Often, when we come to rest in a country with an unusual climate, we, adapting, suffer for up to several days. What is acclimatization and how to deal with it?

What is acclimatization?

Acclimatization - adaptation of the body to new climatic conditions; a special case of adaptation to natural factors.

Most often, acclimatization reactions have a hereditary basis and relate to all regulatory systems of our body. The greatest tension of the reaction is achieved when a person enters extreme conditions (intense heat or cold, high mountains, etc.). Usually healthy trained people endure this process easily, although in the first days there may be a feeling of malaise, decreased performance, appetite, sleep disturbance, etc.

In most people in the future (after 5 - 10 days), health and performance are restored.

Only in some cases, full-fledged acclimatization does not occur due to the weakening of the body's capabilities. This is usually due to training, overwork or illness.

Taking into account the patterns of the course of the acclimatization process, when you get to a place with unusual climatic conditions, overloads should be avoided in the first days.

Acclimatization can be divided into two main types:

• to cold climate
• to hot climate

Acclimatization to cold climates

This species is associated with such factors as low air temperatures, strong winds, polar night with ultraviolet deficiency, etc.

First, you should increase the diet in terms of calories by 10-15% compared to the diet for the middle lane. After all, a large amount of energy is required to warm the body.

Secondly, try to organize yourself a warm overnight stay. In this case, the same principle of heat conservation works. Only here it should be noted that it is during sleep that the human body is the most unprotected, and, accordingly, any freezing can only provoke a more pronounced manifestation of acclimatization symptoms, not to mention the possibility of simply catching a cold.

Thirdly, your clothes should have increased heat and wind protection properties. To create the maximum warm air cushion around the body.

Acclimatization to a hot climate

This species is more familiar to the inhabitants of the middle lane, because. most often we prefer to relax in warm regions. And therefore, many people know that this type of acclimatization is associated with overheating, excess ultraviolet radiation, and in the desert zone - with dehydration of the body, loss of salts.

The initial phase may be accompanied by muscle weakness, palpitations, increased thirst, etc. Sometimes heat stroke and fainting may occur.

What to do to relieve the symptoms of acclimatization

In warm regions, it is important to maintain an appropriate water-salt regime. After all, the higher the temperature, the higher the sweating. And the higher the sweating, the more water and useful salts we lose.

Sleep is also essential. Only during sleep, the body overloaded with heat has the opportunity to fully recover.

And in order to avoid heat stroke, nausea and fainting, you should not neglect wearing a hat.

And let the temperature change not become an obstacle for you to receive positive emotions in other climatic zones!

Having flown from St. Petersburg to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in a short period of time (about 9 hours), a person will cross 9 time zones. If you fly from Murmansk, then after some 3-4 hours you can land in Sochi, from the harsh Arctic to get into the hot subtropics.

Such shifts are not uncommon these days. Someone moves to a new place of residence, someone goes on vacation, athletes fly to competitions, geologists go on an expedition, tourists go on a hike ...

As a rule, when we change our place of residence, we feel some discomfort. The fact is that we find ourselves in unusual conditions, the body is forced to rebuild, get used to (adapt) to them. And we must help him with this!

Change of time zones

In such a situation, the main factor affecting a person is the change of time. A person gets used to a certain rhythm. For example, getting up and going to bed at a certain time. Getting, for example, from the European part of the country to Irkutsk (that is, moving from west to east), you need to do this a few hours earlier. So, we need to change the regime. The best remedy for this is sleep. After sleep, you need to enter a new mode according to local time. In the first days, fatigue, rapid fatigue will be felt, headaches are possible. Don't worry, this will all pass. It is necessary to reduce physical activity during this time and organize a good rest.

Scheme 17
How to adjust to local time

It is more difficult to adapt when moving from east to west. But the rules of conduct remain the same.

climate change

When the latitude of the area changes, that is, when moving from north to south or vice versa, all natural factors affecting a person change: temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar activity.

It is better to inquire in advance about the peculiarities of the climate of the area where you have to move.

It's a good idea to consult a doctor if your health condition allows such a move. Often, “sores” in a healthy person appear when the climate changes. Therefore, doctors usually recommend resting in an area where the climate is not very different from the one in which a person lives permanently.

Scheme 18
How to adapt to climate change

You also need to think about clothes. It must comply with the new climatic conditions.

Special mention should be made of the sun. Probably, many of us experienced its gentle warmth, and then moaned all night long, dreaming that burnt skin would peel off as soon as possible.

Not only those living in the north, but also the inhabitants of the middle latitudes are unaccustomed to the southern sun. Excessive stay on the beach is detrimental to unaccustomed skin: it quickly overheats, sometimes invisible burns form on it. Sunbathing should be taken in moderation, starting with sessions of 10-20 minutes, gradually increasing their duration. The rest of the time you need to be in the shade. Loose cotton clothes with long sleeves, a hat or panama will help with this.

You also need to take care of your eyes. The southern sun, especially near the sea surface, strongly blinds the eyes, can cause their diseases. Wear dark glasses to protect your eyes.

With a change of residence, a change in food is inevitable. You should spare your body, trying new food little by little, not eating several dishes that are unusual for the stomach at once. Do not rush to switch to spicy food, which is usually eaten by residents of the southern and mountainous regions.

When traveling and moving, it is necessary to take into account the basic principles of adaptation when changing climatic and geographical conditions.

• In the early days, do not expose yourself to excessive stress, sleep more.
• Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing made from natural materials and a hat.
• Be wary of exotic local food.

The body's ability to adapt can be trained. Travelers, tourists, the military better tolerate moving, changing external conditions. Therefore, tourism is not only good for health, but also a training that helps to adapt the body to various conditions and makes it easier to survive in extreme situations.

Acclimatization in the mountains

Acclimatization in the mountains is more difficult: there, with increasing altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases. In this case, the so-called oxygen starvation is observed. It is expressed in the fact that although the oxygen content in the air does not change with increasing altitude, but with reduced atmospheric pressure, it is less absorbed into the blood. Therefore, even with minor physical exertion, dizziness and palpitations begin, a person feels severe fatigue. As a rule, this manifests itself from a height of 1500 m.

At significant heights, even well-trained climbers work in oxygen masks.

In the mountains, there is often low air humidity, which leads to the loss of moisture from the body through the lungs during breathing.

In addition, the water of mountain rivers and streams fed by glaciers and snowfields is poor in mineral salts.

In the mountains, you can get severe sunburn even when cloudy or foggy. The fact is that on the plain, the ultraviolet radiation of the sun is much weaker, as it is scattered by the lower layers of the atmosphere. When climbing mountains, this dispersion decreases, the radiation becomes stronger (harder, as they say). Therefore, you can get a burn in the mountains much faster. The matter can be further complicated by the presence of snow in the mountains. In this case, the radiation reflected from the snow is added to the direct solar radiation. Here you can not do without a special protective cream.

Scheme 19
How to adapt in the mountains

Especially intense sunlight in the snow zone affects the eyes. Even more than in the south, sunglasses are needed here, and with glass lenses.

The first 1-2 days should be taken for acclimatization with a minimum of physical activity. The effect of lack of oxygen, low pressure usually disappears during this period.

Scheme 20
When adapting in the mountains, it is impossible

If you constantly feel thirsty, dry mouth, you need to drink more fluids, better mineral water or tea. It is advisable to add a little salt to the water. Try not to eat snow or drink water from streams (there is little salt in it).

In the mountains, the air temperature changes sharply and quickly. Strong winds often blow. There is a big difference between daytime and evening temperatures. Therefore, going to the mountains even in hot summer, you need to grab warm clothes.

You also need to take care of warm clothes when traveling from south to north. In this case, it is better to have underwear made of pure wool or cotton. Try not to use synthetics.

Shoes should be spacious, with a warm insole. It is good to have warm woolen socks.

Tight clothing or shoes are the main cause of frostbite.

The following fact should also be taken into account: in the mountains, due to low pressure, the boiling point of water is below 100 ° C. Therefore, the food here is cooked differently. Tea may not taste the same as at home, food is cooked a little longer than on the plain.

Questions and tasks

1. How does the change of time zones affect the human body?
2. What is the best way to get used to new conditions (adapt) in this case?
3. What natural factors change when moving from north to south or vice versa?
4. What are the main principles of adaptation when changing climatic and geographical conditions.
5. What features should be paid attention to when adapting to the mountains?
6. Why is oxygen starvation possible in the mountains at an altitude of more than 1500 m?
7. Do you think it is better to boil or fry meat in the mountains? Why?
8. Where is tea better brewed - in the mountains or on the plain? State the reasons for this.
9. Is it possible to get burned when there is snow around?
10. What will you do to facilitate acclimatization in the mountains; in the southern steppe?

Any trip associated with a change in time and climate zones can cause a deterioration in well-being. In particular, this can affect people with poor health, and those who can hardly tolerate the change in weather conditions. Acclimatization is the process of adaptation of the body to unusual conditions, and may be accompanied by loss of appetite, ailments, problems with sleep, and performance.

Acclimatization in a hot climate

In warmer climates, a person may experience intestinal upset, reduced resistance to infection, disturbed sleep patterns, increased sweating, and increased breathing. High humidity further exacerbates the physical condition of a person, especially acute in the equatorial climate. Overheating of the body can cause heat stroke, and excessive sweating can cause heat cramps due to the loss of minerals. Therefore, for better adaptation, it is necessary to observe the water-salt balance (drink carbonated water, green tea, fruit drinks, vitamin drinks). Over time, endurance to high temperatures increases, but this can take months or even years. The resulting changes in the circulatory system are similar to changes during heavy muscle loads, so people who are accustomed to heavy loads endure hot climates more easily. To alleviate the condition of the body, additional heat transfer can be caused by spraying moisture on the body (shower, fountains, pool, etc.). Acclimatization to a desert climate is easier than to a hot, humid climate. In the desert, it is important to protect the body and head from the scorching sun.

Acclimatization in the mountains

In high altitude conditions, the body is affected by 2 unpleasant factors: low atmospheric pressure and low oxygen concentration. Over time, a person begins to breathe deeper, and the organs adapt to the rarefied air. But until this time comes, a person will be haunted by a headache, tinnitus, weakness, dizziness. To alleviate the symptoms, it is recommended to rise to a height of no more than half a kilometer per day, and stay there for a couple of days. You should also drink at least three liters of water and eat less.

Acclimatization in cold climates

Those who decide to go to the northern latitudes should take into account that they will be affected by low temperatures, lack of sunlight, strong winds, increased cosmic radiation. In this regard, immunity and blood pressure decrease, fatigue and sleep disturbance appear. To alleviate the symptoms, it is necessary, first of all, to protect yourself well from the cold by wearing windproof warm clothes and shoes. High-calorie food and vitamins will significantly speed up the process of acclimatization.

Low temperatures, high relative humidity, high air velocity, long polar night with magnetic storms and auroras, short summer, long winter, decrease in the spectrum of sunlight, the predominance of the ultraviolet part, a small amount of precipitation, a decrease in the density of O 2 in the air, slightly mineral. water, a special combination of micro and macro elements in local products, an increase in the consumption of canned food and concentrates. Visitors have:

sleep disturbance, increased fatigue, reduced performance, pain of various localization, vegetative-vascular disorders;

anxiety of varying severity (from psychological discomfort to a neurotic breakdown (deaptational neurosis);

chronic hypoxia syndrome (due to frequent and sharp fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, a decrease in the density of O 2 in the air);

polar shortness of breath (decreased VC, external respiration functions are not enough to provide the body with O 2);

shifts in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism -> hypercholesterolemia;

cardiac complaints (pain in the heart, palpitations, shortness of breath), arterial hypertension;

violation of vitamin status -> deficiency of water-soluble vitamins;

caries, hypertrophic gingivitis, early stages of periodontal disease;

hypocidic gastritis (decreased secretory activity of the gastric mucosa);

complications of pregnancy (early and late toxicosis, anemia of pregnant women);

wound healing is slowed down by 2-2.5 times;

exacerbation of chronic diseases.

When addictive: metabolism, heat production, bcc increase, skin temperature recovers faster when hypothermia. Events:

Dense development along the perimeter, compact development, placement of buildings with their ends to the prevailing winds, covered passages between buildings.

Large area of ​​​​premises, convenient, comfortable, pace. greater than 22, window orientation.

The first floors of the house should be non-residential.

Winter gardens indoors.

Nutrition: the energy value of the daily diet should be increased by 15-20%, the amount of proteins by 15-18%, fat by 20-25%. Inclusion in the diet of wild plants, early vegetables, decoctions of wild rose, needles; correct diet. Proteins of animal origin - 60%.

Clothing - low thermal conductivity, sufficient vapor conductivity and breathability. The outer layer of clothing should prevent moisture from sweating and have windproof properties. Materials: fur, wool. Shoes are 2-3 sizes larger. Goggles for eye protection.

Correct regulation of work and rest, mode of life.

UFO in fotaria, in production, children's institutions.

Hardening procedures, sports.

Anti-relapse treatment of chronic diseases.

Sanitation of the oral cavity, treatment of local foci of infection, deworming

24.. Diseases associated with the action of high atmospheric pressure, prevention.

In some industries, there are types of work that are performed under conditions of high atmospheric pressure. This factor is considered as occupational hazard, since it can lead to pathology.

Work associated with staying in conditions of high atmospheric pressure can lead to the development of decompression (caisson) sickness.

It occurs in divers, workers involved in the construction of bridge supports, sinking of flooded mine shafts and other structures in water-saturated soils or under water. Caisson work is also carried out in the construction of foundations for buildings and equipment, in the construction of subway tunnels. The caisson method consists in draining water from a closed space where work is carried out. Compressed air is injected into this space, which squeezes out water and allows work to be carried out.

Pathogenesis. There are three stages of processes occurring in the body as a result of the action of increased atmospheric pressure:

1. When diving. The pressure is rising. When breathing in an environment with high pressure, the tissues of the body are saturated with gases. The main part of the total pressure of gases in the lungs and, consequently, in the blood and tissues is accounted for by nitrogen, a physiologically inert gas that does not participate in gas exchange. While the oxygen entering the body under high pressure, dissolving in liquids and tissues, is largely absorbed, nitrogen only physically dissolves in the tissues and gradually saturates them. Saturation of liquids and tissues occurs until equilibrium is reached and the pressure of nitrogen in them is equal to its partial pressure in the environment. Different tissues of the body are saturated with nitrogen at different rates. Nitrogen is poorly soluble in the blood, but very well in the nervous tissue, subcutaneous fat. In this case, a person feels a headache, toothache, sinus pain, tinnitus, flatulence, tinnitus, dizziness, weakness.

2. Work in a caisson. Atmospheric pressure is consistently high, dissolved nitrogen is in equilibrium. At the same time, a person is forced to work in an unfavorable microclimate (high or low temperature), at a pressure above 3 atmospheres, the narcotic effect of nitrogen is manifested.

3. Rise to the surface, decrease in atmospheric pressure. During decompression, the reverse process occurs in the body - the removal of nitrogen dissolved in them from the tissues (desaturation). With a rapid decrease in excess pressure, nitrogen passes from a dissolved state to a free gaseous state. Not having time to diffuse through the lungs, it forms gas bubbles that clog and break blood capillaries, irritate nerve endings, deform and damage body tissues. In this case, the pathological process is most often localized in the subcutaneous fat, bones and joints, in the tissues of the nervous system. The decompression sickness actually develops. Symptoms depend on the location and number of emboli: itching, burning, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, severe fatigue, in severe cases Meniere's syndrome. Meniere's syndrome is caused by a gas embolism of the vessels of the labyrinth of the inner ear. Manifestations of the syndrome are dizziness, noise and ringing in the ears, hearing loss, nausea, vomiting. Against this background, patients complain that all objects rotate before their eyes; a slight turn of the head intensifies the painful phenomena. Then there is a strong pallor, sweating, weakness, on examination, horizontal nystagmus, bradycardia are determined. Possible loss of consciousness.

Prevention:

1. Slow compression.

2. Regulation of the operating time in conditions of high atmospheric pressure.

3. Slow decompression.

4. Replacement of nitrogen with helium, which dissolves in the blood at high pressures.

5. Mandatory professional medical examinations (preliminary and periodic). Preliminary examinations determine the suitability of workers for work in hazardous working conditions. Periodic inspections provide monitoring of the state of health of workers, help to identify the initial signs of a chronic occupational disease.

Diseases associated with exposure to low atmospheric pressure, prevention.

Atmospheric pressure - the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the Earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is created by the gravitational attraction of air to the Earth.

Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg at sea level at 0°C, which corresponds to 101,325 Pa.

The effect of lowering atmospheric pressure at different altitudes above sea level:

Up to 2000 m above sea level. A decrease in atmospheric pressure does not affect the human condition.

2 km is the reaction threshold. The manifestation of the first changes in the body, determined only with the help of equipment

Up to 4 km above sea level: full compensation zone.

4 km is the threshold of violations. The first external manifestations

5-6 km: zone of incomplete compensation

6 km: critical threshold

7-8: critical zone

8 km: threshold of death

Rising to a height of 4 km or more, a decrease in atmospheric pressure and, accordingly, a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air, leading to a decrease in hemoglobin saturation with oxygen and hypoxia of the body, contributes to the development of a symptom complex in people known as altitude sickness.

It occurs, as a rule, among pilots and climbers in the absence of measures that protect against the influence of low pressure.

Altitude sickness first manifests itself in dizziness, headache, impaired attention, concentration, coordination, euphoria due to hypoxia of the brain and the body as a whole. Due to euphoria, inexperienced people overestimate their strength and climb higher and further. Then euphoria is replaced by depression, a decrease in general sensitivity, a decrease in working capacity, weakness. With continued decrease in atmospheric pressure, death occurs.

Prevention:

1. Use of oxygen devices and high-altitude compensating suits when lifting.

2. Slow rise with stops to adapt the body.

3. Proper nutrition (exclusion from the diet of fiber and fat).

4.Preliminary and periodic medical examinations. Preliminary examinations determine the suitability of workers for work in hazardous working conditions. Periodic inspections provide monitoring of the state of health of workers, help to identify the initial signs of a chronic occupational disease.

25.Air temperature and humidity, significance for the body, measures to prevent adverse effects.

Air temperature.

To consider the influence of air temperature on the human body, it is necessary to recall the main mechanisms of thermoregulation. As you know, the body's heat exchange is maintained by balancing the processes of chemical and physical thermoregulation. Due to chemical thermoregulation, the intensity of metabolic processes changes: the accumulation of heat in the body occurs as a result of the oxidation of nutrients and the production of heat during muscle work, as well as from the radiant heat of the sun and heated objects, warm air and hot food. As a result of physical thermoregulation, the processes of heat transfer change by convection, radiation, evaporation and conduction. Heat transfer by conduction is carried out in contact with cold surfaces; convection - by heating the air adjacent to the body; radiation - infrared radiation to colder surrounding objects, which does not depend on the ambient temperature; evaporation - the release of heat with sweat. Due to the regulation of the processes of heat generation and heat transfer, a person is able to maintain a constant body temperature with significant fluctuations in air temperature, however, the limits of thermoregulation are not unlimited, and their transition leads to a violation of thermal equilibrium, sometimes with deep pathological changes (overheating or hypothermia). Overheating Prevention:

Rational clothing (natural fabrics, hygroscopic, moisture resistant, etc.)

Unlimited water consumption

Restriction of stay in conditions of high temperature

In room

Installation of air conditioners

Prevention of hypothermia:

A) rational clothing (multi-layered, warm and windproof)

B) rational shoes (thermoplastic sole, 1-2 sizes larger)

2) restriction of stay on the street

3) hot high-calorie meals and tea before going out

In room

Ventilation

Heating

Air humidity.

In hygienic practice, the most important is the relative humidity of the air, which shows the degree of saturation of the air with water vapor. It plays an important role in the body's thermoregulation. At high humidity, heat transfer becomes difficult or increases depending on the air temperature. At low humidity (10-15%) there is a more intense about \ this temperature.

The dew point is the temperature at which water vapor condenses.

Humidity deficit - the difference between saturated vapor pressure and vapor pressure, that is, between the maximum and absolute humidity of the air.

To prevent the adverse effects of humidity on the human body in the room, it is necessary to install a rational air conditioning system in it.

26. The speed and direction of air movement, the value for the body. Features of air movement in rooms of various types. Measures to prevent adverse effects.

As you know, the air is almost constantly in motion, which is associated with the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun. The difference in temperature and pressure causes the movement of air masses. The movement of air is usually characterized by direction and speed. It is noted that each locality is characterized by a regular frequency of winds predominantly in one direction. To identify the patterns of directions, a special graphic value is used - a wind rose, which is a line of rhombuses on which segments are plotted corresponding in length to the number and strength of winds of a certain direction, expressed as a percentage of their total number. Knowledge of this pattern allows you to correctly carry out the relative position and orientation of residential buildings, hospitals, pharmacies, sanatoriums, industrial enterprises, etc.

The speed of air movement is determined by the number of meters it travels per second. The speed of movement of air masses plays a significant role in the processes of heat exchange in the body.

Air mobility affects the body's heat loss through convection and perspiration. At high air temperatures, its moderate mobility helps to cool the skin, at low temperatures it leads to hypothermia and increases the risk of frostbite. Frost in calm weather is more easily tolerated than in strong winds. The most favorable mobility of atmospheric air in summer is 1-5 m/s. In residential and public premises, the air velocity is normalized within 0.2-0.4 m/s. The speed of air movement affects the distribution of harmful substances in the room. Air currents can distribute them throughout the room, transfer dust from a settled state to a suspended state.

Air movement value:

Effect on heat transfer

Influence on the emotional state of a person

A) 1-4 m / s - positive action

B) >10 m/s – negative action

3) promotes air self-purification

4) a change in the direction of air movement leads to a change in the weather

5) air movement is taken into account when planning settlements for the correct placement of residential and industrial zones.

27. The complex effect of temperature, humidity and air movement on the human body. Ways of heat transfer and their changes in various conditions of human life.

The complex effect of meteorological factors on the body. The physical factors of the external environment act on the human body in a complex way and provide a certain functional state, which is commonly called thermal. When assessing the thermal state of the body, a thermal comfort zone is distinguished - this is a complex of meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity and air mobility), in which a person experiences a pleasant heat sensation (feeling of comfort) and his thermoregulatory system is in a state of physiological rest. In the temperate climate zone, the most comfortable indoor conditions in summer are provided at an air temperature of 22-24 degrees, a relative humidity of 30-45%, and a mobility of 0.1-0.2 m / s. In the cold season - 18-23 degrees, 40-60%, 0.2 m / s.

As a result of physical thermoregulation, the processes of heat transfer change by convection, radiation, evaporation and conduction. Heat transfer by conduction is carried out in contact with cold surfaces; convection - by heating the air adjacent to the body; radiation - infrared radiation to colder surrounding objects, which does not depend on the ambient temperature; evaporation - the release of heat with sweat. In a state of rest and thermal comfort, heat loss by convection is 15.3%, by radiation - 55.6%, and by evaporation - 29.1%. Due to the regulation of the processes of heat generation and heat transfer, a person is able to maintain a constant body temperature with significant fluctuations in air temperature, however, the limits of thermoregulation are not unlimited, and their transition leads to a violation of thermal equilibrium, sometimes with deep pathological changes (overheating or hypothermia). Overheating usually occurs when the ambient temperature is high, combined with high humidity and no air movement. There are two manifestations of overheating: hyperthermia (in severe cases - heat stroke) and convulsive illness, which occurs due to a sharp decrease in chlorides in the blood and tissues released during intense sweating. Hypothermia occurs when a combination of low temperature with high humidity and speed of movement. Hypothermia can be general and local. Thus, high air humidity plays a negative role in thermoregulation, both at high and low temperatures, and an increase in air velocity, as a rule, contributes to heat transfer. The exception is when the air temperature is higher than body temperature, and the relative humidity reaches 100%.

29.. Hygienic characteristics of infrared radiation, measures to prevent adverse effects.

Infrared radiation is radiation, the spectrum of solar radiation of which is a wavelength from 760 to 4000 nm.

The effect of infrared radiation on the human body can be both positive and negative.

Positive effect of infrared radiation:

Surface thermal action

Deep thermal effect (increases metabolism, gas exchange, excretory function of the kidneys, blood flow, has a resolving, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect)

Negative effect of infrared radiation:

Overheating

Sunstroke

Heatstroke

Erythema

Cataract

Wearing a headdress

Protective glasses

Rational clothing (clothes for the season, light colors, natural fabrics, hygroscopic, breathable, etc.)

The inadmissibility of limiting the use of water

30. Hygienic characteristics of the visible part of the solar spectrum, measures to prevent adverse effects.

Visible radiation - radiation, the spectrum of solar radiation of which is a wavelength from 400 to 760 nm.

Provides the function of the organ of vision

Increases the activity of the cerebral cortex, vitality, affects the functions of all organs and systems

Activates metabolism, immunobiological activity of the body

Retinitis

Myopia

A measure to prevent the adverse effects of the solar spectrum in the room is to ensure optimal natural lighting in the workplace.

31. Hygienic characteristics of ultraviolet radiation, measures to prevent adverse effects in conditions of insufficient and excessive exposure.

Ultraviolet radiation - radiation, the spectrum of solar radiation of which is a wavelength from 200 to 400 nm.

Positive effect on the body:

General biological effect (increases metabolism, production of biologically active substances, hematopoiesis, immunity)

Specific action (pigment formation, antirachitic, bactericidal action)

Negative effect on the body:

Sunstroke, burns in severe cases

photosensitization

Photophthalmia

Skin cancer

Measures to prevent adverse effects:

Proper sunbathing

Protective glasses

Rational clothing

Limiting time spent in the sun

Any trips associated with a change in climatic zones can, as you know, cause you to feel unwell in a new place. This is especially true for people with poor health and, in general, for all those who, in principle, do not tolerate sudden changes in weather conditions. So any vacation in a region with an unusual climate can be a source of not only pleasure, but also dangers for the human body.

Human acclimatization is, in essence, a process of adaptation to changing climatic and geographical conditions, adaptation to new unusual environmental factors. A kind of restructuring of the body takes place - the usual level of its balance with the external environment, which has developed in the conditions of a permanent place of residence, for some time (perhaps for a long time) is replaced by a new one, adapted to the changed environment with a different climate. As if “pulled out” of the familiar environment, the human body is forced to adapt to new conditions, restoring balance with the environment. And, of course, such a process is not always easily tolerated by people. Even healthy and accustomed to various loads people in the first days after a change of place may feel some ailments, lose their appetite, work capacity and have problems with sleep.

This is especially true in extreme climatic conditions. Let's say a person from the Urals suddenly leaves for Peru or a hot West African country, for example, Cameroon. In the first case, he will have to survive acclimatization in high altitude conditions with low oxygen content and atmospheric pressure. In the second - acclimatization in an extremely hot climate, combined with high humidity. Add the change of time zones to the climate change, and you get a not too cheerful picture of the first few days.

Acclimatization in a hot climate

Most tourists are concerned about the issue of acclimatization in the hot climate, which dominates the popular resorts, where thousands of vacationers flock every season. It is understandable - I really don’t want the whole vacation to go down the drain because of possible health problems. And they may well arise, especially in older people or those with chronic diseases, who traditionally endure climate change worse. Their usual signs of difficult acclimatization are general weakness, headaches, sleep disturbance, disorders of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, and exacerbation of chronic diseases, such as, for example, hypertension, rheumatism, etc.

In some countries with a hot climate, a person acclimatizes more or less calmly. The main factor in this case is dry air, when the human body gives off heat through sweating. Sweat evaporating from the surface of the body thus maintains the necessary thermoregulation. True, in too arid or, for example, desert regions, the irritant is the ubiquitous dust, to which a person, however, also adapts over time.

Another thing is countries where high humidity and lack of wind superimpose on a hot climate. Here, sweat cannot evaporate so easily, which is why there is a violation of thermoregulation. The consequence of this is overheating of the body, increased breathing and heart rate, reduced blood supply to internal organs and some other not very pleasant phenomena. A person in such conditions is constantly thirsty.

In general, all these signs gradually soften and disappear during acclimatization, but many people still cannot fully adapt to such climatic conditions. Separately, it should be said that the process of acclimatization in hot countries with high humidity can lead to more serious consequences than a banal malaise. These are, for example, heat strokes caused by excessive overheating of the body, and heat cramps with a large loss of mineral salts with sweat.

All this, of course, can be prevented by various preventive methods. This is primarily cooling and air conditioning in the premises, as well as the correct water-salt regime - to drink, completely quench your thirst, it is only after eating, and the rest of the time you just rinse your mouth. As for meals, it is best to do this in the morning and evening, avoiding the most difficult hours of the day. In hot regions, it is worth wearing loose and light clothing, as well as indulging in cool showers and rest breaks. Of course, it will not be superfluous to take pharmacy products with you on a trip, which may come in handy in a new place. Antipyretic drugs such as paracetamol, ibuprofen or diclofenac can be such drugs. Given the frequent cases of fever and overheating in the early days, their presence in the travel kit will be more than justified. Also, in some cases, lavomax can be useful, which suppresses the spread of the influenza virus, SARS and hepatitis, which often await vacationers at resorts.

Acclimatization in the mountains

Sometimes acclimatization in the mountains can be very difficult, especially in high mountain conditions, for example, while traveling in the Andes. The main factors responsible for poor health in such an area are low atmospheric pressure and insufficient oxygen in the air, due to which a person at an altitude of over 2000 meters can develop oxygen starvation. When adapting to high-altitude conditions, a person increases ventilation of the lungs, increases the content of hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood. Sometimes an increase in altitude leads to the fact that a person develops the so-called mountain, or altitude sickness, caused by oxygen starvation. The symptoms of this disease are well known - this is a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, the appearance of tinnitus, constant headaches and dizziness, nausea, general weakness of the body and some others. In this case, the patient should stop climbing the mountains, go down to a lower area and be completely at rest. As therapeutic measures - breathing with oxygen and carbogen, warming the body with heating pads.

In order for mountain acclimatization to pass without serious problems, it is worth adhering to several rules. Firstly, to follow a special tactic of climbing, not overcoming more than 500 meters a day and staying at the reached height for a couple of days, which, for example, can be diversified with walks in the countryside and mountain villages. Trite - do not rush to rise. The overall diet should be reduced, since digestion works worse in high altitude conditions, and preference should be given to low-fat and acidic foods from food. Also in this climate, the body requires a large amount of water (about 4 liters per day), and it would be useful to spoil it with hot food at least a couple of times a day. Pharmaceuticals that may be helpful during mountain acclimatization include multivitamins, enzymes, eubiotics, and brain enhancers.

Acclimatization in cold climates

Briefly, we can also mention the features of acclimatization in the northern latitudes - after all, there are also many people who want to watch the aurora borealis or go on an Arctic cruise. In addition to low temperatures, which everyone is aware of, this region can also experience a lack of ultraviolet radiation (the so-called "light starvation") and strong magnetic storms that do not contribute to satisfactory well-being. Violating the light regime, for example, leads to insomnia. Other possible unpleasant moments are loss of appetite, fatigue, drowsiness during the day. To facilitate acclimatization, it is worthwhile to properly organize nutrition, eating more high-calorie foods than usual (by 15-25%). The constant use of ascorbic acid and other vitamins will not interfere. Of course, you should also take care of warm and windproof clothing. It is not recommended to indulge in alcohol in a cold climate - here it only interferes with acclimatization.

In general, no matter how difficult the process of acclimatization in certain climatic zones, with a competent approach and minimal knowledge, its negative consequences can be largely avoided, and in the end the rest will not be hopelessly spoiled by health problems.