;
• poor-quality hygiene measures;
• refusal to visit the dentist on time.

Diseases of the oral mucosa of infectious etiology are frequent companions of HIV, AIDS.

Symptoms of oral infections

The diseases under consideration are characterized by the presence of a number of common symptoms. Usually, at a doctor's appointment, patients complain of dryness and discomfort in the mouth, manifested in the course of communication with an interlocutor, while drinking or eating.

Additional signs of the development of the pathological process include:

• prostration;
• decrease in working capacity;
• insomnia;
• increase in body temperature;
• violation of taste perception;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• an unpleasant aftertaste of a temporary or permanent nature.

Inflammation of the tongue is accompanied by swelling of the affected organ, a feeling of numbness. The presence of infectious diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity is evidenced by pain at the site of localization of the disease, the appearance of abscesses, wounds, ulcers, a dense film and curdled white plaque, difficulty in salivation. Bleeding gums, discomfort during hygiene are signs that signal the development of pathologies of the teeth or gums.

Types of pathologies

Depending on the type of microorganisms that caused the appearance of the abnormal condition, all diseases detected in the oral cavity are conditionally differentiated into infectious and fungal. Additionally, there are dental problems, allergic reactions and oncological diseases, the etiology of which has not received clinical confirmation.

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity and their symptoms

The infectious group of diseases combines diseases arising from the growth and development of bacterial and viral colonies in the affected tissues. The list of the most common diseases includes stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis, pharyngitis. The main reasons for their appearance are poor-quality procedures for caring for the gums, tongue and teeth, as well as the progression of pathologies of internal organs, mainly gastrointestinal disorders - peptic ulcer, gastritis, enterocolitis.

To avoid the occurrence of infectious diseases, you should undergo regular preventive medical examinations, visit the dentist.

Stomatitis

Stomatitis is one of the anomalies that develop in patients of different ages. There are several types of disease. In the list of common stomatitis:

• Aphthous. Caused by the herpes simplex virus. The primary symptoms of the oral infection in question are swelling of the mucous membrane, tissue hyperemia. As it develops, painful erosions (aphthae) covered with a fibrinous coating appear. The second name of the lesion is herpetic stomatitis.
• Vesicular. The symptoms are similar to those described above. It is detected by the presence of small bubble rashes, which are transformed into erosion. Pathology has a herpetic nature.
• catarrhal. When an infection enters the oral cavity, edema of the mucous membranes develops, a plaque of a light yellow tint appears.

It is impossible to determine the type of stomatitis on your own. At the first signs of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Inflammation of the gums is provoked by chemical, mechanical, infectious factors. Gingivitis, activated due to the vital activity of pathogenic agents, occurs mainly in children and young people and either manifests itself as independent pathologies or signals the development of other ailments, including periodontal disease.

Signs of gingivitis:

• puffiness;
• inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gingival margin;
• bad breath;
• tissue bleeding.

Dentists distinguish between acute and chronic forms of gingivitis. The latter is distinguished by the duration of the course, the weakness of symptoms.

Glossitis

Glossitis is a large group of pathologies that cause a violation of the structure and discoloration of the tongue. At risk are people who refuse regular hygiene procedures. The infection penetrates into the thickness of the tissues of the tongue in the presence of injuries, inflammation in the oral cavity or the gastrointestinal tract.

You can prevent the occurrence of glossitis through the daily use of floss, hygienic rinses, high-quality toothpastes.

Diseases of the larynx

Chronic and acute forms of pharyngitis, tonsillitis (tonsillitis), laryngitis are accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition of the patient, the appearance of dry mouth, discomfort and sore throat. Children and people with weakened immune systems are most susceptible to the development of these pathologies. Hardening, playing sports, taking vitamins will help to avoid the appearance of anomalies.

Other anomalies of viral etiology

Unprotected oral-genital contacts are the cause of infection of the oral cavity with sexually transmitted infections. With this type of intimate relationship, the following are transmitted from the patient to a healthy partner:

• gonorrhea;
• syphilis;
• cytomegalovirus;
• chlamydia;
• human papilloma virus;

The presence of the disease is evidenced by plaque on the tonsils, an increase in lymph nodes. When swallowing, the root of the tongue, throat hurts. If untreated, the pathogen spreads rapidly, and the disease becomes chronic.

Fungal lesions

The causative agents of fungal diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity are yeast-like microorganisms Candida, penicillium, aspergillus. Infectious agents belong to the group of saprophytes that acquire pathogenic properties and cause a mycotic process only under certain conditions. Among the factors that activate their vital activity are weakened immunity, treatment with corticosteroids and antibiotics, and the presence of diseases.

Mold infestation occurs in 2% of the total number of examined patients. The most common ailment localized on the mucous membranes is candidiasis.

By the nature of the course, the disease is differentiated into 3 forms:

• Pseudomembranous or acute. The main signs of its development include dryness of the inner surfaces of the palate, lips, cheeks, tongue and the formation of a white cheesy plaque in these areas. The patient feels itching, burning.
• Hyperplastic or chronic. It is distinguished by the appearance of plaques, tightly soldered to the tissues. Attempts to remove plaque cause bleeding of the mucous membranes.
• atrophic. It is detected in patients using removable orthopedic structures. In the list of symptoms - drying, inflammation of the surface of the oral mucosa.

Yeast-like microorganisms can cause fungal glossitis, tonsillitis, and angular infectious cheilitis. The last of these ailments affects the red border of the lips. When opening the mouth, patients experience severe discomfort. Superficial erosions, detected at the beginning of the disease, as cheilitis progresses, spread to the skin of the chin.

In order to avoid the development of fungal pathologies, experts recommend strengthening the immune system, avoiding stress and hypothermia.

dental problems

Diseases in the oral cavity are also detected in patients who refuse regular visits to dentistry. Periodontitis and periodontal disease in the absence of treatment worsen the condition of the gums, expose the necks of the teeth, disrupt the structure of the jaw. The list of additional signs of the presence of diseases includes swelling and bleeding of tissues. With a constant postponement of a visit to the doctor, you can lose teeth located at the site of inflammation.

The development of carious processes is accompanied by a change in the composition of the microflora of the oral cavity. Dental plaque is formed in the carious openings, which plays a significant role in the activation of the previously listed diseases. You can avoid the progression of the problem only by visiting the clinic.

Diseases of unknown etiology

Among the diseases observed in the oral cavity is lichen planus - an anomaly, the causes of which have not been clarified. The clinical picture of the manifestation of the disease is distinguished by a number of features:

• In the initial stage, rashes appear on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity - small papules.
• The progression of the pathology leads to an increase in the affected areas, their fusion.
• Stripes are formed on the tissues, plaques with a keratinized grayish-white surface, protruding above the level of the mucous membranes.

Treatment regimens for lichen are selected individually, taking into account the patient's condition.

Other pathologies

Among the ailments that change the structure of the oral mucosa are diseases that are the result of allergic reactions. Among them - syndromes of Reiter, Lyell, exudative erythema. Provoking factors that cause abnormal conditions are microbial, contact and drug allergies. Schemes for the treatment of diseases include the study of the allergological status, the elimination of the source of negative impact.

The incidence of oral cancer varies from 2 to 4% of the total number of oncopathologies detected in Russia. At an early stage, the disease is latent. Its further development is accompanied by the appearance of local pain, bleeding, ulcers. In a later period, discomfort intensifies, begins to radiate to the cheekbones, temples, and forehead. The outcome of oncopathologies depends on the stage of the identified process, the general condition of the patient.

Schemes for the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity and tongue

Treatment of infections in the mouth involves the use of a complex of drugs. Health workers recommend treating emerging foci of inflammation with antiseptics (Miramistin, Chlorhexidine, Furacilin, Hexoral) and infusions of raw materials of medicinal plants (calendula, chamomile, sage).

The development of viral diseases in the oral cavity is suppressed by the use of Famvir, Valacyclovir, Acyclovir. When a chronic pathology is detected, antibiotics are used - Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav. For the treatment of mycotic diseases of the oral cavity and tongue, drugs Nystatin, Levorin are used.

To speed up the regeneration process, doctors include rosehip and sea buckthorn oils, propolis ointment, Solcoseryl in the treatment regimens. Itching, burning and swelling are minimized with the help of antihistamines (Tavegil, Cetirizine), pain - with analgesics and NSAIDs (Nise, Aspirin, Ibuprofen).

Dental pathologies should be treated when their first signs are detected. The teeth affected by caries are filled, the units of the dentition that cannot be restored are removed.

Additional measures

Compliance with a special diet helps to stop the development of pathologies. The patient's menu should not consist of excessively hot dishes, spicy sauces, sour dressings. The intake of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.

The list of allowed products includes milk, vegetables (boiled), cereals in the form of cereals. Multivitamin complexes and herbal medicine will help to consolidate the achieved effect.

Prevention

Preventive measures to help avoid the development of pathologies in the oral cavity include:

• quality hygiene procedures;
• quitting smoking and alcohol;
• compliance with the basic rules of healthy lifestyle;
• regular visits to dispensary examinations.

At the first signs of the development of a disease of the oral cavity, you should immediately consult a doctor: timely diagnosis and adequate therapy will help stop the development of the disease at an early stage.

The breakdown of food begins in the mouth. Diseases of the oral mucosa (OMD) disrupt the fermentation of saliva, which is fraught with disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, create an unpleasant odor that does not go away after brushing your teeth - this is a consequence of purulent formations, cause burning, slight itching, aching pain - this is an inflammatory process that damages the mucous membrane and soft tissues.

Causes do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of a particular disease. They are prerequisites for the development of a disease or pathology, if the lesion of the oral mucosa is not eliminated in time. Disease-causing factors include:

1. Failure to follow the rules of oral care. The rules of care mean not only compliance with the rules of hygiene, but also the right choice of hygiene products.
2. Smoking. Harm is caused by low-quality tobacco products with a high tar content, combined with poor hygiene.
3. Alcohol. Only its excessive consumption or the use of low-quality alcoholic beverages.
4. hot food. It affects not so soft tissues as it destroys the mucous membrane.
5. Alternating cold and hot food. It destroys not only tooth enamel, but also leads to rupture of capillaries.
6. Excessive consumption of sweets. An increase in acidity, which favors the development of pathogenic microflora, and since there is an alkaline environment in the oral cavity, irritation of the mucous membrane.

What causes oral diseases?

Factors that provoke diseases of the oral cavity are considered to be a lack or excess of certain substances in the body, as well as concomitant diseases:

Classification of ORM diseases

Since saliva promotes rapid healing of the mucosa, injuries favor the development of pathogens. Therefore, it is not advisable to classify mucosal diseases according to the causes of occurrence and provoking factors.

All OM diseases are classified according to the following criteria:

1. According to the form of flow. Acute or chronic form, and in chronic course - exacerbations, remission stage.
2. By stage of development. The initial stage, the period of development. Launched form.
3. By pathogen or reactions of the body to a particular stimulus (the most common classification) - viral, bacterial, fungal, others due to reduced immunity, congenital predisposition or severe mechanical damage.
4. When possible transfer. Infectious - viral or bacterial, transmitted by airborne droplets, household or through sexual contact. For example, a soft chancre on the lips; non-infectious - not transmitted by the above methods - colds, allergies. Inflammation or suppuration due to the ingress of dirt into microcracks or wounds on the RSO.
5. By location. Lips, gums, soft palate, tongue, without a specific localization or often changing it.
6. Type of tissue affected. Only SOPR. Mucous and soft, and sometimes bone tissue, Hard and soft tissues, and then oral mucosa, for example, periodontitis.

Viral diseases

The most common viral disease of the oral mucosa in adults is herpes. The disease has 6 stages of development:

1. First. Itching, burning, slight tingling.
2. Second. Slight swelling.
3. Third. Redness, pain that interferes with eating.
4. Fourth. The appearance of single bubbles or group formations.
5. Fifth. Ulceration of vesicles.
6. sixth. At the final stage, the symptoms go away. The wounds heal.

From the onset of the first symptoms to the healing of wounds, 3-5 weeks pass. The main dangers - if left untreated, herpes can capture more and more space.

New formations appear when old ones are just healing or ulcerating; on the site of healed formations, scars appear that spoil the appearance of the lips.

Papilloma on the mucous membrane looks like white plaques. The main danger - the occurrence of formations in the throat - difficulty breathing, difficulty in swallowing food. The manifestations of the virus are painless.

Some types of influenza or complications after a long course of the disease are cracks in the lips, gums and palate. Slight swelling of the tongue. Danger - pathogenic microorganisms get into microcracks, causing severe inflammation, suppuration.

Infectious viral diseases

Infections of the disease in the mouth can be transmitted from the carrier or occur as a result of the pathogen entering the damaged mucosa.

Glossitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue. The main causative agent is streptococcal bacteria. If there are cracks in the tongue, other microorganisms can enter with food or occur due to hypothermia, burns, chemical irritants (alcohol, refreshing sprays).

Symptoms of an infection of the oral cavity: the initial stage - burning, feeling of a foreign formation in the tongue; further - redness, increased salivation; if not treated - dullness or perversion of taste. Danger - severe swelling and growths in the tongue, then necrotic manifestations are possible.

There are 4 types of disease.

1. catarrhal. It starts with itching, then swelling of the gums. Then bleeding. It differs from periodontitis in the degree of soft tissue damage. Gingivitis is only oral mucosa, and periodontitis affects both internal soft and hard tissues.
2. Ulcerative necrotic. First, small sores appear. Then the death of the mucosa, there is no pain. If left untreated, swollen lymph nodes can lead to cancer.
3. hypertrophic. Enlargement of the gingival papillae, slight pain. Danger - bleeding and suppuration when pathogenic microflora enters.
4. atrophic. The outlines of the subgingival parts of the teeth are visible, a painful reaction to temperature changes in the oral cavity.

Pharyngitis

Pathogens - streptococci and pneumococci, also occurs due to hypothermia or burns of the larynx. Symptoms - sore throat, perspiration and other uncomfortable sensations. Unlike tonsillitis, tonsils do not have pronounced redness, and the temperature does not exceed 38.

Dental diseases of the oral cavity, most often manifested in children, but can also be in a person in old age.

Occurs after the penetration of foreign particles or microorganisms into the damaged oral mucosa. In the first case, inflammation, in the second - purulent discharge.

In any case, painful sores covered with a film.

chancroid

Transmitted sexually. There are oval ulcers with smooth edges. For 3-5 days - purulent discharge. The main danger of occurrence in the throat is difficulty breathing, there is no pain.

fungal diseases

The most common is candidiasis.

1. hyperplastic- strong plaque on the gums, when it is removed - bleeding.
2. atrophic- the mucous membrane dries up. The process is accompanied by inflammation and pain.

Lichen planus - hard plaques and or sores and redness. It passes painlessly.

Other diseases

Geographic tongue - grooves appear on the tongue, which occur mainly due to a lack of proteins and fluid or due to hypothermia. Sometimes as an allergic manifestation. Danger - food waste getting into microcracks - suppuration.

OSM dysbacteriosis occurs as a spread of gastrointestinal dysbacteriosis, taking antibiotics, or as autoimmune manifestations (destruction of the OM microflora). Symptoms - microcracks on the lips and soft palate, an unpleasant putrid odor from the mouth. The danger is tooth loss.

Diagnostics

The first step is a visual inspection. Most diseases can be identified by characteristic signs and location. So herpes, stomatitis, mild chancroid and fungal diseases can be determined by visual inspection. The rest are determined by smears, scrapings and allergic tests.

To determine which drug is most suitable in a particular case, a bacteriological culture is performed. The disadvantage is that the results have to wait up to 3 weeks.

Treatment Methods

For the treatment of most diseases and inflammations of the oral mucosa and tongue, it is enough to eliminate the irritant that causes them, maintain personal hygiene, rinse the mouth with bactericidal and anti-inflammatory elixirs, and treat the localization site with antiseptic agents. But there are diseases where you have to resort to drug therapy.

Medicines

Each disease has its own specific recommendations and methods of treatment, namely:

Important! To relieve inflammation in the oral cavity, Nimesil has the highest efficiency.

Folk remedies

You can use any folk remedy only after the appointment of a dentist or consultation with him. Home methods will help relieve inflammation, remove mild suppuration, disinfect and partially anesthetize.

In diabetes mellitus and blood cancer - as an adjunct to the main therapy. With arthritis, oak bark should not be included in the composition - it dries the tissues. All arthritis partially dehydrates the body, which is fraught with fragility of fragile capillaries.

Some recipes for home treatment:

1. Application for suppuration. Mix 50 grams of liquid fresh honey with 100 grams of onion juice and 4 tbsp. l. plantain juice. Insist 48-60 hours. It can not be used with deep significant purulent formations, low pain threshold, diabetes mellitus.
2. For 20 g of cold water, a teaspoon of plantain, chamomile, nettle and soda. Bring to a boil and turn off. Rinse after eating. Not for bleeding wounds. Then exclude soda from the composition, boil for 2 minutes.
3. For 250 g of boiling water 1 tbsp. l. oak bark and 2 tbsp. l. calendula. Boil 1 min. Insist 24 hours. Good for stomatitis.
4. For 100 g of honey 2 tbsp. l. sea ​​buckthorn oil and 4 tbsp. l. aloe juice. It has no contraindications, except for diabetes and allergies to components. Can be used as a prophylactic, applying a thin layer on clean gums. Rinse after 2-3 minutes.
5. With avitaminosis. Boil freshly squeezed carrot juice in a water bath for 5 minutes. Add 1 tbsp. l. honey with the expectation of 200 g. Use as a rinse and drink. An excellent prophylactic against any diseases.

Prevention

The main preventive measure is to undergo an examination at the dentist 2 times a year. It is also necessary:

1. Brush your teeth twice a day for at least 3 minutes.
2. Rinse your mouth after each meal with boiled water: 200 g of water 1 tsp. chamomile. Boil 1 min. Allow to cool to room temperature.
3. The temperature of the rinse aids should match the temperature of the food.
4. Do not abuse sweets if it is not possible to rinse your mouth.
5. Do not combine sweets with sugary drinks.
6. Give preference to foods rich in vitamins.

ORM diseases can lead to serious complications up to the formation of a malignant tumor. Treatment depends on the results of the diagnosis and on the stage of the disease. Folk remedies eliminate symptoms and are used for prevention, but not for the treatment of the disease in general.