The mechanism of their action is based on blocking certain enzymes (COX, cyclooxygenase), they are responsible for the production of prostaglandins - chemicals that promote inflammation, fever, pain.

The word “non-steroidal”, which is contained in the name of the group of drugs, emphasizes the fact that the drugs in this group are not synthetic analogues of steroid hormones - powerful hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The most famous representatives of NSAIDs: aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac.

How do NSAIDs work?

While analgesics directly combat pain, NSAIDs reduce both of the most unpleasant symptoms of the disease: pain and inflammation. Most drugs in this group are non-selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, suppressing the action of both of its isoforms (varieties) - COX-1 and COX-2.

Cyclooxygenase is responsible for the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid, which in turn is obtained from cell membrane phospholipids by the enzyme phospholipase A2. Prostaglandins, among other functions, are mediators and regulators in the development of inflammation. This mechanism was discovered by John Wayne, who later received the Nobel Prize for his discovery.

When are these drugs prescribed?

Typically, NSAIDs are used to treat acute or chronic inflammation accompanied by pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have gained particular popularity for the treatment of joints.

We list the diseases for which these drugs are prescribed:

• acute gout;
• dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain);
• bone pain caused by metastases;
• postoperative pain;
• fever (increased body temperature);
• intestinal obstruction;
• renal colic;
• moderate pain due to inflammation or soft tissue injury;
• osteochondrosis;
• lower back pain;
• headache;
• migraine;
• arthrosis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• pain in Parkinson's disease.

NSAIDs are contraindicated for erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the acute stage, severe liver and kidney dysfunction, cytopenias, individual intolerance, and pregnancy. Should be prescribed with caution to patients with bronchial asthma, as well as to persons who have previously experienced adverse reactions when taking any other NSAIDs.

List of common NSAIDs for treating joints

We list the most well-known and effective NSAIDs that are used to treat joints and other diseases when anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects are necessary:

Some medications are weaker and not so aggressive, others are designed for acute arthrosis, when urgent intervention is required to stop dangerous processes in the body.

What are the advantages of new generation NSAIDs?

Adverse reactions are observed with long-term use of NSAIDs (for example, in the treatment of osteochondrosis) and consist of damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum with the formation of ulcers and bleeding. This disadvantage of non-selective NSAIDs led to the development of a new generation of drugs that block only COX-2 (an inflammatory enzyme) and do not affect the functioning of COX-1 (a defense enzyme).

Thus, new generation drugs are practically free of ulcerogenic side effects (damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract) associated with long-term use of non-selective NSAIDs, but they increase the risk of developing thrombotic complications

Among the disadvantages of the new generation of drugs, one can note only their high price, which makes it inaccessible to many people.

New generation NSAIDs: list and prices

What is it? New generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act much more selectively; they inhibit COX-2 to a greater extent, while COX-1 remains practically untouched. This explains the rather high effectiveness of the drug, which is combined with a minimal number of side effects.

List of popular and effective new generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:

1. Movalis. It has antipyretic, pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The main advantage of this remedy is that with regular medical supervision it can be taken for a fairly long period of time. Meloxicam is available in the form of a solution for intramuscular injection, in tablets, suppositories and ointments. Meloxicam (Movalis) tablets are very convenient because they are long-acting and it is enough to take one tablet throughout the day. Movalis, which contains 20 tablets of 15 mg, costs RUB.
2. Xefocam. A drug based on Lornoxicam. Its distinctive feature is the fact that it has a high ability to relieve pain. In this parameter, it corresponds to morphine, but is not addictive and does not have an opiate-like effect on the central nervous system. Xefocam, which contains 30 tablets of 4 mg, costs rubles.
3. Celecoxib. This drug significantly alleviates the patient’s condition with osteochondrosis, arthrosis and other diseases, relieves pain well and effectively fights inflammation. Side effects on the digestive system from celecoxib are minimal or absent. Price rub.
4. Nimesulide. It is used with great success to treat vertebrogenic back pain, arthritis, etc. Removes inflammation, hyperemia, normalizes temperature. The use of nimesulide quickly reduces pain and improves mobility. It is also used as an ointment to apply to the problem area. Nimesulide, which contains 20 tablets of 100 mg, costs rub.

Therefore, in cases where long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is not required, older generation drugs are used. However, in some cases this is simply a forced situation, since few people can afford a course of treatment with such a drug.

Classification

How are NSAIDs classified and what are they? Based on their chemical origin, these drugs come in acidic and non-acidic derivatives.

1. Oxicams – piroxicam, meloxicam;
2. NSAIDs based on indoacetic acid - indomethacin, etodolac, sulindac;
3. Based on propionic acid – ketoprofen, ibuprofen;
4. Salicipates (based on salicylic acid) – aspirin, diflunisal;
5. Phenylacetic acid derivatives – diclofenac, aceclofenac;
6. Pyrazolidines (pyrazolonic acid) – analgin, metamizole sodium, phenylbutazone.

Also, non-steroidal drugs differ in type and intensity of action - analgesic, anti-inflammatory, combined.

Effectiveness of average doses

Based on the strength of the anti-inflammatory effect of average doses of NSAIDs, they can be arranged in the following sequence (the strongest at the top):

According to the analgesic effect of average doses, NSAIDs can be arranged in the following sequence:

As a rule, the above medications are used for acute and chronic diseases accompanied by pain and inflammation. Most often, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed for pain relief and treatment of joints: arthritis, arthrosis, injuries, etc.

NSAIDs are often used for pain relief for headaches and migraines, dysmenorrhea, postoperative pain, renal colic, etc. Due to their inhibitory effect on the synthesis of prostaglandins, these drugs also have an antipyretic effect.

What dosage should I choose?

Any drug new to a given patient must be prescribed first in the lowest dose. If well tolerated, the daily dose is increased after 2-3 days.

Therapeutic doses of NSAIDs are in a wide range, and in recent years there has been a tendency to increase single and daily doses of drugs characterized by the best tolerance (naproxen, ibuprofen), while maintaining restrictions on the maximum doses of aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam. In some patients, the therapeutic effect is achieved only when using very high doses of NSAIDs.

Side effects

Long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs in high doses can cause:

1. Disruption of the nervous system - mood changes, disorientation, dizziness, apathy, tinnitus, headache, blurred vision;
2. Changes in the functioning of the heart and blood vessels - palpitations, increased blood pressure, swelling.
3. Gastritis, ulcers, perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspeptic disorders, changes in liver function with increased activity of liver enzymes;
4. Allergic reactions – angioedema, erythema, urticaria, bullous dermatitis, bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock;
5. Kidney failure, urinary disorders.

Treatment with NSAIDs should be carried out for the minimum permissible time and in the minimum effective doses.

Use during pregnancy

It is not recommended to use NSAIDs during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester. Although no direct teratogenic effects have been identified, NSAIDs are thought to cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and renal complications in the fetus. There is also information about premature births. Despite this, aspirin in combination with heparin has been successfully used in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome.

According to the latest data from Canadian researchers, the use of NSAIDs before 20 weeks of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. According to the results of the study, the risk of miscarriage increased by 2.4 times, regardless of the dose of the drug taken.

Movalis

The leader among non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be called Movalis, which has an extended period of action and is approved for long-term use.

It has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, which makes it possible to take it for osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. It has analgesic and antipyretic properties, and protects cartilage tissue. Used for toothache and headache.

Determining the dosage and method of administration (tablets, injections, suppositories) depends on the severity and type of disease.

Celecoxib

A specific inhibitor of COX-2, which has a pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. When used in therapeutic doses, it has virtually no negative effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, since it has a very low degree of affinity for COX-1, therefore, it does not cause disruption in the synthesis of constitutional prostaglandins.

As a rule, celecoxib is taken in a dosage of mg per day in 1-2 doses. The maximum daily dose is 400 mg.

Indomethacin

It is one of the most effective non-hormonal agents. For arthritis, indomethacin relieves pain, reduces joint swelling and has a strong anti-inflammatory effect.

The price of the drug, regardless of the form of release (tablets, ointments, gels, rectal suppositories) is quite low, the maximum cost of tablets is 50 rubles per package. When using the drug, you must be careful, as it has a considerable list of side effects.

In pharmacology, indomethacin is produced under the names Indovazin, Indovis EC, Metindol, Indotard, Indocollir.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen combines relative safety and the ability to effectively reduce fever and pain, so drugs based on it are sold without a prescription. Ibuprofen is also used as an antipyretic for newborns. It has been proven to reduce fever better than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Additionally, ibuprofen is one of the most popular over-the-counter analgesics. It is not often prescribed as an anti-inflammatory drug, however, the drug is quite popular in rheumatology: it is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.

The most popular brand names for ibuprofen include Ibuprom, Nurofen, MIG 200 and MIG 400.

Diclofenac

Perhaps one of the most popular NSAIDs, created back in the 60s. Release form: tablets, capsules, injection solution, suppositories, gel. This joint treatment product combines both high anti-pain activity and high anti-inflammatory properties.

It is produced under the names Voltaren, Naklofen, Ortofen, Diklak, Diclonac P, Vurdon, Olfen, Dolex, Dikloberl, Clodifen and others.

Ketoprofen

In addition to the drugs listed above, the group of drugs of the first type, non-selective NSAIDs, i.e. COX-1, includes a drug such as ketoprofen. In terms of the strength of its action, it is close to ibuprofen, and is available in the form of tablets, gel, aerosol, cream, solutions for external use and for injection, rectal suppositories (suppositories).

You can buy this product under the trade names Artrum, Febrofid, Ketonal, OKI, Artrosilen, Fastum, Bystrum, Flamax, Flexen and others.

Aspirin

Acetylsalicylic acid reduces the ability of blood cells to stick together and form blood clots. When taking Aspirin, the blood thins and the blood vessels dilate, which leads to relief from headaches and intracranial pressure. The action of the drug reduces the energy supply at the site of inflammation and leads to the attenuation of this process.4

Aspirin is contraindicated for children under 15 years of age, as a possible complication in the form of extremely severe Reye's syndrome, in which 80% of patients die. The remaining 20% ​​of surviving babies may be susceptible to epilepsy and mental retardation.

Alternative drugs: chondroprotectors

Quite often, chondroprotectors are prescribed for the treatment of joints. People often do not understand the difference between NSAIDs and chondroprotectors. NSAIDs quickly relieve pain, but they also have a lot of side effects. And chondroprotectors protect cartilage tissue, but they need to be taken in courses.

The most effective chondroprotectors include 2 substances - glucosamine and chondroitin.

The best anti-inflammatory agent for the respiratory system

For most infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system and ENT organs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used as symptomatic therapy. They are prescribed to reduce fever, suppress inflammation and reduce pain.

Types of NSAIDs

Today, there are more than 25 different drugs belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Classification by chemical structure is considered to be of little use for comparative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of a drug. Of greatest interest are drugs that have a pronounced antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect and have a low rate of adverse reactions.

List of anti-inflammatory drugs that can be prescribed for diseases of the respiratory system and ENT organs:

Only the attending physician knows which anti-inflammatory tablets, capsules, powder, mixture or syrup will be effective in each specific case.

Features of application

All non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have similar principles of action, the use of which leads to the elimination of the inflammatory process, fever and pain. In pulmonology and otolaryngology, preference is given to NSAIDs, which have more pronounced antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. I would like to note that due to the high risk of adverse reactions, the combined use of several NSAIDs at once is highly undesirable. At the same time, their therapeutic effect does not increase, but the negative impact on the body, in particular on the digestive system, increases sharply.

For serious problems with the gastrointestinal tract (for example, peptic ulcer), it is better to use modern selective NSAID drugs of the new generation, which have a much lower likelihood of side effects. Despite the possibility of purchasing these medications without a prescription, the dosage and duration of the therapeutic course must be agreed with your doctor. During treatment, the consumption of alcoholic beverages should be avoided.

Paracetamol

Paracetamol effectively copes with the main clinical symptoms of colds. Taking it in the appropriate dosage makes it possible to quickly bring down a high fever, relieve malaise and fatigue, relieve pain, etc. The main advantages of the drug:

• Recommended for use by the World Health Organization.
• Fast antipyretic effect.
• Quite well tolerated by most patients.
• Low risk of adverse reactions.
• Compared to other similar anti-inflammatory drugs, the cost is relatively low, which makes it accessible to all segments of the population.

Paracetamol has its own characteristics of use. It can be used in the form of tablets, powder, rectal suppositories, injections, etc. Taking the drug orally or administering it rectally allows you to achieve more effective results. The interval between use should be at least 4 hours. The average duration of treatment is 5-7 days. A longer therapeutic course with this antipyretic drug is not recommended. Typically, clinical manifestations of colds begin to subside on the 2-3rd day. If your condition worsens significantly, you should immediately consult a doctor.

If the patient is allergic to the components of the drug or has severe problems with the kidneys and liver, Paracetamol should not be prescribed. The development of the following pathological conditions is classified as side effects:

• Anemia.
• Decreased platelet count.
• Renal colic.
• Glomerulonephritis.
• Allergic manifestations (itching, redness of the skin, various rashes, etc.).

In an attempt to achieve a quick result, some patients ignore the instructions in the official instructions for use and take a dosage of an anti-inflammatory drug that exceeds the maximum recommended. In case of an overdose of Paracetamol, the following symptoms are possible:

• The appearance of pallor, nausea, vomiting and pain in the abdominal area.
• If timely assistance is not provided and too large a dose of medication is taken, the kidneys and liver are affected. Arrhythmia, pancreatitis, and serious disorders of the central nervous system may develop.

If severe clinical manifestations of overdose are observed, it is necessary to prescribe Methionine or N-acetylcysteine, which are effective antidotes (antidote). In addition, when using Paracetamol, drug interactions with other drugs should be taken into account. For example, simultaneous use with indirect anticoagulants (coumarin derivatives) increases the effect of the latter. The antipyretic effect is significantly reduced when combined with barbiturates.

A qualified specialist (pharmacist or doctor) will help you choose the best non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Panadol Extra

Panadol Extra is considered a combined NSAID drug, which contains not only paracetamol, but also caffeine as active substances. Both components enhance each other's effect. Paracetamol relieves pain and relieves fever. Caffeine has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. In addition, by increasing the concentration of paracetamol in the brain by increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, caffeine increases the analgesic effect of the drug.

Panadol Extra helps alleviate the condition of colds, acute tonsillitis, laryngopharyngitis and other infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the respiratory system and ENT organs. Most adults and children tolerate this anti-inflammatory drug quite well. As a rule, there are no special problems with the absorption and excretion of the medicine. Panadol Extra is not prescribed to patients who have hypersensitivity to the active substances. In rare cases, side effects occur, which may include:

• Blood pressure surges.
• Functional disorders of the liver.
• Allergic reactions (redness, rashes, itching, etc.).

For details of use and recommended dosage, please read the official instructions. It should only be noted that 8 tablets is the maximum that an adult patient can take per day. Considering the pharmacological properties of the drug, the interval between doses should be at least 4 hours. Anti-inflammatory tablets Panadol Extra cost approximately 45 rubles per pack.

Coldrex

For acute infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, Coldrex can be used. This is a complex anti-inflammatory drug consisting of:

Considering its multicomponent composition, Coldrex has a very diverse pharmacological effect:

1. The presence of paracetamol normalizes the temperature, relieves pain and eliminates the inflammatory process.
2. Ascorbic acid strengthens the local immunity of the respiratory tract.
3. Phenylephrine is responsible for the narrowing of peripheral blood vessels and preventing the increase in edema of the affected tissues.
4. Terpin hydrate enhances bronchial secretion and facilitates expectoration of sputum.
5. Caffeine potentiates the analgesic effect of paracetamol.

Coldrex has several varieties, each of which is selected individually, taking into account the severity of the clinical signs of the disease. There are the following contraindications to its use:

• Allergy to the active ingredients of the medicine.
• Severe disorders of the liver and kidneys.
• Diseases of the circulatory system.
• High blood pressure.
• Diabetes mellitus.
• Cardiovascular pathology (for example, arrhythmias, heart attack, etc.).
• Increased hormonal activity of the thyroid gland.
• Children under 6 years of age.

The therapeutic course should be no more than 5 days. The dosage and frequency of use are specified in detail in the official instructions. During treatment, drug interactions with other drugs must be taken into account. It is strictly not recommended to combine antidepressants, beta-blockers, etc. with medications from the group. Adverse reactions are rarely recorded. In general, the medicine is well tolerated. When used to treat children, it is better to first consult with your doctor. The cost of a package of Coldrex tablets ranges from 160 rubles.

The list of NSAID drugs (tablets, capsules, etc.) is constantly updated and supplemented with new drugs that have more pronounced therapeutic effects and less toxic properties.

Fervex

Another representative of combined nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is Fervex, which today is successfully used for most colds of the upper respiratory tract. How the pharmacological effect of the drug is realized:

• The analgesic and antipyretic effect is characteristic of paracetamol.
• Strengthening local immunity and tissue restoration is provided by ascorbic acid.
• Pheniramine has an antihistamine effect, which helps reduce mucus production in the nasal cavity, improve breathing through the nose, eliminate sneezing, watery eyes, etc.

Despite the fact that Fervex is considered a fairly safe medicine, not all patients can use it. This drug should not be used for the following pathological conditions and diseases:

Children can use Fervex starting from the age of 15. Use with extreme caution when:

• Functional liver failure.
• Angle-closure glaucoma.
• Congenital disorders of bilirubin metabolism (for example, Gilbert's syndrome).
• Viral hepatitis.
• In old age.

At the recommended dosage, the drug is well tolerated. However, nausea, pain in the abdomen, itching, redness of the skin, rashes and other allergic reactions may occur. Unjustified prolonged use or significantly exceeding the recommended dosage increases the risk of developing serious problems with the kidneys and liver. If side effects occur, stop taking the medicine and consult a specialist for professional medical help.

The anti-inflammatory drug has its own characteristics of use. The contents of the Fervex sachet are dissolved in warm water (200 ml) and drunk completely. The recommended dosage is up to three times a day. The next appointment should be no earlier than 4 hours later. In case of functional disorders of the kidneys and liver, increase the interval between applications to 8 hours. The therapeutic course is up to five days. Can be used for 3 days to reduce fever. The French company UPSA produces powder for oral administration of Fervex. You can purchase it at a price of 360 rubles per package, which contains 8 sachets.

A complete list of modern anti-inflammatory drugs can be found in the pharmaceutical reference book.

Aspirin-S

Today, Aspirin-S is considered one of the most popular medications for the symptomatic treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. Containing acetylsalicylic and ascorbic acids, it is able to effectively eliminate the main clinical manifestations of colds (fever, headaches, malaise, etc.). The effectiveness of the medicine has been proven by numerous scientific studies.

Aspirin-S is available in the form of effervescent tablets that can be quickly dissolved in water. This form is very convenient for most patients with colds. Especially with severe sore throat, when the use of ordinary tablets or hot drinks provokes a very unpleasant sensation. In addition, it has long been established that ascorbic acid is destroyed at high temperatures. By dissolving it in cool water, we preserve all the pharmacological properties of vitamin C. The absorption of the medicine occurs quite quickly, which ensures the immediate onset of the therapeutic effect. It is also worth noting that acetylsalicylic acid is completely soluble in water without the formation of sediment, reducing the likelihood of various side effects.

However, uncontrolled long-term use of the drug can lead to the development of a number of undesirable effects:

• Dizziness.
• Headaches.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Breathing problems.
• Drowsiness.
• Lethargy.
• Increased bleeding.
• Allergies (itching, rashes, redness of the skin, etc.).

In case of an overdose of Aspirin-S, it is necessary to control the acid-base balance in the body. If necessary, special solutions are introduced to normalize the condition (for example, sodium bicarbonate or citrate). Therapeutic measures taken should be aimed at enhancing the excretion of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites.

It should be noted that in children with suspected viral infection, do not use medications that contain acetylsalicylic acid, since the likelihood of developing a more severe pathology, such as Reye's syndrome, increases. It manifests itself with prolonged vomiting, damage to the central nervous system and enlarged liver.

Before surgery, it is better to refrain from taking Aspirin-S, which affects the blood coagulation system. Also, acetylsalicylic acid slows down the process of removing uric acid from the body. Patients suffering from gout may experience another attack while being treated with this drug. Aspirin-S is a prohibited drug during pregnancy. In the early stages it often provokes congenital malformations in the fetus, in the later stages it inhibits labor.

The Swiss pharmaceutical company Bayer Consumer Care AG is one of the main manufacturers of Aspirin-S effervescent tablets. The cost of a package of medicine (10 pieces) is approximately 250 rubles.

Ibuprofen

Complex therapy for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system and ENT organs may include Ibuprofen. It is now considered one of the most commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the management of fever and pain. Widely used not only in therapeutic but also pediatric practice. Being a very safe and effective antipyretic drug, it is approved for sale without a doctor's prescription.

If there are appropriate indications, it can be used to treat children from the first days of life both in inpatient and laboratory conditions. Children are recommended to use Ibuprofen in the form of rectal suppositories, which have a number of advantages compared to other forms of medication:

• Simplicity and painlessness of administration.
• There is no need for additional special tools.
• The integrity of the skin is not compromised.
• There is no danger of infection.
• Intestinal fullness does not affect the absorption and effectiveness of the drug.
• Low incidence of allergic reactions.

Most patients do not experience any side effects during treatment with Ibuprofen. However, in rare cases, undesirable effects are still possible, which manifest themselves in the form of:

• Decreased appetite.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Headache.
• Drowsiness.
• Nervousness.
• Hearing and vision impairments.
• Increased blood pressure.
• Increased heart rate.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Edema syndrome.
• Kidney disorders.
• Allergies (rashes, itching, redness of the skin, Quincke's edema, etc.).

It is worth noting that the list of contraindications for the use of Ibuprofen is quite long, so we recommend that you read it in the official instructions for the drug. During therapy, it is advisable to use the minimum effective dosage of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug to reduce the risk of adverse reactions. It is also preferable to stick to short courses of treatment. If the drug is ineffective or the condition worsens, you should immediately visit your doctor. Particular attention should be paid to the state of the digestive system, which is very sensitive to therapy with non-steroidal drugs. Today, Ibuprofen is available under various trade names:

These drugs are produced by both foreign and domestic pharmaceutical companies. The cost of the medicine will depend not only on the form of release, but also on the amount of the active substance. For example, a package of Ibuprofen tablets from the Russian pharmaceutical company Sintez costs about 40 rubles.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are available without a prescription, but this does not mean that you should not consult a specialist before using them.

Some doctors may recommend the drug Nise for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, which are accompanied by fever and pain. This modern non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug contains the active substance nimesulide. It must be taken when the symptoms of the disease are severe. For example, Nise is able to bring down the temperature in 10-12 hours. He can also relieve headaches, fatigue, weakness, malaise, aching muscles and joints. However, if there is no sufficient therapeutic effect within 3-4 days, you should visit your doctor and adjust the course of treatment.

During the period of bearing a baby, the drug should absolutely not be used. It has been established that nimesulide has a negative effect on the growth and development of the fetus. In addition, the active substance can pass into breast milk, so during treatment it is necessary to switch to artificial feeding. If all recommendations for the use of the medicine specified in the instructions are correctly followed, practically no adverse reactions are observed. In rare cases, the following may occur:

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other dyspeptic disorders.
• Headache, drowsiness, irritability.
• Increased blood pressure, breathing problems.
• Changes in basic blood parameters (for example, anemia, decreased platelet count, etc.).
• Reversible functional problems with the functioning of the kidneys and liver.
• Rash, itching, erythema, redness of the skin and other allergic reactions.

Nise should be taken with extreme caution by patients who have problems with the digestive system, in particular peptic ulcers. It is recommended to use short therapeutic courses, which in most cases successfully cope with the main symptoms of colds. Foreign pharmaceutical companies mainly specialize in the production of Nise, so the price will often be slightly higher compared to domestic analogues of the drug. A package of tablets (20 pcs.) made in India will cost approximately 180 rubles.

When choosing an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, never neglect the opinion of a specialist.

Which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are better?

Anti-inflammatory drugs for joints are the main treatment for diseases of cartilage and connective tissue. They slow down the progression of the disease, help fight exacerbations, and relieve painful symptoms. The regimen for taking the drug can be different - they are taken in courses, or as needed to alleviate the condition. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are produced in different dosage forms - ointments and gels for topical use, tablets and capsules, as well as injectable preparations for intra-articular administration.

Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - principle of action

This group of drugs is very extensive, but they all share a common principle of action. The essence of this process is that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of joints interfere with the mechanism of formation of the inflammatory process. The enzyme cyclooxygenase is responsible for the synthesis of so-called inflammatory mediators. It is precisely this that is inhibited by drugs from the NSAID group, interrupting the chain of development of the inflammatory reaction. They prevent pain, high fever and local swelling.

But there is another important feature of the action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. There are two types of cyclooxygenase enzyme. One of them (COX-1) is involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, and the second (COX-2) is involved in the synthesis of the protective layer of the stomach wall. NSAIDs act on both types of this enzyme, causing inhibition of both. This explains the common side effect of these drugs, which is damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs.

Based on their effect on COX-2, drugs are divided into selective and non-selective. The development of new NSAIDs aims to increase the selectivity of their effect on COX-1 and eliminate the effect on COX-2. Currently, new generation NSAID drugs have been developed that have almost complete selectivity.

The three main therapeutic effects of drugs in this group are anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic. In case of joint diseases, the anti-inflammatory effect comes to the fore, and the analgesic effect is no less significant. The antipyretic effect is less important and practically does not manifest itself in new generation anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs, which are used to treat joint diseases.

Classification of anti-inflammatory drugs

Taking into account the structural features of the active substance, all NSAIDs can be divided into several groups:

Non-selective NSAIDs (affect mainly COX-1)

These include the following:

Non-selective NSAIDs (equally affecting COX-1 and COX-2).

• Lornoxicam;
• Xefocam;
• Lorakam.

Selective NSAIDs (inhibit COX-2)

• Celecoxib;
• Meloxicam;
• Nimesulide;
• Rofecoxib.

Some of these drugs have a strong anti-inflammatory effect, others are more antipyretic (Aspirin, Ibuprofen) or analgesic (Ketorolac) effect.

Indications for use of NSAIDs

knee arthritis is one of the reasons

For joint diseases, nonsteroidal drugs are prescribed according to several regimens, depending on the dosage form and stage of the disease. The list of diseases for which NSAIDs are prescribed is quite long - these include arthritis of various etiologies, including autoimmune, most arthrosis, the recovery period after injuries to the joints and muscles.

When exacerbating chronic joint diseases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used in combination. They are prescribed in the form of a course of tablets and ointments; in severe cases, treatment is supplemented with intra-articular injections. Outside of exacerbation and in acute conditions, they are used as needed if symptoms of joint inflammation occur.

Side effects

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have many side effects, so be sure to read the instructions before taking them. The most common side effects are:

• provocation of a stomach or duodenal ulcer,
• dyspepsia,
• dysfunction of the nervous system,
• allergic reactions

They are especially pronounced in medications in tablets, suppositories and solutions for intramuscular injections. Local agents (ointments and intra-articular injections) do not have this effect.

Another common group of side effects is the effect on the hematopoietic system. NSAIDs have a blood-thinning effect, and this effect must be taken into account when taking these drugs so as not to harm your health. A more dangerous effect on the blood system is expressed in the inhibition of hematopoietic processes. It manifests itself as a gradual decrease in the amount of formed elements in the blood - first anemia develops, then thrombocytopenia, and subsequently pancytopenia.

In addition, there are other side effects caused by the chemical characteristics of the drugs; they are indicated in the instructions for use. Due to the large number of side effects, you should consult your doctor before taking NSAIDs to treat joints.

Contraindications

Contraindications to the use of NSAIDs for joint diseases stem from their side effects and primarily concern tablet forms. They are not prescribed to patients during exacerbation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to patients with diseases of the blood system - anemia of various origins, coagulation disorders, leukemia and leukemia.

NSAIDs should not be prescribed simultaneously with drugs that reduce blood clotting (heparin), and it is also not recommended to take the same drug in different dosage forms - this leads to increased side effects. This primarily applies to drugs containing ibuprofen and diclofenac.

In addition, it is possible to develop an allergic reaction to NSAIDs. Its intensity is not related to the dosage form, and appears with the same frequency when taking tablets, using ointments and giving injections into the joints. Sometimes allergies can take very severe forms, for example, aspirin asthma - an asthmatic attack when using the drug. An allergic reaction to NSAIDs can be cross-reactive, so caution should be exercised when taking the drugs.

Ointments with NSAIDs for joint diseases

Ointments are the most common dosage form used for joint pain. Their popularity is due to the fact that the effect of the ointment occurs quickly enough, and side effects are minimal. The ointment can be used to relieve acute pain and during the recovery period after injuries. But if a course of injections is prescribed, then the ointments are usually canceled.

The most popular drugs in the form of ointments are Diclofenac and drugs based on it (Voltaren), Dolobene, and others. Most of them can be bought at a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription. You can use such products for a long time without harm to health.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in tablets for joint diseases

NSAIDs in tablets are prescribed for joint damage, osteochondrosis, systemic connective tissue diseases with articular syndrome. They are used in courses, several times a year, and are prescribed in the acute period. But the main task of tableted NSAIDs is to prevent exacerbation of diseases.

This dosage form is most effective for treating diseases of the joints and spine, but has the greatest number of contraindications. In addition to the conditions listed above, tablets containing NSAIDs cannot be used for liver diseases - fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver failure. For kidney diseases accompanied by a decrease in filtration rate, a reduction in dosage or frequency of administration is required.

A complete list of anti-inflammatory drugs can be found on Wikipedia. Among the most famous of them is Diclofenac tablets. Among the more modern drugs of the new generation are Xefocam, Celecoxib and Movalis. New drugs are safer, but have another negative point - high cost. It is necessary to take tablets after meals or with meals.

NSAIDs in solutions for intra-articular injections

This dosage form is prescribed for severe disease and to relieve severe exacerbations. Used in courses that are conducted only in a medical institution. Intra-articular injections allow the most effective delivery of the active substance to the site of inflammation. But they require high qualifications from the doctor who performs them, since they are associated with the risk of damage to the joint ligament.

Diclofenac, Movalis, Xefocam and other drugs are available in injection form. They are used to treat lesions of large joints, most often the knee, less often the elbow. Intra-articular injections are not prescribed for damage to the joints of the hands and feet, as well as for diseases of the spine. This is due to the fact that the technical difficulties of administering the drug make this method of treatment almost impossible.

Intra-articular injections are considered a rather complex medical procedure, and must be carried out in a treatment room, since they require sterility to avoid infection and highly qualified medical staff.

List of the best anti-inflammatory drugs

Let's take a closer look at the features of using the most popular drugs from the NSAID group.

Diclofenac (Voltaren, Naklofen, Olfen, Diclak, etc.)

Diclofenac and drugs based on it are produced in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, gels, suppositories, and injection solutions. These drugs exhibit a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, quickly relieve pain, reduce fever and alleviate the patient’s condition. A high concentration of the active ingredient in the blood is observed within 20 minutes after taking the drug.

Like most drugs from the NSAID group, they have a negative effect on the gastrointestinal tract, I have a fairly extensive list of contraindications and side effects, so they should be used only as prescribed by a doctor, in short courses. The standard daily dose of Diclofenac tablets for adult patients is 150 mg, divided into 2-3 doses. Local forms (ointments, gels) are applied to the affected area in a thin layer up to 3 times a day.

Indomethacin (Metindol)

Has the same therapeutic effect as Diclofenac. Available in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, gels, and rectal suppositories. But this drug has numerous side effects that are more pronounced, so at present it is rarely used, giving preference to more modern drugs.

Piroxicam

A drug from the oxicam group with pronounced analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Available in the form of capsules, tablets, ointments, creams, suppositories. It is used to treat gout, arthritis, joint and muscle pain, as well as in preparation for the IVF procedure.

Like other NSAIDs, it has an extensive list of side effects associated with damage to the digestive tract, disruption of hematopoietic processes, and reactions from the nervous system. Therefore, the drug should be used only as prescribed by a doctor. The analgesic effect of taking Piroxicam tablets lasts throughout the day. The standard dose of the drug for an adult is up to 40 mg per day.

Lornoxicam (Xefocam, Lorakam, Larfix)

The drug has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and quickly copes with painful pain. Does not exhibit antipyretic effect. The drug is used for the treatment of postoperative pain, algodismenorrhea, and in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Available in the form of tablets and powder intended for the preparation of solution for injection. The recommended dose for oral administration is up to 4 tablets per day in 2 divided doses. For injection into a muscle or vein, a single dose of the drug is 8 mg, the solution is prepared immediately before administration.

When using the drug, the likelihood of complications in people with gastroenterological pathologies increases, therefore, the drug is not used for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as during pregnancy, lactation, pathologies of the heart, liver and in childhood.

Meloxicam (Movalix, Revmoxicam, Melox)

Preparations based on enolic acid belong to the class of selective COX-2 inhibitors. In this regard, they cause fewer side effects from the digestive system and do not provoke toxic damage to the kidneys and liver. Meloxicam tablets, rectal suppositories and injections in ampoules are available.

Indications for the use of the drug are diseases of the joints of an inflammatory and degenerative nature with severe pain - spondyloarthritis, osteoarthritis and arthritis. As a rule, in the first days of treatment, the drug is used in the form of intramuscular injections; after the acute inflammatory process subsides, they switch to taking Meloxicam in tablet form (1 tablet twice a day).

Nimesulide (Nimesil, Nimesin, Remesulide)

The drug belongs to the group of highly selective COX-2 inhibitors and has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, which is complemented by antipyretic and analgesic properties. Nimesulide is produced in the form of tablets, granules for preparing a suspension, and in the form of a gel for topical use. A single dose of the drug in tablets is 100 mg, taken twice a day.

The gel is applied to the affected area several times a day (3-4), lightly rubbing. The suspension with a pleasant orange flavor can be prescribed to children from 12 years of age. The drug is intended for the treatment of post-traumatic and postoperative pain, degenerative joint lesions (accompanied by inflammation), bursitis, tendonitis.

In addition, Nimesulide is prescribed for atralgia, myalgia, painful periods, as well as to relieve headaches and toothaches. The drug can have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys, so in case of diseases of these organs, the dose of the drug must be reduced.

Celecoxib (Revmroxib, Celebrex)

A drug from the coxib group, used in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, acute pain syndrome, and menstrual pain. Available in the form of capsules, which may contain 100 or 200 mg of active substance. It exhibits a pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, while, if the therapeutic dose is not exceeded, it has virtually no negative effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

The maximum permissible daily dose of the drug is 400 mg, divided into 2 doses. With long-term use of Celecoxib in high doses, side effects develop - ulceration of the mucous membrane, disorders of the hematopoietic system and other undesirable reactions from the nervous, cardiovascular and genitourinary systems.

Aceclofenac (Zerodol)

The effect of the drug is similar to Diclofenac and is available in the form of tablets containing 100 mg of the active substance. Adults are recommended to take 1 tablet twice a day. The drug is intended for the treatment of gout, arthritis of various etiologies, osteoarthritis and spondylitis.

This medication is much less likely than other NSAIDs to provoke erosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, but its use may be accompanied by a number of side effects from the digestive, nervous, hematopoietic, and respiratory systems. The drug is prescribed with extreme caution for pathologies of the liver, kidneys, diabetes mellitus, ischemia, arterial hypertension and other conditions, a list of which is given in the instructions for the drug.

Rofecoxib

This is a modern remedy from the category of highly selective COX-2 inhibitors, which have virtually no negative effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa and kidneys. It is used as a strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent for most inflammatory and degenerative lesions of the musculoskeletal system. In addition, the medication is prescribed for migraine, neuralgia, lumbago, osteochondrosis, pain syndrome due to injury to muscles and ligaments.

This universal remedy is often included in the complex treatment regimen for thrombophlebitis, diseases of the genitourinary system, and is used in ophthalmology, for diseases of the ENT organs or for dental problems (stomatitis, pulpitis). In case of severe pain, you can take up to 4 tablets at a time. The drug is prescribed with caution for bronchial asthma, in early pregnancy, and during lactation. This medication has much fewer contraindications and side effects than other anti-inflammatory drugs.

Combined NSAIDs

New generation drugs with anti-inflammatory effects combine a combination of the active substance with vitamins or other active ingredients that enhance their therapeutic effect. We present to your attention a list of the most popular combination drugs:

• Flamidez (diclofenac + paracetamol);
• Neurodiclovit (diclofenac + vitamins B1, B6, B12);
• Olfen-75 (diclofenac + lidocaine);
• Dilocaine (lidocaine + diclofenac in low dosage);
• Dolaren gel (diclofenac + flax oil + menthol + methyl salicylate);
• Nimid Forte (nimesulide + tizanidine);
• Alite (soluble tablets containing nimesulide and the muscle relaxant dicycloverine);

This is not a complete list of combined anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat joints and degenerative lesions of the musculoskeletal system. For each patient, the doctor selects a treatment regimen individually, taking into account many factors. Drugs from the NSAID group have many contraindications and can cause a number of undesirable side reactions from various organs and systems.

Therefore, you cannot self-medicate! Only a specialist can recommend the optimal remedy, taking into account the clinical picture of the disease, the severity of symptoms, concomitant pathologies and determine the required dosage of the drug and the duration of the course of treatment. This will help avoid unwanted complications, alleviate the patient’s condition and speed up recovery.

Who should I contact?

Depending on the nature of the pathology, the following specialists can treat a patient with joint diseases: a neurologist, a therapist, an orthopedist or a rheumatologist. It is these doctors who have the right to prescribe drugs from the NSAID group for the treatment of specialized diseases.

If taking anti-inflammatory drugs leads to adverse reactions, specialists such as a gastroenterologist, cardiologist, allergist, nephrologist can join the patient’s treatment. If the patient is forced to take NSAIDs for a long time, be sure to consult with a nutritionist and choose the optimal diet that will protect the gastric mucosa from damage.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs whose name indicates their composition, purpose and function.

Non-steroidal- do not contain the core, which is part of hormones and biologically active substances.

Anti-inflammatory- have a pronounced effect on inflammatory processes in a living organism, interrupting the chemical process of inflammation.

History of drugs from the NSAID group

The anti-inflammatory properties of willow have been known since the fifth century BC. In 1827, 30 grams of salicin were isolated from the bark of this plant. In 1869, based on salicin, the active substance, salicylic acid, was obtained.

The anti-inflammatory properties of salicylic acid have been known for a long time, but its pronounced ulcerogenic effect limited its use in medicine. The addition of an acetyl group to the molecule greatly reduced the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers.

The first medical drug from the NSAID group was synthesized in 1897 by Bayer. It was obtained by acetylation of salicylic acid. It received a patented name - “Aspirin”. Only the drug of this pharmacological company has the right to be called aspirin.

Until 1950, aspirin remained the only nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Then, active work began to create more effective means.

However, the importance of acetylsalicylic acid in medicine is still great.

Mechanism of action of NSAIDs

The main point of application of NSAIDs are biologically active substances – prostaglandins. The first of them were found in the secretion of the prostate gland, hence their name. Two main types are more studied:

• Cyclooxygenase type 1 (COX-1), responsible for the synthesis of protective factors of the gastrointestinal tract and thrombus formation processes.
• Cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2), involved in the basic mechanisms of the inflammatory process.

By blocking enzymes, the effects of reducing pain, reducing inflammation and lowering body temperature are achieved.

There are drugs with selective and non-selective action. Selective agents block the COX-2 enzyme to a greater extent. Reduce inflammation without affecting processes in the digestive tract.

The action of cyclooxygenase of the second type is directed:

• to increase vascular permeability;
• release of inflammatory mediators in the damaged area;
• increased swelling in the area of ​​inflammation;
• migration of phagocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts;
• an increase in the general temperature of the body, through thermoregulation centers in the central nervous system.

Inflammation

The process of inflammation is the body’s universal response to any damaging effect and has several stages:

• alteration stage develops in the first minutes of exposure to a damaging factor. The agents causing damage may be physical, chemical or biological. Biologically active substances are released from destroyed cells, triggering subsequent stages;
• exudation (impregnation), is characterized by the effect on mast cells of substances from dead cells. Activated basophils release histamine and serotonin into the site of damage, causing an increase in vascular permeability to the liquid part of the blood and macrophages. Swelling occurs and local temperature rises. Enzymes are released into the blood, attracting even more immunocompetent cells, triggering a cascade of biochemical and protective processes. The reaction becomes excessive. Pain occurs. It is at this stage that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective;
• proliferation stage, occurs at the moment of resolution of the second stage. The main cells are fibroblasts, which form a connective tissue matrix to restore the destroyed structure.

The stages do not have a clear time frame and are often included in combination. With a pronounced stage of exudation, occurring with a hyperergic component, the stage of proliferation is delayed. Prescribing NSAID drugs promotes speedy recovery and alleviates the general condition of the patient.

Main groups of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

There are many classifications. The most popular ones are based on the chemical structure and biological effects of substances.

Salicylates

The most studied substance is acetylsalicylic acid. The analgesic effect is very moderate. It is used as a drug to reduce temperature during febrile conditions and as a means of improving microcirculation in cardiology (in small doses it reduces blood viscosity by blocking type 1 cyclooxygenase).

Propionates

Salts of propionic acid have moderate analgesic and pronounced antipyretic effects. The best known is ibuprofen. Due to its low toxicity and high bioavailability, it is widely used in pediatric practice.

Acetates

Derivatives of acetic acid are well known and widely used in medicine. They have a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and a strong analgesic effect. Due to the large effect on type 1 cyclooxygenase, they are used with caution in case of peptic ulcer and risk of bleeding. The most famous representatives: Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Indomethacin.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors

The most modern selective drugs today are considered Celecoxib and Rofecoxib. They are registered on the Russian market.

Other drugs

Paracetamol, nimesulide, meloxicam. They mainly act on COX-2. They have a pronounced analgesic and antipyretic effect of central action.

The most popular NSAID drugs and their costs

• Acetylsalicylic acid.

An effective and inexpensive drug. Available in dosages of 500 milligrams and 100 mg. The average price on the market is 8-10 rubles for 10 tablets. Included in the list of vital essentials.

• Ibuprofen.

Safe and inexpensive drug. The price depends on the form of release and the manufacturer. Has a pronounced antipyretic effect. Widely used in pediatrics.

400 milligram film-coated tablets, made in Russia, cost from 50-100 rubles for 30 tablets.

• Paracetamol.

A popular drug all over the world. Available in European countries without a doctor's prescription. The most popular forms are 500 milligram tablets and syrup.

Included in combination drugs as an analgesic and antipyretic component. It has a central mechanism of action, without affecting hematopoiesis and the gastrointestinal tract.

The price depends on the brand. Russian-made tablets cost about 10 rubles.

• Citramon P.

A combined drug containing anti-inflammatory and psychostimulating components. Caffeine increases the sensitivity of brain receptors tropic to paracetamol, enhancing the effect of the anti-inflammatory component.

Available in 500 milligram tablets. The average price is 10-20 rubles.

• Diclofenac.

It is available in various dosage forms, but is most in demand in the form of injections and local forms (ointments and patches).

The cost for a package of three ampoules is from 50 to 100 rubles.

• Nimesulide.

A selective drug that has a blocking effect on type 2 cyclooxygenase. Has a good analgesic and antipyretic effect. Widely used in dentistry and the postoperative period.

Available in the form of tablets, gels and suspensions. The average cost on the market is from 100-200 rubles for 20 tablets.

• Ketorolac.

A drug characterized by a pronounced analgesic effect, comparable to the effect of non-narcotic analgesics. It has a strong ulcerogenic effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Use with caution.

Must be released strictly according to a doctor's prescription. Release forms are varied. Tablets of 10 milligrams cost from one hundred rubles per pack.

Main indications for the use of NSAIDs

The most common reasons for taking this class of substances are diseases accompanied by inflammation, pain and fever. It should be remembered that drugs are rarely used for monotherapy. Treatment must be comprehensive.

Important. Use the information in this paragraph only if the emergency situation prevents you from contacting a qualified professional immediately. Please discuss all treatment issues with your doctor.

Arthrosis

A disease that causes changes in the anatomical structure of the articular surface. Active movements are extremely painful due to joint swelling and increased synovial fluid effusion.

In severe cases, treatment is reduced to joint replacement.

NSAIDs are indicated for moderate or moderate severity of the process. For pain, 100-200 milligrams of nimesulide are prescribed. No more than 500 mg per day. Taken in 2-3 doses. Drink with a small amount of water.

Rheumatoid arthritis

– inflammatory process of autoimmune etiology. Multiple inflammatory processes occur in various tissues. The joints and endocardial tissues are predominantly affected. NSAIDs are the drugs of choice in combination with steroid therapy. Damage to the endocardium always leads to the deposition of blood clots on the surface of the valves and chambers of the heart. Taking acetylsalicylic acid 500 milligrams per day reduces the risk of thrombosis by 5 times.

Pain from soft tissue injuries

Associated with swelling at the point of application of the traumatic factor and surrounding tissues. As a result of exudation, small venous vessels and nerve endings are compressed.

Venous blood stagnates in the damaged organ, which further intensifies metabolic disorders. A vicious circle arises, worsening the conditions for regeneration.

For moderate pain syndrome, it is possible to use local forms of Diclofenac.

Apply to the area of ​​bruise or sprain three times a day. The damaged organ needs rest and immobilization for several days.

Osteochondrosis

With this pathological process, compression of the spinal nerve roots occurs between the upper and lower vertebrae, forming the exit channels of the spinal nerves.

When the lumen of the canal decreases, the nerve roots innervating organs and muscles experience compression. This leads to the development of inflammatory processes and swelling of the nerves themselves, which further disrupts trophic processes.

To break the vicious circle, local ointments and gels containing Diclofenac are used in combination with injectable forms of the drug. Three milliliters of Diclofenac solution are injected intramuscularly once a day.

The course of treatment is at least 5 days. Given the high ulcerogenicity of the drug, you should take proton pump blockers and antacids (Omeprazole 2 capsules twice a day and Almagel one or two scoops three times a day).

Pain in the lumbar region

With this localization, it is most often affected. The pain is quite intense. is formed from spinal roots emerging in the intervertebral foramina of the sacrum, emerging in a limited area into the shallow tissues of the gluteal region. This predisposes it to inflammation during hypothermia.

Ointments with NSAIDs containing Diclofenac or Nimesulide are used. In case of severe pain, the nerve exit site is blocked with an anesthetic drug. Local dry heat is used. It is important to avoid hypothermia.

Headache

Caused by various pathological processes. The most common cause is the brain. The brain itself does not have pain receptors. Pain sensations are transmitted from its membranes and receptors in the vessels.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a direct effect on prostaglandins, which regulate pain in the center of the thalamus. Pain causes vasospasm, metabolic processes decrease, and pain intensifies. NSAIDs, relieving pain, stop the spasm, interrupting the pathological process. The most effective drugs are Ibuprofen in a dose of 400 milligrams.

Migraine

It is caused by local spasm of blood vessels in the brain. More often the head hurts on one side. There are extensive neurological focal symptoms. Experience shows that non-steroidal analgesics in combination with antispasmodics are most effective.

Fifty percent Metamizole sodium solution (analgin) in the amount of two milliliters and two milliliters Drotaverine in one syringe intramuscularly or intravenously. After the injection, vomiting occurs. After some time, the pain is completely relieved.

Acute attack of gout

The disease is caused by a violation of uric acid metabolism. Its salts are deposited in various organs and tissues of the body, causing widespread pain. NSAIDs help stop. Ibuprofen preparations are used in a dosage of 400-800 milligrams.

Complex. Includes a diet low in purine and pyrimidine bases. In the acute period, animal products, broths, alcohol, coffee and chocolate are completely excluded.

Products of plant origin, except mushrooms, and large volumes of water (up to three to four liters per day) are indicated. If your condition improves, you can add low-fat cottage cheese to your food.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods or pain in the lower abdomen before them are common in women of fertile age. Caused by spasms in the smooth muscles of the uterus during rejection of the mucous membrane. The duration of pain and its intensity varies from person to person.

For relief, Ibuprofen preparations in a dose of 400-800 milligrams or selective NSAIDs (Nimesulide, Meloxicam) are suitable.

Treatment of painful menstruation may include the use of biphasic estrogen drugs that normalize the body's hormonal levels.

Fever

An increase in body temperature is a nonspecific pathological process that accompanies many painful conditions. Normal body temperature is between 35 and 37 degrees Celsius. With hyperthermia above 41 degrees, protein denaturation occurs and death can occur.

At normal body temperature, most biochemical processes in the body occur. The mechanisms of thermoregulation in higher organisms are of a neurohumoral nature. A small section of the hypothalamus, called the infundibulum, plays a major role in maintaining temperature homeostasis.

Anatomically, it connects the hypothalamus and thalamus at the junction of the optic nerves.

Substances called pyrogens are responsible for activating the hyperthermic reaction. One of the pyrogens is prostaglandin, produced by immune cells.

Its synthesis is regulated by cyclooxygenase. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can influence prostaglandin synthesis, indirectly reducing body temperature. Paracetamol acts on COX-1 in the center of thermoregulation, providing a rapid but short-lived antipyretic effect.

During fever, Ibuprofen exhibits the greatest antipyretic activity, acting indirectly. To reduce fever at home, a regimen with both drugs is justified.

500 milligrams Paracetamol and 800 milligrams Ibuprofen. The first quickly reduces the temperature to acceptable values, the second slowly and maintains the effect for a long time.

Teething fever in children

It is a consequence of the destruction of bone tissue during rapid tooth growth. Biologically active substances are released from the destroyed cells, which have a direct effect on the centers of the hypothalamus. Macrophages contribute to the inflammation process.

The most effective drug that eliminates inflammation and reduces temperature is Nimesulide at a dose of 25-30 milligrams, taken once or twice, completely stops the phenomena in 90-95 percent of cases.

Risks of using NSAIDs

Studies have shown that long-term use of non-selective drugs has a detrimental effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. The ulcerogenic effect of acetylsalicylic acid has been confirmed. Long-term use of non-selective agents is recommended in conjunction with proton pump blockers (omeprazole).

Selective NSAIDs increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease tenfold even with long-term use. Aspirin is the only exception to this list. The antiplatelet properties of acetylsalicylic acid are used to prevent thrombosis, preventing blockage of great vessels.

Cardiologists warn that patients who have recently had a heart attack should avoid NSAID treatment. According to research data, Naproxen is considered the least dangerous from this point of view.

Studies have been published that long-term use of NSAIDs can cause erectile dysfunction. However, these studies were largely based on the feelings of the patients themselves. No objective data were provided on testosterone levels, seminal fluid examinations or physical examination methods.

Conclusion

A hundred years ago, the world's population was just over a billion people. Over the past twentieth century, humanity has made a huge breakthrough in all sectors of its activity. Medicine has become an evidence-based, effective and progressive science.

Today there are more than seven billion of us. The three main discoveries that influenced the survival of the human race are:

• vaccines;
• antibiotics;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

There is something to think about and something to strive for.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs– an extensive group of drugs in medicine, prescribed to relieve pain and reduce temperature in various diseases. Medicines have not only a pronounced therapeutic effect, but also certain contraindications and side effects.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a number of contraindications

Classification of NSAIDs

In pharmacology, various signs are used to distribute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

According to chemical structure

Based on their chemical structure and activity, drugs are divided into acidic and non-acidic drugs.

Groups of acid drugs:

• oxicams – Meloxicam, Piroxicam;
• drugs based on indolylacetic acid - Indomethacin, Sulindac;
• medications that contain propionic acid - Ketoprofen, Ibuprofen;
• salicylates – Aspirin;
• drugs based on phenylacetic acid - Diclofenac, Aceclofenac;
• pyrazolone derivatives – Analgin, Phenylbutazone.

Aspirin belongs to the group of salicylates

Non-acidic agents include alkanones (Nabumeton), sulfonamides (Nimesulide), coxibs (Celecoxib, Rofecoxib).

All non-steroidal drugs have a similar mechanism of action, have a non-specific effect on inflammatory enzymes, therefore they are good at eliminating pain of various origins, and cope well with fever during colds and flu. But each drug has one or another effect that is slightly more pronounced than other drugs in the same group.

According to the principle of general action

According to the mechanism of action, NSAIDs are classified into selective and non-selective medications.

Non-selective NSAIDs

The body produces 2 types of cyclooxygenase enzymes. COX-1 appears only as a response to the inflammatory process, COX-2 protects the walls of the stomach from the influence of negative factors.

Non-selective NSAIDs suppress the synthesis of COX-1 and COX-2, therefore they have an extensive list of adverse reactions; this group includes most non-steroidal drugs.

Indications: high fever, migraine, gynecological and dental diseases, biliary colic, chronic prostatitis. But most often, NSAIDs are prescribed to eliminate the manifestations of problems with joints and muscles - arthritis, arthrosis, myositis, bruises, sprains, fractures. The main contraindications are peptic ulcer disease, poor blood clotting, kidney and liver pathologies, asthma.

List of popular non-selective NSAIDs

Pharmaceutical companies are constantly trying to reduce the negative impact of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract, so modern non-selective drugs are safe and have a long period of action, which makes it possible to take medications once a day.

List of new generation non-selective NSAIDs:

1. Movalis is an effective remedy; injection solutions, pills, and ointments are available for sale; the medicine has a powerful antipyretic effect and quickly eliminates pain and signs of inflammation.
2. Xefocam is one of the best means for relieving an acute attack of pain; the action of the medicine is similar to morphine, but it is a non-narcotic medicine. Available in tablets and powder.
3. Nimesulide - tablets and gel with a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, are good for back and joint pain, the medicine eliminates hyperemia, swelling, signs of the inflammatory process, and improves mobility.
4. Airtal - in terms of its therapeutic effect, the medicine is similar to Diclofenac, but has greater selectivity; it is produced in tablets, powder for suspensions, and in the form of a cream.

During long-term treatment with NSAIDs, it is necessary to regularly monitor the functioning of the liver, kidneys, and blood counts, this is especially true for elderly patients.

Movalis is an effective non-steroidal drug

Selective NSAIDs

Most modern NSAIDs are selective inhibitors, blocking only the inflammatory enzyme; as practice shows, they have a more gentle effect on the gastrointestinal tract, so the risk of developing ulcers and bleeding is reduced, but the likelihood of blood clots increases. The disadvantage is the high cost.

Selective drugs are more effective than non-selective drugs, the therapeutic effect is observed within 20-30 minutes after taking the medicine, they are successfully practiced for severe joint diseases - infectious nonspecific polyarthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis and arthritis, gout, osteoarthritis, and osteochondrosis.

List of the best NSAIDs:

1. Celebrex - capsules to eliminate fever, pain and relieve inflammation, significantly reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. The medicine is good for arthritis and osteochondrosis.
2. Firocoxib is a highly selective drug in tablet form.
3. Rofecoxib - the drug quickly copes with pain, swelling due to bursitis, tendinitis, sprains, eliminates fever, headache and toothache of varying degrees of intensity. Available in the form of tablets, suppositories, injection solution, and gel.

Celebrex is a selective action drug

But even drugs that do not affect the stomach cannot be taken in the presence of internal bleeding or perforation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, which occurred while taking NSAIDs. Potent medications are also contraindicated in severe forms of kidney, liver, heart dysfunction, hemocoagulation disorders, and aspirin-induced asthma.

NSAIDs are antiplatelet agents; they are prescribed for diseases of the heart and blood vessels - ischemia, angina, prevention of stroke, heart attack, hypertension.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy

NSAIDs have teratogenic properties, can cause miscarriage, and cause the development of severe pathologies in a newborn, so it is dangerous to take these medications during pregnancy.

NSAIDs pass into breast milk in small quantities, but there is no reliable data on how safe such doses are for children, so doctors recommend refraining from taking these drugs during lactation, or taking medications with a short half-life shortly after feeding.

What analgesics can be taken by nursing and pregnant women? Paracetamol and ibuprofen-based medications can be taken in the 1st and 2nd trimester.

NSAIDs can prevent or slow down the onset of ovulation and negatively affect human reproductive functions, but how great this risk is has not yet been clinically identified.

NVPV for children

Due to the large number of negative reactions, the destructive effect on the gastric mucosa, and the ability to thin the blood, most NSAIDs are prohibited for the treatment of children.

Medicines based on nimesulide, ibuprofen and paracetamol, in the form of suppositories and suspensions, are considered safe for children. The main indications are fever, colds, headache, teething.

List of safe NSAIDs for children:

1. Ibuprofen, Nurofen, Ibuklin, Ibufen - drugs help reduce fever, are effective painkillers, side effects are rare, and are used in pediatrics for children over 3 months old.
2. Paracetamol, Panadol, Efferalgan can be given to children older than 2 months, but these medications are not recommended for use in children with liver pathologies.
3. Nimesulide, Nise, Nimesil are representatives of the latest generation of NSAIDs, have a long-lasting analgesic effect, and are used to treat children over 12 years of age.

Nimesulide can be given to children over 12 years of age

The most dangerous for children are acetylsalicylic acid derivatives - Aspirin, Citramon; they should not be taken by patients under 16 years of age. These medications can trigger the development of Reye's syndrome, the disease is accompanied by encephalopathy and depression of liver function.

How to protect the stomach when taking non-steroidal drugs?

NSAIDs negatively affect the integrity of the gastric mucosa, which often causes the development of ulcers, erosions, gastritis, and internal bleeding. To avoid such dangerous complications, you must adhere to certain rules.

How to reduce the negative effects of NSAIDs:

1. It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol while taking non-steroidal drugs, otherwise the risk of erosions and ulcers increases significantly.
2. The tablets should not be taken on an empty stomach; you should drink the medicine during meals, with a sufficient amount of purified water or milk.
3. It is imperative to study the interaction of other medications with NSAIDs in the instructions.
4. During treatment, you must not only strictly adhere to the dosage, but also follow the regimen, try to take the medicine at the same time.
5. To protect the stomach from the negative effects of NSAIDs, it is necessary to take proton pump inhibitors in parallel with them - Omeprazole, Pantoprazole.

Omeprazole helps cope with the negative effects of NSAIDs

If you are going to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for a long time, you need to do a gastroscopy and be tested for the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria - this will help avoid the development of severe stomach problems.

NSAIDs are the most popular group of medications all over the world, but they must be taken wisely and strictly follow the instructions. If dosages are not observed, internal bleeding and ulcers may occur; with extreme caution, medications are prescribed to pregnant nursing women, children, and the elderly.

Anti-inflammatory drugs for colds are an effective way to treat the disease.

Millions of people get sick every year, and thanks to science and medicine, the disease can be overcome within a week, and severe complications are rare.

Every year more and more drugs are produced that fight the disease.

Is it worth paying a lot of money or can cheap analogues remove the symptoms? We invite you to find out the answers to these and many other questions related to ARVI.

Causes of illness and symptoms

Colds are especially common in the autumn-winter period. At this time, immunity decreases, which allows viruses to penetrate and multiply in the body. Colds are transmitted by airborne droplets and affect the human respiratory system.

The most common viruses that cause illness:

• Rhinoviruses. The incubation period is from 1 to 5 days. Accompanied by fever, they can lead to bronchitis and otitis media.
• Coronaviruses. It affects not only the respiratory system, but also the digestive and nervous systems. The disease begins with a profuse runny nose.

It has long been established that stress and allergies can also trigger the development of illness. In 10% of cases, the causes of the disease remain unknown; scientists are still conducting research in this area.

People rarely pay attention to the initial symptoms of the disease. Nasal congestion, slight sore throat, sneezing – these signs do not always relate to acute respiratory infections.

The disease develops rapidly and within 24 hours:

• The nasal mucosa completely swells;
• Sore throat appears, especially when swallowing;
• The temperature rises to 38 C;
• A cough occurs.

With timely treatment, recovery occurs in 5-9 days. If you let the disease take its course, the risk of complications (rhinitis, pneumonia and others) increases.

Anti-inflammatory drugs for colds in children

Dosage forms can be divided into 3 types: for adults, for children and for pregnant women. Medicines for ARVI are also divided into these groups. Let's take a closer look at the products intended for children.

MaxiGrippin for children. Available in the form of effervescent tablets. The active substance is paracetamol, enriched with vitamin C. Can be used from 3 years of age. 1/2 (5-10 years, whole) tablet 2 times a day. Dilute with warm water, but not boiling water. You must drink it immediately; you cannot store the diluted solution.

Contraindications:

• Taking other medications containing paracetamol;
• Allergic reactions to any of the components;
• Stomach ulcer in the acute phase.

Store at a temperature no higher than 30 C and no lower than 10 C. Shelf life – 3 years.

Doctor MOM - rubbing balm. The composition includes substances that tone the respiratory center, has a general strengthening effect, strengthens the immune system, relieves fever, pain, swelling, and saturates the blood with oxygen. Effective against bacteria and viruses.

Used from 1 year. A small amount of balm is rubbed into the chest, feet, back or legs. Rubbing is carried out for 5-7 minutes. After absorption, cover the child with a dry and warm cloth; if done at night, just a blanket will do.

For prevention, you can apply it before leaving home or going to kindergarten. Do not apply to damaged skin (wounds, scratches, abrasions).

Insti for children. Starts working 30 minutes after administration. Combined action drug. It has expectorant, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Take 1 sachet 2 times a day if the child is under 10 years old. In other cases - 3 times a day. The course of treatment should not exceed a week. Store at a temperature not exceeding 25 C. When taken simultaneously, it enhances the effect of acetylsalicylic acid.

Contraindications:

• Diabetes mellitus;
• Aspirin asthma;
• Intolerance to any component.

Source: website

Anti-inflammatory drugs for colds in adults

The variety of dosage forms for acute respiratory infections for adults is huge. Trademarks such as Teraflu, Kagocel, Arbidol and others have proven themselves to be excellent, but their prices are always a little high,

Anti-inflammatory drugs are inexpensive but effective for colds:

1. Cold. Contains paracetamol and vitamin C. Take 1 sachet every 4 hours. The maximum daily dose is 4 sachets.
2. Bronchorus. Mucolytic agent. Available in tablets and syrup form. A strong medicine for prolonged and severe cough.
3. Rimantadine (antiviral). It has a positive effect in the form of prevention and at the initial stage of illness.
4. Bronchoactive (sage). Lozenges, 2 tablets up to 4 times a day. The maximum course is 3 weeks.
5. Cashnol. Available in the form of syrup. Has a bronchodilator effect. Use 2 tsp. 3 times a day. The break between doses is at least 6 hours.

The list contains medications in the price category up to 200 rubles. Attention! Prices may vary between pharmacies. The main effect of all medications is to kill viruses and alleviate the symptoms of the disease.

Anti-inflammatory tablets for colds

The tablet form is the most common and convenient to take. Remember! The main thing is not to forget to take your medicine on time. If it is indicated to take 2 times a day, then this is morning and evening. Taking before and after lunch is not suitable.

It is necessary for the active substance to have a radical effect on the virus, a time frame must be observed, this is prescribed for each drug in the instructions.

Flucoldex. It is not recommended to drink coffee while taking the medicine, since it contains caffeine. Removes fever from acute respiratory viral infections, relieves pain, and is effective for nasal congestion. Contraindicated in case of liver or kidney failure. Take 1 tablet, every 4 hours, up to 3 tablets per day.

Rinza. A combined drug that eliminates the symptoms of acute respiratory infections. It has a vasoconstrictor effect, prevents nasal congestion, eliminates lacrimation. Increases physical and mental performance. Attention! May cause allergic reactions. The course should not exceed 5 days, 1 t. 3-4 times a day. Available in both tablets and powder.

Paracetamol. An effective and inexpensive antipyretic agent. Has mild anti-inflammatory properties. Take 0.2 or 0.5 g 2-4 times a day. Not recommended for children and chronic alcoholism.

Amiksin. The active substance is tilorone. Stimulates the production of anaferons. Do not take for pregnant women and children under 7 years of age. Use after meals, depending on age - different dosage. Compatible with broad-spectrum antibiotics and traditional medicine.

Anti-inflammatory nasal drops

A runny nose is one of the most unpleasant symptoms of a cold. When you blow your nose frequently, your nose turns red and starts to hurt.

The patient has difficulty or lacks full nasal breathing; he has to inhale through his mouth, swallowing microbes from the air. There are special “cilia” in the nose that prevent pathogens from penetrating further into the body.

It is for this reason that the disease can last longer and be accompanied by complications. It is necessary to use, which relieve swelling and temporarily restore breathing.

List of products approved for use by children:

1. SeptaNazal;
2. Tizin for children;
3. Aqualor baby;
4. BabyNose;
5. and others.

For a runny nose in adults, you can use any products that are sold in pharmacies. Caution must be observed during pregnancy and breastfeeding; in this case, it is better to consult a doctor.

The best cold drops for adults:

1. Afrin;
2. Sanorin;
3. Rhinostop;
4. Marimer;
5. Farial.

For all tablets, sprays, syrups, drops, etc. be sure to read the instructions. If you suspect an allergy or intolerance to any component, it is better to avoid this product.

Preparations in the form of injections

ARI is not considered a serious illness and can be successfully treated with tablets, sprays and syrups for 7-14 days. But in severe cases, injections may be needed. Their action is aimed more at relieving symptoms than at fighting viruses.

Used at high temperatures of 39 C and above. One syringe contains diphenhydramine, analgin, and drotaverine. Take 1 ampoule of each medicine and inject it into the muscle. It also has analgesic properties. Mostly they are done by ambulance staff, but if you have experience, you can inject yourself.

Colds and flu are accompanied by painful sensations. If tablet forms do not help, then you can inject non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:

has an antiviral effect. Package – 5 pcs. The instructions provide a treatment regimen. Allowed to be administered to children. The injection is given either intravenously or intramuscularly. Prohibited during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Anti-inflammatory drugs for cough

Cough is an unpleasant symptom. If it is not treated promptly, bronchitis may appear or pneumonia may develop. Anti-inflammatory for colds without fever, it must be taken to completely kill the virus and not get complications, including those mentioned above.

List of the most popular cough medicines:

• Codelac;
• Arbidol;
• Lazolvan;
• Pertusin;
• Cashnol and others.

They have a pleasant taste and there will be no problems with taking pharmaceutical drugs.

Some cough medicines also relieve sore throat: Bobs, Doctor Mom, Strepsil, in addition they have a distracting effect.

Anti-inflammatory herbs for colds

Herbal medicines have long proven themselves positively. Traditional medicine cannot replace basic treatment. Use as an aid to improve your condition and strengthen your immune system.

1. Marshmallow root, coltsfoot leaves and oregano. The mixture is taken in equal quantities, poured with boiling water and infused for 2 hours. Drink half a glass 3-4 times a day.
2. For a sore throat, you can gargle with a decoction of chamomile, sage, and calendula (flowers).
3. Mata, chamomile and sage are taken 30 g each. Prepare an infusion and drink 1/3 glass up to 5 times a day.

If you do not have the time, energy and opportunity to prepare decoctions of medicinal herbs for illness on your own, then in pharmacies you can purchase ready-made drinks: Altai herbal tea No. 17, Bronkhofarm tea, Mountain tea, chest collection No. 9, for flu and colds herbal collection No. 20, Echinacea purpurea extract, etc.

Folk anti-inflammatory remedies for colds

In addition to medicinal herbs, there are well-known and effective folk remedies that help overcome the symptoms of ARVI.

1. Grind 2 tbsp. dried sweet clover herb and pour boiling water over it. Add 1 tsp. green tea, filter, drink with honey.
2. Brew dry raspberries in a thermal mug. Leave for 3 hours, add 2 tsp. honey and drink 12 hours before.
3. Chop the garlic and mix with honey. Eat a tablespoon with water.
4. Brew green tea and thyme, let it brew and gargle for sore throat.

Only in isolated cases are diseases not accompanied by inflammation - a widespread pathological process, a peculiar reaction of the human body, the occurrence of which is aimed at identifying, destroying or removing a pathogenic agent. Inflammation is the result of damage to tissue cells by toxins, microflora, physical or chemical agents. So how can we cope with pockets of inflammation that arise as the disease progresses? How to restore health and well-being to a person? The optimal solution for diseases accompanied by inflammation are anti-inflammatory drugs.

Their medicinal effect is aimed at suppressing the proliferative and exudative phases of inflammation, which is achieved through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Anti-inflammatory drugs help inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase, inhibit the production of mediators, reduce the levels of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin, as well as stabilize cell membranes and increase the threshold for the perception of pain receptors.

Medicines that belong to various pharmacological groups have an anti-inflammatory effect. They are used in therapeutic practice for a wide range of inflammatory diseases and reactions. Currently, there are two main groups of anti-inflammatory drugs: glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Glucocorticoids – what are they?

are steroid hormones that are synthesized by the adrenal cortex. They, like their synthetic analogues, are used not only to treat diseases accompanied by inflammation, but also for adrenal insufficiency. Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of platelet activating factor from cell membranes and arachidonic acid, causing protein anabolism in the liver as well as catabolism in other tissues. This group of drugs promotes the redistribution of subcutaneous fat. When taking these medications, fat begins to accumulate mainly in the abdomen, face and shoulder girdle.

One of the important functions of glucocorticoids, for which this group of drugs has become widespread in medicine, is their unique ability to suppress inflammation. The implementation of this action is carried out by inhibiting the enzyme phosphorylase A2, as well as due to the suppression of the synthesis of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Another ability of such medications is to inhibit the development of allergic reactions. This effect is caused by a decrease in the number of circulating basophils and a decrease in the concentration of inflammatory mediators.

Among the most prominent representatives of this group of medications are the following drugs: Lemod, Decadron, Akortin, Metipred, Kenacort and others.

Indications and contraindications for the use of glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids can be used as replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency. Doctors recommend their use in situations such as:

• states of shock;
• asthmatic attacks;
• inflammatory processes;
• allergic manifestations;
• bronchial asthma;
• dermatoses, etc.

Please note that glucocorticoids, like any medicine, have contraindications for use. Do not take this group of drugs under any circumstances if you have tuberculosis or are susceptible to viral or fungal infections. Moreover, refuse treatment with glucocorticoids if you are hypersensitive to these medications or their components.

If you use these anti-inflammatory drugs incorrectly, you may experience the following side effects:

1. arterial hypertension;
2. pain in the spine;
3. swelling;
4. arrhythmia;
5. ulcers of the duodenum and stomach;
6. mental disorders;
7. weight changes.

If these anti-inflammatory drugs are used topically over a long period of time, the susceptibility to infections at the points of their application significantly increases. In other words, inhaled glucocorticoids in some cases lead to fungal diseases of the nose and oral cavity.

How to take glucocorticoids correctly?

Doctors recommend taking glucocorticoids in tablet form. Intravenous administration of these hormonal drugs is permitted only in emergency situations. Intramuscular administration of glucocorticoids is prescribed very rarely, as it causes the development of atrophy of adipose tissue and muscles at the injection site.

Hormonal anti-inflammatory tablets are used for a short period of time when dealing with emergency conditions: shock, systemic allergic manifestations, etc. In this case, glucocorticoids are administered once and in maximum doses. With long-term use of this group of drugs, it is necessary to adapt to the physiological daily rhythm of their synthesis. The daily dosage is divided into three doses, two of which should be taken in the morning, and the rest in the evening. As a rule, glucocorticoids are initially prescribed in an average dosage, and then the doctor, analyzing the patient’s reaction, adjusts the treatment regimen.

Very important! Long-term use of adrenal hormones is accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of one's own hormones, which in case of sudden withdrawal of these drugs can provoke adrenal insufficiency. Correct withdrawal of such drugs is based on a gradual reduction in dosage by 2.5 - 5 mg. per week. It is believed that the longer glucocorticoid therapy has been carried out, the slower it should be discontinued.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a group of popular drugs that are widely used in pharmaceutical practice. According to statistics, about 30 million people in the world take this group of medications every year. These anti-inflammatory drugs have gained popularity due to their unique properties: eliminating inflammation, reducing pain and providing an antipyretic effect. Paracetamol, Citramon, Ketanov, Voltaren, Aspirin, Indomethacin are the most famous representatives of NSAIDs.

The action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is to block certain enzymes that contribute to the formation of biologically active substances responsible for the inflammatory response. This group of medications is used to eliminate elevated body temperature, reduce inflammation and pain. As a rule, doctors prescribe it for:

• diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
• injuries and bruises;
• colds;
• headaches, migraines;
• gynecological diseases;
• coronary heart disease;
• renal and hepatic colic.

Remember that anti-inflammatory drugs also have contraindications for use. They should not be taken if you have stomach ulcers, during pregnancy, or during breastfeeding. Moreover, this group of medications is prohibited for use by people with hypersensitivity to these drugs.

Anti-inflammatory drugs should be given to children for diseases accompanied by inflammatory processes, fever, inflammation of the lymph nodes, swelling, pain and other similar phenomena. Anti-inflammatory drugs for children are prescribed exclusively by a medical specialist, depending on the type of disease and the individual characteristics of the child’s body. At the same time, it is very important that parents do not show excessive independence during treatment, but strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations. Improper use of such medications can cause visual and hearing impairment, allergic reactions, stomach irritation, internal bleeding and other dangerous phenomena in a child.

As a rule, doctors prescribe the following anti-inflammatory drugs to children: Aspirin, Indomethacin, Ibuprofen, Paracetamol and Mefenamic acid.

Below is a list of popular anti-inflammatory drugs, instructions for which are presented on our website. Simply follow the link in the list to receive instructions and recommendations for the use of this drug.