Relevance of the research topic.

This dissertation research examines the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. S.D. Sazonov headed the foreign policy department on the eve and during the First World War, when the international position of Russia and the internal political situation in the country were difficult. Occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. serious changes in both the international and domestic life of the country prompted Russian diplomacy and S.D. Sazonov to make changes to Russian foreign policy on the eve of the First World War, change the foreign policy course towards an alliance with England and take the path of strengthening the Triple Entente.

Due to the historical importance of what happened at the beginning of the 20th century. events research into the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. seems very relevant, since it defined a significant period in the history of Russian diplomacy, which determined the fate of Russia, including the fate of the Romanov dynasty.

Studying the history of the country's foreign policy is impossible without studying the personality, life and professional activities of the head of the state's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The changes in the political situation in the country over the past decade have led to increased attention by historians to the study of the life and work of a number of Russian government figures who have undeservedly found themselves on the periphery of the study process due to socio-political reasons. One of these figures is Russian Foreign Minister S.D. Sazonov. A comprehensive and objective study of Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War is impossible without a detailed study of his personality and analysis of his activities.

Studying the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. is also relevant in connection with the need for an objective modern historical assessment of the activities of this extraordinary diplomat, his professional qualities, and identification of the degree of compliance with S.D. Sazonov to the high position he held and an analysis of the role of the named minister in Russian and European history.

In addition to historical relevance, no less significant is the fact that in the modern historical conditions of Russia’s development and its position in the international arena, studying issues related to the history of the country’s foreign policy, especially at its turning points, will allow us to adequately assess the past and understand the priorities of Russia’s foreign policy at the present time. stage and use all the centuries-old experience of Russian diplomacy to achieve positive results in the state’s foreign policy at the current stage of its development and in the future.

The degree of knowledge of the problem.

In domestic and foreign historiography, special works devoted to the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916, no. In all works on the history of Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War, as well as on the history of international relations and diplomacy, about S.D. The authors mentioned Sazonov, because it was not possible to ignore the role of the Russian Foreign Minister when considering foreign policy issues and issues of international relations. At the same time, certain aspects of the activities of S.D. Sazonov can also be found in studies with a domestic political bias. However, having devoted their works to the study of the country’s internal politics, their authors did not delve deeply into the foreign policy details of the life of Russia during the period of interest to us.

Some aspects of the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. were reflected in special works devoted to the mechanism for making foreign policy decisions in Russia on the eve and during the First World War and considering historical and diplomatic problems in direct connection with the country’s domestic policy.

Only in the early 1990s. Researchers are focusing on studying the activities of S.D. Sazonov as Russian Foreign Minister. Then the first attempt was made to systematize the material about the state activities of the Russian diplomat, and separate articles about the minister appeared. However, the authors of these scientific publications provide an analysis of only one aspect of S.D.’s diplomatic activities. Sazonov, without considering them as a single whole.

In foreign historiography there are also no special studies on the life and work of S.D. Sazonova.

Due to the lack of research in Russian and Western historiography about the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. In this work, the emphasis is on studying the source base. One of the chapters1 is devoted exclusively to a review of sources and literature on the stated topic. It also examines in detail the degree to which the problem has been studied. We consider mainly materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRI), as well as materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and documents from the Manuscript Department of the Russian National Library. Much attention is paid to published historical sources, primarily domestic and foreign.

1 See Gtav) I of this study to collections of documents, as well as materials discovered by the author in domestic historical, political science, literary, scientific and popular science magazines, historical and documentary almanacs. Materials from the Russian press, memoirs and journalism were widely used, and to a lesser extent, publications of verbatim reports of meetings of the State Duma.

Object and subject of research.

The object of the study is the personality of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S.D. Sazonova. The subject of the study is his activities at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916, the political views of the diplomat, as well as the results of the activities of S.D. Sazonov in connection with the general course of political life in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.

Purpose and objectives of the study.

The goal involves solving the following research problems:

To identify contradictions and differences in the interpretation of the activities of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916. in domestic and foreign historiography;

Determine the content and main directions of S.D.’s diplomatic activities. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916;

To trace the evolution of S.D.’s views. Sazonov to develop a general course for Russian foreign policy;

To trace the changes that occurred in Russian foreign policy under the ministry of S. D. Sazonov in 1910-1916. in connection with the change in the balance of forces in the international arena on the eve of the First World War; find out how the diplomatic activities of S.D. were combined. Sazonov with internal politics;

Define the role of S.D. Sazonov as a personality in Russian and European political history, to draw a modern historical portrait and give a balanced description of the activities of this diplomat in a ministerial post;

Identify the reasons and consequences of S.D.’s resignation. Sazonov from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1916.

Chronological framework of the study.

The chronological scope of the study covers the period from 1910 to 1916. Within this time period there are two main stages:

1). from November 1910 (appointment of S.D. Sazonov to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia) to July 1914 (beginning of the First World War);

2). from July 1914 (the beginning of the First World War) to July 1916 (the resignation of S.D. Sazonov from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia).

Due to the very topic of the dissertation, the presentation of events sometimes goes beyond the chronological framework of the study. In particular, the background of the diplomatic service of S.D. is considered. Sazonov until his appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs: from 1890 (appointment of S.D. Sazonov to London as second secretary of the Russian embassy) to November 1910 (appointment of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia). Special emphasis is placed on the first year of S.D. Sazonov’s work as minister (1910-1911), which ended with leave due to S.D.’s illness. Sazonova. The issue of S.D.’s resignation is also important. Sazonov from a high post and the events that followed, as well as the activities of S.D. Sazonov in exile.

Geographical boundaries of the study.

The geographical boundaries of the study extend to St. Petersburg-Petrograd, where the main activities of S.D. took place. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs. They also cover Russia's allies in the Entente, states and cities where the minister was brought by his diplomatic service.

Methodological basis of the dissertation.

The research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and scientific reliability. The formulation of judgments was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive understanding of the totality of facts. The subject of the study was considered without political and ideological predilections, “cliches” and “labels”. To achieve the set goal and solve the research problems, methods of historical, comparative-historical, problem-chronological and source analysis were used. Their use was determined by the need to compare events according to a number of parameters, to identify the general and special in the subject of research, to critically study and objectively interpret the documents presented in the study. The solution to the assigned tasks was achieved through a comprehensive analysis of sources. Historical events were subjected to consistent and comprehensive logical analysis. Their interrelation and interdependence were clarified.

Scientific novelty of the research.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. as an independent research problem. The scientific novelty of the dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of S.D.’s activities. Sazonov at the highest diplomatic post during this period, as well as consideration of his political views and results of activities in connection with the general political life of Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. This is achieved by involving a number of documents in the circle of sources, selected in accordance with the stated methods used in the work, as well as by introducing new sources into scientific circulation. A special (new) research problem is the question of the role of S.D. Sazonov as a personality in Russian and European history.

Special monographic studies on the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. in domestic and foreign historiography there is no. Thus, this dissertation is the first independent generalizing study on the activities of S.D. in Russian and Western historiography. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916.

Provisions submitted for defense.

The role of S.D. Sazonov’s contribution to the history of Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War was enormous. Without studying the phenomenon of this personality, whom both contemporaries and historians called one of the “creators of the Entente,” a complete and comprehensive study of the complex tangle of international contradictions that led to the First World War is impossible.

Appointment of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia was a consequence of the direct intervention of Russian Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin into the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to control it, which occurred due to gross miscalculations made by his predecessor S.D. Sazonov in a ministerial post, A.P. Izvolsky, during the Bosnian crisis.

A significant role in the appointment of S.D. Sazonov was played by the diplomat’s family ties with the head of the tsarist government, P.A. Stolypin, who needed “his own man,” an ideological like-minded person at the head of the foreign policy department.

The name of S. D. Sazonov was associated with Russia’s abandonment of the policy of balancing in order to avoid foreign policy complications, as well as the end of the policy of maneuvering between England and Germany and the sharp turn in Russia’s foreign policy, now aimed at the comprehensive strengthening of the Triple Entente with the participation of Russia, France and England .

Solid course S.D. Sazonov's alliance with England and France, along with many other reasons, contributed to the deterioration of Russian-German relations and ultimately served as one of the reasons for the division of Europe into irreconcilably warring blocs and the outbreak of the First World War.

Theoretical significance of the dissertation.

The theoretical significance of the dissertation lies in the fact that the specific content and conclusions related to the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916, provide researchers of the history of Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. essential material for studying the main events of its foreign policy. The theoretical significance of the dissertation also lies in the study of the activities of S.D. Sazonov in the modern historical conditions of the development of Russia and the direction of domestic historiography of the last decade. The theoretical significance of the dissertation also lies in the new characterization of S.D.’s personality. Sazonov as a diplomat in a ministerial post.

Practical significance of the dissertation.

The materials and conclusions of the dissertation research can be used in works on the history of Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War, as well as on the history of international relations and diplomacy, in studies on the topic “Russian Foreign Policy the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries,” “Russian foreign policy on the eve of the First World War” and “Russian foreign policy during the First World War.” The materials and results of the dissertation research can be used in general courses on the history of Russia, in special courses and seminars on the history of Russian foreign policy, for students of history departments of higher educational institutions.

Approbation of research results.

The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the Department of Russian History of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen. The main provisions of the dissertation were reflected in the author’s publications on the research topic and were presented at the scientific conference “Herzen Readings” (St. Petersburg, 2003). Five articles have been published on the topic of the dissertation.

Structure of the dissertation.

The dissertation consists of an introduction (p. 3-11), four chapters (p. 12-143), a conclusion (p. 144-151) and a list of sources and literature used (p. 152-163).

CONCLUSION

The history of the state's foreign policy, the history of international relations and the history of diplomacy are special topics that have earned well-deserved attention in domestic and foreign historiography. The history of Russian foreign policy at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War is connected with one of the periods in the history of our state, which, due to the historical importance of what happened at the beginning of the 20th century. events continue to attract researchers.

Studying the history of the country's foreign policy is impossible without studying the personality, life and professional activities of the head of the state's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The changes in the political situation in the country over the past decade have led to increased attention by historians to the study of the life and work of a number of Russian government figures who have undeservedly found themselves on the periphery of the study process due to circumstances outside the professional framework. One of these figures is the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916. S.D. Sazonov. It is difficult to imagine Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the First World War without mentioning this name. Ignoring the contribution of S.D. Sazonov into Russian diplomacy of this period, it is impossible to fully and comprehensively study the complex tangle of international contradictions that led to the First World War.

Historians have access to a large amount of materials on the topic of research, which opens up the opportunity for a full and comprehensive study of the life and work of S.D. Sazonov in the 21st century. Based on a comprehensive analysis of historical sources and literature on the topic of research, conducted by the author for the first time in domestic historiography, we can talk about the insufficient degree of knowledge of the activities of S.D. Sazonov at the head of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1910-1916. in domestic and foreign historiography. Gaps in the study of the minister’s activities include the period of diplomatic service of S.D. Sazonov before his appointment to the post of Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs in Rome, London and the Vatican, the life and structure of life of the Sazonovs in St. Petersburg, the history of the appointment of S.D. Sazonov for the post of Comrade Minister, as well as the activities of S.D. Sazonov after his resignation in July 1916. Compared to the period of the diplomat’s activities as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, these stages of his life and activities were mentioned relatively rarely in domestic and foreign historiography.

The genre of historical biography is one of the most appreciated and in demand in modern historical research. The hero of this study, Russian Foreign Minister S.D. Sazonov was truly a controversial personality. Some contemporaries characterized him as a weak-willed puppet in the hands of P.A. Stolypin, others - as a cautious and far-sighted statesman. Therefore, studying the activities of S.D. Sazonov seems relevant for modern science. Numerous historical studies concerning the period of the First World War at the end of the last - beginning of this century indicate an increased interest of researchers in the personality of the minister. However, a comprehensive study of the activities of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916. has not existed in domestic and foreign historiography until now. Such a study needs to be carried out in line with the modern direction of historiography of studying the activities of specific political figures in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which is done in this work.

Takeoff S.D. Sazonov’s career was connected, among other things, with the minister’s family ties with P.A. Stolypin. An advocate of a long peaceful respite for Russia after its defeat in the war with Japan, during which Russia had to pursue a cautious defensive policy, the Prime Minister needed guides for his policy, one of whom was his relative, S.D. Sazonov. Attempt by P.A. Stolypin to appoint “his man” as an assistant to A.P., who temporarily remained at the helm of Russian foreign policy after the Bosnian crisis. Izvolsky was crowned with success. Position of A.P. Izvolsky was greatly shaken. The mistakes he made in the Bosnian issue became the reason for the formation of P.A. Stolypin showed great interest in Russia’s position in the international arena in order to protect the country from foreign policy complications. Better candidacy S.D. Sazonov, a close relative and also an ideological like-minded person at the head of the foreign policy department, could not have existed. With the help of S.D. Sazonova P.A. Stolypin expected, at a minimum, to keep the addicted A.P. under supervision. Izvolsky, and ideally, to replace the latter with him. However, before taking the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs S.D. Sazonov was clearly not ready then - due to a basic lack of experience. Therefore, it was necessary to first get into the swing of things. And S.D. Sazonov had enough time to prepare for the role of head of the Ministry and to identify common motives in the discord of opinions, which he initially adhered to when becoming a minister. The relations that developed between the two diplomats were of a business nature: S.D. Sazonov diligently adopted the experience of his senior colleague, which continued even after receiving S.D. Sazonov as minister, and A.P. Izvolsky - the ambassador's place in Paris. Of course, a significant role in the consent of S.D. Sazonov’s choice for the post of Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs was also influenced by his personal career considerations, because he understood that this appointment was a brilliant prospect of soon receiving the post of minister.

Having become Minister of Foreign Affairs, S.D. Sazonov continued the course of his predecessor, A.P. Izvolsky, which can be clearly seen in the diplomat’s activities in the period before 1912. At this time, S.D. Sazonov made some new steps in Russian foreign policy, which were partly outlined under A.P. Izvolsky. These include, in particular, the Potsdam Agreement and increased diplomatic efforts on the Balkan Peninsula. The Potsdam Agreement was a new emphasis in Russian foreign policy, because. it represented an attempt by the new Foreign Minister to play it safe with Germany, and Russia's policy in the Balkans culminated in the creation of a regional union there. In the current situation, when the restructuring of the army and navy after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the progress of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin and other transformations seemed to contribute to the continuation of what was taken under A.P. Izvolsky course of the policy of agreements and maintaining balance, S.D. Sazonov supported this course, providing for a series of agreements with rival powers and balancing between England and Germany. But the course to improve relations with Germany had to be combined with maintaining ties with England and France.

The foreign policy legacy received by the new minister from his predecessor in the diplomatic department was, in the words of the diplomat himself, “extremely variegated”1. In foreign policy, Russia relied on an alliance with France, which had already proven its strength and mutual benefit for both sides. Relations with England after the 1907 convention could be considered quite satisfactory and did not threaten Russia with complications. At the same time, Russia’s position on the borders with Germany and

1 Sazonov S D Decree op. C 34

Austria-Hungary seemed unstable and prompted St. Petersburg to consider these powers as likely opponents. German expansion intensified in many regions. In the Balkans, the situation was complicated by the struggle of small states for the reunification of ethnically related territories, which was facilitated by the revolution in Turkey. Only in the Far East did some rapprochement with Japan after an unsuccessful confrontation ensure relative stability.

The serious changes that occurred on the eve of the First World War in the international and domestic life of the country prompted S.D. Sazonov to move away from the characteristic of A.P.’s time. Izvolsky’s policy of maneuvering and take the path of strengthening the Triple Entente. First of all, this concerned relations with England. The foreign policy steps of the Russian minister on the eve of the First World War were aimed at radically changing the course of Russian foreign policy. At first, the emphasis was on developing relations with France, and in relation to England, actions were limited to reconnaissance. Since 1914, Russian diplomacy has been the initiator of the conclusion of a Russian-British alliance treaty and the transformation of the Entente into a new Triple Alliance. The Russian minister visited England, and the French Prime Minister R. Poincaré visited St. Petersburg. London's refusal of a formal alliance forced it to follow the Anglo-French model - to seek the conclusion of a naval convention and a conditional political agreement. At this time, Anglo-Russian contradictions in Asia intensified again. For the sake of the success of general political rapprochement with London, S.D. Sazonov showed a willingness to make concessions on controversial issues. The rejection of a general political agreement with Germany led to a desire to strengthen the Entente as a possible support in the event of new complications, and in the context of fierce Anglo-German contradictions, this meant the gradual involvement of Russia in the English camp and the end of the policy of maneuvering.

Diplomatic Service S.D. Sazonova, as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, was directly connected with the First World War. Russia belonged to that group of Entente powers that were more interested in preserving the existing division of the world than in redividing it. From a military point of view, for Russia, which had only recently adopted large programs for the development of the army and navy, the outbreak of war in 1914 was disadvantageous. In addition, the internal situation of the country inspired fears in the ruling circles.

During the First World War, the Russian government tried to solve a complex set of problems. S.D. participated in almost all of these events. Sazonov. The minister showed inexhaustible energy in developing a joint program for post-war changes in the world map by the Entente countries, and achieved the conclusion of an agreement with England and France on the issue of the Black Sea Straits. The latter was an important step towards solving one of the fundamental problems of Russian foreign policy, dictated by the trade and economic development of the country, as well as a strategic necessity confirmed by centuries of historical experience. In the specific historical situation of the world war, the agreement on the straits strengthened the confidence of the allies in preserving and strengthening the anti-German coalition in the name of achieving victory over the enemy. Personal contribution of S.D. Sazonov's agreement was enormous. This was a difficult diplomatic action carried out by the Russian minister against the backdrop of the previous struggle around the most pressing international problem, which was the problem of the Black Sea Straits. During the First World War, S.D. Sazonov actively participated in the consolidation of the coalition that had already formed at the beginning of the war, and also tried to attract new allies to the side of the Entente. Unexpected for S.D. Sazonov's resignation in July 1916 disrupted the plans of the Russian minister.

The name of S.D. Sazonov was associated with Russia’s abandonment of the policy of balancing in order to avoid foreign policy complications, the end of the policy of maneuvering between England and Germany, and the sharp turn in Russia’s foreign policy aimed at the comprehensive strengthening of the Triple Entente with the participation of Russia, France and England. This was a historical necessity. The minister began as the conductor of one course (maneuvering between England and Germany), and on the eve of the war he began to strive for the comprehensive strengthening of the Triple Entente.

In addition to changing the block line, during the ministry of S.D. Sazonov, some new elements appear in Russian foreign policy on the eve of the First World War, in particular in Balkan and Far Eastern policy. In the first case, we are talking about preferential support for Serbia in the Balkans and the involvement of Romania in the orbit of Russian policy, in the second, about a new agreement with Japan and ensuring the autonomy of Outer Mongolia.

Resignation of S.D. Sazonov from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, apparently, was connected with the position taken by the diplomat during the days of the “ministerial crisis” of 1915, as well as with his position on the Polish question, differences in views on the nature of relations with the allies of the minister and the empress’s circle Alexandra Fedorovna, the minister’s desire to find a common language with the Duma (“parliamentarism” by S.D. Sazonov). In order to prevent a split in the government and strengthen control over foreign policy activities, Nicholas II released S.D. Sazonov from his duties as Minister of Foreign Affairs in July 1916, appointing B.V. to this post. Sturmer. Resignation of S.D. Sazonov and the appointment of his successor B.V. Sturmer did not lead to a change in the country's foreign policy, but only caused a cooling of relations between the Foreign Ministry and the allies. The situation when during the entire reign of Nicholas II in Russia nine foreign ministers were replaced testified to the instability of the entire regime and the general crisis of tsarism.

Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs S.D. Sazonov was a major figure in the history of Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century. His life and work coincided with turning points in the history of Russia. The minister headed the foreign policy department in the period preceding the bloody tragedy of the First World War. He was one of the top ten diplomats who made important decisions in the fateful days of July-August 1914, and was one of the “key” Russian ministers. One of the main conclusions of this analysis of the activities of S.D. Sazonov is the provision for the minister to change the main foreign policy course: S.D. Sazonov began as a proponent of one course (maneuvering between England and Germany), and then, by force of circumstances, turned into an adherent of a different, almost opposite line (he began to strive for the full strengthening of the Triple Entente with the participation of England). An attempt to trace this peculiar evolution of the diplomat’s views was made in this dissertation research. As a result, it was possible to identify, formulate and systematize the main areas of activity of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1910-1916, give a balanced description of the personality of S.D. Sazonov as a cautious, insightful and far-sighted diplomat. Results of activities of S.D. Sazonov as Minister of Foreign Affairs in connection with the political life of Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. allow us to call him an extraordinary figure on the Russian political horizon and one of the largest foreign ministers in terms of his political weight in the history of pre-revolutionary Russia.

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