Sexually transmitted infections are a large group of diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.

At the same time, you should be aware that the infection does not always enter the body in the absence of protective equipment, such as a condom, some sexually transmitted infections can penetrate through the friction of the skin.

The average age is between 18 and 40 years old. Manifestations in infections are completely different, they depend on the type of pathogen.

Causes of sexually transmitted infections

Due to the large development of these pathological conditions, the number of pathogens is constantly growing.

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Currently, among the diseases that can lead to pathologies of the genital organs, several main groups can be distinguished:

Symptoms

The general symptomatology for sexually transmitted infections is an ambiguous concept. This is due to the fact that each disease has certain features that are difficult to combine into a single group.

Can be distinguished:

Transmission routes

There are the following ways of infection:

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Types of infections

Bacterial infections

Syphilis

Syphilis- This is one of the most life-threatening infections for both women and men.

It is caused by a bacterium, which is a pale treponema.

This is a fairly stable microorganism in the external environment, which can be kept for a long time.

This infection can enter the human body through several ways, the most common are sexual and contact-household. Not always the use of a condom can protect a woman from contracting syphilis.

The causative agent in the primary process is contained on the surface of the skin in the area where the infection and the initial introduction of the bacterium occurred.

If a woman used such an unconventional type of sex as oral contact with a man who has syphilis and has clinical manifestations of the genital organs, the disease will manifest itself in her oral mucosa or in the lips.

Stages of syphilis:

There is a possibility of transmission of syphilis from mother to fetus, which will lead to the fact that the child will receive a congenital form of syphilis with multiple defects in growth and development.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia- This is one of the most insidious diseases related to sexually transmitted infections. It is associated with chlamydia, intracellular microorganisms that can only live in the human body.

This infection is transmitted mainly through the sexual route, almost no cases of household disease have been identified.

The pathogen attaches to the mucous membrane of the genital organs and invades the cell. Gradually, it settles on all internal genital organs. Both women and men can get sick equally. It should be noted that approximately the same distribution of infection between the sexes.

The disease is insidious in that it is almost asymptomatic in men and women, so for a long time sexual partners may not see a specialist, and a sexually transmitted infection develops complications in the body.

Symptoms of chlamydia include:

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea- one of the most common diseases, which refers to pathologies of a bacterial nature.

The causative agent of this infection is a diplococcal microorganism of the same name.

Men and women can be equally affected, with significantly fewer cases of gonorrhea infection among women.

In many ways, doctors explain this difference in one of the features in the structure of the genital organs, relative to each of the sexes.

Gonorrhea is transmitted in several ways:

• Sexual, serving as one of the most basic, and
• Contact household. Less common, it is largely associated with infection of other family members who got gonorrhea through unprotected intercourse.

The disease manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• A possible increase in body temperature to subfebrile or febrile figures.
• In women, purulent discharge begins to be determined from the genital organs, which are full-time at home. The color is yellow-green, and the consistency is quite thick, the smell is unpleasant, reminiscent of purulent.
• The most dangerous manifestations of gonorrhea are pain in the lower abdomen, associated with the transition of the infection to the upper parts of the reproductive system. In the uterus and appendages, as well as the fallopian tubes, a pronounced inflammation appears, accompanied by edema and the development of an adhesive process.

In a woman, gonorrhea is often the cause of infertility, which is expressed in the inability to become pregnant without visible clinical problems. The menstrual cycle does not suffer, just as there is no pathology from the uterus.

Gonorrhea, as a sexually transmitted infection, requires immediate treatment, as there is a possibility of a generalized infection with the development of sepsis.

- This is a disease that belongs to the class of venereal, i.e. sexually transmitted.

The causative agent of the disease is a bacterium, which is a bacillus.

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This microorganism is resistant to environmental factors, in particular in cold areas, but at the same time, in a warm climate, cocobacilli die very quickly.

The main factor in the transmission of infection is sexual contact. Through microtraumas received even during normal sexual intercourse, the pathogen penetrates into the internal environment.

The disease appears within a few days after infection:

• It begins with the development of painful ulcerative defects, which are characterized by purulent inflammation. Education can be quite deep, and in some cases extends to the muscle layer.
• A yellow layer of fibrin appears in the bottom area, later it suppurates.
• Painful redness and slight swelling appear next to the formation.
• A woman is concerned not only with severe pain, but also with the appearance of bleeding.

After the moment of healing, a dense scar is formed. These chancroids can be located on any of the sections of the genital tract, more often on the labia, skin of the thighs, etc.

This is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that can appear on the genitals.

This infection is caused by a sexually transmitted gram-negative bacterium, which is located in the body inside the cells.

This infection is most widespread in hot countries with a low standard of living.

A symptom of this sexually transmitted disease is the appearance of formations in the area of ​​​​the external genital organs, which looks like an ulcer.

It is characterized by a violation of the integrity of the skin, which is quite large. But at the same time, a distinctive feature of an inguinal granuloma from a soft chancre will be the absence of any clinical, there is no pain syndrome, as well as the involvement of the lymphatic system.

Such a defect can bleed easily and have the appearance of fresh meat, reminiscent of beef. Very often, other infectious agents join the inguinal granuloma.

Viral infections

Condylomas with HPV

Currently, the problem of the appearance of condylomatous eruptions plays an important role in gynecological pathology.

This is largely due to the widespread prevalence of the virus that causes this disease.

INThe causative agent that contributes to the development of warts is the human papillomavirus.

It has a very small size, while it has a high resistance in the environment and a high degree of pathogenicity.

Its transmission is carried out in different ways, but for genital warts it is predominantly sexual, there is a small chance that it can be contact-household. The latter is associated with the use of hygiene items such as underwear, razors, washcloths, etc.

There is an assumption that this infection can be transmitted sexually through the pores of the condom, i.e. presumably protected intercourse can not fully protect against papilloma.

The duration of the incubation period can be completely different. In a normal state of immunity, it can be up to several years, and in case of its decrease, the first manifestations can be noticeable after a few days.

Pathology manifests itself in two different forms:

In most cases, the infection caused by papillomas when transmitted through sexual intercourse is asymptomatic.

Only genital warts can cause discomfort during life, the integrity is broken and bleeding appears. Condylomas located in the area of ​​the external genital organs can lead to a violation of the act of defecation or urination.

Regardless of the clinical manifestations, the condition requires mandatory treatment, since an infection associated with the human papillomavirus can be quickly transmitted through sexual intercourse, and also lead to such serious consequences as a malignant neoplasm of the cervix.

Genital herpes

This is another infection that can affect the genitals.

Genital herpes occurs equally in both men and women.

At the same time, the age period is the time of the greatest sexual activity, on average it is 20-35 years.

The causative agent is a viral microorganism that belongs to the herpes simplex virus.

Currently, there are several varieties of the virus, one of which is able to affect only the genital area, other parts of the body are rarely affected.

There are several ways to transfer:

• The main one is sexual. It occurs due to the close contact of the mucous membranes, as well as the presence of microtraumas on it.
• Also, another way is not excluded, the most dangerous of which is the path from the mother to the fetus, as well as to the born child, at the time of birth.

The symptoms of this pathology are:

• The appearance of formations resembling translucent bubbles that are filled with transparent or yellowish contents.
• When the bladder is damaged, severe pain appears. In some cases, other types of infection join the damage to the skin, which is accompanied by suppuration of the foci.

In women, the herpes simplex virus can affect almost the entire lower genital tract. This is mainly the vagina, labia, as well as the skin in the inguinal regions.

HIV infection

HIV infection is a disease that is currently very common and the number of cases is constantly growing.

The disease is caused by a virus that is small in size and can persist in the environment for a long time.

The average age of people infected with this disease can be completely different.

Currently, the main method of transmission of the infection is sexual, but about twenty years ago, injection, contact or household routes were possible.

This is due to the fact that viral particles are found in body fluids, such as blood or vaginal secretions. The virus content in urine or saliva fluid is very minimal. Therefore, a sufficient number of viral particles is necessary for infection.

Most often, the infection occurs in women, this is due to the fact that during the sexual route, the infection enters the woman's body through microtraumas that form in the vagina normally.

Symptoms can be quite a lot, but they are not specific. They begin to appear as the infection progresses, as the virus depresses the state of immunity.

In the later stages of a generalized infection, adding such diseases that are not related to sexually transmitted diseases. For example, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.

Hepatitis B

This is a disease that refers to hepatotoxic viruses.In the environment, this virus, which contains DNA, can persist for a long time.

If the virus is in the blood, it can remain there for several decades.

Months virus is in the environment when it is contained in the blood on clothing or household items.Quite easily, the infection can be destroyed when exposed to any disinfectant that has chlorine in its composition.

This infection can be transmitted sexually, by injection and also by household, etc.Through the sexual way, the infection penetrates quickly enough.

Symptoms:

The course of viral hepatitis can be complicated by the development of a coma, as well as damage to the nervous system.

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus This is another sexually transmitted disease. It belongs to the viral group, since the causative agent is a viral particle related to the herpes virus. It is small in size but widely used.

The frequency of occurrence by the age of 35 can reach more than half of the surveyed population. Often the process of transmission and infection can be completely asymptomatic, this is due to the slow growth of the virus in the body. That is why the detection of cytomegalovirus can be completely random.

In women, the presence of this infection is dangerous because it mainly affects reproductive function. A woman may complain of infertility, as well as the development of habitual miscarriage. The frequency of miscarriages or missed pregnancies is very high. It is also possible to develop malformations in children, since viral particles are able to penetrate the placenta.

The high frequency of sick people is explained by the fact that the virus can be transmitted not only sexually, but often occurs through household contact, airborne droplets and other methods.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma- this is the most unexplored disease at the present time.

This is due to the fact that scientists still cannot figure out the possible cause and method of transmission of the infection.

It can also be classified as sexually transmitted, since viral particles circulate in all biological fluids.

The danger of such a disease is due to the fact that the infection penetrating into the body can damage all parts of the immune system and provoke the development of cancer cells.

Manifestations will depend on the time of infection of a person with this pathology.

First, the woman notes the appearance of formations on the surface of the body, which have a dark red color and a bumpy surface, later they begin to ulcerate and become painful.

The duration of the process may be different, but in the end it leads first to gangrene of the extremities, and later to death due to the addition of other infections.

- This is one of the diseases that is caused by a virus that is part of the smallpox group.

Despite the fact that this infection does not belong to a sexually transmitted infection, it is a group of sexually transmitted infections.

The route of transmission can be both sexual and contact after prolonged contact with the skin of the affected person.

When affected by molluscum contagiosum, the infection is manifested by formations on the surface of the skin, which are not accompanied by any other manifestations.

If the formation is damaged, the released mass contains a large number of pathogens, so if the surface is not treated in time, the infection will progress.

Protozoal infections

Trichomoniasis

This disease is a sexually transmitted infection. The causative agent of this pathology is Trichomonas, it is a microorganism that currently belongs to the class of protozoa.

This bacterium has a flagellum, due to which it can move quite easily, the shape is different, from round to oval. Trichomonas can enter the body due to the enzymes they produce, these are hyaluronidase and other proteolytic substances that break down cell walls.

They can penetrate the body only through the sexual route, since they cannot exist in the environment for a long time and quickly die.

There is a chance that children can get trichomoniasis through the placental transition, as well as from mother to child.

The main symptoms of trichomoniasis are:

They pose a great danger due to the possible development of the adhesive process, as well as subsequent infertility.

fungal infection

Candidiasis

Currently, it can be classified as a disease caused by an opportunistic flora, and a sexually transmitted infection.

Normally, a small amount of fungi of the genus Candida is allowed in the vagina of a healthy woman, but its amount is so small that they are not detected in smears to determine the inflammatory process.

While with a decrease in immune forces, after contact with a partner who has a pronounced thrush clinic, the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus, as well as many other factors, the clinical picture of the disease appears.Most often, this infection is transmitted by the saline route.

Symptoms appear quickly enough, already after 2-3 days a woman may present active complaints, among which will be:

• Deterioration of general well-being.
• The appearance of copious discharge from the genital tract. The discharge has the character of thick, reminiscent of drunkenness or fragments of cottage cheese, which is why they can also be called curdled, and the disease itself is thrush. They have a specific smell, some compare it with sour.
• FROM severe itching in the vulva. Allocations have a strong irritating effect on the skin, which is why a woman has severe itching. In some cases, it leads to maceration of the skin.

Infection can occur in several ways, including contact-household, as the most common, and transmissible or sexual. In this case, sexually, the infection can get when localized on the surface of the skin in the area of ​​​​the external genitalia.

The pathogen, getting on the skin, begins to penetrate into the layers of the epidermis, destroying it, it builds passages for itself, where it lays its eggs. The duration of existence in the human body can be high.

Symptoms:

Phthiriasis

Phthiriasis- this is a currently known not so common pathology, this infection is caused by a sexually transmitted insect - pubic lice.

The peak incidence of phthiriasis occurred in the 90s of the 20th century.

This pathogen is quite unpretentious to living conditions, but cannot live without food for a long time, therefore, outside the human body, it can quickly die.

The infection is transmitted mainly through sexual contact, due to the friction of the skin of the partners.

As a result, lice simply fall off one organism and remain on another. There is a possibility of a contact-household method of infection, this may be the use of shared towels, clothes, etc. from a sick person.

The causative agent can be located both on the surface of the body, attaching to the hair, and embedded in the skin. On the body of an infected person, you can see small balls that have a brown color. The causative agent is clearly visible only at high magnification.

The main symptom of this sexually transmitted infection is itching in the affected area. It becomes pronounced and appears at different times of the day. The patient is forced to comb the skin, which contributes to the progression of the disease, as more nutrients appear for the lice - blood.

It should be noted that this sexually transmitted infection can be localized not only in the pubic area, but also in the armpits, and in rare cases, on the scalp.

All this leads to the formation of crusts, which are subsequently difficult to separate, as well as the attachment of a secondary, often bacterial infection. In this case, suppuration of the elements will be revealed.

Diagnostics

To identify a sexually transmitted infection in modern medicine is quite simple.You can check the presence of the pathogen in the body in various institutions.

Private laboratory centers that have a confidentiality policy are very popular, but at the same time they can carry out diagnostics in a very short time, and the number of reagents makes it possible to identify a large number of pathogens.

There are many different ways to define a pathological condition:

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Situations in which you need to take an analysis for infections:

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Treatment

Currently, there is a concept of prescribing drugs, which is carried out taking into account the determination of sensitivity to the pathogen. The selection of drugs should begin as early as possible, the success and further state of the body will depend on this.

Treatment of bacterial infections

Treatment of such diseases that are caused by bacteria begins with antibacterial agents. There may be several of them, it is better to select them in combination.

With severe intoxication, agents can be used to relieve itching, burning, and also remove toxins.

Treatment of viral infections

Viral infections are treated by prescribing antiviral agents, as well as immunomodulators and immunostimulants. NSAIDs can be used to relieve pain and irritation. In order to reduce the tooth, antihistamines are used.

Treatment of human papillomavirus infection

Treatment of candidiasis

Treatment of phthiriasis and scabies

It is based primarily on the use of local funds. They can be used in the form of ointments, shampoos, sprays, etc.

These drugs are directed to the destruction of the causative agent of this sexually transmitted infection. Some of them are able to destroy the pathogen in a short period of time.

Of great difficulty is only the treatment of pregnant women: for whom the drugs currently being tried on can be toxic. That is why the only means of destroying the infection for them is the use of sulfuric ointment.

Sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy

Sexually transmitted infections pose a greater risk to pregnant women.

This is largely due to the fact that at this time the body is most vulnerable to various factors, including infectious ones.

Pregnancy can be complicated in women infected with sexually transmitted infections, this is due to the development of isthmic-cervical insufficiency, as well as inflammation of the placenta.

With a pronounced inflammatory process associated with a sexually transmitted infection, interruption at a different time is possible.

Some pathogens can penetrate the fetus and lead to malformations. Sometimes the fetus may simply not be viable or have multiple malformations that lead to disability.

With a long course of infection caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen, infertility or habitual miscarriage may develop.

Sexually transmitted infections in adolescents

This is the most pressing issue at the present time, this is due to the fact that the public is associated with the insufficient level of development of adolescents in sexual terms.

It is in this age group that the frequent occurrence of this kind of infection is possible due to the lack of preventive measures, the non-use of a condom as a method of contraception.

In addition, there is fear when symptoms of going to the doctor and reactions to what happened to parents appear. That is why the likelihood of complications is high.

In adolescents, the possibility of infection increases due to unstable hormonal levels and a natural decrease in immune forces.

Complications and consequences

Almost every sexually transmitted infection does not pass without a trace, which is why it is so important to start treatment as soon as possible in order to avoid the development of complications.

Among them, the most important are:

• Accession of a secondary infection.
• The development of an ascending infection with a transition not only to the upper genital tract, but also to the abdominal cavity and neighboring organs.
• The appearance of an adhesive process, which can lead to infertility and disruption of the work of neighboring organs.
• The most dangerous consequences are the development of infertility, which is sometimes difficult to eliminate, as well as a septic condition, which can lead to a threat to a woman's life.

Prevention

Measures to protect against sexually transmitted infections will primarily consist in preventing possible infection:

Based on the possible consequences and complications, it should be concluded that such diseases require mandatory treatment and methods of prevention.

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Genital infections are a number of infectious diseases that affect the genitourinary system. Most of the list of such diseases is occupied by sexually transmitted diseases (hereinafter referred to as STDs). However, the list of diseases called sexual infections is more extensive, and contains various diseases transmitted in different ways. Sexual infections in men have some differences from female diseases. This is due to the fact that the reproductive system, depending on gender, has significant differences. At the first signs of the disease, it is necessary to seek medical advice and be tested for sexual infections. Only a medical specialist can determine which method of treatment to choose and prescribe medications. It is possible to cure most sexually transmitted infections, you just need to see a doctor in a timely manner and start treatment.

General signs

The symptoms of all sexually transmitted infections in men are quite similar, although there are differences. Sexually transmitted diseases are often asymptomatic in the early stages, but by certain signs they can be noticed. Common symptoms of genital infections include:

• atypical discharge from the penis, a change in their consistency, appearance and smell;
• itching,;
• sharp pain when emptying the bladder;
• impurities in the urine: blood, pus and others;
• inguinal lymphadenitis;
• pain that occurs during sexual intercourse and during ejaculation;
• drawing pains in the lower abdomen;
• atypical pigmentation on the genitals, skin ulceration, rash, redness, pimples.

Such symptoms are characteristic of all sexual infections. The degree of their severity depends on the stage, type and severity of the disease.

Symptoms of some sexually transmitted infections in men may not appear for a long time from the moment of infection. Therefore, it is important to undergo preventive examinations regularly, at least once a year. If you took tests and they did not reveal the presence of infections, but there are first signs, then you should take the samples again, since some infections are not detected in the early stages, even by laboratory tests.

Types of genital infections and transmission routes

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A disease that affects the mucous membrane of the penis and the organs of the urinary system, transmitted in most cases through sexual contact. The danger of ureaplasmosis lies in the fact that this disease does not have a clear clinical picture and often occurs in the absence of severe symptoms. Without experiencing any signs of the disease, the man does not go to the doctor and does not treat the disease, and in the meantime the number of pathogenic microflora increases, which leads to the development of urethritis (inflammatory process of the urinary canal). Urethritis is manifested by more pronounced symptoms, such as a sensation of itching in the genitals, severe sharp pains when emptying the bladder and discharge with an ammonia smell.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia, getting into the body of a man, are mastered within three to five days. After that, pathogenic microorganisms infect the tissues of the epithelium of the genital organs, destroying cellular structures. Symptoms of chlamydia in men include clear, thin discharge from the penis and sharp pain during emptying of the bladder. In the absence of proper treatment, chlamydia causes urethritis, as well as inflammation of other reproductive organs and organs of the urinary system.

Trichomoniasis

It is the most common disease of the reproductive system. In the early stages, it proceeds without visible manifestations. When neglected, it leads to the development of infectious prostatitis, urethritis, cystitis. Very often, trichomoniasis occurs in conjunction with other sexually transmitted infections. The first sign of this disease in men is painful urination. In some cases, itching, irritation, redness on the skin of the penis may occur.

Mycoplasmosis

A very dangerous infectious disease of bacterial origin. Men, as a rule, are carriers of pathogenic mycoplasmas. The disease is characterized by the absence of pronounced symptoms, but can manifest itself against the background of a weakened immune system or after prolonged stress. Often leads to inflammation of the prostate or testicles. Some types of pathogenic mycoplasmas cause complications in the form of damage to the respiratory tract and lungs.

HIV infection

To date, one of the most severe infections, transmitted most often through sexual contact with an infected partner. The main danger of the human immunodeficiency virus is that modern medicine does not have a cure for this disease. There are drugs to suppress the activity of the virus, but it is impossible to destroy it. HIV destroys the cells of the human immune system and makes it defenseless against bacteria. If a man does not treat the infection, does not take pills to increase immunity, this leads to the development of a dangerous AIDS disease and death. With HIV infection, you can live a full life and even produce offspring in which symptoms do not appear, if you strictly follow the recommendations given by the doctor.

human papillomavirus

According to the WHO, a third of the world's population is affected by this virus today. Like HIV, it is incurable. Depending on the type of virus and the protective capabilities of a person, papillomavirus can manifest itself with such signs as the appearance of condylomas, papillomas and other neoplasms on the genitals. Later they spread throughout the body. The danger of this disease is that neoplasms can be malignant and lead to the development of oncology.

Gonorrhea

Gonococcus affects the mucous membranes and provokes inflammatory processes in the organs of the reproductive system. Spreading deep into the body, the disease leads to prostatitis and inflammation of the testicles. The first signs of gonorrhea are itching and burning in the penis. In the future, pus flows out of the male genital organ, in the first stages it can be seen by pressing on the head, then the pus flows continuously. Gonorrhea is often complicated by a combined course with other diseases. The infection affects the organs of the male genitourinary system, in the absence of proper treatment causes erectile dysfunction, impotence and infertility.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a particularly dangerous infectious disease. It is easy to determine it, because, unlike other common sexual infections, the symptoms of syphilis have pronounced signs from the very beginning. Progressive syphilis leads to dangerous pathologies of the male genital organs, multiple inflammatory processes, and in the absence of timely treatment causes damage to the nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Tertiary syphilis leads to necrosis of the soft tissues of various organs. Syphilis also “loves” cartilaginous tissues, everyone has probably heard about a falling nose at the last stage of the progression of the disease. In rare cases, advanced syphilis causes necrosis of the tissues of the penis, which leads to amputation of the affected organ.

Genital herpes

The first sign of genital herpes is the appearance of small pimples and blisters on the genitals. Then ulcerations and erosion of the skin may appear. The disease is manifested by burning and itching of the penis, swelling, redness of the skin, inguinal lymphadenitis. In the absence of adequate treatment, it leads to bacterial damage to the external genitalia, a decrease in the immune properties of the affected area and the body as a whole. With advanced genital herpes, diseases that affect the nervous system develop, as well as chronic prostatitis.

In most cases, the above diseases are transmitted sexually. Infectious agents are not able to survive in an open environment, therefore they are transmitted only through close contact with fluid exchanges between partners. However, some microorganisms, such as the papilloma virus and Trichomonas, can be transmitted through the household, through shared towels, washcloths, bedding or underwear. There are known cases of infection with sexually transmitted infections through poorly sterilized medical instruments or by transfusion of untested blood.

Diagnostics

Genital infections in men are treated by a urologist or venereologist. First, an analysis of complaints and examination of the patient is carried out. Due to the fact that the symptoms of various genital infections in men are quite similar, it is possible to accurately diagnose the disease only on the basis of laboratory tests. The doctor will offer to take a general blood and urine test, as well as a specific analysis for genital infections. Bacteriological studies of a smear from the penis are also carried out. The most reliable and sensitive diagnostic methods at the moment are PCR tests and bacteriological urine culture. If any sexually transmitted infections (hereinafter referred to as STIs) are detected, the doctor also prescribes an analysis for latent infections.

It is necessary to seek medical help immediately after the first symptoms appear. The sooner an accurate diagnosis is made and treatment is started, the more likely it is that the cure will be quick and effective. Launched sexually transmitted infections lead to the development of severe complications and entail dangerous consequences that manifest themselves for a long time.

Treatment of all sexually transmitted infections in men involves a complete rejection of sexual contact during the course of therapy. Most infectious diseases are successfully treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. In each case, the doctor selects the appropriate drugs for the man to combat the causative agent of the disease. In addition to antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral therapy, drugs may be prescribed to relieve symptoms. Together with the main treatment, a course of immunomodulatory drugs is carried out that strengthens the general and local defenses of the body.

Various drugs are used to treat genital infections, their choice is made by the attending physician, self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. Also, you should not listen to the advice of friends who have had venereal diseases, and drink the pills that they were treated with. This can lead to dangerous health consequences, since each case is individual, and treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor.

Complications

In the absence of timely and adequate treatment, sexual infections cause various complications. Basically, they affect the sexual sphere of a man, potency and ability to conceive. Often sexual infections lead to prostatitis and the development of prostate adenoma. In the case of infection of the genitourinary system, the causative agent of the disease can penetrate the ascending path into the kidneys and cause kidney failure, pyelonephritis, cirrhosis and other serious diseases.

Some infections affect not only the human reproductive system and urinary tract, but can also penetrate other organs. So, syphilis in the absence of treatment can cause severe organic damage to the brain, leading to the development of mental illness. A disease such as herpes is not cured completely and remains forever in a person, periodically reminding of himself.

Prevention

The surest method of preventing sexual infections for men is to refuse unprotected sexual intercourse and maintain an orderly sexual life with a regular partner. The most reliable method of protection against infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, remains the use of a condom. It is recommended to use various local postcoital agents that depress infections. A good means of prevention is to follow the rules of personal hygiene, the use of individual washcloths and sponges for washing, shaving accessories, separate towels. Care should be taken when visiting public baths, swimming pools, saunas. You can catch an infection just by sitting on a shelf or sofa without first laying out a sheet or towel.

Some sexually transmitted infections can be protected by vaccination. It is also necessary to regularly undergo medical examinations, take tests for the most common infectious agents. Prevention of sexually transmitted infections includes educational talks in educational institutions, since the main risk group is sexually active youth.

Criminal liability

The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for liability for intentional infection with STIs. Lawyers distinguish two types of intentional infection of a sexual partner: criminal action and criminal inaction. Under the criminal act is understood the refusal to use protective equipment during sexual contact, and attempts to infect someone by sharing dishes, washcloths, linen, towels and other things. Criminal inaction is understood as a deliberate silence before sexual contact about the presence of a disease that is sexually transmitted.

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Sexually transmitted infections are a group of sexually transmitted diseases, the main route of transmission of which is unprotected sexual contact. STDs are clinically heterogeneous nosological units that are highly contagious, that is, infectious, and therefore carry a direct danger to human health.

What infections are sexually transmitted

The World Health Organization classifies STDs as follows::

1. Common sexually transmitted infections

• lymphogranulomatosis (inguinal form);
• granuloma of the venereal type.

1. Other STDs:

• that affect mainly the organs of the reproductive system:

1. urogenital shigellosis (occurs in persons with homosexual sexual intercourse);
2. trichomoniasis;
3. candidal lesions of the genital organs, manifested by balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis;
4. gardnerellosis;
5. scabies;
6. flatheads (pubic pediculosis);
7. molluscum contagiosum.

• that affect mainly other organs and systems:

1. sepsis of newborns;
2. lamblia;
3. AIDS;
4. amoebiasis (typical for persons with homosexual contacts).

The main difference of any STD representative is its high susceptibility to changes in environmental conditions. For infection, there must be direct contact of a sick person with a healthy person, and in some cases this is not necessarily sexual intercourse, household contact will be enough, as, for example, in the case of a viral disease. The danger increases in the presence of defects in the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin, which are the entry gates for any infection. The risk of contracting STDs increases significantly through anal intercourse, the use of common personal hygiene products and sexual toys. note: almost all viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases penetrate the placental barrier, that is, they are transmitted to the fetus in utero and disrupt its physiological development. Sometimes the consequences of such infection appear only a few years after the birth of a child in the form of dysfunction of the heart, liver, kidneys, developmental disorders. Regarding the type of pathogen, venereal diseases are:

There are the following reasons that contribute to the spread of STDs:

• very close household contacts;
• unprotected sex, which also includes anal and oral;
• use of shared towels;
• non-observance of the necessary rules for the sterilization of instruments (diseases are transmitted through contaminated instruments in medical, dental, cosmetology institutions, as well as in manicure and tattoo parlors);
• procedure for transfusion of blood and its elements;
• parenteral administration of drugs;
• transplantation of organs and tissues.

STDs: symptoms

The clinical picture of sexually transmitted diseases is slightly different, but, in general, there are a number of signs that are characteristic of almost each of them:

• excessive weakness;
• purulent or mucous discharge from the urethra;
• cloudy urine;
• burning and itching in the genital area;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the groin;
• discomfort during intercourse and urination;
• ulcers and ulcers in the groin, on the external genitalia;

In other organs, symptoms may appear depending on the type of infection in which other systems are affected. For example, the liver suffers from hepatitis, the bones are affected in the last stages of syphilis, the joints can be affected by chlamydia.

Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases in women

The presence of certain symptoms of STDs in women is explained by the peculiarities of their physiology. The following signs should alert a woman and become a reason for an extraordinary visit to the gynecologist:

• pain and dryness during sex;
• single or group enlargement of lymph nodes;
• dysmenorrhea (violations of the normal menstrual cycle);
• pain and discharge from the anus;
• itching in the perineum;
• anus irritation;
• rash on the labia or around the anus, mouth, body;
• atypical vaginal discharge (green, frothy, odorous, bloody);
• frequent painful urge to urinate;
• swelling of the vulva.

Sexually transmitted diseases in men: symptoms

You can suspect an STD in men by the following signs:

• blood in semen;
• frequent and painful urge to urinate;
• low-grade fever (not with all diseases);
• problems with normal ejaculation;
• pain in the scrotum;
• discharge from the urethra (white, purulent, mucous, with a smell);
• rash of various kinds on the head of the penis, the penis itself, around it.

Important: Most venereal pathologies are asymptomatic. It is very important to seek medical help immediately after the onset of the first symptoms in order to prevent progression and the addition of complications.

Diagnostics

If there are any suspicious signs from the genitals, especially after unprotected sexual contact, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. Self-medication in this case is fraught with complications and serious consequences. Sometimes the symptoms of STDs disappear some time after the onset, and the patient thinks that he is healthy and everything went away by itself. But this only means that the disease has passed into a latent, that is, latent form, and continues to circulate in the body. Important: if suspicious symptoms are detected, it is imperative to notify your sexual partner and undergo an examination with him andget tested for STDs. The diagnostic scheme includes such items:

• Survey. The doctor collects a detailed history of the disease from the patient, he asks about complaints, the duration of their appearance and severity. Usually, a patient who has already turned to a doctor has various elements (ulcers, rashes, erosions) on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital organs, pain, burning, itching during urination. It is also important to find out the number of sexual partners, previous sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods used, whether there were unprotected sexual contacts. A woman undergoes a mandatory gynecological examination, and a urological examination for a man, during which the specialist detects objective symptoms of STDs. If necessary, it is also possible to consult a dermatovenereologist.
• Laboratory research. They are the basis for confirming the diagnosis. An analysis for sexually transmitted infections involves examining the patient's blood and other body fluids.

In particular, the following diagnostic methods are used:

Treatment of sexually transmitted infections

Appropriate therapy is always prescribed only by the attending physician based on the results of the tests. Depending on the identified pathogen, a treatment regimen is drawn up.
Most diseases are successfully treated, but there are some that are considered incurable.:

• hepatitis C;
• herpes 1 and 2 types;

At the same time, supportive therapy allows you to remove the symptoms and alleviate the patient's condition. Among the medicines prescribed by a doctor, the following groups of drugs can be used:

• to activate the body's immune response;
• antiviral, allowing to accelerate remission when the viral infection enters the latent phase;
• hepatoprotectors are used to support the liver in its severe lesions;
• cardiac glycosides support the work of the heart muscle;
• vitamin-mineral complexes are part of general strengthening therapy;

To date, about 30 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, STIs) are known. The widespread attitude towards them in society contributes to the wide spread of these ailments. On the one hand, people know very little about “shameful” diseases, and they do not seek detailed and reliable information, believing that such problems will never affect them personally. On the other hand, there are misconceptions about STIs that instill in a person an unreasonable belief that troubles of this kind cannot cause serious harm to his health. The result is usually a belated appeal to specialists, complex and lengthy treatment, infection of sexual partners.

Source: depositphotos.com

Sexual infections are not transmitted through unconventional sex

In fact, the risk of contracting an STI through oral or anal sex is greater than through vaginal sex. Non-traditional sexual intercourse is associated with an increased likelihood of injury to the mucous membranes and the formation of microcracks on them. This provides pathogens with an additional opportunity to enter the bloodstream. In addition, when practicing exotic sex options, you can pick up such ailments as, for example, proctitis, pharyngitis, chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Coitus interruptus prevents infection

The causative agents of STDs live not only in semen, but also in the natural lubrication of the genital organs, blood and other biological fluids. Therefore, interrupted contact with an infected partner does not guarantee a woman's safety. If the partner is sick, only a latex condom can protect the man.

All STDs have noticeable external manifestations

Many STDs do not show up at all in their early stages. Their first signs may appear several months (or even years) after infection. In addition, some of the symptoms of such ailments are easily confused with manifestations of skin diseases or allergic reactions.

It is very common for people infected with STIs to be treated for a period of time for diseases of a different origin. The only way to protect yourself from the negative consequences of casual unprotected sex is to urgently contact a venereologist and pass the tests recommended by him.

Sexual infection can be cured without the help of a doctor

This is a tenacious and extremely dangerous delusion, fraught with not only medical, but also social consequences. It is necessary that everyone firmly grasp the following:

• an accurate diagnosis (STD) is made only on the basis of laboratory tests. Antibacterial and antiviral drugs intended for the treatment of such diseases have selective activity. Therefore, self-administration of drugs selected according to the external signs of the disease is likely to be useless;
• the physician must carry out not only the appointment of treatment, but also control over its course and results. Self-activity in this matter carries the risk of infection of family members and sexual partners of the patient due to premature discontinuation of medication;
• when prescribing therapy, a specialist must take into account the characteristics of the patient's condition, the presence of chronic ailments and other important nuances. It is impossible to do this without the appropriate education and experience;
• there are no miracle cures that can instantly cope with any sexual infection. Advertising of various dietary supplements, herbal preparations and similar products is nothing more than a marketing ploy of unscrupulous manufacturers. The use of these drugs will not bring the desired result and can be dangerous to health.

You can catch STIs in a public bath or swimming pool

This is not true. Most STI pathogens are extremely sensitive to environmental influences. They die quickly at elevated temperatures and in chlorinated water. That is why it is almost impossible to get infected in a pool or bath.

The likelihood of contracting an STD depends on social status

Incidence statistics show that the likelihood of contracting an STI has nothing to do with a person's social status or income level. People who belong to different social groups, but do not have regular sexual partners, are at almost the same risk.

Only personal caution, awareness and adherence to traditional family values ​​can provide real protection.

Latex condom does not always protect against infection

In combination with special barrier lubricants, a condom provides almost 100% protection against STIs, which cannot be said about other mechanical contraceptives: vaginal diaphragms, spirals and cervical caps are completely useless in this sense.

Birth control pills successfully resist STIs

There are no drugs that prevent infection. Do not have a similar effect and oral contraceptives. Most birth control pills change a woman's hormones to prevent her eggs from maturing. This does not affect the possibility of penetration into the body of infectious agents during intercourse.

Hygiene measures after sex will provide protection against infection

This is a very harmful myth. A woman who followed the advice to wash off STD pathogens by douching with warm water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, with a high degree of probability, will simply help pathogenic microorganisms penetrate deeper into the genital tract. An attempt to use more aggressive solutions for such procedures will lead to burn damage to the mucous membranes. Moreover, the likelihood of infection will not decrease at all.

The widespread belief that a man can get rid of possible uninvited "guests" by urinating immediately after sexual contact is also unfounded. Such actions will not bring harm, but also benefits.

People who are "checked often" are safe partners

Employees of children's and medical institutions, trade and public catering are indeed required to periodically visit a venereologist and take tests for the absence of STDs. However, this does not make them safe partners. First, the intervals between checks are at least six months, and during this period a person leading a promiscuous sex life can repeatedly become infected with an STI. Secondly, the standard test does not include tests for all sexually transmitted infections: diseases such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, genital herpes, cytomegalovirus and many others remain outside the scope of medical attention - and this is the case when a person honestly undergoes an examination without trying to circumvent the rules in any way. Therefore, the presence of a medical book does not necessarily indicate the absence of STDs.

How to identify and get rid of STI infections?

STI ( Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases that are predominantly transmitted sexually. It is possible to become infected with them through any form of contact: oral, anal, vaginal. Some diseases are transmitted in everyday life (syphilis). Often, STI transmission occurs from mother to fetus during childbirth. Diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis enter the body through the blood.

Humanity has been familiar with STIs since ancient times. Previously, such diseases became the cause of death. Until the 90s of the last century, they were called venereal diseases. Currently, doctors have learned how to successfully treat these ailments. Some infections can be transmitted in other ways: through the blood or in a household way. However, in 95% of cases, people become infected during unprotected sex.

What is the difference between the terms STI and STD?

The latter refers to sexually transmitted diseases. The main difference is in the condition of the patient. When a person has just become infected and does not have any symptoms, they speak of an STI. The use of the term STD is justified in the case of severe symptoms of the disease. In addition, some STIs are latent and do not show any symptoms. A person learns that he is a carrier only by chance - during the examination.

Most venereal disease pathogens are not viable outside the human body. Therefore, the household route of infection is very rare and not in all infections. The exceptions are syphilis, herpes, scabies.

Infectious agents are able to attach to the mucous membranes of the genital organs and the oral cavity, penetrate into them and multiply. This creates a focus of inflammation. Then, with the lymph flow, viruses and bacteria spread throughout the body, affecting ever larger areas.

Many pathogens penetrate other organs, even the brain and spinal cord, causing irreparable harm to health. A person can become infected from a sick partner, regardless of whether he has pronounced symptoms of the disease.

STD symptoms

Sexually transmitted infections can be very symptomatic, but they can be hidden. Often the patient does not suspect that he is a carrier of an STI, while serving as a source of infection.

Of course, for each disease there are specific signs, but most of the manifestations are of a similar nature.

Common signs of STIs:

• Burning, itching, swelling, redness of the external genitalia.
• Ulcers, erosions, spots, vesicles in the groin and genitals.
• Discharge with an unpleasant odor, greenish color, curdled or mucous consistency.
• Pain, burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination.
• Discomfort, pain during intercourse.
• Enlargement and soreness of the inguinal lymph nodes.
• Temperature rise.

The following infections are latent:

• Ureaplasma.
• Mycoplasmosis.
• Human papilloma virus.
• Genital herpes.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Candidiasis (in men).
• Syphilis.

Other diseases that have become chronic due to incorrect treatment can also be hidden.

List of hidden symptoms of STIs:

• Slight increase in volume.
• Slight itching in the genital area.
• Discomfort when urinating, which quickly passes.

Major STIs

There are a lot of sexually transmitted diseases. Some of them are rare and not common in Russia.

The following 12 STIs are most commonly diagnosed:

• Syphilis.
• Gonorrhea.
• Trichomoniasis.
• Chlamydia.
• Mycoplasmosis.
• Gardnerellosis.
• Human papilloma virus.
• Genital herpes.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Hepatitis.
• Candidiasis.

The list of infections, symptoms and pathogens of STIs is given in the table:

Disease	Pathogen	Characteristic manifestations
Syphilis	Pale treponema (pale spirochete)	Ulcers, rashes, hard chancre. The secondary and tertiary forms are asymptomatic.
Gonorrhea	Gonococcus	1. Itching, burning, swelling of the genitals. 2. Discharge with an unpleasant odor. 3. Painful urination.
Trichomoniasis	Trichomonas vaginalis	Men have no symptoms. In women, it is manifested by secretions with the smell of rotten fish, burning, itching of the external genital organs.
Mycoplasmosis	bacterium mycoplasma genitalia	Often has a latent course. There may be slight discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, discomfort during urination.
Ureaplasmosis	unicellular bacterium ureaplasma	It proceeds hidden, the first manifestations are urethritis, inflammation of the appendages in a woman. There is slight discharge and discomfort when emptying the bladder.
Gardnerellosis	bacterium gardnerella	Men have no symptoms. Women have a frothy grayish discharge with a rotten smell, burning and itching in the perineum. Also develops vaginitis, pseudo-erosion of the cervix.
human papillomavirus	papillomavirus	Warts appear on the mucous membranes, there are no other symptoms. If the virus is oncogenic, then women develop cervical cancer.
Cytomegalovirus infection	Cytomegalovirus	Doesn't give any symptoms. In pregnant women, it causes fetal malformations.
Genital herpes	herpes virus	Herpetic eruptions on the external genitalia, fever, swollen lymph nodes, weakness.
	AIDS virus	Runs asymptomatic. In the later stages, a person has frequent colds, tonsillitis, abrasions and cuts do not heal well. Lymph nodes are enlarged, subfebrile temperature is constantly present, aching joints, increased sweating.
Hepatitis	Hepatitis B, C virus	Weakness, dizziness, swelling, bruising on the body, fainting, vomiting, muscle and joint pain. In the later stages, jaundice, dark urine, and bloating appear.
Candidiasis (thrush)	Candida fungus	Men have no symptoms. In women, curdled discharge, itching, swelling, burning in the external genitalia begin.

Complications

At first glance, STIs seem benign, especially those that occur without pronounced symptoms. However, these diseases have very serious consequences. They often cause infertility. Some without treatment are fatal (syphilis, HIV, hepatitis). The causative agents of infections penetrate into other organs, disrupting their functioning.

The most common complications of diseases provoked by STIs:

• Urethritis.
• Cystitis.
• Pyelonephritis.
• Prostatitis.
• Bartholinitis.
• Erectile dysfunction in men.
• Impotence.
• Menstrual disorders in women.
• Vaginitis.
• Endometritis.
• Inflammation of the uterine appendages.
• Extensive erosion of the cervix.
• Scars, adhesions in the uterus, tubes.
• Infertility.
• Miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths.

Many diseases are transmitted to a newborn baby during passage through the birth canal. There is also a risk of intrauterine infection (with syphilis, hepatitis). In children, these diseases often lead to fatal complications.

Consequences of STIs for a child:

• congenital syphilis.
• neonatal herpes. Usually results in death.
• Laryngeal papillomatosis (with HPV to the mother).
• Gonorrheal conjunctivitis, corneal damage, loss of vision.
• Chlamydial pneumonia.
• neonatal death.

Diseases such as syphilis, HIV, hepatitis are deadly to humans. With tertiary syphilis, the nervous system and bones are damaged, which leads to death. HIV affects the human immune system, so any cold or scratch causes the death of the patient.

The oncogenic type of human papillomavirus provokes the development of cervical cancer in women and penile cancer in men. The relationship between papillomavirus and oncology of the mammary glands has also been proven.

In the fourth stage of hepatitis, the patient develops cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to death. The herpes virus cannot be cured, so a person remains a carrier of the infection for life.

Diagnostics

Examination for STIs includes the following diagnostic methods:

• Microscopic examination of a smear from the urethra and vagina. Can be simple and luminescent. The resulting sample is treated with special dyes or fluorochromes. The biomaterial is then examined under a microscope.
• Cultural study. The sample is placed in a special nutrient medium where viruses and bacteria actively multiply.
• ELISA blood test. Detects specific antigens to a specific pathogen. It is based on the fact that antibodies bind exclusively to their own antigens and not to any others. Thus, it is possible to determine the type of pathogen.
• Blood test for torch infection. It is mandatory for all pregnant women. The abbreviation torch is made up of the first letters of the English names of the following infections: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes. These diseases have a negative impact on the fetus, causing abnormal intrauterine development. Blood is taken from a woman and examined for antibodies to torch infections. The number of antibodies shows whether a woman is currently ill or has ever had these diseases. In the latter case, there is no danger to the child. If the expectant mother becomes infected during pregnancy, then she is offered to terminate the pregnancy.

The gold standard in diagnosis is the study of STIs by PCR. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a highly accurate research method in which an increase in the DNA fragment of certain cells is achieved.

DNA copying occurs only if it is present in a given sample. PCR for STIs is used for infections that are latent. The advantages of this method include: speed, accuracy, information content.

The PCR method examines such diseases as:

• Chlamydia.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Hepatitis.
• Ureaplasma.
• Gardnerellosis.

How is the PCR results deciphered for STIs?

There can be only 2 options here: positive and negative. If the result is positive, and there are no symptoms, then PCR is trusted, which means that the disease is latent or is at the preclinical stage. Also, specific tests are used to diagnose STIs, for example, the Wassermann reaction for diagnosing syphilis. For hepatitis, liver tests are performed.

If there is a suspicion of a complication of STDs, then additional instrumental diagnostic methods are prescribed:

• Ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women, prostate in men.
• A blood test for tumor markers (in case of infection with the human papillomavirus).
• Ultrasound of the liver in the detection of hepatitis.

Preparation for testing

In order to get the most reliable results, you need to prepare before taking a smear. For a week, stop taking antibiotics, vaginal suppositories, sprays. Sexual contacts are excluded 3 days before the study. In women, a smear is taken after the end of menstruation. You can not urinate 3 hours before the analysis.

For analysis by PCR or ELISA, specific preparation is not required.

Treatment

Treatment of STIs should be carried out by a venereologist and a gynecologist. Self-medication is excluded, since a person only muffles acute manifestations, contributing to the transition of the disease to a chronic or latent form. In this case, there will be no external symptoms, but the infection will begin to spread throughout the body and affect organs and systems.

The principles of treatment for all STIs are the same:

Sometimes, as an additional measure, doctors prescribe baths or douching with decoctions of medicinal herbs. This will help relieve inflammation, swelling, eliminate itching, but will not have a toxic effect on the body, unlike medications.

It is necessary to treat not only the patient himself, but also a permanent partner, sometimes all family members, for example, with syphilis. In the case of syphilis and HIV, doctors try to find out all the recent contacts of the patient in order to examine those who may have become infected or determine the source of the infection.

Preparations

When choosing drugs, the doctor uses an individual approach. He is guided by the data of the tests, the severity of the symptoms, the patient's health status, age, and the presence of concomitant diseases.

Antibacterial agents are used to treat STIs. For each pathogen, a different type of antibiotic is prescribed. So, for example, gonococci do not respond to antibiotics of the penicillin series, they have a stable resistance to them. Syphilis, on the other hand, is successfully treated with penicillin.

Means used in the treatment of STIs:

Infection	Main drug	Auxiliary drug
Syphilis	Penillin, Bicillin	Esliver Forte, Linex, Interferon
	Ofloxacin, Ceftriaxone	Essentiale, Bifiform, Gonovacin, protorgol solution for douching
Ureaplasma	Gentomycin, Tetracycline	Phosphogliv, Linex, Interferon
Chlamydia	Tetracycline, Metronidazole, Doxycycline	Esliver Forte, Bifiform, Terzhinan candles
Trichomoniasis	Levomycetin, Trichopolum	Phosphogliv, Linex, Terzhinan, interferon
Candidiasis	Flucostat	Candles Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Linex, Interferon
HIV, herpes	Zidovudine, Abacavir, Acyclovir	Panavir, Hofitol, Polyoxidonium

Treatment of HIV, hepatitis, herpes, papilloma is of particular difficulty. These diseases are incurable. With the help of special preparations, viruses are prevented from spreading and causing irreparable harm to health. But a person remains a carrier of this infection for life and can infect a partner.

The spread of the virus can only be stopped with the help of very strong systemic antiviral drugs. They are called antiretrovirals. So, for the treatment of HIV-infected people, such drugs as Zidovudine, Stavudine, Nevirapine, Ritonavir are used.

Hepatitis is treated with Enterferon Alpha, Telbivudine, Tenofovir. Patients with human papillomavirus are prescribed immunostimulating agents: Cycloferon, Ingaron, Lavomax, vitamin-mineral complexes.

Prevention

Prevention of STIs is a task not only for the patient himself, but also for the state and society. Deliberate transmission of STIs is subject to criminal penalties.

At the state level, preventive measures are as follows:

• Carrying out educational work with young people on the prevention of diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, papilloma.
• Promotion of protected sex acts.
• Vaccination of girls against HPV.
• Regular professional examinations of employees of public catering, medical and pedagogical institutions.
• Examination of all pregnant women for STIs and torch infections.
• Creation of anonymous rooms for testing for STIs.

Also, the prevention of these diseases is the task of each person personally. Of course, no one is immune from infection, but the use of barrier contraception and the avoidance of casual sexual intercourse significantly reduces the risk of infection.

The high prevalence of STIs is a huge problem. According to WHO data, the number of cases of syphilis and gonorrhea has recently decreased. However, the number of cases of chlamydia and ureaplasmosis is rapidly growing. The situation with HIV remains alarming. It is possible to protect yourself from STIs if you are legible in sexual intercourse and use personal protective equipment.