These funds are able to block the spread of disease-causing agents or have a detrimental effect on them. But in order for the fight against them to be successful, it is necessary to establish exactly which ones. In some cases, it is impossible to determine the diagnosis and the best way out is broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Features of the fight against pathogens

It is important to consider that many antimicrobial drugs have a powerful effect not only on foreign agents, but also on the patient's body. So, they have a detrimental effect on the microflora of the gastric region and some other organs. To cause minimal damage, it is important to start treatment immediately, because microorganisms spread at a tremendous speed. If you miss this moment, the fight against them will be longer and more exhausting.

In addition, if antimicrobials are to be used for treatment, they should be prescribed in the maximum amount so that the microorganisms do not have time to adapt. The assigned course cannot be interrupted, even if improvements are noticed.

Also, in the treatment it is recommended to use different antimicrobials, and not just one type. This is necessary so that after the therapy there are no foreign agents left that have adapted to a particular drug.

In addition to this, be sure to take a course that will strengthen the body. Because many drugs can cause serious allergic reactions, they should only be taken as directed by your doctor.

Sulfanilamide funds

We can say that they are divided into three types - these are nitrofurans, antibiotics and sulfonamides. The latter means have their detrimental effect in that they do not allow microbes to receive folic acid and other components that are important for their reproduction and life. But the premature termination of the treatment course or a small amount of the drug makes it possible for microorganisms to adapt to new conditions. In the future, sulfonamides are no longer able to fight.

This group includes well-absorbed drugs: "Norsulfazol", "Streptocid", "Sulfadimezin", "Etazol". It should also be noted that drugs that are difficult to absorb: "Sulgin", "Ftalazol" and others.

If necessary, for the best result, the doctor may recommend combining these two types of sulfa drugs. It is also possible to combine them with antibiotics. Some antimicrobials are described below.

"Streptocide"

Basically, this drug is prescribed for the treatment of tonsillitis, cystitis, pyelitis, erysipelas. In some cases, the medicine can cause side effects such as headache, severe nausea accompanied by vomiting, some complications from the nervous, hematopoietic or cardiovascular systems. But medicine does not stand still, and in practice such drugs are used, but they have fewer adverse reactions. These drugs include "Etazol" and "Sulfadimezin".

Also, "Streptocid" can be applied topically for burns, festering wounds, skin ulcers. In addition, you can inhale the powder through your nose if you have an acute runny nose.

"Norsulfazol"

This drug is effective in cerebral meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, gonorrhea, etc. This antimicrobial agent is quickly excreted from the body, but it is necessary to drink large amounts of water per day.

"Ingalipt"

Good antimicrobials for the throat, which are prescribed for laryngitis, ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, are those that contain streptocide and norsulfazol. Such means include "Ingalipt". Among other things, it contains thymol, alcohol, mint and eucalyptus oil. It is an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.

"Furacilin"

This is an antibacterial liquid known to many, which has a detrimental effect on various microbes. You can use the medicine externally, treating wounds, washing the nasal and auditory passages, as well as internally for bacillary dysentery. On the basis of "Furacilin" some antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs are produced.

"Ftalazol"

This slowly absorbed drug can be combined with antibiotics. It is also combined with "Etazol", "Sulfadimezin" and other drugs. It actively works, inhibiting intestinal infections. Effective in dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis.

Nitrofuran

In medicine, there are many drugs that are derivatives of "Nitrofuran". Such funds have a wide range of effects. For example, "Furagin" and "Furadonin" are often prescribed for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and other infectious diseases of the genitourinary system.

"Penicillin"

The drug is an antibiotic that has a detrimental effect on young microbes. In the fight against influenza, smallpox and other viral diseases, it is ineffective. But with pneumonia, peritonitis, abscess, sepsis, meningitis "Penicillin" is a good helper. Various drugs are obtained from it, which are superior in action, for example, "Benzylpenicillin". These medications are low-toxic, they practically do not cause complications. That is why it is considered that these are strong antimicrobials for children.

But still it is worth considering that a low-quality medicine can cause intense allergies. It can also suppress the natural intestinal microflora in the elderly and newborns. Weakened people or in childhood simultaneously with "Penicillin" are prescribed vitamins of groups C and B.

"Levomitsetin"

Strains resistant to Penicillin are inhibited by Levomycetin. It has no effect on protozoa, acid-fast bacteria, anaerobes. In psoriasis and skin diseases, this drug is contraindicated. It is also forbidden to take it with oppression of hematopoiesis.

"Streptomycin"

This antibiotic has several derivatives that help in different situations. For example, some can treat pneumonia, others are effective for peritonitis, and others cope with an infection of the genitourinary system. Note that the use of "Streptomycin" and its derivatives is permissible only after a doctor's prescription, since overdose does not exclude such a serious complication as hearing loss.

"Tetracycline"

This antibiotic is able to cope with many bacteria that cannot be treated with other drugs. Side effects may occur. "Tetracycline" can be combined with "Penicillin" in case of a severe septic condition. There is also an ointment that copes with skin diseases.

"Erythromycin"

This antibiotic is considered a "fallback" option, which is resorted to if other antimicrobial agents have not done their job. He successfully defeats diseases that have appeared due to the action of resistant strains of staphylococci. There is also erythromycin ointment, which helps with bedsores, burns, purulent or infected wounds, trophic ulcers.

The main broad-spectrum antimicrobials are listed below:

• "Tetracycline".
• "Levomycetin".
• "Ampicillin".
• "Rifampicin".
• "Neomycin".
• "Monomycin".
• "Rifamcin".
• "Imipenem".
• "Cephalosporins".

Gynecology and antibacterial treatment

If in any other area it is permissible to attack the disease with broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, then in gynecology it is required to strike with a well-chosen, narrowly targeted remedy. Depending on the microflora, not only drugs are prescribed, but also their dosage and duration of the course.

Most often, antimicrobial drugs in gynecology are used externally. It can be suppositories, ointments, capsules. In some cases, if the need arises, treatment is supplemented with broad-spectrum drugs. These may include "Terzhinan", "Polizhinaks" and others. A faster result can be achieved if you take two or three drugs at the same time. In any case, a preliminary consultation with a doctor is important.

Antimicrobial drugs are available not only in the form of tablets that are familiar to everyone, but also in powders, injection solutions, in the form of ointments, sprays, gels and creams. Their main purpose is to suppress the development and spread of pathogenic microbes. Modern pharmacology produces antimicrobial agents for both adults and children.

Antimicrobial powders

Borozin - Borozin.

Release form. Sachets in the amount of 5 pcs. 5 g of powder each.

Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug normalizes the process of sweating, inhibits the microbial flora.

Indications. Increased sweating, unpleasant foot odor, prevention of fungal diseases.

Application and doses. Divide the sachet into 2 parts, put in the left and right shoes daily (for a long time).

Brilliant green - Viride nitens

Release forms. Powder, alcohol solution 1% and 2% in vials of 10 ml. Compound. Bis-(para-diethylamino) triphenyl-anhydrocarbinol oxalate.

Application and doses. Assign externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 1% or 2% alcohol or aqueous solution for lubrication with pyoderma.

Dermatol - Dermatolum.

International non-proprietary name - Bismuth subgallate.

Release forms. Powder and ointment 10% on vaseline.

Compound. Bismuth subgallate is an amorphous lemon-yellow powder, odorless and tasteless.

Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial medicine is used externally as an astringent and drying agent for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes in the form of powder, ointment and suppositories.

Indications. Ulcers, eczema, dermatitis.

Special remarks. Store in a well-packed container, protected from light.

Furacilin - Furacilin.

International non-proprietary name - Nitrofiral.

Release form. This agent, included in the list of antimicrobials, is a yellow or greenish-yellow powder of a bitter taste, poorly soluble in water. Applied in the form of an ointment of 0.02%, tablets of 0.2 for the preparation of solutions.

Compound. Furacilin - 5-nitrofurfural semi-carbazone.

Pharmachologic effect. Antibacterial agent. It acts on Gr + and Gr microorganisms - staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli.

Indications. Outwardly for the treatment and prevention of purulent-inflammatory processes, with bedsores, ulcerative lesions, burns of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, purulent wounds.

Contraindications. Chronic allergic dermatoses.

Side effect. development of dermatitis.

Application and doses. Use water 0.02% and alcohol 0.066% (1:1500) solutions, as well as ointment. The alcohol solution is made on 70% ethyl alcohol.

Antimicrobials in the form of ointments

Desitin ointment - Ung. Desitin.

International non-proprietary name - Zinc oxide.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 57 and 113 g.

Compound. Zinc oxide, inactive ingredients - cod liver oil, LC-2 neutralizer, tenox BHA, methyl paraben, white petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin.

Pharmachologic effect. Physical barrier of the skin, reduces exposure to irritants. Provides a long-lasting protective effect against moisture when the baby is in wet diapers for a long time. Weak astringent, soothing, light exfoliating effect.

Indications. Prevention and treatment of "diaper rash". Remedy for minor burns, cuts, scratches and sunburn. Soothing and protective effect on eczema.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to components.

Side effect. When using this antimicrobial agent, erythema, itching are possible.

Application and doses. With "diaper rash" in children, use 3 or more times a day. When using this antimicrobial for the prevention of diaper dermatitis, apply to the skin covered with a diaper at bedtime, when the child may be in wet diapers for a long time. For small burns, cuts, scratches, sunburn, apply the ointment in a thin layer. During pregnancy and lactation, the use is not contraindicated.

Special remarks. Assign only for superficial and uninfected lesions.

Interferon (alpha-2-interferon and KIP).

International non-proprietary name - Interferon alfa-2b.

Release form. This antimicrobial drug is available as an ointment in tubes and jars of 5 g, 10 g and 30 g.

Compound. 1 g of ointment contains 500,000 IU of alpha-interferon, CIP is a complex immunoglobulin preparation (contains IgG, M, A with control for viruses).

Pharmachologic effect. The CIP contains antibodies against herpes viruses, chlamydia, staphylococci.

Indications. Herpes simplex and herpes zoster, genital warts, papillomas, long-term non-healing trophic ulcers.

Contraindications. Individual intolerance. The drug is not suitable for the smell of rancid oil.

Application and doses. Apply an antimicrobial agent in a thin layer 2-3 times a day for herpes (5-7 days), for other diseases - 7-14 days, for trophic ulcers, apply the ointment along the periphery of the ulcer.

Boric acid - Acidum boricum.

International non-proprietary name - Boric acid.

Release forms. Boric ointment 5%; Vaseline boric contains boric acid 5 and vaseline 95 parts. A solution of boric acid 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5% in ethyl alcohol 70%. Aqueous solutions are prepared from ex tempore powder. Boric-zinc liniment (boric acid 1 g, zinc oxide 10 g, sunflower oil 10 g). Boric-naphthalan paste (boric acid 5 g, zinc oxide and starch 25 g each, naphthalan ointment 45 g - in glass jars of 50 and 100 g). Teymurov's paste (boric acid and sodium tetraborate 7 g each, salicylic acid - 1.4 g, zinc oxide - 25 g, tetramine hexamethylene 3.5 g, formaldehyde solution 3.5 g, lead acetate 0.3 g, talc 25 d , glycerin 12 g, mint oil 0.3 g, distilled water - 12 g and emulsifier -3 g) as a disinfectant, drying, deodorizing agent for sweating, diaper rash of the skin.

Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug has antiseptic activity. In the form of an ointment, it has an anti-pediculosis effect. Apply boric acid in adults.

Indications. Weeping dermatitis and eczema - 3% solution in cold lotions. Alcohol solutions 0.5-3% for the treatment of affected areas of the skin with pyoderma, eczema, diaper rash; 10% solution in glycerin - to lubricate the affected areas with diaper rash. For the treatment of pediculosis - 5% boric ointment.

Contraindications. This antimicrobial drug is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function, nursing mothers for the treatment of the mammary glands, children, pregnant women, as well as individual intolerance. Boric acid preparations should not be applied to large areas of the body.

Side effect. With prolonged use of acid and overdose, as well as with impaired renal function, acute and chronic toxic reactions are possible: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, epithelial desquamation, headaches, confusion, convulsions, oliguria, rarely - shock.

Application and doses. Outwardly as a moderately acting antiseptic. In the form of an ointment for lice, apply to the scalp, and after 20-30 minutes, wash off with warm running water and soap, carefully comb out with a fine comb. Do not apply in case of acute inflammatory skin diseases, avoid getting the ointment in the eyes.

Xeroform ointment - Ung. xeroformii.

Release form. Ointment 3-10% yellow, homogeneous consistency with a characteristic odor.

Compound. Bismuth tribromophenolate basic with bismuth oxide.

Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic, drying, astringent.

Indications. This effective antimicrobial drug is prescribed for skin diseases, taking into account the pharmacological action of xeroform.

Special remarks. Store the powder in a container that protects from light and moisture.

Salicylic acid ointment - Ung. acid salicylici.

International non-proprietary name - Salicylic acid.

Release forms. Ointment 2 or 3%, 25 g in glass jars, alcohol solution 2% for external use, 30 ml in a vial. Store in a place protected from the sun.

Compound. The active substance is salicylic acid.

Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic agent for external use with a distracting, irritating and keratolytic effect. Causes swelling and softening of the stratum corneum, which gradually discolors and is easily scraped off the surface of the skin or removed in layers. This one of the best antimicrobial drugs has an antipruritic effect.

Indications. Infected skin lesions, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis, horny eczema, versicolor versicolor, lichen planus, limited neurodermatitis. Contraindications. Individual intolerance to the drug.

Side effect. Burning, itching, rashes.

Application and doses. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin no more than 2 times a day; it is also possible to wipe with an alcohol solution.

Zinc ointment - Ung. Zinci.

Release forms. In a package of 30 g. Zinc paste, salicylic-zinc paste, zinc-ichthyol paste, zinc-naftalan ointment with anesthesin. Baby powder.

Compound. The active substance is zinc oxide.

Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic, astringent, drying.

Indications. This antimicrobial agent is prescribed for dermatitis, diaper rash, ulcers, etc.

Gentamicin sulfate - Gentamicin sulfate.

Release form. For external use - ointment 0.1% in a tube of 15 g.

Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of the aminoglycoside group. Active against Gr-bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gr+ bacteria: staphylococci (including those resistant to other antibiotics), individual strains of streptococci. Does not affect anaerobes.

Indications. Infections caused by susceptible microorganisms: furunculosis, folliculitis, burns, skin abscesses and ulcers, infected animal bites, wounds.

Application and doses. Apply the ointment in a thin layer on the damaged surface. You can use gauze soaked in ointment. Multiplicity - 1-2 times a day, and in severe cases - 3-4 times a day.

Antimicrobial drugs for injection

Benzylpenicillin / Benzylpenicillin.

International non-proprietary name - Benzylpenicillin.

Release form. Injection vials of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 units. Compound. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt.

Pharmachologic effect. An antibiotic of the biosynthetic penicillin group, which is destroyed by penicillinase. This antimicrobial drug has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. Active against Gr+ bacteria: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. (not producing penicillinase), Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Gr-bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and spirochetes. Penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus spp. are resistant to the action of benzylpenicillin. Decomposes in an acidic environment. Novocaine salt of Benzylpenicillin compared with potassium and sodium salts is characterized by a longer duration of action.

Indications. Syphilis, plaque scleroderma, infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (including erysipelas), Lymeborreliosis, gonorrhea, blennorrhea.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to penicillin drugs, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, urticaria, hay fever.

Side effects. Skin rash, rarely - headache, nausea, loss of appetite, intestinal dysbacteriosis, candidiasis.

Application and doses. It is administered intramuscularly at 500,000-1,000,000 IU every 6 hours from 7-10 days to 1 month or more. In the treatment of syphilis, the drug should be used according to the accepted schemes.

Special remarks. Severe allergic reactions can occur up to the development of anaphylactic shock. The use of an insufficient dose leads to the development of resistant strains of pathogens. Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function, with heart failure. In connection with the possibility of developing fungal superinfection, it is advisable to prescribe antifungal drugs against the background of penicillin therapy.

Extencillin - Extencilline.

International non-proprietary name - Benzathine benzylpenicillin. Other trade name: Bicillin 1.

Release form. Vials with lyophilized dry substance for injections, 50 pcs. packaged.

Compound. 1 vial contains benzathine benzylpenicillin 600,000, 1,200,000 or 2,400,000 IU.

Pharmachologic effect. Prolonged action antibiotic of the biosynthetic penicillin group. It is active against Gr+ bacteria, Gr-cocci, actinomycetes and spirochetes. This antimicrobial medicine is used to treat infections caused by treponema pallidum and streptococcus. Not resistant to penicillinase.

Indications. Syphilis, erysipelas, wound infection, rheumatism.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to benzathine benzylpenicillin and other penicillin antibiotics.

Side effects. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, blood clotting disorders, allergic reactions - urticaria, rash on the skin and mucous membranes, joint pain, fever, anaphylactic shock.

Application and doses. Extencillin is administered deep intramuscularly. For the treatment of syphilis - intramuscularly with an interval of 8 days in a single dose of 2,400,000 units 2-3 times a day. Dilute with water for injection for each dosage, respectively, in 2.4 and 8 ml.

Other antimicrobials for children and adults

Drapolen - Drapolen.

International non-proprietary name - Bezalkoniya chloride + Cetrimide.

Release form. Cream in tubes of 55 g.

Compound. The active ingredients are benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide.

Pharmachologic effect. An antimicrobial drug called Drapolen has an antiseptic, disinfectant effect - it damages the membranes of microorganisms.

Indications. Prevention and treatment of diaper rash in young children, antimicrobial drug for the treatment of contact dermatitis in adults; minor burns (including sunburns).

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to components.

Side effect. Despite the fact that this antimicrobial agent is considered one of the best, skin allergic reactions are possible with its use.

Application and doses. Apply a thin layer on pre-washed and dried skin; children - at each change of diapers.

Special remarks. The effect is weakened by contact with soap or other anionic surfactants.

Cuprum-zinc cream (Uriage).

Means of medical cosmetics.

Release form. Emulsion in tubes of 40 ml.

Compound. Copper and zinc gluconates, TLR2-Regul, Uriage thermal water.

Pharmachologic effect. This drug has antimicrobial activity, reduces the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to corneocytes, prevents secondary infection, soothes and heals the skin.

Indications. Hygiene and care of atopic skin during an exacerbation in newborns, children and adults. Accompanying treatment with glucocorticoids to prevent secondary infection: contact dermatitis, cheilitis, gluteal erythema in newborns, eczema.

Contraindications, side effects. Not marked.

Application. Two antimicrobial applications for children and adults per day on previously cleansed skin with gel or soap.

Special remarks. It can be used in parallel with external corticosteroid therapy or in between courses of treatment.

Cuprum zinc spray with smectite (Uriage).

Means of medical cosmetics.

Release form. Spray 100 ml.

Compound. Colloidal silicates of mineral and natural origin in micropowder (smectite), copper gluconate, zinc gluconate, Uriage thermal water.

Pharmachologic effect. Absorbent, aseptic, soothing.

Indications. This antimicrobial agent is intended for weeping areas in newborns, children and adults.

Application. Apply as needed to wet areas.

Special remarks. No drug interactions have been established.

Chlorhexidine - Chlorhexidine.

International non-proprietary name - Chlorhexidine. Other trade name: Plivasept (cream).

Release forms. Aqueous solution of 20% in vials of 0.5, 3 and 5 liters; for individual prevention of sexually transmitted diseases 0.05% solution in a polymer package of 100 ml. Cream - bigluconate (1%) and hydrocortisone (1%) in tubes of 20, 50 and 100 g.

Compound. The solution and cream contain chlorhexidine in the form of digluconate.

Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug is one of the most active local antiseptics. Strong bactericidal effect on Gr+ and Gr- bacteria. Effective against pathogens of venereal diseases: treponema, gonococci, Trichomonas. Hydrocortisone contained in the cream has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Indications. An aqueous solution of 0.5% is used to disinfect wounds and burns. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases - syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, washing the urethra, bladder. The cream is used for acute and chronic eczema, dermatitis with concomitant bacterial infections, pyoderma, impetigo, felons, diaper rash, acne vulgaris, as well as for healing scratches, abrasions, microtraumas.

Contraindications. The solution should not be administered with a tendency to allergic reactions, dermatitis. Regarding the cream - viral skin diseases, allergy to the drug.

Application and doses. Apply the cream on the affected area of ​​the skin with a thin layer 1-3 times a day. Long-term use of this antimicrobial drug is not recommended.

Special remarks. Avoid getting the cream in the eyes.

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Today even children of primary school age know what antibiotics are. However, the term "broad-spectrum antibiotics" sometimes confuses even adults and raises many questions. How wide is the spectrum? What are these antibiotics? And, yes, it looks like there are narrow-spectrum drugs that may not help?

The most amazing thing is that even the omniscient Internet often cannot help and dispel the fog of doubt. In this article, we will try to slowly and methodically figure out what kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics they are, what bacteria they act on, and also when, how and how many times a day they are used.

Diverse world of bacteria

And we will start from the very beginning - with microbes. Bacteria make up the majority of prokaryotes - unicellular living organisms without a clearly defined nucleus. It was bacteria that first populated the lonely Earth millions of years ago. They live everywhere: in soil, water, acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. Descriptions of about 10 thousand species of bacteria are known, but it is assumed that their number reaches a million.

And of course, bacteria live in organisms of plants, animals and humans. Relations between lower unicellular and higher multicellular are different - both friendly, mutually beneficial for partners, and openly hostile.

A person cannot exist without “good”, correct bacteria that form the microflora. However, along with valuable bifido- and lactobacilli, microbes that cause a variety of diseases enter our bodies.

The composition of the microflora also includes the so-called conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, they do no harm, but it is worth lowering our immunity, and these yesterday's friends turn into vicious enemies. In order to somehow understand the host of bacteria, doctors proposed to classify them.

Gram- and Gram+: decoding the puzzle

The most famous division of microbes is very often mentioned in pharmacies, clinics, and annotations to medicines. And just as often, a living average patient does not understand what, in fact, they are talking about. Let's figure it out together, what do these mysterious expressions gram + and gram- mean, without which not a single description of the action of antibiotics can do?

As early as 1885, Dane Hans Gram decided to stain sections of lung tissue to make bacteria more visible. The scientist found that the typhoid pathogen Salmonella typhi did not change color, while the rest of the microorganisms were exposed to the chemical.

Based on the ability of bacteria to stain according to Gram, the most famous classification is now adopted. The group of bacteria that do not change color is called gram-negative. The second category is called gram-positive, that is, Gram-staining microorganisms.

Gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens: who is who?

Another equally important classification of antibiotics breaks down drugs according to their spectrum of action and structure. And again, to understand the complex paragraphs of instructions explaining the spectrum of activity and belonging to a particular group, you should get to know the microbes better.

Gram-positive bacteria include cocci, that is, microorganisms in the form of a ball, among which there are numerous families of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, this group includes clostridia, corynebacteria, listeria, enterococci. Gram-positive pathogens most often cause infectious diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, ear, and inflammatory processes of the eye.

Gram-negative bacteria are a less numerous group of microorganisms that mainly cause intestinal infections, as well as diseases of the genitourinary tract. Much less often, gram-negative pathogens are responsible for respiratory pathologies. These include E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Legionella, Klebsiella, Proteus.

Among gram-negative microorganisms there are also causative agents of severe nosocomial infections. These microbes are difficult to treat - in a hospital environment, they develop a special resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, for the treatment of such infectious diseases, special, often intramuscular or intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics are also used.

On the basis of such a “separation” of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, empirical therapy is based, which involves the selection of an antibiotic without prior seeding, that is, practically “by eye”. As practice shows, in the case of "standard" diseases, this approach to the choice of the drug justifies itself. If the doctor has doubts about the belonging of the pathogen to one or another group, the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics will help to “get a finger in the sky”.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: the whole army under the gun

So, we come to the most interesting. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a versatile antibacterial medicine. Whatever the pathogen is the source of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents will have a bactericidal effect and overcome the microbe.

As a rule, broad-spectrum drugs are used when:

• treatment is prescribed empirically, that is, on the basis of clinical symptoms. With the empirical selection of an antibiotic, time and money are not wasted on identifying the pathogen. The microbe that caused the disease will forever remain unknown. This approach is appropriate in the case of common infections, as well as fast-moving dangerous diseases. For example, with meningitis, death can be a foregone conclusion literally within a few hours if antibiotic therapy is not started immediately after the first signs of the disease;
• causative agents of the disease are resistant to the action of narrow-spectrum antibiotics;
• diagnosed with superinfection, in which the culprits of the disease are several types of bacteria at once;
• prevention of infection after surgical interventions.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's try to name those antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of activity:

• antibiotics of the penicillin group: Ampicillin, Ticarcycline;
• antibiotics of the tetracycline group: Tetracycline;
• fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin;
• Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin;
• Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin);
• Carbapenems: Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

As you can see, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not very large. And we will start a detailed description of drugs with the most, probably, the most popular group - penicillin antibiotics.

Penicillins - drugs that are known and loved

With the discovery of the antibiotic of this particular group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes can be defeated. Despite its venerable age, benzylpenicillin is still used, and in some cases is a first-line drug. However, broad-spectrum agents include other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into two groups:

• preparations for parenteral (injection) and enteral administration, which endure the acidic environment of the stomach;
• injectable antibiotics that do not withstand the action of hydrochloric acid - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are popular broad spectrum penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin occupy a special place of honor among penicillin antibiotics. The spectrum and effect on the human body of these two antibiotics are almost the same. Among the microorganisms sensitive to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, the most famous infectious agents are:

• gram-positive bacteria: staphylococci and streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
• gram-negative bacteria: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, whooping cough pathogen Bordetella pertussis.

With an identical spectrum, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin significantly differ in pharmacokinetic properties.

Ampicillin

Ampicillin was synthesized in the early 60s of the last century. The drug immediately won the hearts of doctors: its spectrum of action compares favorably with the antibiotics of the 50s, to which persistence, that is, addiction, has already developed.

However, Ampicillin has significant drawbacks - low bioavailability and a short half-life. The antibiotic is absorbed only by 35-50%, and the half-life is several hours. In this regard, the course of treatment with Ampicillin is quite intensive: tablets should be taken at a dose of 250–500 mg four times a day.

A feature of Ampicillin, which is considered an advantage over Amoxicillin, is the possibility of parenteral administration of the drug. The antibiotic is produced in the form of a lyophilized powder, from which a solution is prepared before administration. Ampicillin is prescribed 250-1000 mg every 4-6 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.

Amoxicillin is slightly younger than its predecessor - it went on sale in the 70s of the XX century. Nevertheless, this antibiotic is still one of the most popular and effective means of a wide range, including for children. And this became possible thanks to the undoubted advantages of the drug.

These include the high bioavailability of Amoxicillin tablets, which reaches 75-90%, against the background of a fairly long half-life. At the same time, the degree of absorption does not depend on food intake. The drug has a high degree of affinity for the tissues of the respiratory tract: the concentration of Amoxicillin in the lungs and bronchi is almost twice as high as in other tissues and blood. Not surprisingly, Amoxicillin is considered the drug of choice for uncomplicated forms of bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia.

In addition, the drug is indicated for sore throat, infections of the urinary and genital tract, infectious diseases of the skin. Amoxicillin is a component of eradication therapy for gastric and duodenal ulcers.

The drug is taken orally at a dosage of 250-1000 mg twice a day for 5-10 days.

Broad spectrum parenteral penicillins

Penicillins, which are used for parenteral administration, differ from Ampicillin and Amoxicillin known to us in their additional activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This microorganism causes soft tissue infections - abscesses, purulent wounds. Pseudomonas also act as causative agents of cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, as well as inflammation of the intestine - enteritis.

In addition, broad-spectrum parenteral penicillin antibiotics have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci (with the exception of strains that form penicillinase), as well as enterobacteria;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae and others.

Broad-spectrum parenteral penicillins include Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin, Piperacillin and others.

Consider the most famous antibiotics - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin and Piperacillin.

Carbenicillin

In medicine, the disodium salt of carbenicillin is used, which is a white powder that dissolves before use.

Carbenicillin is indicated for infections of the abdominal cavity, including peritonitis, genitourinary system, respiratory tract, as well as meningitis, sepsis, infections of bone tissue, skin.

The drug is administered intramuscularly, and in severe cases intravenously.

Ticarcillin

Unprotected Ticarcillin is prescribed for severe infections caused by strains of bacteria that do not produce penicillinase: sepsis, septicemia, peritonitis, postoperative infections. The antibiotic is also used for gynecological infections, including endometritis, as well as infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, and skin. In addition, Ticarcillin is used for infectious diseases in patients with a reduced immune response.

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is mainly used in conjunction with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. However, if it is established that the causative agent of the disease does not produce penicillinase, it is possible to prescribe an unprotected antibiotic.

Indications for the use of Piperacillin are severe pyoinflammatory infections of the genitourinary system, abdominal cavity, respiratory and ENT organs, skin, bones and joints, as well as sepsis, meningitis, postoperative infections and other diseases.

Protected broad-spectrum penicillins: antibiotics to fight resistance!

Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are far from omnipotent. Both drugs are destroyed by the action of beta-lactamases, which are produced by some strains of bacteria. Such "malicious" pathogens include many types of staphylococcus, including aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and other bacteria.

If the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and some other antibiotics are simply destroyed without causing any harm to the bacteria. Scientists have found a way out of the situation by creating complexes of penicillin antibiotics with substances that inhibit beta-lactamase. In addition to the most famous clavulanic acid, inhibitors of destructive enzymes include sulbactam and tazobactam.

Protected antibiotics are able to effectively fight an infection that is not subject to fragile and lonely penicillin. Therefore, combined drugs are often the drugs of choice for a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection, including hospital ones. The leading places in this list of broad-spectrum antibiotics are occupied by two or three drugs, and some injectable drugs used in hospitals remain “behind the scenes”. Paying tribute to the spectrum of each combined penicillin, we will open the veil of secrecy and list these, of course, the most worthy drugs.

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. The most famous combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has dozens of generics: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoclav. There are both oral and injectable forms of this antibiotic.

Amoxicillin and sulbactam. Trade name - Trifamox, is available in the form of tablets. The parenteral form of Trifamox is also available.

ampicillin and sulbactam. The trade name is Ampisid, it is used for injections, more often in hospitals.

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid. Trade name Timentin, available only in parenteral form. Indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by resistant, hospital-acquired strains.

Piperacillin + tazobactam. Trade names Piperacillin-tazobactam-Teva, Tazatsin, Santaz, Tazrobida, Tacillin J, etc. The antibiotic is used by infusion drip, that is, in the form of intravenous infusions for moderate and severe polyinfections.

Broad-spectrum tetracyclines: time-tested

Tetracycline antibiotics are among the well-known broad-spectrum drugs. This group of drugs is united by a common structure, which is based on a four-cyclic system ("tetra" in Greek - four).

Tetracycline antibiotics do not have a beta-lactam ring in their structure, and, therefore, are not subject to the destructive action of beta-lactamase. The tetracycline group has a common spectrum of action that includes:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, listeria, actinomycetes;
• gram-negative microorganisms: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, E. coli, Shigella (the causative agent of dysentery), Salmonella, the causative agent of whooping cough Bordetella pertussis, as well as bacteria of the genus Treponema, including the causative agent of syphilis - pale spirochete.

A distinctive feature of tetracyclines is their ability to penetrate into the bacterial cell. Therefore, these funds do an excellent job with intracellular pathogens - chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus do not respond to the bactericidal action of tetracyclines.

The two most commonly used tetracyclines today are tetracycline and doxycycline.

Tetracycline

One of the founders of the tetracycline group, discovered back in 1952, is still used, despite its advanced age and side effects. However, the prescription of tetracycline tablets can be criticized, given the existence of more modern and effective broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The negative aspects of oral tetracycline undoubtedly include a rather limited therapeutic activity, as well as the ability to change the composition of the intestinal flora. In this regard, when prescribing tetracycline tablets, an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea should be taken into account.

Much more effective and safe is the appointment of external and local forms of tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline eye ointment is included in the Russian list of essential drugs and is an excellent example of a broad-spectrum local antibacterial drug.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline is distinguished by therapeutic activity (almost 10 times higher than Tetracycline) and impressive bioavailability. In addition, Doxycycline has a much lesser effect on the intestinal microflora than other drugs of the tetracycline group.

Fluoroquinolones are essential broad spectrum antibiotics.

Probably, no doctor can imagine his medical practice without fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The first synthesized representatives of this group were distinguished by a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmaceuticals, new generations of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents have been discovered and the spectrum of their activity has expanded.

So, antibiotics of the first generation - Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin - work mainly against gram-negative flora.

Modern fluoroquinolones II, III and IV generations, unlike their predecessors, are antibiotics of the broadest, so to speak, spectrum of action. These include Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and other medicines active against:

Note that without exception, all fluoroquinolones are contraindicated for use in children under 18 years of age. This is due to the ability of antibiotics of this group to disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a substance that is part of the tendon structure. Therefore, the use of fluoroquinolones in children is associated with the risk of changes in cartilage tissue.

Fluoroquinolone II generation, Levofloxacin is prescribed for infections of the respiratory tract - pneumonia, bronchitis, ENT organs - sinusitis, otitis media, as well as diseases of the urinary tract, genital tract, including urogenital chlamydia, infections of the skin (furunculosis) and soft tissues (atheromas, abscesses).

Levofloxacin is prescribed 500 mg per day at one time for seven, less often for 10 days. In severe cases, the antibiotic is administered intravenously.

Many drugs containing lomefloxacin are registered on the Russian pharmaceutical market. The original tool - the brand - is the German Tavanik. Its generics include Levofloxacin Teva, Levolet, Glevo, Flexil, Ecolevid, Hailefloks and other drugs.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a highly active broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic of the third generation, indicated for infections of the upper respiratory tract, respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, and postoperative infections. The drug is prescribed in tablets of 400 mg once a day. The course of treatment ranges from 7 to 10 days.

The original drug of moxifloxacin, which is most often used, is Avelox manufactured by Bayer. There are very few generics of Avelox, and it is quite difficult to find them in pharmacies. Moxifloxacin is part of Vigamox eye drops, indicated for infectious inflammatory processes of the conjunctiva of the eye and other diseases.

Gatifloxacin

The drug of the last, IV generation of fluoroquinolones is prescribed for severe, including nosocomial diseases of the respiratory tract, ophthalmic pathologies, infections of the ENT organs, the urogenital tract. The antibacterial effect of Gatifloxacin also extends to the causative agents of the infection, which is sexually transmitted.

Gatifloxacin is prescribed at 200 or 400 mg per day once.

Most drugs containing gatifloxacin are produced by Indian companies. More often than others in pharmacies you can find Tebris, Gafloks, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides: essential antibiotics

Aminoglycosides combine a group of antibacterial drugs that have similar properties in structure and, of course, the spectrum of action. Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis in microbes, providing a pronounced bactericidal effect against sensitive microorganisms.

The first aminoglycoside is a natural antibiotic isolated during World War II. Surprisingly, modern phthisiology still cannot do without the same Streptomycin, which was discovered back in 1943 - an antibiotic is still being used with might and main in phthisiology for the treatment of tuberculosis.

All four generations of aminoglycosides, which have been gradually isolated and synthesized over more than half a century, have an equally wide spectrum of antibacterial action. Antibiotics of this group act on:

• gram-positive cocci: streptococci and staphylococci;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas and others.

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some individual features, which we will try to trace on the examples of specific drugs.

The oldest broad-acting aminoglycoside of the 1st generation in injections, which is favorably distinguished by high antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indications for the use of Streptomycin are primary tuberculosis of any localization, plague, brucellosis and tularemia. The antibiotic is administered intramuscularly, intratracheally, and also intracavernously.

A very controversial antibiotic of the second generation, which is gradually being forgotten, is Gentamicin. Like other aminoglycosides of II and older generations, Gentamicin is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic exists in three forms: injectable, external in the form of ointments and local (eye drops).

Interestingly, unlike the vast majority of antibiotics, Gentamicin perfectly retains its properties in dissolved form. Therefore, the injection form of the drug is a ready-made solution in ampoules.

Gentamicin is used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract - cholecystitis, cholangitis, urinary tract - cystitis, pyelonephritis, as well as infections of the skin and soft tissues. In ophthalmic practice, eye drops with Gentamicin are prescribed for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other infectious eye lesions.

The reason for the wary attitude towards Gentamicin is the data on the side effects of the antibiotic, in particular, ototoxicity. In recent years, there has been ample evidence of hearing loss due to Gentamicin therapy. There are even cases of complete deafness that developed against the background of the introduction of an antibiotic. The danger is that, as a rule, the ototoxic effect of Gentamicin is irreversible, that is, hearing is not restored after the antibiotic is discontinued.

Based on such a sad trend, most doctors prefer to opt for other, safer aminoglycosides.

Amikacin

An excellent alternative to Gentamicin is the III generation broad-spectrum antibiotic Amikacin, which is available as a powder for the preparation of an injection solution. Indications for the appointment of Amikacin are peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, pneumonia and other severe infectious diseases.

Amphenicols: let's talk about the good old Levomycetin

The main representative of the amphenicol group is the broad-spectrum natural antibiotic chloramphenicol, which is known to almost every our compatriot under the name Levomycetin. The drug is a structural levorotatory isomer of chloramphenicol (hence the prefix "levo").

The spectrum of action of Levomycetin covers:

• gram-positive cocci: staphylococci and streptococci;
• Gram-negative bacteria: pathogens of gonorrhea, Escherichia and Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Rickettsia.

In addition, Levomycetin is active against spirochetes and even some large viruses.

Indications for the appointment of Levomycetin are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, typhus, and various intestinal infections.

External forms of Levomycetin (ointment) are prescribed for purulent skin diseases, trophic ulcers. So, in Russia, an ointment containing Levomycetin, which is produced under the name Levomekol, is very popular.

In addition, Levomycetin is used in ophthalmology for inflammatory eye diseases.

The course of treatment with Levomycetin or How to harm your body?

Levomycetin is an affordable, effective, and therefore a broad-spectrum intestinal antibiotic beloved by many. So beloved that you can often find a patient in a pharmacy buying those same diarrhea pills and praising their effectiveness. Still: I drank two or three pills - and the problems were no matter how it happened. It is in this approach to treatment with Levomycetin that the danger lurks.

We must not forget that Levomycetin is an antibiotic that must be taken in a course. We know that, for example, the antibiotic Amoxicillin should not be drunk for less than five days, but, drinking two tablets of Levomycetin, we manage to completely forget about the antibacterial origin of the drug. But what happens in this case with bacteria?

It's simple: the weakest enterobacteria, of course, die after two or three doses of Levomycetin. The diarrhea stops, and we, giving glory to the power of bitter pills, forget about the troubles. Meanwhile, strong and resistant microorganisms survive and continue their vital activity. Often as conditional pathogens, which, at the slightest decrease in immunity, are activated and show us where the crayfish hibernate. That's when Levomycetin may no longer be able to cope with selected microbes.

To prevent this from happening, you should adhere to the recommended course of antibiotic therapy. For the treatment of acute intestinal infections, the drug is taken at a dosage of 500 mg three to four times a day for at least a week. If you are not ready to follow a sufficiently intensive course, it is better to give preference to other antimicrobials, for example, nitrofuran derivatives.

Carbapenems: reserve antibiotics

As a rule, we encounter carbapenems extremely rarely or not at all. And this is wonderful - after all, these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections that threaten life. The spectrum of action of carabapenems includes most of the existing pathological strains, including resistant ones.

Antibiotics in this group include:

• Meropenem. The most common carbapenem, which is produced under the trade names Meronem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Dzhenem and others;
• Ertapenem, trade name Invanz;
• Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered only intravenously, intravenously by infusion and bolus, that is, using a special dispenser.

Antibiotic therapy: the golden rule of safety

At the end of our excursion into the world of broad-spectrum antibiotics, we cannot ignore the most important aspect on which the safety of drugs and, ultimately, our health is based. Each patient - present or potential - should know and remember that the right to prescribe antibiotics belongs exclusively to the doctor.

No matter how much knowledge you have in the field of medicine, you should not give in to the temptation to “treat yourself”. Moreover, one should not rely on the hypothetical pharmaceutical abilities of neighbors, friends and colleagues.

Only a good doctor can assess the risks and benefits of using a broad-spectrum antibiotic, choose a drug that can cover the spectrum of exactly “your” microorganisms and prevent possible side effects. Trust the knowledge and experience of a great specialist, and this will help maintain health for many years.

The name "antibacterial drugs" already contains the principle of action, i.e. against bacteria. It is easy to guess that such drugs are prescribed only for infectious processes, and their use for viral or allergic attacks is useless, or even harmful.

The concept of "antibiotic" includes a large number of drugs, each of which belongs to a specific pharmacological group. Despite the fact that the principle of action for all antibiotics is the same, the spectrum of action, side effects and other parameters may differ.

Not only semi-synthetic and synthetic antimicrobial agents, but also drugs based on plant and animal material are capable of suppressing pathogenic microflora.

When did the first antibiotic appear?

The first antibacterial drug was penicillin. It was discovered by the famous British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming at the beginning of the 20th century. For a long time, penicillin could not be obtained in its pure form; subsequently, other scientists continued this work. Only during the Second World War, penicillin began to be mass-produced.

natural antibiotics

If the infectious process is mild, and the doctor decides not to use systemic antibacterial drugs, it is recommended to use the following products together with local antimicrobial agents:

These products destroy not only the infection, but also are a reliable prevention of the occurrence of other diseases, such as: SARS, influenza, hypertension, pyelonephritis, duodenal ulcer, thrombosis.

What is the difference between bactericidal drugs and bacteriostatic agents?

Bactericidal preparations completely destroy the bacterial flora, and bacteriostatic agents delay its pathological growth. Decreased bacterial growth allows the immune system to suppress the infection in the body on its own.

On the one hand, bacteriostatic drugs, as it were, train the immune system, but most reinsurers in medicine tend to act for sure - to find and neutralize, i.e. prefer broad-spectrum bactericidal preparations.

Antibiotics - classification by groups

Patients are probably not interested in this issue. The main thing for the patient is to find a good and reliable antibiotic, and even at an affordable price, and going into pharmacological knowledge is difficult. But, nevertheless, let's get acquainted with certain basics in this area, in order to at least have a little idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat we use for treatment.

So, there are the following groups of antibiotics:

How to use antibiotics correctly?

Antibiotics are presented in all dosage forms. In pharmacies, you can buy tablets, solutions, ointments, suppositories and other forms. The choice of the desired form remains with the doctor.

Tablets, drops, capsules are used from one to four times a day (according to the instructions). Preparations must be washed down with water. For babies, oral remedies are recommended in the form of a syrup.

Injections are used in complicated cases. The therapeutic effect occurs faster and the medicinal substance quickly enters the focus of infection. Before administration, it is necessary to properly prepare the drug; in most cases, the drug powder is diluted with water for injection or lidocaine.

It is interesting! Back in Soviet times, medical schools emphasized that antibiotic injections can be performed without first lubricating the skin with alcohol. This was explained by the fact that antibacterial drugs, when administered, disinfect nearby tissues, and the formation of a post-injection abscess is impossible.

Antibiotics in the form of an ointment are used for infectious lesions of the skin, eyes, ears and other areas.

What is antibiotic sensitivity?

To get into the "top ten" and choose an effective antibacterial agent, you need to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics.

For example, with angina, the focus of inflammation is in the throat. The doctor takes a swab from the tonsils and sends the material to the bacteriological laboratory for analysis. Bacteriologists determine the type of bacteria (with angina, streptococcus or staphylococcus is most often sown), and then they select antibiotics that can destroy the microorganisms found.

Important! If the antibiotic came up, then the bacterium is sensitive, if not, it is resistant. Antibacterial therapy for children and adults is prescribed using only sensitive agents.

In diseases such as bronchitis or tuberculosis, the patient's sputum is needed for research, but it is not always possible to collect it. Then prescribe antibacterial drugs with a wide spectrum of action.

When are antibiotics ineffective?

The effectiveness of antibiotics has been proven only in cases with bacteria and fungi. A number of bacteria belong to the conditionally pathogenic microflora. Their moderate amount does not cause disease. With a weakened immune system and the reproduction of these bacteria, the infectious process begins.

SARS and influenza are not treated with antibiotics. Therefore, with these pathologies, antiviral drugs, homeopathy and folk methods are used.

Even a cough caused by viruses will not go away with antibiotics. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to accurately diagnose, and you have to wait at least five days for bakposev. Only then will it be clear what we are dealing with, with a bacterium or a virus.

Compatibility of alcohol and antibacterial agents

The joint intake of any drugs and alcohol “loads” the liver, which leads to a chemical overload of the organ. Patients complain of poor appetite, bad taste in the mouth, nausea and other symptoms. A biochemical blood test can reveal an increase in ALT and AST.

In addition, alcohol reduces the effectiveness of drugs, but the worst is the possibility of unforeseen complications: seizures, coma, and even death. Do not take risks and conduct experiments on your health. Think about what is more important for you - a drunk glass or a quick recovery without "surprises".

Pregnancy and antibiotics

In the life of a pregnant woman, sometimes you have to deal with taking antibiotics. Of course, experts are trying to find the safest treatment for the expectant mother, but it happens that the infection takes over and antibiotics are indispensable.

The most dangerous period of gestation is the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. There is a laying of all organs and systems of the future organism (embryonic period), and the child's place (placenta) is only in the growth phase. Therefore, this period is considered the most vulnerable to all external factors. The danger lies in the possibility of developing fetal malformations.

Only a doctor can prescribe an antibiotic to a pregnant woman, having necessarily coordinated the therapy with the obstetrician-gynecologist leading the pregnancy. Preparations from the group of penicillins, macrolides or cephalosporins are offered. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are prohibited during pregnancy. Levomycitin, tetracycline, roxithromycin, clarithromycin are also contraindications.

Pathologies such as sepsis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea and others require the mandatory use of antibiotics during the period of gestation.

Is antibiotic prophylaxis possible?

Unfortunately, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics is a frequent phenomenon. When we are tormented by cough, snot, fever, and all these phenomena do not go away after 3-5 days, which is a sin to hide, anxiety begins to appear, and suddenly something serious with the body.

Advanced patients are engaged in self-prescription of drugs for safety reasons, arguing antibiotics as a prevention of complications after SARS. Indeed, such a situation can take place, but, in most cases, the unreasonable use of antibiotics only prevents the body from overcoming a dangerous virus.

Only the presence of an infection in the body needs antibacterial drugs, and no prophylaxis just in case.

If, nevertheless, there is a suspicion that a bacterial environment has joined the viral infection, you should urgently take a general blood test with a formula. According to the results of the analysis, it will be seen whether the patient has “viral” or “bacterial blood”.

For example, with the predominance of lymphocytes and monocytes (their increase), the doctor will prescribe antiviral therapy. If leukocytosis is observed, an increase in stab granulocytes, we can talk about bacteria.

But, nevertheless, there are situations when taking antibiotics is indicated as a preventive therapy, consider them:

• preoperative preparation (if necessary);
• emergency prevention of gonorrhea and syphilis (unprotected sex);
• open wound surfaces (in order to prevent contamination of the wound);
• other.

Negative effects of taking antibiotics

How an antibiotic will behave in a given situation cannot be 100% predicted. It is encouraging that, as a rule, short-term courses up to 7-10 days do not give serious complications. The most common "side effects" are nausea, lack of appetite, diarrhea and allergic reactions.

1. Quite often, especially on penicillins, patients develop skin rashes. Rarely - Quincke's edema develops (for any antibiotic).
2. The toxic effect of antibiotics can affect the functioning of the auditory and visual apparatus. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, skeletal and genitourinary systems can also work with deviations.
3. For example, with long-term therapy for tuberculosis, toxic hepatitis often develops. The liver increases in size, changes its structure (seen by ultrasound), a pathological symptom complex occurs: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastralgia, lack of appetite, yellowness of the skin.

Against the background of prolonged use of antibiotics, the development of pseudomembranous colitis, fungal infections of internal organs and the oral cavity is possible.

You can also not ignore such side effects as:

• immune suppression;
• superinfection;
• bacteriolysis of Jarisch-Herxheimer;
• violation of metabolic processes due to the weakening of the function of the small and large intestines;
• the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of microorganisms.

Antibacterial agents in pediatric practice

The purpose of prescribing antibacterial agents in pediatrics is no different from an adult intake. Just for adults, the doses are detailed, and for children, especially the smallest, you have to calculate the dosage in relation to the body weight of the child.

Syrup is the most popular form in pediatrics, tablets and capsules are more often prescribed to schoolchildren and adult patients. Injectable drugs can be prescribed from the first months of a child's life with severe infections. All calculations on dosages are carried out only by a pediatric specialist.

Conclusion

Antibacterial drugs are classified as complex drugs that have a number of contraindications and side effects. All of them have the specifics of reception and appointment (after bakposev).

Some patients are afraid of antibiotics like fire, believing that taking them will cause great harm to health. But, do not forget that there are cases when a belated intake of antibacterial agents can turn into an irreparable tragedy for the patient.

It often happens that a patient comes to the department with severe pneumonia, and the doctor has to regret and tell his relatives about where the patient was at least a few days ago. Such is the reality.

Antibiotics have given a chance to many patients to recover from infectious processes. Literally 100 years ago, mortality from common infections was quite high. Therefore, the appearance of antibacterial agents is a great discovery for mankind, the main thing is to use them rationally. Be healthy!

Despite the undoubted successes and achievements of modern medicine in the fight against infections, the causative agents of which are pathogenic fungi, the number of people suffering from such diseases is not decreasing.

In addition to superficial and urogenital mycoses, deep lesions associated with HIV, organ donation, hemato-oncology, and nursing of newborns are often recorded today.

Antimycotic drugs, used in the implementation of various schemes for the treatment and prevention of fungal infections, should be highly active against the pathogen, have a prolonged action, have a minimum frequency of formation of resistance of the pathogenic organism, be distinguished by good compatibility with pharmaceuticals from other groups, be effective, safe, and convenient to use.

These requirements are met, in particular, by an antimycotic from the azole group - fluconazole, which acts as the active substance of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs. One of them is a drug Diflucan.

Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system most often occur due to pathogenic microorganisms.

The most common pathogens are chlamydia, trichomonads, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, and fungi.

A person can be a carrier of pathogenic bacteria and not know about it. Often a person becomes infected with several types of microorganisms at once.

An integrated approach is required to treat these conditions. The drug Safocid includes three drugs of different spectrum of action.

For most infections, a single dose of the drug complex is sufficient. But only a doctor can determine the appropriateness of using Safocid.

Mycosist considered one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of fungal diseases.

The main active ingredient of the drug is