The non-productive sphere should be understood as a set of industries and activities that are not involved in the creation of material wealth, the activities of which are aimed directly at a person or at transforming the social conditions in which he exists, and is mediated by economic relations regarding the provision of various services to satisfy national and personal needs , as well as servicing the movement of material products.
The subject of economics in the non-productive sphere is the totality of economic relations that arise in society in connection with the functions of non-productive industries.
The finances of non-production sectors have the following components:
1) finances of housing and communal services;
2) finances of consumer services for the population;
3) finances of passenger transport;
4) finances of a number of industries;
5) finances of health care and physical culture;
6) education finances;
7) finances of culture and art;
8) finances of science and scientific services;
9) finances of public organizations;
10) finances of banking, credit and insurance organizations;
11) finances of commercial and intermediary organizations (including commodity and stock exchanges, brokerage houses, funds, etc.);
12) finances of governing bodies;
13) defense finances;
14) finances of law enforcement agencies.
The non-productive sphere includes: healthcare, education, art, culture and science, sports, tourism, consumer services, housing and communal services.
Based on the form of influence of non-productive industries on material production and the nature of their impact on the subject of productive labor, a classification of industries is proposed, divided into five main groups.
First group. Material and technical supply and sales; procurement, finance, credit, trade.
Second group. Public catering, consumer services, preschool children's institutions.
Third group. Health care and education.
Fourth group. Science, art, literature, cultural services.
Fifth group. Public administration, defense, paid functions in public organizations.
Industries of the first group. They are so close to the sphere of production of material goods that statistics directly take into account most of them as branches of material production. These industries serve the circulation of production assets and are directly related to the commodity and monetary forms of these assets, their metamorphoses in the conditions of commodity production.
By the nature of its connection with material production and by the method of influencing it, the first group of non-production sectors has a number of differences from its other groups. A feature of the first group of non-production sectors is the combination of direct and indirect impact on material production (through subjects of productive labor) of the socially useful labor expended in them. This labor is aimed at servicing the processes of exchange of activities between productive workers and the distribution of individual consumption products among them.
Industries of the second group. The main purpose of the non-production sectors classified in the second group in the classification is the socialization of labor serving the consumption of workers. This reduces the time spent on unproductive labor in an individual household and expands the free time of workers.
Industries of the third group. Education and healthcare directly ensure the process of expanded reproduction of the labor force, and also create conditions for the full and comprehensive development of all members of society.
The economic effect of healthcare is manifested through an increase in the working capacity of workers as a result of improved sanitary and hygienic living conditions and a reduction in morbidity. However, the effect of the development of the healthcare system is not limited to these indicators: it is also necessary to take into account the increase in labor productivity of workers as a result of maintaining or restoring their health. In addition, the development of healthcare creates conditions for the education of a new person, in whom spiritual wealth and moral purity should be harmoniously combined with physical perfection.
Industries of the fourth group. If public catering and consumer services establishments can rightfully be called factories of workers’ free time, then non-production industries classified in the fourth group serve this free time.
Thus, non-productive industries, the source of existence and development of which is productive labor, in turn have a strong impact on the growth of production. This reverse influence of the non-productive sphere on material production is carried out in various forms: servicing the circulation of production assets (materials and technical supply and sales, finance and credit, trade); strengthening the material interest of workers in the results of their work (financial and credit system, trade), etc.
Features of the non-production sphere.
The functions of the non-production sphere differ from material production.
There is no exchange between man and nature, and labor is aimed at the formation and development of human needs.
Labor in the non-production sphere is individualized, which requires special character traits from the non-production sector worker.
Labor in the non-production sphere is practically not subject to automation and mechanization.
The natural factor is not of decisive importance when locating non-production enterprises.
Basic non-productive assets (except for buildings and structures), as well as resources of current material consumption, enter the non-productive sphere as follows:
1. by purchasing from a retail chain;
2. in the order of transfer (patronage);
3. through the material and technical supply system (MTS).
Features of pricing in the non-production sector:
1. in the pricing process, it is recommended to adhere to the principle of equal payment for services with the same beneficial effect;
2. when setting prices, it is necessary to take into account the quality characteristics of the service and the condition of its consumption;
3. when setting the price, it is necessary to take into account the social significance of the service;
4. The variety of prices and methods for setting them necessitates careful monitoring of their level.
Methods of financing the non-productive sector.
1. self-supporting;
2. budgetary - which consists of regulatory financing, in which natural and cost standards for resource consumption are applied and which ensures a more rational use of funds and equal conditions for all enterprises in the industry.
3. estimate method - the estimate reflects all expense items, the intended purpose of funds and their quarterly distribution.
A significant part of the national income created by society is directed by the state to the development of the non-productive sphere.
The effective and rational use of these funds and their targeted expenditure largely depend on the organization of finances in the non-production sphere.
In non-production sectors, labor is not directly productive and, most often, is in the nature of services. This is the main difference between the product of labor in the non-productive sphere.
The result of labor, acting in the form of a service, is consumed in the process of production itself, or the processes of production and consumption coincide in time.
The amount of funds allocated to non-productive sectors is determined by the needs of society for the results of their activities, as well as the national income generated. Also, at present, it largely depends on the state of the state budget and the ongoing financial policy. But, despite the significant reduction in funding for unproductive industries at this stage of development of the national economy, they have an active influence on material production, ensuring the reproduction of the labor force.
Services provided by non-production sectors can be either free or paid (in whole or in part). Services to the population paid for by the state are mostly free. The source of provision for the production of free services is the state budget.
However, in the context of a shortage of public funds due to the budget deficit, paid services are increasingly developing, defining specific methods of farming and forms of financial relations.
Taking into account the nature of the activity, methods of organizing management and financing of enterprises, institutions and organizations in the non-productive sphere, they are classified into three groups:
1. Non-productive industries that are very close to material production. They operate on the principles of self-financing and self-financing; their services are provided for a fee. The source of covering the costs of their production is the proceeds from the sale of services, that is, consumer funds. Finances are organized in them, as in material production enterprises.
2. Industries that are not fully self-supporting, that is, they have some income and receive funds from the budget in the form of direct financing or subsidies (mixed financing). Their services are partially paid.
3. Industries supported by budget funds. The services they provide are free, and their source of funding is the state budget.
Thus, the production of services in non-productive institutions is accompanied by the formation, distribution and use of funds and specific financial relations.

More on topic 1. Content and importance of the non-productive sector for the national economy:

1. G.A. MENSHIKOVA. ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY OF NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE (Teaching and methodological manual for correspondence students), 2001
2. G.A. MENSHIKOVA
   . ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY OF NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE (Teaching and methodological manual for correspondence students), 2001
3. 1. The ratio of production and non-production spheres
4. SECTION 2. REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF MARKET ORIENTED INDUSTRIES OF NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE
5. Unknowna7a7a. Non-production finance. Lecture. 2013, 2013
6. Economic crises: causes, symptoms and their consequences for the national economy.
7. 2. National legal prerequisites for prejudicial requests to the Court of Justice of the European Union and their significance for the proper degree of implementation
8. An approach to implementing the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings of national legal systems and its significance for law enforcement
9. §5. The importance of the APEC Model Contract on Investment Projects for securing uniform approaches to investment regulation in national legislation
10. Topic 2.1. National economy. State regulation of the economy
11. 1.2 Contents and meaning of Article 3, common to all Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949.

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The production sphere is a set of branches of material production in which material goods are created - means of production, consumer goods. The production sector includes industry, agriculture and forestry, construction, transport, communications, energy, trade, public catering, warehousing, a number of specific industries that produce material products - publishing, film studios, recording enterprises, design organizations, fruit procurement , mushrooms, berries, seeds, wild herbs and their primary processing, etc. The production sector includes services. The production sphere includes a significant part of scientific activity, which is directly embodied in material goods: design and engineering organizations, experimental and pilot production, biological stations, biological laboratories, design and survey organizations for deep drilling for oil and gas, etc.

The development of the division of labor, the emergence of new industries and industries producing material products, the transformation of science into a direct productive force, the transformation of material production into knowledge-intensive production make the border between the production and non-production spheres very mobile.

The issue of industries producing military products remains unresolved, since the final use of the product of these industries is associated with military operations.

Indicators characterizing the production sector: number of employees in general and by industry, volume of production of means of production and consumer goods, their shares; production of certain types of the most important products, oil, gas, metals, engineering products, grain collection, other types of agricultural products, etc. An indirect indicator of the efficiency of the production sector is the indicator of labor productivity in general and by industry.

The distinction between the spheres of human activity into production and non-production is methodologically based on Marx’s teaching on productive and unproductive labor, on the theory of surplus value. In the USSR, this distinction was used in statistical accounting of the volume of the total social product and national income. The initial methodological premises for such a calculation were the following: a) surplus product is created in the branches of the production sphere; b) the non-production sphere is supported by the surplus product redistributed from the production sphere through the state budget and the personal income of citizens paid for services.

In the statistics of countries with developed market economies, a distinction is not made between the production and non-production spheres.

The non-productive sphere is a set of industries whose products act in the form of a certain purposeful activity (intellectual product, service, etc.). Most industries included in this area are directly related to meeting people's needs for intangible products or services. It includes the following sectors: education, healthcare, culture, art, fundamental science and scientific services, physical education and sports, social security, including various types of social services, management, etc.

The development of the non-production sphere reflects the development of social needs, changes in their structure as the standard of living of the population increases. In all industrialized countries, in connection with the deployment of scientific and technological revolution since the middle of the 20th century. A block of non-material sphere industries clearly emerged and began to develop dynamically, the products of which were aimed at developing the human factor: education, healthcare, social services, etc. The share of people employed in the service sector currently reaches 70%.

In Russia, not much more than 30% are employed in the non-production sector. Although the data are not comparable with foreign statistics.

The distinction between spheres of activity into production and non-production was methodologically based on Marx’s teaching on productive and unproductive labor and was applied when taking into account the volume of the total social product and national income. It was believed that labor employed in the non-productive sphere does not create a surplus product, and the non-productive sphere is maintained through redistribution from the production sphere.

In the USSR until 1989 non-production sectors were taken into account only in the expenditure side of the consumption fund. In the statistics of countries with developed market economies, no distinction is made between the production and non-production spheres.

Currently, in Russia it is recognized that labor in non-production sectors is productive, creates value and surplus value, the volume of production of industries in this sphere, according to a special method, is included in the total value of the gross domestic product (GDP) and the gross national product (GNP).

All sectors of the national economy are divided into two large areas: production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

Industrial sectors: definition

Enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth belong to this part of the national economy. Also, organizations in this group carry out their sorting, movement, etc. The exact definition of the production sector is as follows: “A set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services.”

General classification

It plays a very noticeable role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of intangible production. There are the following main branches of the production sector:

• industry,
• agriculture,
• construction,
• transport,
• trade and catering,
• logistics.

Industry

This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, equipment manufacturing, energy production, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations that are a major part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. Sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

All industrial enterprises are classified into two large groups:

• Extractive - mines, quarries, mines, wells.
• Processing - plants, factories, workshops.

Agriculture

This is also a very important area of ​​the state’s economy, falling under the definition of “production sector”. Branches of the economy in this area are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: livestock farming and crop farming. The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

• Cattle breeding. Raising large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.
• Pig farming. Enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.
• Fur farming. The skins of small animals are mainly used to make wearable items. A very large percentage of these products are exported.
• Poultry farming. This group supplies the market with dietary meat, eggs and feathers.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

• Growing grains. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises in this group of production spheres are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree of provision of the population with such important products as bread, flour, and cereals depends on how effectively this industry will be developed.
• Vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms.
• Fruit growing and viticulture. Developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. Agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Sub-sectors such as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc. also belong to plant growing.

Transport

Organizations in this area of ​​the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industrial sectors:

Modern man is a consumer of not only goods, but also services. The development of the non-production sphere is the most important indicator in the economy of any state.

What is the non-productive sector?

This concept refers to all economic sectors that satisfy the non-material needs of people in society. Such needs include organization, redistribution and use of material assets, spiritual benefits, development of various aspects of personality, as well as health care. The non-productive sphere meets the social needs of society and each individual in it.

This also includes the concept of “spiritual production”. This term was introduced by Karl Marx, who understood it as the production of skills, abilities, ideas, artistic images and values. The non-manufacturing sector also includes industries that produce services.

The difference between a service and a product

A person is an object of labor for employees of an enterprise that provides services. A product is an object or thing endowed with certain properties. It was obtained as a result of work done in the past. A service has only useful properties that are not attached to a material carrier, and is the result of labor in the present. A service is sold by the employee of the company who provides it; it cannot change its owner, unlike a product. Services have no cost. However, they have a price that is determined by the cost of the worker’s ability to work and the costs spent

The non-production sphere is based on the material base. Without material production it could not exist. After all, services are ultimately exchanged for goods. Workers involved in material production also provide support for those who work in the service sector.

Non-production sectors

Sociologists identify 15 industries:

• sales (commerce);
• public catering;
• household services: home care, repairs and custom production of various groups of goods, personal hygiene;
• school and preschool education;
• medicine;
• social services;
• recreational services;
• servicing cultural institutions;
• information support;
• finance and insurance;
• legal support for citizens;
• services of legal and notary offices;
• connection;
• transport support.

Often, enterprises are engaged in providing several different industries at once.

The non-productive sphere, together with all its institutions and enterprises providing material services, collectively constitutes social infrastructure.

There are also industries related to the service sector that serve large social strata:

• management of government organizations;
• secondary, primary, higher education;
• science;
• state security agencies;
• public associations.

Connection with productive work

The non-productive sphere does not create new value. However, this does not mean that such work is useless for society. Material production is the basis. Non-productive industries are a superstructure to material ones and cannot exist without them.

It is not created by the non-productive sphere, since it focuses on the comprehensive spiritual development of a person, his state of health, etc. Nevertheless, it can affect productivity, improve the qualifications of personnel, that is, it indirectly affects the national income of the state.

The situation in modern Russia

The non-productive sphere of the economy is a reflection of the needs of society and changes in their structure depending on the standard of living of citizens. In modern Russia, more than 30% of the population works in this area.

The non-production sphere in our country is characterized by territorial differentiation in terms of its level of development. Such differences are inherent when comparing both individual regions and federal districts. Territorial differentiation is one of the reasons. It arose in the 60s of the last century.

Non-production centers have a hierarchy:

1. Moscow.
2. Central cities of the federal subjects.
3. Regional centers.
4. Rural settlement centers.
5. Rural settlements.

Organizations engaged in recreational and health resort services have their own specific territorial distribution. They depend on the location of the natural and socio-economic base. Therefore, two largest centers were formed in Russia - the North Caucasus and the Black Sea.

The non-productive sphere is represented in the economy by industries that satisfy the cultural and spiritual needs of people. It is closely connected with material production and strongly depends on it. In our country, non-material production sectors are characterized by territorial differentiation.

Industry– a set of enterprises characterized either by the unity of purpose of the products produced, or by the commonality of technological processes, or by the homogeneity of the processed raw materials.

The emergence and death of industries and economic complexes is due to the development of the social division of labor. Highlight three shapes social division of labor.

General division of labor expressed in the division of social production on sectors of the national economy: industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, trade, logistics, science and scientific services, healthcare, culture, education, financial sector, etc.

Private division of labor expressed in education independent industries within industry, agriculture and other sectors of the national economy (for example, agricultural engineering).

Unit division of labor manifests itself in the division of labor directly at the enterprise (organization).

Due to the concentration of production and technological progress, the unit division of labor influences the emergence of new industries (for example, the production of microchips, mobile phones).

Main signs that distinguish one industry from another are: the economic purpose of the products produced; the nature of the raw materials and supplies consumed; technical production base and technological processes; professional staff. For example, mechanical engineering is intended to produce means of labor; food industry – food products; the metallurgical industry has a common technological process; wood processing industry – a community of processed raw materials. The formation of an industry is also determined by a sufficiently large market for a given type of product or the availability of appropriate natural resources (oil, gas, coal, timber, etc.).

In some industries (industry, agriculture, construction, forestry) goods are produced, in others – services(transport and communications; trade and public catering; logistics and sales; housing and communal services and consumer services; healthcare, physical education, social security; education; culture and art; science and scientific services; finance, credit, insurance; control).

Enterprises can be part of industries and economic complexes.

Economic complex– a group of interrelated industries, sub-sectors, enterprises producing products of a single nature. For example, the engineering complex; agro-industrial complex (AIC), military-industrial complex (MIC), fuel and energy complex (FEC), construction, chemical-forestry, social-consumer complexes, etc.

4. Production and non-production spheres of the national economy

The national economy is usually divided into production And non-productive sphere.

TO production sector include industries that produce goods and services that provide the basic, primarily material, needs of the population and economic entities. These are industry, agriculture, construction, freight transport, communications, trade, public catering, logistics and other sectors.

TO non-production sphere include industries that create conditions for the efficient production of material and intangible goods. These are science, education, healthcare, culture and art, finance, insurance, public administration, etc.