Removal of skin folds on the inner surface of the thigh. How is hip surgery done? Hip plasty is a surgical correction of the contours of the upper part of the legs. Thigh lift prices

Sometimes leg imperfections can be disguised with well-chosen clothes, but when visiting the beach or pool, they will still cause us significant psychological inconvenience. And hips are no exception. With age, after significant weight loss or after hormonal changes, their upper parts become voluminous and loose, and the skin sags in unaesthetic folds.

Where diets, physical activity and hardware cosmetology are powerless, plastic surgery comes to the rescue. A thigh lift is an operation to reduce their circumference, eliminate folds of sagging skin and remove excess fat.

In this article, we will analyze in detail what a patient has to go through when he decides to correct the aesthetic defects of the upper legs and find out what the leading surgeons of the capital think about this topic.

Indications for surgery

A thigh lift improves the proportions of the contours of the body as a whole, changes the shape of the upper legs, smoothes the skin. Problems in this area can appear after significant weight loss, pregnancy, as a result of age-related changes, lack of exercise, neglected cellulite. Among the main indications for surgery are the following:

  • sagging skin, loss of elasticity, the appearance of "dimples";
  • fat "pockets", "breeches", "ears" on the hips that cannot be removed with the help of diets, cosmetic procedures or exercise;
  • irritation and friction on the inner thighs due to excess skin and fatty tissue.

How is a thigh lift performed?

Preparation for this type of lifting is not much different from other operations: during an internal examination, the surgeon determines the condition and size of the correction zone, and also assesses the general condition of the patient's body. Additional examinations are ordered if necessary.

The surgery itself takes about 2-2.5 hours and is performed under general anesthesia. At the same time, quite often a thigh lift is combined with a buttocks, abdomen, liposuction or gluteoplasty - in these cases, the duration of the operation will slightly increase. Depending on the area and location of the lift zone, incisions and postoperative scars can be located on one of several areas of the body:

Where is the lift performed?
What does an incision and scar look like?
Inner thigh The most common option. The incisions are made from the inguinal folds to the knee area, it will be quite difficult to completely hide them.
Outer thigh The incision is made from the groin around the hip joint. The scars are quite long, but can be covered with underwear
Full thigh lift As a rule, it is carried out for patients after severe weight loss. In this case, a spiral incision is made - it starts in the subgluteal fold and, continuing along the inguinal fold, ends at the junction of the thigh and pubis
Combined tightening of the outer thigh and buttocks It is performed with ellipsoidal incisions through the upper point of the buttocks from thigh to thigh (see also "")

After the incision is made, the skin-fat flap is removed, if necessary, simultaneous liposuction is performed. Then, cosmetic sutures are applied to the operated area and drainage is placed.

rehabilitation period

Full recovery after a thigh lift takes about 3 months. Depending on the complexity of the operation performed, the patient will need to stay in the hospital for 1 to 3 days. Then, within 2-3 weeks, bruises and swelling disappear, the manifestation of which reduces the compression underwear (it is put on the patient immediately after the end of the operation). Finally, the edema disappears after 3-5 weeks, at the same time it will be possible to evaluate the preliminary results of the lifting.

Light physical activity is possible no earlier than after 2 weeks, and active sports activities can be started only after 2 months. Also, during the first month it will be necessary to refrain from visiting the sauna, swimming pool or solarium, sunbathing.

Contraindications, complications, side effects

The main contraindications that exclude the possibility of a thigh lift are:

  • diseases of the cardiovascular system;
  • oncological diseases;
  • diseases of the thyroid gland, internal organs;
  • acute infectious diseases;
  • diseases affecting blood clotting;
  • inflammation of the blood vessels in one or both legs;
  • pregnancy.

In these cases, the operation will have to be replaced with more sparing hardware cosmetic procedures. Possible complications and side effects are usually associated with the presence of fairly large incisions. These can be hematomas and seromas, inflammatory processes, skin necrosis, etc. Most often, such troubles are the result of surgeon errors and / or non-compliance by the patient with pre- and postoperative recommendations.

How much does a thigh lift cost? Current prices

The prices for this operation vary in a very wide range, the total amount depends on the type and area of ​​correction, as well as the need for additional manipulations (for example, liposuction).

Average prices for a thigh lift in Moscow range from 50,000 to 300,000 rubles. Also, when planning the budget, it is worth paying attention to whether the hospital stay is included in the final amount, since it is mandatory to spend at least a day in it, and most likely even two or three.

Expert opinions:


founder and leading plastic surgeon at Dr. Shihirman, Ph.D.:

Of course, such an operation is effective: the hips after it really look toned, excess skin is removed. The question is different - after such a lifting, unaesthetic scars always remain, unfortunately, this cannot be avoided. I hide them in natural folds, but the patient must clearly understand that there will be scars, and very large ones.

In general, hip lift surgeries are not done very often. Someone simply does not think about it, someone is shy or not ready to “go under the knife”. Healing is slow and difficult, there are restrictions in movement. For example, if a person was actively involved in sports, then for a long period he has to limit himself in classes.

I recall many interesting cases related to the metamorphoses that the patient experiences after a thigh lift. Immediately after the operation, everything looks and feels scary. Two weeks later, when the first results of the facelift become visible, the patient's mood improves, optimism appears that "everything is not in vain"! After some time, when the scars begin to heal and at the same time deform from movement, panic may set in. But in the end, none of my patients regretted the operation. On the contrary, everyone regained a sense of self-confidence and their beauty.

  • Plan the operation at least 1.5 months before travel and other special events that require your active participation.
  • After the operation, it is necessary to refrain from sports and in general from sudden movements and walking.
  • Special silicone-based ointments should be rubbed into the scars - this will prevent them from stretching, maintain skin elasticity and accelerate healing


leading plastic surgeon of the clinic "Studiomed", Ph.D.:

In my opinion, the performance of such an operation should be extremely limited - after it a rough scar remains, and excessive skin tension in this area is fraught with necrosis. In addition, the hips are a zone with a very weak blood supply, which imposes certain restrictions on the specialist, creates additional difficulties in healing and can lead to various negative consequences. Read more about these nuances, dedicated to the complexities associated with hip plasty.


MD, Leading Plastic Surgeon of the GEMC Aesthetic Clinic:

A thigh lift is one of the components of bodylifting and in the vast majority of cases is performed on patients who, after a strong weight gain, were able to lose weight significantly. Skin that sags and is not able to contract, of course, causes great inconvenience, due to its friction, maceration, inflammation can occur, in addition, a person has restrictions on the choice of clothing, psychological complexes, embarrassment of appearing in public places, in particular, on the beach .

The operation consists in removing excess skin and folds of the inner surface of the thighs, while the scar lines are also located on the inner surface. It is virtually impossible to achieve their invisibility due to the anatomical features of this area and the associated healing nuances in the postoperative period. However, if we put on the scales the freedom of movement and the choice of your favorite clothes on the one hand and the presence of a scar on the other, it seems to me that the advantage will be in favor of the first.

Reviews and comments

  • 2 August 2017, 11:15 – Lilly:

Quote: Olya


Six months later, when all the stitches are removed, you can already observe the final result, I immediately made my buttocks and thighs.
  • 27 January 2016, 17:26 – Diana:

Quote: Olya

How much to recover after such an operation? And how long does the operation take? How is the anesthesia? And when can the final results be seen?


How about without compression underwear! Nowhere! It also fixes the results obtained, blocks some of the edema. Compression underwear also blocks some pain sensations, because it really compresses quite strongly. But I want to note that it does not cause discomfort, as you think. With femoroplasty, they put on such shorts that reach almost to the chest, a little lower. And on such special shoulder straps elastic. Underwear must be worn. There is also some pressure on the tissues, and this allows the skin to contract and heal better and faster. Full recovery in about a month. But in general, you begin to feel normal on the 3rd day after the operation. Nothing much to worry about anymore. But as for the result, you can first see it when the compression underwear is removed, and this is after about a month. And after all the healing - this is where after 3 months, because then the scars are already brightening, and there is no edema. That is, the recovery process is still going on even after the compression underwear has been removed. It is necessary, of course, to constantly appear to a plastic surgeon. At first I went 2 times a week, then I stopped once. Now a year has passed after the operation, I will also go for a scheduled examination. By the time of 2-3 hours, the operation can go. But everything here also depends on the individual characteristics and the volume of the operation. Narcosis is fine. I didn’t worry about it at all, because it’s very modern. It is easy to leave after it, without side effects.
  • January 25, 2016, 19:53 – Olya:

Quote: Diana


How much to recover after such an operation? And how long does the operation take? How is the anesthesia? And when can the final results be seen?
  • 23 January 2016, 12:20 – Diana:

Quote: Margarita


I had surgery at the age of 27. This is fine. I really had problems with the outer surface of the thighs. There were very strong fat deposits. Therefore, I had a combined operation - liposuction and femoroplasty. This gave positive results. For the most part, of course, you are right that older people have similar problems. But young people too - I want to have beautiful legs. Even when I turned to my plastic surgeon, I was operated on by Chemyanov, he told me that I didn’t want to wait a while and postpone the operation. But I explained that I am a model and legs are very important to me. Therefore, the operation was successfully carried out.
  • January 22, 2016, 22:29 – Olya:

Quote: Margarita

I tightened both the outer and inner thighs. And quite successfully, considering that the first time they did me badly. I had liposuction for the first time. So I have bumps instead of smooth and even skin. Just the thing that all patients are afraid of is the washboard effect. And only after that I went to another clinic, where I had a skin tightening and removed these terrible bumps. But I'm glad that in the end I managed to achieve the perfect body.


And why did you have liposuction so unsuccessfully in the first place? And the result is for life? Or will you have to have surgery again? How is the recovery period after the operation?
  • January 21, 2016, 22:03 – Margarita:

Quote: Maria


They will most likely do it. Although you need to find a plastic surgeon who can operate well on the stomach and legs too. Do you need liposuction? What do plastic surgeons say?

I did femoroplasty. This is an operation that is done on the inner thighs. I am still young, I have no particular complaints about my figure, but I still want to look perfect. And so I decided to correct the inner surface of the thighs. Now I have perfect, slender legs.


What time did you have the operation? I thought that only women of age do it, because there are several reasons why we do a thigh lift. And the main one, of course, is age-related changes, when flabbiness comes and skin elasticity goes away. Why did you do it at a young age? Who was operated on?
  • 15 January 2016, 19:06 – Diana:

I did femoroplasty. This is an operation that is done on the inner thighs. I am still young, I have no particular complaints about my figure, but I still want to look perfect. And so I decided to correct the inner surface of the thighs. Now I have perfect, slender legs.

Quote: Maria

I lost 35 kg! This, of course, is a record for me! I never imagined this, but it happened. The reason was health, which deteriorated with age. And the doctors told me, so to speak, in plain text, that if I don’t lose extra pounds, then there will be severe complications on the internal organs and legs. After that, I actively took up sports, body shaping procedures and everything else. Naturally, I went on a diet. And she's lost weight. But the hips, and the stomach does not look cool. The inner surface of the thighs generally finishes me off. Do you think it is possible to immediately perform plastic surgery of the abdomen, outer and especially the inner surface of the thighs in one operation?


It seems to me that they can do such a large operation. But it all depends on the condition of each part of your body. Maybe there on one hips it will be necessary to work 6 hours. I'm just guessing. Because, after all, femoroplasty is not a quick operation and is quite complicated. It's not done in one hour. Have you been to a consultation?
  • 14 January 2016, 23:47 – Maria:

I lost 35 kg! This, of course, is a record for me! I never imagined this, but it happened. The reason was health, which deteriorated with age. And the doctors told me, so to speak, in plain text, that if I don’t lose extra pounds, then there will be severe complications on the internal organs and legs. After that, I actively took up sports, body shaping procedures and everything else. Naturally, I went on a diet. And she's lost weight. But the hips, and the stomach does not look cool. The inner surface of the thighs generally finishes me off. Do you think it is possible to immediately perform plastic surgery of the abdomen, outer and especially the inner surface of the thighs in one operation?

Slender, toned legs are the dream and envy of women, an object of admiration and attraction for men. But to conquer a young man with one hip sway, it’s worth a lot of work. With the muscles of the thighs, everything is clearer - they at least tense up during everyday everyday activities: walking, squatting on a chair, running.

The inner surface, like , is quite “lazy” and you need to try very hard to make it work. It is involved only with side swings and turning the thigh with the toe outward.

It so happened by the evolution of the body that all the extra calories per day stick more readily to the lower part of the body. To be slim in the legs, it is not enough just to eat right. If it is not possible to visit the gym, the most effective exercises for the inner thigh at home, presented below, are mandatory.

The inner surface requires more attention: combination of cardio and strength training. Cardio directs the forces of our body to burn fat. A complex of power loads tones the thin skin of the inner thigh and helps to remove fat.

When exercising for weight loss of the inner thigh, you can use dumbbells, weights, fitball, expander or gymnastic tape.

Warm up

Quality body workout the foundation productive workout. It would be great to start warming up with a light cardio load - running in place, jumping rope, jumping. Do not neglect the thorough warming up of the joints. The rotation of the socks, knees, pelvic part are the obligatory points of study. The warm-up should last at least 5-7 minutes.

Top 7 exercises

After you have thoroughly warmed up, you can proceed directly to the workout. We present to your attention the best exercises for the inner thigh. Do 3-4 exercises in one workout. The number of required approaches and repetitions is indicated for each option separately.

1. Breeding legs to the side lying down

The load in this exercise on the zone we need, which leads the thigh muscles, is perfectly involved in this case, the lower part of the press. Fine . Difficulty - medium, if necessary, can be complicated by weights. Good for stretching. It has a beneficial effect on the reproductive system, forming a rush of blood to the inguinal region.

Technique:

  1. Starting position - lie on the mat on your back, arms are located near the body, legs are extended and raised up 90 degrees relative to the floor;
  2. Inhaling deeply, slowly spread your legs to the sides to the point that is most comfortable for you, hold on for a few seconds;
  3. As you exhale, slowly return to the starting point.

See the video for more details:

Breeding should be started from 15-20 times in 2-3 sets, gradually increasing the load.

At the end of breeding, it will not be superfluous linger in the position of divorced legs for 20-30 seconds, and then slightly spring the muscles.

Carefully! The main thing in breeding is accuracy and slowness, actions with excessive zeal can lead to sprain.
  1. Starting position - legs wider than shoulder width, socks looking to the sides, the back is straight, bent at the waist, the gaze is directed straight ahead;
  2. As you inhale, slowly lower yourself down to parallel to the floor. We hang for a few seconds;
  3. As you exhale, slowly return to the starting position.

Note! This squat will become multifunctional and effective if you rise on your toes at the bottom point. Efforts to maintain coordination increase, and calves are also excellently loaded.

3. "Bow and arrow" - lunges to the side

An exercise that perfectly stretches the ligaments and affects the inner thighs. Not difficult, it becomes more difficult with dumbbells in hand. It acts not only on the area we need,.

  1. The legs are wider than shoulder width, the back is straight, the press is tense, hands are on the belt or in front of you, look forward;
  2. Inhaling, we land in a squat on the right leg, bring the knee to 90 degrees, the left leg is straight, the foot is firmly pressed to the floor. We linger for a second;
  3. We return to the starting position and lunge to the other side.

Lunges should be used 12-15 times in each direction for 2-3 sets.

Important! Warm up the ligaments of the pelvic region well before lunges. Otherwise, stretching (and in the worst case, even tearing) of the ligaments is possible.

4. Pinching the ball

static exercise, the basis of which is muscle contraction and retention in this state. In addition to the area we need, the muscles of the buttocks are tensed. The difficulty is small, aimed at concentration and endurance. Good, inferior in efficiency.

Technique:

  1. Starting position - lying on your back, knees bent, feet firmly pressed to the floor. Place a ball between the legs in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe knees (from a small rubber to a medium-sized fitball);
  2. On inspiration, with an effort to squeeze the ball and linger in this state for a couple of seconds;
  3. As you exhale, relax your legs, but the ball should not fall.

You need to repeat such actions from 10-15 times in 3-4 sets.

Note! Clamping the ball can also be performed while sitting on a chair, sofa, armchair. The execution rules are the same. Only in the case of a sitting performance, you need to follow the bend of the back - straight with the lower back tucked inward.

5. Leg swings lying on your side

There are several varieties of swings. Below we will consider 3 types. Each is unique in the amplitude of action, the power of complexity. All of them perfectly work out the inner surface of the thigh, while connecting the buttocks, the outer and back of the thighs. Help.

Option one

Technique:

  1. Starting position - lying on your side, fixing on your elbows or on your side, legs straight, one is located on the other;
  2. While inhaling, raise the upper leg as high as possible and fix the pose for a few seconds;
  3. On an exhale, return to the starting position. After implementing a certain number of times on one leg, we turn over to the other side and perform swings in the same way.

Option two

Technique:

  1. Starting position - lie on your side, fixation on the forearm, the lower leg is straightened along the body, the upper one is bent at the knee and lies on the lower one;
  2. On inspiration, push the knee of the bent leg forward;
  3. As you exhale, return to the starting position. At the end of the execution on one leg, turn over and do it on the other.

Option three

Technique:

  1. Starting position - lie on your side, the lower leg is straight, the upper leg is bent at the knee and placed in front of the body, its foot is firmly pressed to the floor;
  2. On inspiration, we tear off the straightened leg from the floor;
  3. Exhale as you lower your leg to the floor. We repeat this exercise on the other leg.

You can include several options for swings in your workout, or choose one that you like the most.

You need to implement 12-15 swings on one side in 3-4 approaches. You can complicate by attaching weights to the legs.

In the first version, you can use a gymnastic tape by attaching it around the feet.

6. Leg swing while standing

To implement these swings, you may need support. A chair, back of a sofa, armchairs, a door or just a wall will do. You can perform this movement without support. You can do the swing yourself in two directions - back and forth or sideways. In the first version, the front and rear surfaces of the bottom of the case are also loaded, and in the second, the outer surface. The execution rules are the same.

Technique:

  1. Starting position - sideways to the support, putting a hand on it, the back is straight;
  2. On inspiration, we take the leg forward / sideways;
  3. On the exhale we come back.

Actions should be performed rhythmically so that the muscles contract as often as possible, from which the result will come. A more difficult exercise can be done using a gymnastic tape. It has good resistance, which will give additional load to the lower body.

7. Scissors

Actions that tone not only the hips, but also the press. Difficulty of performance - medium, for endurance.

Technique:

  1. Lying on your back, straight legs are extended, arms are located along the body;
  2. After inhaling, we raise our legs 45 degrees to the floor and swing our legs, imitating the actions of scissors to failure;
  3. After some time on exhalation, lower your legs to the floor.

It is advisable to start with scissors from one minute in 2-3 sets, gradually increasing the delay time.

  • When doing exercises for the internal thigh muscles on the floor, be sure to use gymnastic mat, a blanket or at least a towel to avoid bruising;
  • Don't forget to warm up as well as cool down. Stretching after a workout will reduce muscle pain and help you relax;
  • Between workouts for one muscle group must be break. You need to let your muscles rest and recover. It is in this case that you can count on muscle growth;
  • Help "melt" fat can be balanced proper nutrition. Include more water, cottage cheese, fatty fish, chicken, turkey, vegetables and fruits in your diet, and not only the figure, but the whole organism as a whole will tell you “thank you”;
  • A good helper for sagging and cellulite will be cosmetical tools. Steam the bottom of the body properly, treat the skin with any scrub (store-bought, ground coffee / sugar / salt plus shower gel), rub with a brush or washcloth, wipe dry and apply a heating / cooling store-bought cellulite cream, wrap yourself in a film and wrap yourself warmly. If there is no cream, mix cosmetic clay with water and add a couple of drops of peppermint, cinnamon or clove essential oil to the mixture.
  • not only burns cellulite, but also has for the pelvic area;
  • Well, of course, you can not do without and.
  • By following simple rules and actions, you can change your life beyond recognition. Just take the will into a fist and do the first workout. Not tomorrow, but today. And then you don’t have to lose weight for the New Year, birthday, summer. You will always be irresistible!

Flabbiness of the skin on the thighs does not adorn anyone. Therefore, women (and sometimes men) are actively struggling with the “orange peel”, go in for sports, attend various salon procedures. In the most serious cases, it is possible to perform a surgical tightening of the skin in the thigh area. That's all about it and let's talk.

Origins of the problem

Even in utero, a large number of cells are laid in the lower abdomen and thighs. From a biological point of view, this is a kind of "airbag" for the period of forced starvation. Nowadays, there is no longer a need to save energy in reserve, but, nevertheless, we still have to reckon with this feature of our body.

A feature of these areas is the fact that fat deposits not only grow rapidly, but also with great difficulty go away when dieting and playing sports. These are a kind of "fat traps", the work with which requires perseverance and constancy.

And if we take into account that the skin of the thighs is not fixed by any ligaments or connective tissue layers, loses elasticity with age or after intensive weight loss, then we can come to a disappointing conclusion: everyone has problems with skin laxity to one degree or another.

Who is shown

Treatment of omission and flabbiness of the skin can be carried out in two categories of patients:

  • to eliminate a cosmetic defect in cases where sagging skin prevents you from feeling like a queen of the beach and deprives you of confidence in any other situation when you need to undress (in the pool, in the sauna, etc.);
  • according to medical indications in case of significant severity of fatty deposits and significant omission of tissues, when abrasions begin to appear from constant friction of the legs when walking, diaper rash, circulatory disorders.

Non-surgical methods

The most acceptable option for many. The hip area is easier than other parts of the body to hide under clothing.

Diet and exercise

Stable body weight, lack of obesity, frequent sudden weight loss contributes to the fact that the skin of the whole body and thighs in particular is less prone to overstretching, loses its original shape and sinks to a lesser extent.

Sports activities can affect the condition of the skin and subcutaneous fat by increasing muscle tone and volume and by improving blood flow and lymph outflow from the thighs.

But diet and sports are only good for preventing the development of a significant layer of subcutaneous fat and skin prolapse. If significant flabbiness of the skin has already developed, then these measures can only aggravate the situation.

During sports, the volume of muscles increases, which can “push” accumulations of fat cells to the surface and make the legs visually even more bumpy. Over time, as the percentage of body fat decreases, the fat deposits on the thighs will also decrease. But this is only over time, so you need to be prepared for a possible initial deterioration in appearance from playing sports.

A diet, especially a strict, low-calorie, low-protein one (namely, such diets are preferred by most modern women) can lead to a rapid loss, first of all, of muscle mass, and only then fat reserves begin to be consumed.

As a result, the volume of the hips will decrease, the subcutaneous fat layer will retain its weight and volume. This creates all the conditions for the skin, which does not have time to shrink in conditions of emergency weight loss, falls under the action of gravity and under the weight of the fat layer.

Manual massage

Do not confuse manual massage, aimed at preventing and eliminating flabbiness and sagging of the skin of the thighs, with anti-cellulite massage. These are completely different things.

For some reason, it is believed that the more aggressive the thigh massage is, the better. A sign of a great massage are bruises on the skin left by the massage therapist. In fact, such an intense effect allows you to smooth out the tubercles, which are accumulations of fat cells. But at the same time, such exposure can damage the lymphatic vessels.

In the worst case, this can be manifested by the appearance of edema on the legs or the front wall of the abdomen. With a lesser degree of violation of lymphatic drainage, the process of fat mobilization from the fat cells of the thighs will slow down. And this means that in the long term, the process of losing weight on the hips will slow down significantly.

Violation of the outflow of lymph is restored over time. But after repeated injuries (and several courses of anti-cellulite massage can be done in a lifetime), lymph and blood flow can be so disturbed that fat deposits on the thighs become cold to the touch, dense and no longer amenable to any influences.

Unlike anti-cellulite manual massage, aimed at eliminating sagging and sagging skin, on the contrary, it is designed to stimulate blood and lymph circulation in order to speed up the metabolism in this area as much as possible and facilitate the separation of fat cells from the fat they contain. Repeated pats and vibrations contribute to the fact that the skin acquires its former tone and tightens.

During the course of such a massage, you should not significantly reduce the calorie intake. You can adhere to reasonable dietary restrictions and engage in those sports that you can afford and enjoy.

Weight loss of no more than 2 kg per month will be considered optimal in terms of weight loss. It is at this rate of weight loss in combination with sports and massage that the risk of developing flabbiness and looseness of the skin is minimal.

Hardware cosmetology

As mentioned above, on the hips we have not just a layer of fatty tissue, on the reeds we have “fat traps”. Therefore, simple procedures such as microcurrents and electromyostimulation may not give any effect.

To get the result, you need to use serious tools and techniques that have already proven their effectiveness in lifting the thigh area. These are endermology LPG, lipomassage, mesotherapy and mesodissolution.

Endermology LPG and lipomassage

Endermology- This is a special hardware technology that is designed to correct the figure and eliminate cellulite.


Photo: endermology LPG

is a complex of special endermological movements, which are especially effective in terms of splitting fat in fat cells and removing it from problem areas.


Photo: lipomassage procedure

The impact is not only on the skin, but also on the subcutaneous fatty tissue, connective tissue structures and muscles.

Effects of endermology LPG and lipomassage:

  • improvement of skin relief;
  • local improvement of blood circulation and lymph outflow;
  • cellulite treatment;
  • increase in skin elasticity;
  • general normalizing and relaxing effect.

Cosmetic problems that can be solved with their help:

  • lifting of the hips and buttocks;
  • elimination of "riding breeches";
  • reduction of body fat in the lower abdomen, waist (including the possible elimination of the "beer" belly in men).

It is possible to achieve a significant improvement in body contours in 6-8 procedures. One procedure takes up to 30 minutes.

Mesotherapy

To correct skin flabbiness, prepared or ready-made cocktails of preparations with a lipolytic and lifting effect are used. The goal is to smooth the skin of the body, improve its condition and appearance, tighten the skin.

Examples of ready-made cocktails that can be used to perform a non-surgical thigh lift are:

  • lipolytic complex MPX produced in Brazil;
  • Brazilian SlimBodi lipolytic complex: L-carnitine, caffeine, guarana extract, green tea extract;
  • drug for non-surgical liposuction RevitalCelluform manufactured in Spain: in the composition of phosphatidylcholine, lipoic acid, amino acids.

Mesodissolution

Like mesotherapy, mesodissolution is an injection technique. The difference is that the targets of drugs for mesodissolution are precisely the “fat traps”, which are so difficult to deal with by conventional methods. With mesodissolution, lipolytic drugs (destroying fat) are injected directly into those places where correction is needed.

The technique has its contraindications:

  • pregnancy;
  • coronary artery disease;
  • cholelithiasis;
  • varicose veins;
  • arterial hypertension;
  • kidney disease, accompanied by insufficiency of their function.

The principle of action of preparations for mesodissolution

The drug is injected into the areas of the greatest accumulation of fat cells. Under the influence of the drug:

  • adipose tissue cells are destroyed;
  • fibrosis (proliferation of connective tissue) is eliminated;
  • tissues are tightened;
  • the skin is smoothed;
  • volumes decrease;
  • increases blood flow and lymphatic drainage, which contributes to the rapid removal of decay products of fat and connective tissue cells, stimulates metabolic processes.

Procedure results

According to clinical studies, a course of 6 procedures allows you to get rid of 30% of all fat deposits in the treated area. The result of the procedures lasts up to 12 months, subject to reasonable dietary restrictions.

Threads and implants

A feature of the skin of the thighs is that it is not possible to tighten it with threads due to the fact that this is a very mobile area. When moving, the skin of any of the areas, but especially the inner surface of the thigh, is significantly displaced. And this means that the effect of the threads will be noticeable only in a static position, and when moving, it will cause significant discomfort and unnatural displacement of the thigh tissues.

Implants are placed under the skin or muscles of the buttocks. But at the same time, there is practically no lifting of the hips. Operations with implants are not performed.

Liposuction and Liposculpture

Liposuction can be performed in two different ways:

  • as an independent procedure;
  • in combination with surgical techniques for excising excess skin and performing a thigh lift.

Areas for liposuction

  • area "riding breeches";
  • inner surface of the thigh;
  • peritoneal region.

As an independent procedure, it is indicated for those who have a small amount of adipose tissue to be removed and good skin contractility. If the skin after the fat removal procedure cannot be sufficiently reduced, then the patient may receive an even more pronounced cosmetic defect than it was before the operation.

To avoid sagging skin and the appearance of its flabbiness after liposuction, excision of skin sections from incisions in the inguinal fold and skin tightening can be carried out at the same time.

How is the procedure

Performed in an operating room. For anesthesia, general inhalation or intravenous anesthesia or epidural anesthesia in combination with sedation is used. The procedure takes about one hour in time. Depending on how much fat and on what area to be removed, one or two skin punctures or small incisions are performed, which, when healed, will not leave scars.

Before the fat is sucked out, it can be broken up using ultrasound. After all excess fatty tissue is removed, the punctures are sealed with a plaster or special glue. The patient is put on compression underwear and sent to the intensive care unit, where he comes out of anesthesia.

Features of carrying out on the outer surface of the thigh

Usually, when we use the term "breeches", we mean all that adipose tissue that can spoil our appearance from the side below the waist. Plastic surgeons have their own way of looking at things and as many as two definitions for deposits of excess fat in the area of ​​​​the outer thighs. These are the “riding breeches” already known to us and the new definition of “flanks” for us.

“Flanks” are those very “rolls” on the hips. They are located just above the "breeches" and, as a rule, are separated from them by a narrow strip of smooth leather.

During the procedure, fatty tissue can be removed from one or both areas. Here, both areas are marked in the photo. The one below is the "breeches". And the one that is higher and that the surgeon points to with a marker is “flanks”.

Recovery period

Compression underwear is required for a certain time after liposuction. In addition, a large number of procedures are prescribed to improve the condition and contractility of the skin, reduce flabbiness and looseness of the fiber in this area.

Of course, you can refuse rehabilitation procedures, but then you need to be prepared for the fact that the result of liposuction can be spoiled by the appearance of flabbiness of the skin, which could not tighten and shrink sufficiently.

In addition, a standard set of restrictions must be observed, such as:

  • minimum physical activity;
  • no thermal procedures, including it is forbidden to take a bath (only a warm shower is allowed);
  • in the first two weeks, massage is prohibited, you can’t even smear the skin with bruises or accelerators of healing.

Complications

  • Flabbiness of the skin.

It occurs even in young girls, but much less frequently than in older women. Usually, the surgeon determines the ability of the skin to reduce volume before liposuction, but such a forecast is not always 100% correct. The patient's refusal to perform additional surgical lifting or wearing compression underwear is also important.

  • Loss of skin sensation.

In the area where liposuction is performed, due to damage to the nerve endings, the sensitivity of the skin may be disturbed. This complication is usually temporary and resolves without treatment within six months.

All the while, while the sensitivity is absent or reduced, the patient is required to pay special attention to the condition of the skin of the thigh and especially the inguinal fold, to select underwear and clothing that will exclude the possibility of rubbing. The fact is that with loss of sensitivity, the risk of significant abrasions in the place where clothes or underwear rubs is very significant.

  • Edema.

Swelling is an obligatory consequence of liposuction and usually stays normal for everyone for up to two months, gradually decreasing. Compliance with the restrictions of the recovery period and procedures aimed at accelerating rehabilitation after surgery can reduce swelling much faster.

  • Hematomas.

Rarely are they pronounced. Usually these are subcutaneous bruises that disappear in 1-2 weeks after the operation.

  • Fixation of the skin to the muscles.

A very unpleasant condition, which often develops through the fault of a plastic surgeon. It usually happens after the removal of fatty tissue in the "riding breeches" zone. Despite the apparent large thickness of the fat layer in the area of ​​​​the outer surface of the thigh, there is not so much fat there, and it is located in a flat layer. The main volume of the zone of the outer surface of the thigh is still created by the muscles.

Adipose tissue is contoured so much because the muscles simply "push" it to the surface. With excessively careful removal of the fat layer on the outer outer surface of the thigh, the skin adheres to the muscles and loses its ability to move when moving. Hence, the patient can have many problems.

  • Infection.

In rare cases, an infection can get into the skin punctures, which leads to the development of inflammation and purulent fusion of tissues. An infection can be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

If the formation of pus has begun, then surgical treatment is already being carried out, which consists in dredging and washing the purulent cavity.

Surgical thigh lift

A hip lift that is performed surgically is called a dermolipectomy. The name of the operation suggests that in order to perform a lift, part of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the thighs is removed, and the remaining tissues are stretched and sutured to each other. Thus, flabbiness, skin influxes are removed, the surface of the thighs is smoothed. With seeming simplicity, the attitude to the operation is ambiguous.

Firstly, after the operation, pronounced scars remain, which, although they are located in those places that are covered with linen, still do not adorn the patient.

And secondly, the operation has a sufficient number of serious complications, such as the development of thrombosis of the superficial or deep veins of the legs, for example. But let's talk about everything in order.

Video: Surgical thigh lift

What plastic surgeries can be performed at the same time

  • With liposuction.

Surgical thigh lift as an independent operation aims to remove excess skin. If it is necessary to remove excess adipose tissue, then liposuction is performed simultaneously with skin tightening. An example is the very “riding breeches”, which is difficult to remove with the help of only lifting. Then the adipose tissue from the “breeches” area is removed with the help of liposuction, and the skin on the thigh is surgically tightened.

  • With butt lift.

Simultaneously with a thigh lift, a buttock lift and buttock augmentation with endoprostheses can be performed.

  • With a lift of the anterior abdominal wall and inguinal region, buttocks.

This operation is called bodylifting. It is convenient that the tightening of all these areas is performed at one time. The disadvantage of this operation is that the amount of damaged tissue is significant. Therefore, the recovery period is more difficult, and the risk of complications increases.

Preparing for the operation

At the first stage, a surgeon is consulted, who determines the indications for surgery, chooses the optimal method of the operation or a combination of methods. Usually, immediately during the consultation, all issues related to the scope of the surgical intervention, possible complications, and the result that can be obtained in each specific case are discussed.

If there are indications for surgery, a consultation with a therapist is appointed, which determines the presence of contraindications for surgery.

To do this, the therapist prescribes a series of tests and studies. The minimum list includes:

  • general and biochemical blood tests, general urinalysis;
  • blood tests for syphilis, AIDS and hepatitis;
  • ECG, fluorography.

This list can be expanded depending on what chronic diseases the patient has. At the second stage of preparation for surgery, restrictions are introduced on the intake of a number of drugs that can affect blood clotting (aspirin, etc.) or the speed of recovery after surgery. A complete list of drugs, from which you need to refrain from taking before the operation, is reported by the doctor at the reception.

At least two weeks before surgery, you must stop smoking to reduce the risk of impaired wound healing and the development of a hypertrophic scar.

It is worth giving up alcohol for a week, as this makes the result of anesthesia unpredictable. Eating should be stopped the day before surgery. On the day of surgery, you can only drink water.

Contraindications

  • severe somatic diseases with impaired function of internal organs;
  • infectious diseases;
  • benign and malignant neoplasms in the body;
  • autoimmune diseases;
  • tendency to form keloid and hypertrophic scars;
  • diseases of the veins and arteries of the lower extremities;
  • tendency to thrombosis;
  • blood clotting disorder;
  • pregnancy;
  • menstruation and the first few days after it;
  • inflammation of the veins of the extremities.

Types of surgical lifting

  • Internal stretch.

This variant of the facelift is also called the median facelift. The incision during an internal lift is carried out along the inguinal folds. Part of the skin from the side of the thigh is removed, therefore, when suturing the surgical wound, the inner surface of the thigh is pulled up. The method is suitable for those who have a slight omission of tissues on the inner surface of the thigh.

  • Vertical pull.

With this method of carrying out the operation, the incision goes down the inner surface of the thigh from the inguinal fold to the knee itself. Departing from the first incision, the surgeon makes a second incision in such a way that a skin wedge is formed, which narrows towards the knee. The skin between the incisions is removed, the edges of the surgical wound are brought together and sutured. A vertical lift is used when a large amount of stretched and bumpy skin needs to be removed.

  • Spiral lift.

The incision goes almost around the entire surface of the thigh from the inguinal fold to the outer surface of the thigh, from there to the infragluteal fold and to the groin. A spiral (aka external) facelift is most often used by adherents of extreme weight loss, when a large percentage of body weight is lost in a short period of time. Then the skin of the entire thigh needs lifting, both outside and inside, both in front and behind.

  • Combined technique.

It is used in cases where the severity of ptosis of the skin of the thigh does not allow correcting the defect using only one type of lift. Which types of surgical lift will be combined is decided by the plastic surgeon based on the degree of tissue omission and the results that the patient expects.

How is the operation

Surgical lifting is performed only under general anesthesia. It can be inhaled or intravenous. Less often, spinal anesthesia is used in combination with the use of sedatives. In terms of time, the operation can take 2-2.5 hours. Incisions and excision of tissues are carried out according to the previously applied markings.

If surgical lifting is combined with liposuction, then liposuction is performed first, and then the skin is tightened. The result of the operation largely depends on how the edges of the wound are fixed.

A feature of the inguinal fold area is a relatively poor blood supply and innervation. Therefore, there is always a risk of slow healing, the formation of a rough "parted" scar.

To minimize the risk of rough scarring, most surgeons have now given up sewing the edges of the skin together. Now there are methods of layer-by-layer stitching of tissues with reliable fixation of the lower skin flap, which in the future will create conditions for the formation of a thin soft scar. After the stitches are in place, they are closed with a sterile dressing. The patient is put on compression underwear, the purpose of which is to reduce tissue swelling and reduce the risk of bruising.

Recovery period

It is necessary to prepare for the fact that the entire recovery period takes about 6 months.

Video:

The initial recovery of well-being to the point where you can return to work takes 2-4 weeks.

  • Stay in a hospital.

The first 2-3 days the patient spends in the hospital to eliminate the risk of complications of anesthesia and the operation itself, such as bleeding or suture divergence. Then the patient is discharged home and comes to his surgeon for an outpatient appointment.

  • Postoperative pain.

Pain, burning, numbness may disturb the patient for several days after discharge. Usually, these symptoms are easily relieved by taking painkillers.

  • Compression underwear.

Special slimming underwear must be worn for at least 1 month after the operation. It promotes faster resorption of edema, pain reduction, is a prophylactic that reduces the severity of subcutaneous hematomas and pressure on surgical sutures.

  • postoperative sutures.

If the skin is sutured with absorbable threads, then such sutures do not need to be removed. Non-absorbable suture material is removed 10-14 days after surgery.

All the time until the stitches are removed, they must be treated twice a day with antiseptic solutions.

Do not specifically massage the area of ​​​​the sutures, apply creams or ointments that accelerate healing, as this will increase swelling and may lead to infection of the postoperative wound.

  • Mandatory restrictions of the postoperative period.

These restrictions include:

  • playing sports and any other intense physical activity in the first 2 months;
  • thermal procedures (bath, sauna, warm bath) until the edema is completely resolved;
  • solarium until the scar is completely formed, so as not to cause its pigmentation (usually the first 12-18 months).

Despite the ban on sports, it is impossible to allow yourself complete immobility, as this can lead to the formation of blood clots in the veins of the legs.

Complications

  • Deformation of the genitals.

Postoperative incisions that pass through the inguinal folds are sutured in such a way that the skin is in a taut state. This can lead to displacement of the skin in adjacent areas, such as the skin of the groin. Because of this, the genitals can also shift and take an unnatural position.

  • Formation of rough scars.

The tissues that form the scar are constantly in a taut state, because the scar that forms in the first two to three months is constantly stretched. As a result, instead of a thin whitish scar, a wide, rough, thick, protruding scar can form.

In many ways, modern surgical techniques used by plastic surgeons can reduce the risk of developing severe scars, but at the moment none of these techniques can completely eliminate the risk of such a complication.
  • Thrombosis.

The risk of developing thrombosis is especially high in those who took antiplatelet agents (drugs that reduce blood viscosity) before surgery and stopped taking them in order not to provoke bleeding during surgery. To prevent complications, it is recommended to avoid a long period of bed rest after surgery and early initiation of minimal physical activity, such as leisurely walking, etc.

  • Bleeding or development of a seroma.

Usually, accumulations of blood or tissue fluid are defined as a tense bulging tumor at the site of the surgical wound. The growth of the tumor is accompanied by the appearance and intensification of arching pains. In this situation, a drainage tube is installed and the cavity is emptied from the liquid. Performed in a hospital setting.

  • Infection.

To prevent the development of infection in the wound after surgery, a course of antibiotic therapy is carried out. Also, it is for this that a drainage tube is left in the wound on the first day after the operation. If inflammation still develops, then it is treated in a hospital setting.

A thigh lift is one of the medical and cosmetic surgeries.

This is due to the fact that with the help of this surgical intervention it is possible not only to restore the aesthetic appearance of this part of the body, but also to save the patient from problems arising from sagging skin on the inner thighs.

These are constant diaper rash and abrasions, irritation on the skin, which caused a violation of gait.

When is a Thigh Lift Needed?

The desire to change both their appearance and their feelings make many patients seek help from a plastic surgeon.

If the contour of the hips has not changed for the better, the figure has lost its attractiveness and sagging skin causes a lot of problems, the very moment has come when it is worth contacting a plastic surgeon.

During the first consultation, the doctor, after a visual examination, will make a diagnosis and confirm all suspicions or refuse the need for surgical intervention.

After the operation, the contour of the thighs will be restored, the skin will acquire the lost turgor and elasticity, the muscles will regain their elasticity. Surgical thigh lift is also necessary in cases where the patient is in a state after surgery to remove excess adipose tissue.

The result of such an intervention is not only a significant decrease in volume, but sagging of the skin at the sites of the intervention.

Of course, the reason for contacting a plastic surgeon is the discomfort experienced by the patient in everyday life. The clothes do not sit well and do not look at all, it is inconvenient to move, and even at rest, patients experience discomfort.

Before deciding on a surgical thigh lift, many visitors to the plastic surgery clinic try other procedures:

  • manual massage;
  • liposuction;
  • hardware massage.

In some cases, these procedures can be very effective, but sometimes the doctor decides whether surgery is necessary and a thigh lift is performed.

Patients should be aware of the possible consequences and risks associated with this procedure. The doctor will tell you about them in detail:

  • postoperative scars;
  • loss of skin sensitivity;
  • feeling of tension;
  • emaciated appearance of the skin.

Knowing these details can influence your decision.

Preparing for the operation

If the patient, after getting acquainted with all the possible consequences and risks, is optimistic, and the doctor is sure of the need for surgical intervention, you can proceed to preparatory measures, including:

  1. A full examination, during which it is necessary to get advice from narrow specialists, such as a general practitioner, vascular surgeon, cardiologist. During the examination, the presence of chronic ailments in the acute stage, a violation of blood clotting, diseases of the blood, heart and blood vessels, diseases of the kidneys and liver will be confirmed or canceled. It is important to confirm the absence of cancer.
  2. You will need to take blood tests that determine the time of blood clotting, hemoglobin levels, and the number of leukocytes in the blood.
  3. It is important to obtain confirmation of the absence of diseases such as HIV, hepatitis.
  4. It is necessary to do an ECG and fluorography.

Depending on the general condition of the patient, the list of tests listed can be changed or expanded.

The second stage of preparation for the operation is changes that will affect the usual way of life. It will be necessary to change or limit the number of drugs taken, the effect of which can affect blood clotting or the activity of the heart, kidneys and liver.

You will need to quit smoking and drinking alcohol. The diet will also change. A potential patient should exclude spicy and smoked foods, fatty meat from his menu, and reduce the amount of fried foods.

All this affects the functioning of the liver and heart, so nutrition should be given as much attention as possible at least 14 days before the operation.

In the clinic

On the appointed day, the patient arrives at the clinic, where markings will be made on his body indicating the locations of future incisions. The plastic surgeon chooses the most appropriate type of intervention:

  1. An internal or median lift involves making an incision along the contour of the inguinal fold. In this case, the contour of the inner surface of the thigh changes. Excess adipose tissue is removed, the skin is stretched, and after full tension, the excess is cut off during the stitching of the surgical wound. This method is perfect for those who have small wrinkles caused by a slight sagging of the skin on the inner thighs.
  2. A vertical lift leaves a seam on the inner surface of the thigh extending from the groin to the knee. The essence of the operation is that the surgeon makes two incisions, between which a skin wedge is formed. His doctor excised and tightens the edges of the wound. This wedge is fairly wide at the top and tapers noticeably near the knee. Such an intervention is carried out in cases where the excision of a fairly large amount of flabby, lost skin elasticity and firmness is required. The skin is stretched, bumpy, noticeably sagging.
  3. A spiral lift is performed after an incision is made around almost the entire surface of the thigh. The doctor leads the scalpel from the inguinal fold towards the crease under the buttocks and further to the groin. Such a lift is also called external. It is required for those patients who, in the shortest possible time, for any reason, have greatly lost weight. The result of extreme weight loss is sagging skin, skin bags formed. They interfere with movement and cause chafing, irritation, and other skin conditions. During the operation, skin lifting is performed on the entire surface of the thigh. The skin is tightened in front, behind, on the inner and outer surfaces. All layers of the skin are sutured after a uniform tightening, creating a new contour of the leg.

There is a combined method. It allows you to use not only a lift, but also liposuction or several types of thigh lift at the same time. This is necessary if using one technique it is not possible to get rid of severe ptosis.

The course of the operation and the postoperative period

A feature of the thigh lift through the inguinal fold is the danger associated with the relatively complex blood supply in this area. The operation requires a lot of experience and a significant amount of knowledge.

The surgery is performed only under general anesthesia and lasts at least two hours. The total duration of the operation depends on the volume of tissue and the nuances in each individual case.

The tissues are sutured in layers, which eliminates the risk of rough scarring and accelerates healing. If liposuction is performed during the intervention, then this procedure is first performed, and only after it they proceed directly to tightening the skin tissue.

The first day after the lift, the patient is worried about pain and burning in the incision area. Perhaps numbness and temporary loss of sensitivity, swelling. All these symptoms persist for two to three days after surgery. After this time, the patient is discharged from the clinic under the supervision of a surgeon in the outpatient clinic.

The sutures are removed on the tenth day. Patients are concerned about the feeling of tension, slight pain in the sitting position. If necessary, painkillers are prescribed.

Experts strongly recommend using slimming underwear that promotes normal blood flow and reduces swelling. Mobility is limited. It is forbidden to bend over and make sudden movements, stay on your feet for a long time, carry and lift weights.

In the first month after a thigh lift, it is forbidden to play sports and swim in the pool. It is not recommended to go to the sauna and bath for the first two months after removing the stitches. Visiting the solarium and relaxing on the beach is not allowed for a year after the operation.

It will be possible to return to an active lifestyle no earlier than six months after the intervention. Early movement leads to the formation of blood clots and rough scarring.

The effect after a thigh lift is lifelong, so you should carefully listen to all the recommendations received and follow them exactly.

Possible risks

You can not refuse to use compression underwear or arbitrarily reduce the period of wearing it. Violation of the requirements of physicians leads to the development of thrombosis. However, it is mandatory to get up early and constantly move without additional loads. This will avoid stagnation of blood.

After discharge from the clinic, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to the processing of postoperative sutures. Dressings are made by treating the wound surface with solutions containing antiseptics.

In case of violation of the regimen prescribed by the doctor, a tumor may appear in the suture area, accompanied by a feeling of fullness. You should definitely inform your doctor about it, who, if necessary, will install a drainage tube and give instructions on how to comply with the regimen.

It is important to remember that the recovery period after a thigh lift is quite long and following all the rules of conduct and all the recommendations received from the plastic surgeon will help you go through this stage without complications and in the shortest possible time.

The doctor will describe in detail all the symptoms and sensations that the patient should experience during the rehabilitation period, and the slightest deviation from the norm should be immediately reported to him.

Every woman wants to have beautiful and toned hips. Women's slender legs have always attracted the attention of men. Therefore, the unaesthetic, unattractiveness of the hips often upsets a woman.

The appearance of the hips can worsen due to severe weight loss, due to age-related changes, a decrease in skin elasticity, due to hormonal failure and a number of other reasons. Excess skin in the thigh area is a common indication for aesthetic surgery - thigh lift.

Some women are not satisfied with only the inner thighs, where the skin is often less elastic and the tissues are more loose. Due to friction on the inner surface of the thighs, irritations on the skin are often observed and, in general, inconvenience is felt when moving.

Of course, the expediency of the operation is discussed at the consultation, after examination by a plastic surgeon.

According to the indications, a tightening of the inner and / or outer thighs is performed.

The most frequent types of operations:

  • tightening of the inner surface of the thigh;
  • tightening of the outer surface of the thigh;
  • tightening of both outer and inner thighs.

The location of the incisions is discussed during the consultation. As a rule, postoperative scars are hidden under linen.

Operation

The volume of the upcoming correction entirely depends on the initial state of the patient's hips, as well as on his wishes for their appearance after the operation.

According to the indications, liposuction of the thighs is additionally performed.

A thigh lift is performed under general anesthesia. The duration of the operation is on average about 2 hours. At the end of the operation, cosmetic sutures are applied.

The patient stays in the hospital for 1 day or more (if necessary).

After a thigh lift, it is mandatory to wear special compression underwear for a month.

Recovery after a thigh lift

Recovery after a surgical thigh lift takes approximately 3 months. During the rehabilitation period, you must strictly follow all the recommendations of your doctor.

The first weeks should be more rest. Minor physical activity is allowed 2 weeks after a thigh lift. Active sports - not earlier than in 2-3 months. At least a month it is forbidden to visit the sauna, bath, solarium, expose the operated area to direct sunlight.