Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common diseases around the world today. In addition to sexually transmitted diseases, the group of STDs also includes many other diseases that can be “acquired” through sexual intercourse. The increase in the number of people infected with sexually transmitted diseases is facilitated by the low sexual culture of the population, which implies the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases after casual relationships of a sexual nature.

Sexually transmitted diseases have a number of serious consequences that affect the health of the infected person. In addition, sexually transmitted diseases affect the health of their future children.

Sexually transmitted diseases can be divided into several groups:

• “classic” sexually transmitted diseases;
• “new” sexually transmitted diseases;
• skin diseases transmitted through sexual contact.

Today there are about twenty-five types of sexually transmitted diseases in the world.

“Classic” sexually transmitted diseases include:

• donovanosis (granuloma venereum or granuloma inguinale);
• gonorrhea;
• soft chancroid (chancroid);
• syphilis;
• venereal lymphogranulomatosis (lymphogranuloma).

“New” sexually transmitted diseases are infections of the genitourinary system with predominant damage to the genital organs:

• candidiasis;
• chlamydia;
• genital herpes;
• mycoplasmosis;
• bacterial vaginosis (or gardnerellosis);
• trichomoniasis, trichomoniasis;
• papillomavirus infection, papilloma, HPV or genital warts;
• ureaplasmosis;
• urogenital shegillosis of homosexuals;
• cytomegalovirus;
• nonspecific urethritis.

Sexually transmitted skin diseases include:

• scabies;
• pediculosis, pubic lice (phthiriasis);
• molluscum contagiosum.

Sexually transmitted diseases that primarily affect other organs include:

• human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, AIDS);
• giardiasis;
• amoebiasis;
• viral hepatitis B and C (viral hepatitis C is most often transmitted through blood).

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are widespread among the masses. The course of these diseases is predominantly asymptomatic or low-symptomatic, which is why most people who become infected with the disease do not immediately consult a doctor. However, the sooner a sexually transmitted infection is diagnosed and treated, the fewer the consequences for the human body, since such diseases destroy the body from the inside. In addition, all sexually transmitted infections quite quickly become chronic, which is no longer so easy to cure. All STDs detected at an early stage are easily treatable and do not carry any consequences or complications.

You can still determine for yourself whether you have contracted a sexually transmitted infection or not based on some signs:

• discharge from the genitals that was not there before;
• skin rash;
• various outgrowths of the mucous membrane of the external genitalia;
• wounds and sores;
• pain and burning when urinating.

An interesting fact is that “new” sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted not only to a sexual partner, but also to the fetus during pregnancy, as well as through mother’s milk, kisses and saliva, during blood transfusions, and some in everyday life. Falling through the blood into the human body, microorganisms can affect different organs or the entire body as a whole.

It is not worth not treating STDs and leaving everything to chance, as this can lead to a number of complications for the body. Complications also occur in cases where treatment is not completed. For men, this is fraught with the development of chronic diseases of the genitourinary system (prostatitis, chronic urethritis, vesiculitis, epididymo-orchitis, and the result of all this is infertility). In addition, the consequences of sexually transmitted infections are various sexual disorders, which include decreased sexual libido, erection problems, lost orgasm, and premature ejaculation.

For women, long-term untreated sexually transmitted infections also do not go away without leaving a trace. As a rule, the result of this is vaginal dysbiosis, endometritis, colpitis, obstruction of the fallopian tubes, which threatens the development of infertility, miscarriage or premature birth. In addition, infectious diseases of the genitourinary system also affect the sex life of women. Frigidity, lack of orgasm, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, which can cause cases of cancer of the cervix, vagina, and vulva - this is a small list of complications that arise from sexually acquired infections.

Sexual contact is a method of transmission of more than 25 pathogens of sexually transmitted infections. The risk of infection increases with unprotected sexual contact. The period from the moment of infection with sexually transmitted infections until the first symptoms appear is called incubation. It is different for each infection and can range from three days to several weeks.

Typically, symptoms of STD infection are more common in women. But basically, diseases of this kind can only be identified by taking the necessary tests and examining them in the laboratory. In addition, even if only one partner is infected and the test result of the other is negative, treatment must be carried out without fail for both partners in order to prevent the infection from reoccurring.

When diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases, several infections are detected at once, that is, mixed infection occurs. Therefore, only a doctor can prescribe treatment for such diseases. Self-medication can only harm a correct diagnosis. In addition, individual treatment is prescribed for each patient, since there are many treatment regimens. In addition, treatment for men differs significantly from treatment for women.

What to do if the diagnosis is confirmed?
If the results of tests for infection with STDs and sexually transmitted diseases are positive, you must urgently consult a doctor together with your sexual partner and undergo the necessary tests. Treatment is prescribed to both partners, and it is recommended to abstain from sexual intercourse, which can still occur using a condom. After completing the course of treatment, you must be tested again to ensure complete recovery.

Prevention of STDs.
Safe sex is used to prevent STDs, namely the use of a condom, latex napkin or non-penetrative sex during sexual intercourse. I will say right away that washing with water or antiseptics, as well as interrupted sexual intercourse, are not protection against STDs.

A common misconception among people is that it is not possible to contract an STD from people who do not show signs of infection in the genital area. However, the absence of symptoms does not mean that you can unconditionally trust a person, because he may simply not know about the infection. In addition, it is known that sex is not the only way to become infected. For example, AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis B can be “acquired” through blood transfusions or the use of unsterile needles. And syphilis can be transmitted through a kiss, but this is at a certain stage.

Here are a few rules and tips that all people should remember before sexual intercourse:

• Avoid “casual” sexual contacts.
• Limit the number of sexual partners.
• Use a condom every time you have sexual intercourse. However, a condom does not provide a 100% guarantee of protection, since there are cases of condom slipping. The most dangerous types of sex without using a condom are vaginal or anal intercourse. In addition to condoms, there are special condoms and tongue films for cunnilingus, and sexually transmitted infections are known to be transmitted through orogenital sexual intercourse. However, using a condom as protection against sexually transmitted infections is effective only in short-term relationships. For sex with a regular sexual partner, using a condom in cases where one of them is infected is not very suitable, since even with a condom the infection becomes “common.”
• Observe the rules of personal hygiene in the area of ​​sexual life, and demand the same from your partner.
• Do not use other people's personal hygiene items (towel, washcloth, slippers, underwear, comb, etc.).
• Feel free to ask your partner about his sexual health.

Try to avoid sexual relations with people at risk of contracting STDs. These include:

• people who have constant contact with blood (nurses, laboratory assistants, laboratory workers, doctors, dentists);
• people who have undergone blood transfusions;
• people who take drugs intravenously;
• people who simply don't inspire your trust.

No one knows how one can protect oneself one hundred percent from contracting STDs. Complete abstinence from sex (abstinence) is by far the number one defense against contracting sexually transmitted infections. Having a regular sexual partner whom you trust completely can significantly reduce your risk of contracting an STD.

Every year, sexually transmitted infections develop immunity to antibiotics, so successful treatment is impossible without an integrated and individual approach. If you suspect a disease, consult a gynecologist.

Types of STDs

STDs are classified depending on the causative agent. There are 5 types of diseases in total:

The route of infection for STDs is predominantly sexual. But most of them can be infected not only after sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases can also be transmitted through blood (for example, through an injection syringe or transfusion), from mother to child during childbirth, or through breast milk.

There are known cases of contracting STDs through household means - due to the general use of personal hygiene items or visiting public places (saunas, baths, swimming pools, etc.).

But the most common cause of infection is unprotected sexual contact. If it occurs in a carrier of the disease without the use of barrier contraceptives, the probability of infection is almost 100%.

The mucous membrane of the human genital organs is a favorable habitat for many microorganisms. First of all, they are attracted by high humidity and comfortable temperatures. Initially, the female vagina is populated by healthy microflora. Moreover, its PH level (acid-base balance) ranges from 3.8 to 4.5.

Infections that enter the mucous membranes during unprotected sexual contact are fixed on their surface. Then they begin to multiply rapidly, gradually displacing healthy microflora. The disease leads to a change in pH levels to more acidic or alkaline (depending on the pathogen). As a result, a concomitant infection is added to the main disease. Most often these are colpitis, inflammatory processes of the pelvic organs, cervical erosion, bacterial vaginosis, fungal infection, prostatitis.

Lack of timely treatment leads to complications - diseases pass from acute to chronic form, which is much more difficult to cure. Among the most negative consequences are male and female infertility, premature birth, fading pregnancy, and the development of intrauterine pathologies of the fetus.

Symptoms

The STD group includes dozens of different diseases. Each of them is caused by specific pathogens and is accompanied by individual symptoms. But there are a number of common symptoms and signs that accompany most sexual diseases. Among them:

• altered genital discharge;
• increase in the number of discharges;
• rashes in the genital area, etc.

Here we will look at the most common STDs that anyone who is sexually active can become infected with. If any of them are detected, you must urgently contact a specialist: a gynecologist, urologist or venereologist.

Syphilis - One of the most ancient sexually transmitted diseases, its causative agent is the pallidum spirochete. There are three stages of syphilis, and each of them is accompanied by its own symptoms. The infection can remain in the body for a long time (sometimes several years) and not manifest itself in any way externally.

One of the first symptoms of the disease is the appearance of chancre. It occurs in the genital or anal area. Less often - on the fingers. Over time, the rashes spread throughout the body. The patient is worried about aching bones, fever, and headache. In the later stages, vision deteriorates, weakness appears, and immunity decreases. If left untreated, syphilis leads to damage to all organs and systems.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the most dangerous STD, which in the absence of antiretroviral therapy can develop into AIDS. The incubation period ranges from 1 to 6 months (most often 3 months). Among the first symptoms of the disease are acute tonsillitis, enlargement and inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes, and prolonged low-grade fever.

Chlamydia - the first symptoms appear approximately a week after infection. Infected men and women experience mucous discharge from the genitals, cutting pain when urinating and discomfort during sexual intercourse. Often, infected women experience intermenstrual bleeding and pain in the pelvic area.

Genital herpes- an infectious STD that is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2. During primary infection, it may be asymptomatic. After infection, the virus remains in the human body forever and appears externally from time to time. A characteristic symptom of the disease is a rash in the form of small blisters on the genitals and in the anus.

They are accompanied by itching, discomfort and burning when urinating. After a few days, the blisters turn into ulcers and become crusty. There is weakness, increased body temperature and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. The herpes virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women and requires urgent treatment.

Gonorrhea is a classic sexually transmitted disease that is classified as an STD. Its causative agent, gonococcus, affects the urethra, cervix, pelvic organs, rectum, pharynx and even the eyes. The incubation period is several days. The disease manifests itself with acute symptoms - patients are bothered by purulent discharge from the genitals, pain in the lower abdomen, burning sensation when urinating and discomfort during sex.

Women experience spotting after sexual intercourse. When it affects the rectum, gonorrhea causes localized pain and anal discharge. Complications of gonorrhea include inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, testicles and prostate gland, male and female infertility, and termination of pregnancy. In the chronic course of the disease, all organs and systems of the body are affected.

The first symptoms appear within a day. The patient is bothered by itching in the hair area, peeling, dermatitis, papules and ulcers occur. If left untreated, lice can spread throughout the body, causing associated diseases.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common STDs in the world. Caused by Trichomonas. The incubation period ranges from 7 to 28 days. In women, the disease manifests itself more clearly; in men it can be asymptomatic. Patients experience mucous yellowish discharge from the genitals (usually with an unpleasant odor), pain during sexual intercourse, and itching during urination.

When the prostate gland is damaged in men, prostatitis occurs. Trichomoniasis is especially dangerous for pregnant women - it can cause premature birth and other complications.

Diagnostics

In most cases, diagnosing an STD requires a comprehensive approach. It involves several research methods that allow you to accurately establish a diagnosis and create the most effective treatment regimen.

Today, the following types of research are used to diagnose STDs:

• bacterioscopic (smear on flora);
• bacteriological (cultural seeding);
• DNA diagnostics;
• immunodiagnostics.

The choice of a specific study depends on the disease that is suspected in the patient. Only a specialist can prescribe tests after an individual examination and study of the medical history.

A bacterioscopic examination is an indispensable part of a routine examination by a gynecologist or urologist. It allows you to identify diseases such as bacterial vaginosis, mycoses, trichomoniasis, as well as detect inflammatory processes.

To diagnose viral diseases (syphilis, chlamydia, etc.), immunodiagnostics (ELISA) is used. Immunodiagnostics allows you to identify specific antibodies to the causative agent of a particular disease. Thanks to the body's immune response, doctors can make an accurate diagnosis.

The most reliable is DNA diagnostics using the PCR method. It allows you to detect the pathogen even at its extremely low concentration in the material under study. Among the advantages of this method is efficiency. Analysis results can be obtained on the same day.

Material for laboratory research can be:

• blood;
• saliva;
• vaginal secretion;
• sperm;
• urine;
• scrapings from mucous membranes.

Treatment

Treatment for STDs may include the following types of therapy:

• vitamin therapy;
• antibacterial;
• antiviral;
• immunostimulating;
• physiotherapy.

The treatment regimen for STDs is selected individually. The doctor takes into account not only the type of disease, but also the patient’s gender, age, medical history, and his body’s susceptibility to medications. Today, there are over three dozen STD pathogens. Every year they develop immunity to certain types of antibiotics.

This factor may complicate the treatment of patients who have previously undergone antibiotic therapy. In such cases, even the best quality medications may be ineffective. Because of this, in addition to the main analysis, each patient must undergo a flora test for sensitivity to antibiotics.

If a few years ago, treatment of STDs with antibiotics lasted about a month, then modern medicines can rid the body of the disease in 5-7 days. The duration of the course varies depending on the stage and form of the disease, the presence of complications and concomitant diseases. Treatment for chronic STDs lasts an average of 21 days.

Antiviral therapy is used to treat viral STDs (genital herpes, human papillomavirus, etc.). To treat HIV infection, a special type of treatment is used - antiretroviral therapy.

To strengthen the immune system, doctors prescribe taking complexes of vitamins and microelements. In some cases, immunostimulants may be indicated for patients with STDs.

Complete cure for STDs can only be achieved through an integrated approach. As a rule, sexual diseases require both systemic and local use of medications - in addition to oral medications, ointments, creams, vaginal tablets and douching are prescribed.

Symptoms: intense itching, redness in the hair area. Using a magnifying glass, you can see insects that look like small crabs. Areas affected, possible complications: in hairy people, it can spread throughout the entire skin. Lice can be transmitted not only through sexual contact, but also through bedding or underwear. Found on the pubic area, armpit hair, beard, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is an infectious disease, predominantly transmitted sexually (contact - when transmitted from mother to newborn during childbirth), characterized by damage to the mucous membranes of the urethra, which is manifested by impaired urination.

The main route of infection with gonorrhea, as mentioned above, is through sexual intercourse, as well as anal and oral sex. Less commonly, infection occurs through contact. This is primarily an infection from a sick mother of a child during childbirth. Infection occurs much less frequently through household contact, although the bacterium can survive on intact, dry skin for about 4 hours.

Complications: damage to the testicle and its epididymis, infertility, narrowing of the urethra and melting of the prostate.

When gonococci enter the urethra, it develops urethritis, when gonococci enter the oral cavity, inflammation of the oral cavity and pharyngitis develop, and when gonococci enter the rectum, inflammation of the rectum develops. The first symptoms of gonorrheal urethritis occur 2-5 days after intercourse with a sick partner. Usually the first sign is a burning sensation and pain in the urethra when urinating. After this, there is a frequent urge to urinate and purulent, thick yellowish-brown discharge from the urethra. The external opening of the urethra becomes red, swollen, and small ulcers may appear. Symptoms of gonorrheal stomatitis and pharyngitis are profuse salivation, moderate sore throat. Gonorrheal proctitis is manifested by discharge from the rectum and itching near the anus.

Syphilis

Incubation period, symptoms: from 8 to 100 days. Primary syphilis: the appearance of chancre - a painless open ulcer (single or multiple) pink or red. After 2 - 6 weeks, the chancre disappears. Secondary syphilis: skin rash, ulcers on the genitals and in the mouth. Redness and sore throat, headache, fever, red eyes, joint pain, hair loss. After a few weeks to a year, the symptoms disappear. Latent syphilis: there are no external manifestations, although relapses occur from time to time. Tertiary syphilis: severe damage to vital organs and systems, especially the circulatory and nervous systems. Nodules and bumps appear on the skin.

Damage to any organ and severe disorders of the central nervous system are possible. A chronic disease characterized by a long-term (in the absence of treatment) undulating course with periodic remissions and exacerbations. Under unfavorable conditions, treponema can form survival forms that are resistant to all antisyphilitic drugs, and under favorable conditions, it can turn back into ordinary treponema, causing a relapse of the disease.

The patient is contagious from the third week of the incubation period, with manifest forms and with early latent forms of syphilis. You can also become infected through sexual contact, kissing, contact with the skin of a patient, or household contact (through shared objects). In the early form of syphilis, all the patient’s biological fluids (saliva, sweat, blood, genital discharge, etc.) are contagious.

The late latent form is no longer dangerous to others and is not transmitted through casual contact. Patients with tertiary syphilis are also practically not contagious. Treponema is “tenacious”: for example, it survives on damp laundry for several hours and even several days. Anyone who has been treated for syphilis needs constant medical observation.

Chlamydia

The disease is caused by bacteria of the genus chlamydia. In nature, there are 2 types of chlamydia, the first type affects animals and birds and can cause an infectious disease in humans - psittacosis. The second type of chlamydia is called Chlamydia trachomatis. Two of the 15 varieties of chlamydia affect the human genitourinary system, causing urogenital (genitourinary) chlamydia. Urogenital chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease. There is often a combination of chlamydia with other genitourinary infections - trichomoniasis, gardnerellosis, ureaplasmosis.

The incubation period for chlamydia is approximately 1-3 weeks. A person with chlamydia notices a characteristic glassy discharge from the urethra in the morning. There may be itching or discomfort when urinating, sticking of the sponges of the external opening of the urethra. Sometimes the general condition suffers - weakness is noted, body temperature rises slightly. It should be noted that chlamydia often occurs without pronounced symptoms or does not manifest itself at all. Even without treatment, after some time (about 2 weeks), the symptoms of the disease disappear. In this case, chlamydia becomes chronic; the chlamydial infection is, as it were, “preserved” in the body, waiting for an opportunity to remind itself again.

The main danger of chlamydia lies precisely in the complications it can cause. After some time, chlamydia “gets” to the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, causing chronic prostatitis. Further, the chronic process spreads to the epididymis, which can lead to an obstructive form male infertility. Chlamydia can also get on the wall of the bladder and cause hemorrhagic cystitis. Chronic inflammation of the urethra caused by chlamydia leads to the development of its narrowing ( strictures).

Gardnerellosis

A bacterial infection that is sexually transmitted. The incubation period for gardnerellosis is on average 7-10 days, but can range from 3 days to 5 weeks. Very often there is a mixed infection of Gardnerella with gonococci, Trichomonas, chlamydia, and mycoplasma. Gardnerellosis affects men and women equally often, but in men its manifestations are often subtle and it is detected less often. Asymptomatic carriage of Gardnerella is possible, and the carrier of this infection infects all of his sexual partners with it.

In men, gardnerella primarily causes urethritis. With Gardnerella urethritis, the discharge from the urethra is gray, watery, with an unpleasant “fishy” odor. Their number is insignificant. Other manifestations include burning, itching, or simply unpleasant sensations when urinating, which are common for urethritis. With a long, asymptomatic course, gardnerella infection sooner or later leads to the development of chronic prostatitis, and subsequently - epididymitis, orchitis And infertility .

Trichomoniasis

The disease is caused by the protozoan species Trichomonas vaginalis. The main habitat in the male body is the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, in the female body it is the vagina. However, when it first enters the body, Trichomonas always causes urethritis. Infection occurs through sexual contact with a patient or carrier of the infection.

The incubation period can range from 2 days to 2 months, averaging about 10 days. The disease begins with the appearance of a characteristic itching in the area of ​​the glans penis when urinating. A little later, the itching spreads to the entire urethra, and scanty whitish or gray foamy discharge from the urethra appears. In this case, streaks of blood may appear in the sperm (hemospermia).

If left untreated, after 3-4 weeks all symptoms disappear and the disease becomes chronic. At the same time, the patient regularly experiences exacerbations associated with violent sexual intercourse, alcohol consumption, etc. In addition, Trichomonas infection quickly “gets” to the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, causing the development of chronic prostatitis and vesiculitis. Trichomonas infection can also cause chronic epididymitis And orchids , which often leads to infertility. Trichomonas infection can contribute to inflammation of the bladder and kidneys. In addition, with trichomoniasis, the formation of erosions and ulcers of the genital organs is possible, primarily on the glans penis and foreskin.

Ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis

Ureaplasmosis is caused by the pathogen Ureaplasma urealiticum, mycoplasmosis - Micoplasma hominis. The two diseases are so similar that they are almost always considered together. You can become infected with ureaplasmosis only through sexual contact with a patient or a carrier of ureaplasma (mycoplasma).

The incubation period is quite long, 50-60 days. The disease begins with the usual symptoms of urethritis, which does not have any specific features. A sick person notes a burning or itching when urinating, discharge from the urethra in the morning, a slight rise in body temperature and a deterioration in general health. Discharge from the urethra may be the only manifestation of the disease. Urethritis caused by ureaplasma (mycoplasma) is often accompanied by balanoposthitis. In terms of severity, the symptoms of the disease can vary from very bright, acute to faded, barely noticeable, with almost complete absence of clinical manifestations.

Herpes

The disease is caused by the human herpes simplex virus. There are 6 types of this virus in total, the most common are two: Type I of the virus affects the face, lips, torso, Type II is urogenital, that is, it affects the human genitourinary system. However, recently there has been evidence that herpes viruses of different types can transform into one another, that type I virus can cause damage to the genital organs and vice versa.

Infection with the virus does not only occur through sexual contact with a sick person. You can also become infected by kissing, sharing utensils, towels, linen, that is, through household means. A patient with a herpetic infection is contagious, as a rule, only during an exacerbation. The disease has a high degree of contagiousness, that is, if there was contact with a sick person, then the probability of infection is very high. How can you become infected with the herpes virus? The incubation period is 3-7 days. The disease begins acutely, with blisters appearing on the head of the penis and the inner layer of the foreskin, surrounded by a red border. Less commonly, bubbles appear on the scrotum and perineum. Breaking through, the bubbles leave erosions in their place, which can merge, forming large lesions in severe cases. Similar phenomena occur on the mucous membrane of the urethra (herpetic urethritis). Patients complain of pain and burning in the urethra when urinating. In the morning, there is often discharge from the urethra, usually in the form of a drop on the underwear. At the same time, body temperature may rise and the inguinal lymph nodes may enlarge. Even if untreated, symptoms usually go away on their own within 1-2 weeks. However, subsequently, in 3/4 of those infected with the virus, the disease recurs, and the time until the next relapse can range from several weeks to several years. The next relapse of the disease can be associated with a variety of reasons - stress, impaired immunity, colds, malnutrition, and in women - pregnancy and even the onset of menstruation.

Human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus infection (PVI, viral warts, genital warts, venereal condylomatosis) is a group of viral infectious diseases characterized by the development napillomatous formations on the skin and mucous membranes.

Genital condylomata is a sexually transmitted disease, as well as through household contact. Infection usually occurs through sexual contact in the vagina, rectum, and less commonly during oral sex.

Human susceptibility to papilloma viruses is high, the disease is widespread. Incubation period: from 1 to 5 months. Transmission of HPV to a sexual partner occurs in 46-67% of cases. It is also possible to transfer HPV infection from parents to children and within children's groups.

In men, genital warts most often appear on the coronal sulcus of the penis and frenulum, less often on the head, body of the penis, and the sponges of the external opening of the urethra. The appearance of condylomas in the urethra itself is very unpleasant. This is usually manifested by difficulty urinating, a change in the shape of the urine stream, and its splashing. As a rule, medium and large condyloma can be easily felt in the urethra in both men and women.

Candidiasis (thrush)

The disease is caused by yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. It may be a consequence of improper use of antibiotics, various contraceptives, ointments, and creams with a bactericidal effect. Sometimes genital candidiasis develops against the background of a general disease associated with metabolic disorders or decreased immunity (for example, diabetes mellitus). You can also become infected with candidiasis through sexual contact. In men, the disease begins with candidal urethritis.

The incubation period is 10-20 days. The most striking symptom of the disease is the appearance of thick mucous white-pink discharge from the urethra with stringy white threads. There may also be discomfort in the urethra when urinating. General health rarely suffers. Candidal urethritis is often accompanied by balanoposthitis with characteristic cheesy spots on the glans penis and the inner layer of the foreskin.

Candida urethritis usually has a chronic nature. Against this background, after some time, chronic prostatitis, epididymitis And orchitis. As a result, infertility may develop. Candidiasis can also spread to the bladder and even the kidneys. The disease becomes more severe when a bacterial infection occurs.

HIV infection, AIDS

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus - HIV. HIV affects the cells of the human body that are designed to fight infections - the cells of the immune system. Incubation period, symptoms: from 1 to 8 months (depending on the state of the person’s immunity. Latent (hidden) period. Symptoms are similar to a cold (ARI): temperature, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, etc. Then there is the manifestation of serious diseases that a person with a healthy immune system does not suffer from: Pneumocystis pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, etc..

The duration of the disease is from 1 to 15 years. Liquids that contain a lot of viruses and the entry of which into the bloodstream is dangerous: sperm, blood, vaginal discharge, breast milk. Non-hazardous discharges: sweat, urine, feces, tears, saliva, nasal discharge.

AIDS is the only STD disease that leads to death; a cure for it has not been found to date.

AIDS can also be contracted through anal and oral sex. Most often, AIDS occurs during anal sex.

There is a separate group of infections that are transmitted primarily sexually - STI. They cause diseases, another name for which is venereal. Such diseases are asymptomatic or are aggravated by a complex of characteristic manifestations. In each case, pathologies cause serious harm to the human body, the degree of which is determined by the type of pathogen and the state of the immune system. STDs often lead to serious complications. Some of them are fatal if left untreated.

If there is any suspicion of an STD, for example, after unprotected sexual intercourse with an untested partner or the onset of symptoms that will be described below, you should seek help from the specialists of the Viterra clinic. Always remember that it is easier to defeat the disease at an early stage, and the sooner effective therapy is started, the faster the recovery process will take place - without complications and relapses. Since such infections often do not manifest themselves, we recommend regularly undergoing specific examinations that help identify STDs in their early stages of development.

The advantage of our clinic No. 1 Viterra Belyaevo is the availability of modern high-precision equipment, created taking into account advanced advances in medicine, as well as doctors with sufficient qualifications and experience to identify STDs at any stage, make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the optimal course of treatment, which is designed to help the patient in return to a normal and fulfilling life in the shortest possible time.

Classification of STIs

STIs are transmitted, as noted, mainly sexually . But some of them have other ways of spreading, such as: airborne , domestic , intrauterine or through biological fluids .

The causative agent of the infection also determines the main route of its spread. So, for example, bacteria are transmitted primarily through sexual contact or blood, A viruses - both in the same ways and through air, biological fluids, etc.

TO bacterial diseases include:

• Syphilis;
• Chlamydia;
• Gonorrhea;
• Chancroid;
• Inguinal granuloma;
• Lymphogranuloma venereum;
• Mycoplasmosis;
• Ureaplasmosis.

Viral STDs - This:

• Genital warts;
• Hepatitis B;
• Genital herpes;
• Kaposi's sarcoma;
• Cytamegalovirus;
• Molluscum contagiosum.

Bacterial vaginosis often also classified as an STD, but since its causative agent belongs to opportunistic microflora, this is not entirely correct. However, this disease is worth considering due to its high prevalence.

• Syphilis
• Gonococcal infection - gonorrhea
• Urogenital trichomoniasis
• Chlamydia infection
• Genital herpes
• Anogenital warts (HPV)
• Chancroid
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Mycoplasma and ureaplasma
• Granuloma inguinale
• Bacterial vaginosis
• Urogenital candidiasis (thrush)
• Viral hepatitis B and C
• HIV infection
• Prevention of STDs

Syphilis- one of the most dangerous sexually transmitted diseases. According to various hypotheses, the history of its diagnosis and description ranges from one to several thousand years. The prognosis of the disease is determined by the stage of detection, the general condition of the patient and the timeliness of adequate therapy. Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called treponema pallidum.

This disease has several stages (1–3): primary syphilis, secondary and tertiary, during which the skin, mucous membranes, nervous system, bones, and internal organs of a person are affected. There is a special intrauterine type of syphilis when the infection is transmitted during pregnancy from mother to child.

Methods of transmission of syphilis: sexual contact (mainly) or through blood. Possible route of spread - getting contaminated blood into syringes or razors, which are then used by a healthy individual. Previously, it was assumed that since the pathogen lives for some time in a humid environment, a household route of transmission of syphilis is also possible - through common household items. But today it is believed that the probability of such infection, although it exists, is negligible.

Incubation period of the disease: 3–6 weeks. Symptoms of syphilis are very diverse and vary depending on the stage of the disease; they may be present or absent in the clinical picture. The therapy used has a significant impact on the course of the disease.

Signs of primary syphilis (several weeks after infection, duration - several months):

• The appearance of a chancre, a painless ulcer with smooth edges, at the site of penetration of the pathogen.
• Indurative swelling of the genital organs, with discoloration.
• Regional lymphadenitis is a painless, significant enlargement of the lymph nodes closest to the chancre.

Secondary syphilis characterized (duration - up to two weeks):

• The appearance of a generalized skin rash.
• Lymphadenitis.
• Subferbril temperature.
• Ailments such as conjunctivitis or upper respiratory tract infections.

Tertiary syphilis - a chronic stage that can last for months and even years. It is characterized by numerous pathologies and destructive changes in different parts of the human body. In this case, the brain is affected, the disease is complicated " neurosyphilis».

Detection of treponema pallidum currently does not present any particular difficulties. Types of diagnostics: PCR method, ELISA, cardiolipin test, dark-field microscopy, cultural methods, etc. They are often used in combination at the discretion of the doctor conducting the examination. Main method of treatment - treatment with penicillin, possibly with other antibiotics to which treponema pallidum is sensitive. The intrauterine variety of syphilis often leads to disability.

Gonorrhea called gonococcus or gram-negative bacteria. The pathogen is transmitted sexually , affects the mucous membranes of the genitourinary organs. Damage to the gastrointestinal tract, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes of the pharynx is also possible. Incubation period is 3–7 days. Symptoms may be present or absent (especially in women). Distinguish acute and chronic course of gonorrhea.

Signs acute gonorrhea :

• Discharge of pus, mucus from the urethra or genital tract;
• Itching or burning in these organs;
• Frequent urge to painful urination;
• Enlarged pelvic lymph nodes;
• Pain in the lower abdomen.

The disease subsequently spreads to pelvic organs. Symptoms of emerging pathologies appear. Without treatment, after a couple of months acute gonorrhea becomes chronic stage .

Possible consequences:

• Infertility;
• Redevelopment into a generalized form (with damage to many systems and organs).

Severity of the leak disease without therapy largely depends on the condition of the patient’s body.

Diagnostic methods: microscopic, PCR, serological, bacteriological, etc. Treatment is carried out with courses of antibiotics to which the pathogen is sensitive. These are azithromycin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline. The prognosis is favorable.

Urogenital trichomoniasis- This is the most common STD in the world. The causative agent of trichomoniasis is Trichomonas vaginalis. The disease is dangerous due to serious complications, such as: infertility, pelvic inflammation, pregnancy pathologies, etc. Incubation period is 1–4 weeks.

Symptoms in men:

• Painful urination;
• Discharge (possibly mixed with blood) from the urinary tract;
• Signs of prostatitis when the pathogen penetrates the prostate.

Symptoms in women:

• Purulent discharge from the genital tract, accompanied by an unpleasant odor;
• Swelling, itching, burning in the genitals, vaginal mucosa;
• Unpleasant sensations when urinating, during sexual intercourse.

Diagnostic procedures: microscopic, cultural, PCR research. Treatment complex, using medications, immunotherapy and physiotherapy.

Chlamydia caused by a gram-negative bacterium chlamydia. In terms of prevalence in the world, this disease ranks among other STDs. Most often transmitted during sexual intercourse, but the probability of infection compared to gonorrhea is slightly reduced and is about 25%. Possible pathogen transmission upon contact in a humid environment, for example in a bathhouse, from mother to child during childbirth.

High percentage noted asymptomatic diseases: in women - up to 67%, in men - up to 46%. If manifestations are still present, then the overall clinical picture is blurred. So, in women the following may occur signs development of chlamydia:

• Discharge of pus and mucus from the genital tract, which has a yellowish tint and an unpleasant odor;
• Pain in the lower abdomen;
• Burning and itching in the external genitalia when urinating;
• Intermenstrual bleeding;
• Weakness;
• Low-grade fever.

In men appear symptoms , similar to urethritis:

• Glassy discharge from the urethra in small quantities;
• Burning and itching when urinating;
• Pain in the pelvic organs, radiating to the lower back;
• Low-grade fever, weakness;
• Cloudy urine, presence of pus or blood in it.

Chlamydia is very dangerous due to its complications. Without treatment it progresses to chronic stage , can lead to pregnancy pathologies, infections and diseases of newborns, arthritis, Reiter's disease, narrowing of the urethra or vas deferens, prostatitis and other inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.

Chlamydia - an intracellular bacterium, so diagnosis is extremely difficult. Apply invasive and non-invasive methods : scrapings of mucous membranes, microscopic analysis, RIF, ELISA, PCR, culture.

The disease is effective being treated antibiotics of the macrolide group, supplemented by the prescription of antifungal and immunomodulatory drugs. The prognosis is favorable.

Genital herpes- viral disease. Its causative agent is herpes simplex virus type 2. First type causes oral herpes, often called a “cold sore.” A certain number of infected people remain carriers. In patients with a weakened immune system, the disease is extremely severe. Main routes of infection: sexual and contact-household.

The leading symptom of genital herpes - the presence of a rash in the form of papillae and blisters on the external genitalia, buttocks, and inner thighs. The following may be observed: weakness, low-grade fever, pain in the pelvic organs. Then ulcers appear in place of the bubbles. If the course of the disease is unfavorable, the patient’s nervous and reproductive system is affected, which subsequently leads to the appearance of associated symptoms.

Diagnosis of the disease based on visual inspection. Additional methods: PCR, cultural, enzyme immunoassay, examination of a smear from the urethra or genital tract. There is no therapy that completely eliminates herpes. Medicinal and physiotherapeutic methods are used aimed at improving the general condition of the patient, reducing the likelihood of relapses and suppressing the activity of the pathogen.

Condylomas acuminata(another name is anogenital warts) - STD caused by human papillomavirus. Most common transmission route - sexual contact, however, it should be noted that infection does not always occur, and people with a weakened immune status are most susceptible to it. Incubation period is about 3 days. Main clinical symptom - the presence of characteristic rashes on the genitals and skin in the form of protrusions, spots, cracks.

A reliable assessment of the incidence rate is difficult, since it is characterized by a long latent course and the possibility of the appearance of clinically significant lesions after a long period of time after infection.

Classification of anogenital warts:

• Genital warts;
• Warts in the form of papules;
• Warts in the form of spots;
• Giant Buschke-Lowenstein condyloma (extremely rare);
• Intraepithelial neoplasia (Bovenoid papulosis and Bowen's disease).

As a rule, anogenital warts occur in places most susceptible to injury during sexual intercourse, and can be either single or multiple. Merging elements into plaques more often observed in persons with immunodeficiency or diabetes mellitus.

Diagnostic methods: visual examination, cytomorphology, colposcopy, histological examination of condyloma tissue.

Treatment consists of local elimination of skin formations and increasing the effectiveness of the patient’s immune system.

Chancroid or chancroid is a disease caused by a bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. It is transmitted predominantly sexually . Infection is facilitated by damage to the skin or mucous membranes. Very rare, but non-sexual transmission is possible. Characteristic manifestations of infection: the occurrence of painful multiple ulcers on the genitals, as well as inflammation of the lymph nodes. Typically, a characteristic painful ulcer appears at the site of pathogen penetration, which goes through the following stages: stages of development : spot, vesicle, pustule. A couple of weeks after the onset, the ulcer scars. Incubation period ranges from several days to a week. Possible complications : lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes), progressive gangrenous process at the site of the ulcer, phimosis (narrowing of the foreskin opening).

More often primary chancre(ulcers) with chancre are formed in the genital area:

• on the inner layer of the foreskin;
• in the coronary sulcus;
• on the frenulum of the penis;
• sponges of the urethra;
• in the navicular fossa;
• on the labia majora and minora.

But other options for their localization are possible - the so-called primary extrasexual manifestations of chancroid(that is, manifestations that occur outside the genital organs).

Chancroid affects men and women equally, however, cases of hidden bacilli carriage are described mostly in women. Such a woman can infect her partners, but the disease herself does not manifest itself in any way, and she may not even know that she is a carrier of this disease.

According to American doctors, chancroid is closely related to HIV infection. About 10% of patients with chancroid are simultaneously infected with pathogens syphilis And genital herpes .

Diagnosis diagnosed based on visual examination, blood tests and chancre contents. This disease is successfully being treated antibiotics or sulfonamides. Local medications are also used.

At lymphogranuloma venereum are mainly affected leather And lymph nodes of the lower (pelvic) sections human body. This disease is transmitted during sexual intercourse , caused by bacteria of the group Chlamydia trachomatis(chlamydia trachomatis). Characterized by chronic course . Incubation period is 3–12 days. Initial signs: rash at the site of entry of the pathogen. Further, with gradual damage to the lymph nodes, they join other associated symptoms : lymph nodes enlarge, become painful, nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, skin rashes appear.

With a malignant course, lymphogranuloma venereum can cause miscarriages, early birth during pregnancy, and in case of complications, the inability to conceive a child.

Making a diagnosis determined by visual examination and laboratory blood tests. For therapy Macrolide antibiotics are used, and surgery is possible to remove the affected lymph nodes. Without treatment, the disease becomes severe, affecting the brain (meningitis - inflammation of the lining of the brain), the nervous system and other vital parts of the human body. As a result of inflammation and stagnation of lymph, elephantiasis(disfiguring appearance as a result of enlargement of the skin and subcutaneous tissue). As a result of cell destruction, connective tissue is formed, scars appear, which lead to stricture of the urethra, vagina (impaired entrance), and adhesions between organs.

Ureaplasmosis And mycoplasmosis- STDs, the causative agents of which are gram-negative bacteria. It is believed that infections are transmitted only sexually (including during anal sex) or during pregnancy from mother to future child y, no evidence of other methods of distribution has been obtained. These diseases are dangerous due to their frequent complications that impair the functioning of the reproductive system.

The first symptoms of infection may appear as early as 2-3 weeks after infection. There are no specific symptoms, but general signs indicating pelvic inflammation :

• unusual discharge from the genital and urinary tract (yellow, green or other color);
• pain and burning during urination;
• frequent urination, sometimes involuntary urination;
• itching, discomfort in the genital area;
• pain during sex;
• in severe cases, an increase in body temperature, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and deterioration in general health may be observed;
• moderate pain.

Diagnostics: PCR, ELISA, culture method. For therapy fluoroquinols and macrolides, antifungal, antiprotozoal and immunomodulating drugs are used.

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma may not be the only finding during examinations. Often, in addition to these bacteria, chlamydia, Trichomonas, HPV, herpes virus or other sexually transmitted infections. In this case, the treatment regimen is drawn up taking into account all detected infections.

Inguinal granuloma caused by bacteria Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. It is transmitted mainly by sexual contact , very rarely - household. It is possible to become infected with other STIs at the same time ( syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, urogenital chlamydia etc.). Incubation period depends largely on the reactivity of the body and can vary from 24 hours to 6 months. and more. At the site of invasion, subcutaneous nodules with a diameter of about 4 cm are first formed. Then they degenerate into multiple ulcers with a clean, loose bottom and undermined edges. All these formations are painless. If the course of the STD is unfavorable, it becomes more complicated pathologies of the genital organs .

Complications:

• in women : pseudo-elephantiasis of the genitals; strictures of the urethra, vagina and anus;
• in men : phimosis; elephantiasis; necrosis of the penis; strictures of the urethra and anus.

Diagnostics : visual inspection, studies to identify the pathogen, microscopic, bacteriological. Treatment is carried out with drugs from the sulfonamide group or antibiotics. The prognosis for timely treatment is favorable.

Bacterial vaginosis- a disease of non-inflammatory nature. Characterized by the fact that pathogens ( gardnerella or other anaerobic bacteria) replace the beneficial microflora of the woman’s genital organs. Strictly speaking, bacterial vaginosis is not an STD, but is transmitted predominantly sexually (male carriers). The presence of pathogenic pathogens in the microflora in acceptable quantities is considered normal.

Factors contributing to the development of bacterial vaginosis:

• Hormonal factors : female sex hormones affect the state of the vaginal microflora. Bacterial vaginosis is rare in teenage girls and women during menopause, when the level of sex hormones in the blood is reduced.
• Availability intrauterine device doubles the risk of developing bacterial vaginosis.
• Uncontrolled use broad spectrum antibiotics inhibits the growth of lactobacilli and promotes the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina, leading to the development of bacterial vaginosis.
• Decreased body immunity(after a serious illness, in HIV-infected people, in patients with diabetes, etc.) leads to a decrease in the number of immune cells in the vagina and increased proliferation of pathogenic bacteria.
• Intestinal dysbiosis represents a disturbance in the composition of the intestinal microflora and is a factor contributing to the development of bacterial vaginosis.

Main symptom bacterial vaginosis - the presence of discharge from the genital tract with a specific “fishy” odor, the color of the discharge is gray or white. But most often there is an absence of any signs of this disease. With a decrease in immunity, the severity of vaginosis increases.

Diagnosis diagnosed on the basis of microscopic and clinical studies. Treatment Antibiotics and antiprotozoal drugs are effective, but the probability of relapse is about 50%.

Urogenital candidiasis or thrush is a disease caused by fungi of the genus candida (candida) with localization in the genital tract. The pathogen belongs to the category of opportunistic pathogens. With a decrease in immune status, it experiences intensive reproduction, leading to aggravation of the clinical picture. Most people become infected with this microorganism in utero or in the first year of life , due to its prevalence in the environment. Urogenital candidiasis is widespread, chronic and prone to relapse.

Symptoms of urogenital candidiasis in women: curdled white vaginal discharge with a pungent odor, pain during urination and sexual intercourse. In men: itching in the external genitalia, white coating on them, pain during urination and sexual intercourse.

The disease can have a long course, possibly from a month to several years. Exacerbations coincide with menstruation or intercurrent illnesses.

For diagnostics Sowing of material taken from the genital organs is carried out. In addition to identifying the pathogen, its sensitivity to drugs is examined. Treatment carried out with antifungal drugs and agents that enhance immunity.

Viral hepatitis B is a human infectious disease characterized by selective damage to the liver by a virus. This form of hepatitis is the most dangerous in its consequences among all known forms of viral hepatitis. Its causative agent is hepatitis B virus (HBV). The disease is transmitted in various ways through biological fluids: blood, semen, urine, etc. This is one of the most common viral diseases in the world.

Hepatitis C ranks first in the list of factors that provoke chronic liver diseases, ahead of hepatitis B, alcohol and even AIDS. The disease has the same methods of transmission as hepatitis B, but is slightly less common.

Both pathologies are dangerous for humans.

Incubation period of hepatitis B and C ranges from several weeks to six months. The disease may initially occur without symptoms. In the future, it may manifest itself as a variety of clinical signs of liver damage, aggravated by pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Diagnosis placed after specific studies of the functioning of the liver and DNA virus. The data are supported by epidemiological anamnesis. Therapy carried out with antiviral and immune-boosting drugs. Surgeries are performed according to indications.

HIV infection(human immunodeficiency virus) is a deadly disease caused by retroviruses or RNA viruses, some of which cause diseases in humans. If the course is unfavorable, this disease degenerates into AIDS, characterized by a sharp and significant decrease in the immune status of the body. This in turn leads to the emergence of many pathologies, which ultimately lead to death. HIV infection is transmitted during sexual intercourse or through biological fluids (except saliva) in case of damage to the epithelium, during blood-to-blood contact, for example, during transfusion of contaminated blood, as well as from mother to unborn child transplacentally or when passing through the birth canal (in 30-50% of cases).

Risk of HIV transmission through different types of sexual activity:

In the absence of wounds

Risk of HIV transmission absent:

• - friendly kiss, petting and massage;
• - use of individual sex devices;
• - during masturbation by a partner, without sperm and vaginal secretions;
• - co-washing in the bath or shower;
• - contact with intact skin of feces or urine.

Theoretically very low risk of HIV transmission:

If there are wounds

• - wet kiss;
• - oral sex for a man (without/with ejaculation, without/with swallowing sperm);
• - oral sex for a woman (without/with a barrier);
• - oral-anal contact;
• - digital stimulation of the vagina or anus with or without gloves;
• - use of non-individual disinfected sex devices.

Low risk HIV transmission:

• - vaginal or anal sexual intercourse (with proper use of a condom);
• - use of non-individual and non-disinfected sex devices.

High risk HIV transmission:

• - vaginal or anal sexual intercourse (without/with ejaculation, without or with an incorrectly used condom).

Clinical manifestations are caused by concomitant diseases that occur when the immune system is weakened. Suspicion of HIV: being in a risk group, having unprotected sex. For staging diagnosis A blood test is carried out to check for antibodies to the virus ( ELISA). Today, thanks to the development of antiviral treatments, the HIV stage can be delayed for many years. Patients, receiving specific medications, lead a normal life for healthy people. During the transition to the AIDS stage therapy symptomatic.

All sexually transmitted diseases have similar sets of preventive measures. These include:

1. Protected sexual intercourse.

2. Exclusion of promiscuity (promiscuous, unrestricted sexual intercourse with many partners).

3. Checking donor materials and excluding infected ones.

4. Use of disposable or sterilized instruments for manipulations involving the human body.

5. Compliance with hygiene rules at home and at work.

6. For some types of STDs - vaccination.

7. Regular preventive examinations and examinations.

All of the above diseases Once again we especially emphasize this, pose a potential threat to the human body, its reproductive and other important functions. All of them require mandatory and timely diagnosis, and in some cases, urgently initiated therapy. If symptoms appear or if there is the slightest chance of infection, do not you can’t self-medicate , and you must immediately seek professional medical help.

Come to our clinic. We will treat your problems with maximum tact and understanding. We employ highly qualified doctors. We guarantee each patient a sensitive, professional attitude, a comprehensive examination and the most reliable and accurate diagnosis. If necessary, you will be prescribed an effective course of treatment, after which you will be able to lead a full, in every sense, life. Contact our ViTerra multidisciplinary medical center for help and see for yourself that you can trust us.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a whole group of diseases that have a negative impact on the genitourinary, reproductive and other systems of the body. The danger is posed by pathogenic microorganisms that can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person during sex, through blood and, in very rare cases, through everyday contact.

Types of sexually transmitted infections

There are 20 main types of sexually transmitted infections, all of which pose health risks. Very often, the patient does not even realize that he is infected, since such diseases have a hidden incubation period, during which no symptoms are detected. This situation leads to the transition of the initial stage of the disease to chronic.

All infectious diseases are divided into three types according to the type of pathogen:

• Ailments caused by microbes - syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, lymphogranulomatosis inguinal.
• Diseases caused by protozoan microorganisms, the most common of which is trichomoniasis.
• Viral lesions - HIV, hepatitis, herpes, cytomegaly.

Each disease has its own symptoms and methods of infection:

• Syphilis. It is transmitted both sexually and domestically, through blood, saliva and seminal fluid; placental infection of the child from the mother is possible. The main symptoms are skin rashes, ulcers, myalgia, headache, increase in leukocytes and decrease in hemoglobin. Read about testing for syphilis.
• Chancroid (soft chancroid). Infection occurs only during sexual contact. The disease is characterized by the development of purulent processes that involve the nearest lymph nodes. External signs are non-healing ulcers with serous contents and swelling around the circumference. The lesion covers the prepuce area in men and the labia in women. With unconventional types of sex, damage to the oral cavity and anus is possible.
• Trichomoniasis. Infection occurs during sexual intercourse, less often during household contacts. In women, the disease manifests itself in the form of hyperemia and itching of the vaginal mucous tissues, discharge mixed with foam and an unpleasant odor. In men, this is difficult, painful urination, frequent false urge to go to the toilet.
• Gonorrhea. The infection is transmitted during sex, through the patient's personal objects, and when the baby passes through the birth canal. In men, the main symptoms are inflammation of the urethral canal, pain when urinating, and purulent discharge. If the pathogen penetrates the prostate gland, erection may decrease. Gonorrhea in women is manifested by copious discharge of pus, pain and burning when urinating. Read more about gonococcal infection (gonorrhea).
• . It is distinguished by the latent nature of its occurrence and, in fact, has no external manifestations. The main symptoms appear only when the form is advanced and are expressed in pain, itching of the genital organs in a woman, and the same symptoms in a man during urination. The routes of infection are sexual contact, the use of linen and hygiene items of a sick person, transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth.
• Candidiasis. It has typical manifestations in the form of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genitals and mouth, severe itching, and intense cheesy discharge. The infection can develop as a result of sexual intercourse, with prolonged use of antibiotics.
• Human papillomavirus. The infection typically enters the body through sexual and domestic means. External signs are genital warts and warts on the mucous tissues of the reproductive organs and anus. Some varieties are especially dangerous - they lead to breast and cervical cancer in women.
• Ureaplasmosis. It is transmitted to the baby during childbirth, through sexual contact. Pronounced signs are often absent; in men, the infection provokes the development of prostatitis with typical symptoms - pain, stinging, difficulty urinating.
• Cytomegalovirus. Infectious agents penetrate tissues through sperm, female, and vaginal secretions and are capable of infecting a child during fetal development. There are generally no symptoms.
• Inguinal lymphogranulomatosis. Spread occurs through sexual contact. In men, the head of the penis is affected; in women, the labia and vagina are affected. Blisters and ulcers appear at the sites of infection. As the pathology develops, the cervical, inguinal and submandibular lymph nodes enlarge.
• Gardnerellosis. It is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, although in some cases the virus can be introduced through household means. Since the pathogen actively suppresses the vital activity of lactobacilli, a person may experience digestive problems and disruption of normal bowel movements.
• Mycoplasmosis. It is more common in women during unprotected sex, causing kidney dysfunction, inflammation of the urethra and vagina.

  
  

• Hepatitis (B and C). The infection has different routes of entry - through blood, saliva, semen, and breast milk. Symptoms of infection may be loss of appetite, fatigue, pain in the liver, aching joints, dark urine, and attacks of nausea.
• . A common, practically incurable disease, transmitted both sexually and through household methods. Due to the fact that the pathogen not only has the ability to penetrate human DNA, it penetrates into the nerve fibers of the spine, where it remains, becoming inaccessible to interferons and antibodies of the immune system. While in a latent state, the virus is activated by any sign of a decrease in the body's defenses. The rashes are localized on the lips, mucous membrane of the cheeks, eyes, in the genital area, and on the genitalia in women and men. The rashes disappear, most often, after 20-30 days.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Routes of infection - through blood, sexual intercourse (see more details about). Symptoms of infection during the acute phase are high fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, rash, intestinal upset, vomiting, headache. The disease may not progress for some time, continuing to destroy the immune system, after which the patient’s well-being deteriorates.
• AIDS. A serious sexually transmitted disease. The main routes of transmission are oral and anal sexual intercourse. Immunodeficiency syndrome has the following primary symptoms: high fever, general weakness, increased sweating, regular headaches, and myalgia. Signs of intoxication often appear - nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing.
• Pediculosis pubis. The peculiarity of the disease is that it is transmitted not only sexually, but also through underwear and bed linen. Characteristic symptoms are severe itching, hyperemia of the skin in the scalp area.
• Molluscum contagiosum. In addition to sexual relations, the disease is transmitted through underwear, bed linen, household items, when applying a tattoo, through microtrauma during close contacts. The skin disease is expressed in the form of rounded papules - nodules, which increase in size over time and merge with each other, forming a large affected surface.
• Athlete's foot (groin fungus). Routes of infection are intimate intimacy, close household contacts, introduction of infection through cosmetics and personal hygiene items. A typical sign of the disease is severe itching, rashes in the form of pink papules in the scrotum, penis in men, in the armpits, genitals, buttocks, inside the knee and under the breasts in women.
• Scabies. The introduction of scabies mites occurs through prolonged contact, including during coitus, when the patient’s skin comes into contact with healthy epidermis. The main manifestations are intense itching, which becomes unbearable in the evening and at night, when the activity of the pathogen increases. Localization of rashes - genitals, lumbar region, buttocks, chest, feet, inner thighs, armpits.

Sometimes damage is observed by several types of pathogens at once. This situation is typical for people who are promiscuous in their intimate relationships or who are addicted to drugs or alcohol. The lack of reliable contraceptives and weak immunity increases the risk of infection.

In this video, a venereologist talks in detail about the types of sexually transmitted infections, how they affect organs, what their symptoms are and how to effectively fight them.

And these are just the most common infections caused by various pathogenic microorganisms. Each case will require an individual approach to treatment and medications effective for a specific pathogen.

Causes of infection

The cause of the development of sexually transmitted infections is the penetration of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoan single-celled organisms, and fungi into the body.

Basic prerequisites:

• Lack of quality contraceptives.
• Casual sexual relations with unfamiliar partners.
• Insufficient personal hygiene.
• Blood donation and transfusions in case of accidents, operations, transplantations.
• Lack of timely treatment of infection before conception and during pregnancy.

However, there are always factors that contribute to infection. And, first of all, this is a weakened immune system for various reasons. Alcohol abuse, an unbalanced diet that is poor in essential vitamins, mineral compounds and trace elements, constant stressful situations, and physical overload lead to the fact that the immune system cannot cope with the pathology on its own.

Sexual infections lead not only to poor health, but also to serious consequences - infertility, impotence, and death.

Diagnostics

To make an accurate diagnosis, laboratory tests and the use of medical equipment are required. But any visit to a doctor begins with collecting anamnesis and examining the patient. Today there are so many varieties of pathogens that bacterial culture and smear examination are clearly not enough to obtain a reliable result.

Diagnosis in men is carried out using the following methods:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly informative examination method that makes it possible to identify the type of pathogen by its DNA in biomaterial from the secretion of the prostate gland, urethra, sperm and blood. The method also allows you to select the right antibiotic for a given virus. For examination, material is taken from the patient's urethral canal.
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a method by which antibodies to specific infectious organisms can be found using a blood test.
• Immunofluorescence is a laboratory blood test that provides maximum information about the protective forces of the male body, autoimmune disorders, endocrine system failures, and hematopoietic pathologies.

To examine women, in addition to PCR and bacteriological culture, the following is carried out:

• serological blood test to recognize antigens;
• histological examination of tissues of the uterine cavity and cervical canal;
• clinical blood test for hemoglobin content, level of erythrocytes and leukocytes.

These methods are basic, but other diagnostic procedures are used if necessary. Research allows us to select adequate, comprehensive treatment.

Complex treatment

Treatment of infectious diseases is individual for each patient and is comprehensive. In addition, patients are registered with a venereological institution until complete recovery. The course is prescribed to both the patient and his partner.

Treatment of sexually transmitted infections in men and women involves abstinence from sexual relations and the use of a complex of medications:

• antibacterial agents in the form of tablets and injections;
• analgesics and antispasmodics for painful urination, headaches, muscle, and lumbar pain;
• anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve swelling, irritation, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes;
• if necessary, antifungal medications;
• vitamins and immunomodulators to improve immunity;
• medications for external use in the form of ointments, creams for rashes and ulcers.

The most effective antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria and viruses are:

• Penicillins – Ampicillin, Amoxicillin.
• Nitroimidazole – Trichopolum, Metronidazole.
• Aminoglycosides – Neomycin, Spectinomycin.
• Macrolides – Clarithromycin, Erythromycin.
• Fluoroquinolones – Ofloxacin.
• Tetracyclines – Doxycycline, Tetracycline.

Medicines are selected individually, as they can cause an allergic reaction. Antibiotics are used for no more than 2-7 days in a row as directed by a doctor. For more information about antibiotics that are used in the fight against sexually transmitted infections -.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the treatment of human papillomavirus infection. This is a lifelong disease and you can only suppress its manifestation. Read more about this.

Among other things, for genital infections, rectal/vaginal suppositories are prescribed in combination with other drugs that help relieve inflammation, reduce pain and swelling. These include:

• antimicrobial suppositories Betadine, which stop inflammation;
• for trichomoniasis, the antibacterial drug Metronidazole is effective;
• Pimafucin is a highly effective vaginal suppository for women with antifungal action.

Among the immunostimulating agents used during general therapy are drugs such as Cycloferon, Genferon. For women, douching is prescribed, and for men - baths with a solution of potassium permanganate, Chlorhexidine.

In this video, a venereologist talks in detail about the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Which drugs are better, how to properly build a treatment system.

In severe conditions, inpatient treatment under constant supervision is indicated. In the early stages of the disease, the patient can be treated at home as directed by a specialist, following the regimen of taking the necessary medications, and sometimes even bed rest.

Preventive measures

In order to prevent infection, the following rules should be followed:

• use of condoms and contraceptives in women;
• periodic examination by a gynecologist and urologist;
• if necessary, undergo vaccinations;
• maintaining intimate hygiene;
• use of antiseptic solutions if infection is suspected within several hours after sexual intercourse;