Biological emergencies: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties. Emergencies of biological origin Causes of emergencies of biological origin

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties.
Epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.
A pandemic is an unusually large spread of morbidity, both in level and in scope, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.
Among many epidemiological classifications, the classification based on the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is widely used.
In addition, all infectious diseases are divided into four groups:
intestinal infections;
respiratory tract infections (aerosol);
blood (transmissible);
infections of the outer integument (contact).
The basis for the general biological classification of infectious diseases is their division, first of all, in accordance with the characteristics of the pathogen reservoir - anthroponoses, zoonoses, as well as the division of infectious diseases into vector-borne and non-transmissible.
Infectious diseases are classified according to the type of pathogen - viral diseases, rickettsioses, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthiases, tropical mycoses, diseases of the blood system.
Epizootics are infectious diseases of animals - a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and assume epizootic spread.
Epizootic focus is the location of the source of the infectious agent in a certain area of the area, where in this situation the transmission of the pathogen to susceptible animals is possible. An epizootic focus can be premises and territories with animals located there that have this infection.
According to the breadth of distribution, the epizootic process occurs in three forms: sporadic incidence, epizootic, panzootic.
Sporadia is isolated or infrequent cases of manifestation of an infectious disease, usually not related to each other by a single source of infectious agent, the lowest degree of intensity of the epizootic process.
Epizootic is the average degree of intensity (intensity) of the epizootic process. It is characterized by the widespread spread of infectious diseases in the economy, district, region, and country. Epizootics are characterized by mass occurrence, a common source of the infectious agent, simultaneity of damage, periodicity and seasonality.
Panzootic is the highest degree of development of epizootic, characterized by an unusually wide spread of an infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, and a continent.

According to the epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups.
The first group is nutritional infections, transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure and water. The organs of the digestive system are mainly affected. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, and brucellosis.
The second group is respiratory infections (aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main route of transmission is airborne droplets. These include: parainfluenza, exotic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, carnivorous plague.
The third group is vector-borne infections, infection is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. Pathogens are constantly or at certain periods in the blood. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
The fourth group is infections whose pathogens are transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse in terms of the pathogen transmission mechanism. These include tetanus, rabies, and cowpox.
The fifth group is infections with unclear routes of infection, i.e., an unclassified group.
Epiphytoties are infectious plant diseases. To assess the scale of plant diseases, concepts such as epiphytoty and panphytoty are used.
Epiphytoty is the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a certain period of time.
Panphytotia is a mass disease covering several countries or continents.
Plant susceptibility to a phytopathogen is the inability to resist infection and spread of a phytopathogen in tissues, which depends on the resistance of released varieties, time of infection and weather. Depending on the resistance of the varieties, the ability of the pathogen to cause infection, the fertility of the fungus, the rate of development of the pathogen and, accordingly, the danger of the disease change.
The earlier crops are infected, the higher the degree of plant damage and the greater the yield loss.
The most dangerous diseases are stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and potato late blight.
Plant diseases are classified according to the following criteria:
place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);
place of manifestation (local, local, general);
course (acute, chronic);
affected crop;
cause of occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).
All pathological changes in plants appear in various forms and are divided into rot, mummification, wilting, necrosis, plaque, and growth.

Solution:
Disinfection carried out at the patient's bedside in order to prevent the spread of infection is called current disinfection (disinfection of the patient's secretions and objects contaminated by him).
There are preventive, current and final disinfection.
Preventive disinfection is carried out in order to prevent the possibility of infectious diseases or contamination from objects and things in common use.
Final disinfection is carried out at the source of infection after isolation, hospitalization, recovery or death of the patient in order to completely free the infection site from pathogens.
A particular type of disinfection is deratization - the extermination of epidemiologically dangerous rodents.

4. To respiratory tract infections (acute respiratory diseases)
doesn't apply...

Solution:
To respiratory tract infections (acute respiratory diseases)
does not include viral hepatitis. Respiratory tract infections are the most numerous and common diseases. Most of these diseases are united by a common name - acute respiratory diseases. Pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract of a sick person and spread through airborne droplets when talking, sneezing, or coughing. In addition to the well-known flu, respiratory infections also include smallpox and diphtheria, which in the recent past were epidemiological diseases.

Pandemic -Panzootia Panphytotia

a) pan-epidemic;

b) epizootic;

c) disease;

d) an epidemic.

a) an epidemic;

b) panphytotia;

c) epiphytoty;

d) epizootic.

a) epizootic;

b) epiphytoty;

c) epidemic;

d) pan-epidemic.

a) pathogenic microbes;

d) microelements.

a) mumps, hepatitis;

c) meningitis, dysentery;

d) smallpox, rabies.

Rules of conduct in case of natural emergencies. Protection of the population in the event of a threat and during natural emergencies. 5. What do you need to know to effectively combat natural emergencies?

1. What types of natural phenomena can there be?

Answer. Natural phenomena can be extreme, extraordinary and catastrophic.

2. What is a natural disaster?

Answer. A natural disaster is a catastrophic natural phenomenon that can cause numerous casualties and cause significant material damage.

3. Are natural phenomena predictable?

Answer. Natural phenomena are most often sudden and unpredictable, and they can also be explosive and rapid in nature.

4. Are the occurring natural phenomena dependent?

Answer. Natural phenomena can occur independently of each other (for example, an avalanche and wildfires) and in interaction (for example, an earthquake and a tsunami).

5. What do you need to know to effectively combat natural emergencies?

Answer. To effectively counter natural emergencies, knowledge of the composition of the event, historical chronicle and local characteristics of natural hazards is necessary.

6. What forms of protection against natural hazards can there be?

Answer. Protection from natural hazards can be active (for example, construction of engineering structures) and passive (use of shelters, hills.

7. Which areas of our country are earthquake-prone?

Answer. Seismic-prone areas in our country are Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Primorye, the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, Altai, and Transbaikalia.

8. What is a prerequisite for organizing flood protection?

Answer. A prerequisite for organizing flood protection is their forecasting.

9. What dangers that threaten man from outer space are quite possible?

Answer. About 30 thousand tons of cosmic matter fall to Earth annually. Dangers that threaten man from outer space are quite possible. This is the fall of meteorites, comets, and asteroids.

1. Describe natural phenomena of meteorological origin.

Answer. The movement of air relative to the ground is called by the wind. Wind strength is assessed on the 12-point Beaufort scale (at a standard height of 100 meters above an open, flat surface). Storm - prolonged and very strong wind, the speed of which exceeds 20 m/s. Hurricane – wind of great destructive power and considerable duration, the speed of which is 32 m/s (120 km/h). A hurricane-force wind accompanied by heavy rainfall is called a typhoon in Southeast Asia. Tornado – or tornado - an atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud, and then spreads in the form of a dark arm or trunk towards the surface of land or sea. The principle of operation of a tornado resembles the operation of a vacuum cleaner.

2. Describe the options for meteorological hazards.

Answer. Dangers to people during such natural phenomena include destruction of houses and structures, overhead power and communication lines, ground pipelines, as well as injury to people from debris from destroyed structures and glass fragments flying at high speed. During snow and dust storms, snow drifts and dust accumulations on fields, roads and populated areas, as well as water pollution, are dangerous.

3. Describe the cyclone and its hazards.

Answer. Air movement is directed from high pressure to low. An area of low pressure with a minimum in the center is formed, which is called a cyclone. The cyclone reaches several thousand kilometers across. The weather during a cyclone is predominantly cloudy, with increased wind. During the passage of a cyclone, weather-sensitive people complain of deterioration in their health.

4. Describe severe frost and its dangers.

Answer. Severe frosts - are characterized by a decrease in temperature over several days by 10 degrees or more below the average for a given area. Ice – a layer of dense ice (several centimeters) that forms on the surface of the earth, sidewalks, roadways, and on objects and buildings when supercooled rain and drizzle (fog) freeze. Ice is observed at temperatures from 0 to 3 C. Alternatively, freezing rain. Black ice - This is a thin layer of ice on the surface of the earth, formed after a thaw or rain as a result of cold temperatures, as well as the freezing of wet snow and raindrops. Dangers. Increase in the number of accidents and injuries among the population. Disruption of vital functions due to icing of power lines and contact networks of electric transport, which can lead to electrical injuries and fires.

5. Describe a blizzard and its dangers.

Answer. Blizzard(blizzard, blizzard) is a hydrometeorological disaster. Associated with heavy snowfall, with wind speeds above 15 m/s and snowfall duration of more than 12 hours. Dangers for the population consists of skidding of roads, settlements and individual buildings. The drift height can be more than 1 meter, and in mountainous areas up to 5-6 meters. Visibility on roads may be reduced to 20-50 meters, as well as destruction of buildings and roofs, power and communications breaks.

6. Describe fog and its hazards.

Answer. Fog - accumulation of small water droplets or ice crystals in the ground layer of the atmosphere, reducing visibility on roads. Dangers. Reduced visibility on the roads disrupts transport, which leads to accidents and injuries among the population.

7. Describe drought, extreme heat and their hazards.

Answer. Drought – prolonged and significant lack of precipitation, often at elevated temperatures and low humidity. Extreme heat - characterized by an increase in the average annual ambient temperature by 10 degrees or more over several days. Dangers consist in thermal overheating of a person, i.e. can lead to heatstroke or sunstroke, which can lead to death. During periods of extreme heat and especially drought, the likelihood of wildfires increases. Natural fires can be forest, steppe and peat. According to the spread of fire, they can be downstream or upstream. In ground fires, the fire spreads at a speed of 0.1 to 3 meters per minute. The speed of spread of a crown fire is up to 100 m per minute in the direction of the wind. In the event of a threat to life from massive fires in populated areas, the evacuation of the population to a safe place is organized.
Dangers: thermal effects on unprotected skin and respiratory tract, inhalation of smoke and carbon monoxide, which are harmful to human health.

8. Describe an earthquake and its dangers.

Answer. Earthquake - tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Z. refers to tectonically dangerous phenomena. Science studying Z. called seismology. A point on the earth's surface that is under focus Z., called epicenter. Intensity Z. assessed according to the International ( Mercalli) 12-point seismic scale. In Russia, a 9-point Richter scale has been adopted. Conditionally Z. are divided into weak (1-4 points), strong (5-7 points) and destructive (8 or more points). Strong Z. always accompanied by numerous aftershocks. Aftershock – This is a repeated seismic shock, of less intensity compared to the main seismic shock. Their number and intensity decrease over time, and the duration of manifestation can last for months. Almost symmetrical to aftershocks - foreshocks. The difference is that sometimes a strong earthquake generates small aftershocks, and sometimes, on the contrary, a weak earthquake (foreshock) generates a large earthquake (main shock), which in turn generates a smaller earthquake (aftershocks). Dangers: underground vibrations lead to destruction. The longer the shaking lasts, the more severe the destruction. This leads to various injuries among the population, disruption of life and property damage.

9. Describe the tsunami and its dangers.

Answer. Tsunami - a dangerous natural phenomenon consisting of sea waves that occur mainly during underwater and coastal waters. Tsunami-hazardous areas of our country are the Kuril Islands, the coast of Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Pacific Ocean. Once formed in any place, a wave can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km/h), and the height of the wave when approaching the coastline reaches 10-50 meters. Dangers: flooding of the area with water, destruction, as well as death of people and animals. Very often this is a series of waves that roll onto the shore at intervals of 1 hour or more.

10. Describe a volcanic eruption and its dangers.

Answer. Volcanic eruption. Vulcan – It is a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust through which molten rock (lava) erupts to the surface. Volcanic eruption refers to tellurically dangerous phenomena. Dangers: 1) lava flows, 2) ejection of rocks, 3) volcanic mud flows, 4) scorching clouds of ash, 5) emission of gases, 6) volcanic floods. Eruptions may be accompanied by earthquakes.

11. Describe flooding, its types, possible dangers.

Answer. Flood - This is a significant flooding of an area as a result of rising water levels in a river, lake or sea during periods of snowmelt, rainfall, wind surges, and congestion. Types of floods.High water- a periodically repeated rather long rise in water levels in rivers, usually caused by spring melting of snow or rainfall on the plains. Flood- an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river, caused by heavy rains. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. Congestion- accumulation of ice floes during spring ice drift in narrowings and bends of the river bed, restricting the flow. Zazhor - accumulation of loose ice during freeze-up (at the beginning of winter) in narrowings and bends of the river bed. Wind surge is a rise in water level caused by the impact of wind on the water surface, which occurs at the mouths of large rivers, as well as on the windward shore of large lakes, reservoirs and seas. Dangers at N. is the harmful effects of cold water and air on the human body and material damage, which is estimated by the number of units of destroyed, damaged and out of order objects, disruption of agricultural activities and loss of crops.

12. Describe prompt preventive measures when there is a threat of flooding.

Answer. Operational preventive measures include: warning the population about the threat N. and early evacuation of the population, farm animals, material and cultural assets.

13. Describe what to do if there is a flood threat.

Answer. When threatened N . and receiving information about the start of evacuation, you need to quickly get ready, take everything you need and a 3-day supply of food. In case of suddenN. Before help arrives, it is necessary to occupy the nearest elevated place and remain there until the water recedes, giving distress signals.

14. Describe landslides, their causes and possible hazards.

Answer. Landslides – This is a sliding displacement of rock masses down the slope of a hill under the influence of gravity. Causes ABOUT. can be natural or anthropogenic. Travel speed ABOUT. can be extremely fast (3 m/s), very fast (0.3 m/min), fast (1.5 m/day), moderate (1.5 m/month), very slow (1.5 m/ year), exceptionally slow (0.06 m/year). Dangers: sliding heavy masses of soil, falling asleep or destroying everything in its path.

15. Describe mudflows, their causes and possible dangers.

Answer. Sat down - a rapid, turbulent stream of water containing a large amount of rocks, sand, clay and other materials. The reasons may be intense and prolonged rainfall, rapid melting of snow and glaciers, earthquakes and volcanic activity. For the timely organization of public protection, a well-established public warning system is of paramount importance.

16. Describe avalanches, their causes and possible dangers. Forms of protection.

Answer. Snow avalanche – This is a mass of snow set in motion under the influence of gravity and rushing along a mountain slope. The reasons are the amount of precipitation, snow depth, air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction. Avalanche protection can be active or passive. With passive protection, avalanche-prone slopes are avoided or barrier shields are installed. Active protection consists of shelling avalanche-prone slopes. Thus, they cause small, harmless avalanches and prevent the accumulation of critical masses of snow. Dangers are impacts from a moving mass of snow that fills up free space, which can lead to death.

17. Describe the options for space hazards and their factors.

Answer. In total, according to astronomers, there are about 300 thousand asteroids and comets in space. The meeting of our planet with celestial bodies poses a serious threat to our biosphere. Calculations show that the impact of an asteroid with a diameter of about 1 km is accompanied by the release of energy tens of times greater than the entire nuclear potential available on Earth. Therefore, many countries are working on the problems of asteroid hazard and man-made contamination of outer space.

18. Describe ways to protect planet Earth.

Answer. Forecasting and ways to prevent collisions of massive cosmic bodies with the Earth are being developed. The main means of combating asteroids and comets are nuclear missile technologies. Depending on the size of dangerous space objects (HSO) and the information means used to detect them, the available time to organize counteraction can vary from several days to several years. It is proposed to develop a system of planetary protection against NEOs, which is based on two principles of protection: changing the trajectory of the OKO or destroying it into several parts. At the first stage, it is planned to create a service for monitoring their movement in such a way as to detect objects about 1 km in size a year or two before its approach to the Earth. At the second stage, it is necessary to calculate its trajectory and analyze the possibility of a collision with the Earth. If the probability is high, then a decision must be made to destroy it or change the trajectory of the NCO. Intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads can be used for this purpose. The current level of space technology makes it possible to create such interception systems.

19. Describe solar radiation, its beneficial properties and possible dangers.

Answer. Solar activity is the cause of magnetic storms that affect human well-being. Solar radiation acts as a powerful healing and preventive factor that stimulates photobiological processes. They can be divided into 3 groups. First group ensures the synthesis of biologically important compounds (vitamins, pigments). Co. second group These include photobiological processes necessary to obtain information that allows one to navigate the environment (vision, hearing). Third group– these are processes that have a harmful effect on the human body (destruction of proteins, vitamins, enzymes, the appearance of harmful mutations).

20. Describe the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum and its dangers.

Answer. The most active biologically is the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum. The intensity of UV radiation at the Earth's surface is not constant and depends on the geographic latitude of the area, time of year, weather conditions, and the degree of transparency of the atmosphere. During cloudy weather, the intensity of UV radiation at the Earth's surface can decrease by up to 80%. Dust content in atmospheric air reduces the intensity from 11 to 50%. But it is also known that excessive sun exposure can lead to skin burns, visual impairment (photoophthalmia) and skin cancer.

21. Describe the types of biological emergencies, pathogenic changes in plants.

Answer. Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics, and epiphytoties. Epidemic - a widespread spread of a similar infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory. Pandemic - an unusually large spread of an infectious disease, both in level and scope, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe. E p i z o t i i . Infectious animal diseases are a group of diseases that have common characteristics, a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and become epizootic. Panzootia– this is the highest degree of development of an epizootic. Characterized by an unusually wide spread of an infectious disease, covering the entire state or several countries or continents. E p i f i t o t i i is the spread of infectious plant diseases over a large area over a certain time. Panphytotia– widespread plant diseases covering several countries or continents. The susceptibility of plants to infectious diseases depends on the varieties released, the time of infection and the weather. All pathogenic changes in plants appear in various forms and are divided into: rot, mummification, wilting, necrosis, plaque, growths. The earlier crops are infected, the higher the degree of plant damage and the greater the yield loss.

1. Circumstances arising as a result of natural disasters or accidents are called emergencies if they cause….
a) minor changes in people’s lives;

b) sudden changes in people’s lives;

c) increasing people's performance;

d) decreased performance in people.

2. Emergency situations, the scale of which is limited to one industrial installation, production line, or workshop are called:

a) environmental emergency;

b) social emergency;

c) local emergency;

d) biological emergency.

3. An unforeseen and unexpected situation that the affected population is not able to cope with on their own is called:

a) emergency;

b) catastrophic;

c) extreme;

d) incident.

4. Characteristics of an emergency zone, obtained at a certain point in time and containing information about its condition, are called _______ in the emergency area

a) the operational situation;

b) danger;

c) disaster;

d) a disaster.

5. A catastrophic natural phenomenon that can cause numerous casualties and significant material damage is called a ___________ disaster.

a) national;

b) spontaneous;

c) environmental;

d) biological.

6. Unpredictable sudden ones include emergencies of _______ nature

a) natural and man-made;

b) individual;

c) social;

d) economic.

7. The total number of extreme events leading to natural disasters is constantly ...

a) decreases;

b) increases;

c) remains unchanged.

8. Physically dangerous and harmful factors of natural origin include (are) ...

a) insufficient wastewater treatment;

b) level of solar radiation and radioactivity;

c) medicines used for other purposes;

d) poisonous plants.

9. To effectively counteract natural emergencies it is necessary...

a) absence of natural risks;

b) improving the legislative framework;

c) analysis of emergency statistics of this type;

d) knowledge of the composition, historical chronicle, zoning and characteristics of natural hazards.

10. Natural emergencies can occur...

a) independently of each other;

b) under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

c) only in interaction with each other;

d) independently of each other and in interaction.

11. Emergencies of _______ origin are explosive and rapid in nature.

a) biological;

b) environmental;

c) natural;

d) political.

12. The planetary defense system against asteroids and planets is based on...

a) evacuation of the population from the expected impact zone;

b) change in trajectory or destruction of a dangerous space object;

c) launching an artificial satellite;

d) launching a manned spacecraft.

13. The point on the earth’s surface that is under the focus of an earthquake is called __________

a) epicenter;

b) break point;

c) meteorological center;

d) a fault.

14. The science that studies earthquakes is called...

a) topography;

b) hydrology;

c) seismology;

d) geology.

15. The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is:

a) blast wave and scattering of debris;

b) water and mud-stone flows;

c) sharp temperature fluctuations;

d) clouds of ash and gases.

16. Telluric hazards include...

a) landslide;

b) volcanic eruption;

c) earthquake;

d) snow avalanche.

17. Tectonic hazards include...

a) earthquake;

b) volcanic eruption;

18. To preventive anti-seismic measures not applicable…

a) identification of earthquake precursors;

b) strengthening of buildings and structures;

c) studying the nature of earthquakes;

d) behavior of domestic animals.

19. The safest place in the event of landslides, mudflows, landslides and avalanches is...

a) gorges and recesses between mountains;

b) mountain interiors, where landslide processes are not very intense;

c) hills located on the opposite side of the mudflow direction;

d) large trees with thick trunks.

20. A hurricane is a wind of great destructive power and considerable duration, the speed of which is approximately equal to ___ m/s.

21. Wind of great destructive force, significant duration and speed of 32 m/s is called

a) a whirlwind;

b) tornado;

c) hurricane;

d) a tornado.

22. The principle of operation of one of these devices resembles the principle of a tornado. What kind of device is this:

a) vacuum cleaner;

c) gas pit;

d) refrigerator.

23. An atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud and then spreads in the idea of a dark arm or trunk towards the surface of land or sea is ____

a) cyclone;

c) hurricane;

24. An accumulation of small water droplets or ice crystals in the ground layer of the atmosphere, reducing visibility, is called...

a) fog;

b) rain;

c) rain;

d) frost.

25. Prolonged and very strong wind, the speed of which exceeds 20 m/s is

a) tornado;

26. Magnetic storms can affect...

a) political processes;

b) natural disasters;

c) demographic processes;

d) a person’s well-being.

27. In case of a sudden flood, before help arrives, you should...

a) take the nearest elevated place and remain until the water recedes, while giving signals that allow you to be detected;

b) stay in place and wait for instructions on television (radio), while hanging out a white or colored banner;

c) if possible, leave the premises and wait outside, giving light and sound signs for help;

d) if possible, leave the premises and wait for help outside.

28. If there is a threat of flooding and you receive information about the beginning of the evacuation of the population, you must quickly get ready and take with you:

a) passport, driver’s license, work pass, savings book, receipts;

b) one-day supply of food, passport or birth certificate; a set of underwear, personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and skin;

c) a package with documents and money, a first aid kit, a three-day supply of food, toiletries, a set of outerwear and shoes.

d) passport, money, jewelry, as much food and things as possible.

29. One of the consequences of a flood is:

a) disruption of agricultural activities and loss of crops;

b) explosions of industrial facilities as a result of the action of a breakthrough wave;

c) the occurrence of local fires, climate change.

30. A serious consequence of floods of rare recurrence is the channel...

a) landscape changes;

b) shift of flat platforms;

c) displacement of roads;

d) reshaping of rivers.

31. A stream of water that has a significant crest height, movement speed and has great destructive power is called ...

a) a breakthrough wave;

b) the depth of flooding of a particular area of the area;

c) the maximum difference in water in the upper and lower pools;

d) disruption of people's comfortable living conditions.

32. Giant ocean waves, usually resulting from underwater or island earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, are ...

a) tsunami;

b) typhoon;

c) sea earthquake;

33. Specify incorrect answer:

If you find yourself in a forest fire zone, then, first of all, you must...

a) leave the fire site perpendicular to the direction of the wind;

b) to overcome the lack of oxygen, bend down to the ground and breathe through a wet scarf (clothing);

c) do not overtake a forest fire, but move at right angles to the direction of fire spread;

d) cover your head and upper body with wet clothes and plunge into the nearest body of water.

34. Can a crown fire spread at a speed of up to 100 m per minute?

a) unlikely;

35. In the event of a threat to the life of the population from massive fires in populated areas, the following is organized:

a) shelter in a nearby (not burning) forest;

b) shelter in basements and cellars;

c) shelter in the nearest body of water;

d) evacuation to a safe place.

36. The wrong actions of a person who finds himself in a steppe fire area include...

a) an attempt to leave the fire site perpendicular to the direction of the wind;

b) waiting for help;

c) an attempt to leave the fire site and breathe through a wet handkerchief (scarf);

d) an attempt to bypass the fire zone; if it is impossible to bypass it, then overcome the fire boundary against the direction of the wind.

37. The period from the moment the snow cover melts in the forest until the onset of stable rainy autumn weather or the formation of snow cover is called ...

a) fire season;

b) natural disaster;

c) temporary drought;

d) an emergency.

38. Persons at least _________ years old are allowed to extinguish a fire

39. The massive spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory is called...

a) pan-epidemic;

b) epizootic;

c) disease;

d) an epidemic.

40. The massive spread of infectious diseases of the same name in animals associated with a common source of infection is called...

a) an epidemic;

b) panphytotia;

c) epiphytoty;

d) epizootic.

41. The massive spread of infectious diseases of the same name among plants associated with a common source of infection is called...

a) epizootic;

b) epiphytoty;

c) epidemic;

d) pan-epidemic.

42. Biologically hazardous and harmful factors of natural origin include...

a) pathogenic microbes;

b) biological pollution of the environment due to accidents at wastewater treatment plants;

c) pesticides used in agriculture;

d) microelements.

43. Bacteriological diseases include...

a) mumps, hepatitis;

Emergencies of biological origin are infectious diseases of humans and farm animals, diseases of agricultural plants.

An epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease that progresses in time and space, significantly exceeding the normal incidence rate for a given territory. An epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and stay of people sick with an infectious disease, or a territory within which, within a certain time frame, it is possible to infect people and farm animals with pathogens of an infectious disease. Sometimes the spread of a disease has the nature of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or social and hygienic conditions.

Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of spread of infection during an epidemic may be:

Water and food, for example, for dysentery and typhoid fever;

Airborne (for influenza);

Transmissible - for malaria and typhus;

Several routes of pathogen transmission often play a role.

Epidemics are one of the most destructive natural phenomena for humans. Statistics show that infectious diseases claim more lives than wars. Chronicles and annals have brought to our times descriptions of monstrous pandemics that devastated vast territories and killed millions of people. Some infectious diseases are unique to humans: Asiatic cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus, etc.

There are also diseases common to humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot and mouth disease, tularemia, etc.

The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, a dependence of the spread of cholera on solar activity was discovered; out of six of its pandemics, four are associated with the peak of active sun. Epidemics also occur during natural disasters that cause the death of a large number of people, in countries affected by famine, and during major droughts that spread over large areas.

For example, the sixth century - the first pandemic - the “Justinian Plague” - arose in the Eastern Roman Empire. Over 50 years, about 100 million people died in several countries. Plague is an acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

1347-1351 - second plague pandemic in Eurasia. 25 million people died in Europe and 50 million people in Asia (one in five) “Black Death”

1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

1665 - in London alone, about 70 thousand people died from the plague.

The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from sea ships, affected more than 100 ports in many countries around the world.

Pandemics of various diseases still occur throughout the world. So in the period from 1816-1926. - 6 cholera pandemics successively swept through the countries of Europe, India and America.

1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.

1848 - in Russia, more than 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of whom about 700 thousand people died.

In 1967, about 10 million people worldwide fell ill with smallpox, 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization is launching a large-scale vaccination campaign.

In the USSR, vaccination against smallpox has been stopped since 1980. It is believed that smallpox has been eradicated from the world.

1981 - discovery of the disease AIDS. Currently, about 6,500 people in the world are infected with AIDS every day, of which about 1,000 are children.

Almost all over the world, there is an increase in the number of tuberculosis diseases (2-3 million people fall ill every year, of which 1-2 million die).

If a source of infectious infection occurs in the affected area, quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine measures are also carried out by customs at state borders.

Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and security measures aimed at completely isolating the source of infection from the surrounding population and eliminating infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are installed around the outbreak; entry and exit, as well as the removal of property, are prohibited. Supplies are made through special points under strict medical supervision.

Observation is a system of isolation and restrictive measures aimed at limiting the entry, exit and communication of people in a territory declared dangerous, strengthening medical surveillance, preventing the spread and eliminating infectious diseases. Observation is introduced when infectious agents that are not classified as particularly dangerous are identified, as well as in areas directly adjacent to the border of the quarantine zone.

At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable methods of control.

In recent years, the world has been concerned about the widespread spread of the so-called “Bird Flu” - an infectious disease of birds caused by one of the strains of the influenza virus. Originating in the countries of Southeast Asia, bird flu is spreading to the north and east. In 2005, foci of this disease were already registered in countries in southern Europe (Turkey, Romania, Ukraine), as well as in some regions of Russia. The spread of the disease is believed to be migrating waterfowl (most commonly wild ducks). Poultry, including chickens and turkeys, are especially susceptible to the fast-spreading, deadly influenza epidemic. Its variety, the H5N1 virus, is especially dangerous, since there have been cases of it infecting humans after contact with a sick bird. So far, fortunately, this virus is not transmitted from person to person. But according to epidemiologists, it’s only a matter of time.

In many countries, including Russia, by the beginning of 2006, vaccines had been developed to prevent bird flu.

It is expected that, starting in the spring of 2006, vaccination of poultry will be carried out in potentially dangerous regions lying on the migration route of birds, as well as a number of sanitary and preventive measures.

At this time, the World Health Organization has not recommended any travel restrictions to countries with bird flu outbreaks, but when visiting these countries, you should avoid areas where you may be exposed to infected birds, especially markets where live poultry is sold or slaughtered.

If, over time, more people become infected, then the likelihood will increase that these people, if they are simultaneously infected with strains of human and avian influenza, will become a "mixing vessel" and a new subtype of virus will emerge with enough human genes to be easily transmitted from person to person. If such an event occurs, a pandemic may occur.

Based on historical examples, influenza pandemics can occur on average three to four times each century, when a new subtype of virus emerges and spreads rapidly from person to person. However, the occurrence of an influenza pandemic is unpredictable. In the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, which killed 40–50 million people worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957–1958 and 1968–1969.

Epizootic is a widespread infectious disease of animals, significantly exceeding the level of normal morbidity in a given territory.

Epizootics, like epidemics, can have the character of real natural disasters. The occurrence of an epizootic is possible only in the presence of a complex of interconnected elements that constitute the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the infectious agent (sick animal or microbial carrier animal), transmission factors of the infectious agent (inanimate objects) or living carriers (animals susceptible to the disease).

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include: glanders, encephalitis, foot and mouth disease, plague, tuberculosis, influenza, anthrax, rabies.

In 1996, in Great Britain, over 500 thousand heads of farm animals became infected with rinderpest. This necessitated the destruction and disposal of the remains of sick animals.

Epiphytoty is a widespread distribution of an infectious plant disease, covering a region, region or country.

For example, rust and smut of cereals appear in the form of epiphytotics; when affected, yield losses amount to 40-70%; rice pyrocular blight - a disease caused by a fungus, yield losses can reach 90%; potato late blight, apple scab and many other infectious diseases.

Panphytotia is a mass plant disease and a sharp increase in the number of plant pests on the territory of countries or continents.

Locusts cause incomparable damage to agriculture in many countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Almost 20% of the globe's surface is subject to its raids. Locusts, moving at a speed of 0.5-1.5 km/h, destroy literally all vegetation in their path. So, in 1958, one flock alone destroyed 400 thousand tons of grain in Somalia in a day. Trees and bushes break under the weight of settling swarms of locusts. Locust larvae feed 20-30 times a day

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Abstract on the topic:

Biological emergencies

Introduction

The problem of protecting humans from dangers in various living conditions arose simultaneously with the appearance of our distant ancestors on Earth. At the dawn of humanity, people were threatened by dangerous natural phenomena and representatives of the biological world. Over time, dangers began to appear, the creator of which was man himself.

The high industrial development of modern society, dangerous natural phenomena and natural disasters and, as a consequence, negative phenomena associated with production accidents, an increase in the number of major industrial accidents with severe consequences, changes in the environmental situation as a result of human economic activity, military conflicts of various scales continue to cause huge damage to all countries of the planet, and events arising under the influence of similar phenomena and their consequences.

We live in a world that is unfortunately replete with manifestations of the destructive forces of nature. The increase in the frequency of their manifestation has extremely aggravated the problems associated with ensuring the safety of the population and its protection from emergencies.

The rapid development of productive forces and the development, often uncontrolled, of areas with difficult climatic conditions, where there is a constant danger of natural disasters, increases the degree of risk and the scale of losses and damage to the population and the economy.

Recently, there has been a dangerous trend of increasing the number of natural disasters. Now they occur 5 times more often than 30 years ago, and the economic damage they cause has increased 8 times. The number of victims from the consequences of emergency situations is growing year by year.

Experts believe that the main reason for such disappointing statistics is the growing concentration of the population in large cities located in high-risk areas.

The study of the most likely emergencies, their characteristics and possible consequences, training in the rules of behavior in such conditions is intended to prepare a person to choose the right solution to overcome an emergency with the least losses.

Natural emergencies of biological origin: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties

The massive spread of infectious diseases among people, farm animals and plants often leads to emergency situations.

Epidemic is a massive spread of an infectious disease of people, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in this territory.

Epidemic (Greek epidemna, from epn - on, among and démos - people), the spread of any infectious human disease, significantly exceeding the level of normal (sporadic) morbidity in a given territory. Caused by social and biological factors. E. is based on the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmission of an infectious agent and an unbroken chain of sequentially developing and interconnected infectious conditions (disease, bacterial carriage) in a community. Sometimes the spread of a disease has the nature of a pandemic; under certain natural or social and hygienic conditions, a relatively high level of morbidity can be recorded in a given area for a long period. The occurrence and course of E. is influenced both by processes occurring in natural conditions (natural focality, epizootics, etc.) and mainly by social factors (municipal improvement, living conditions, health care conditions, etc.). Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of spread of infection during E. can be water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever; airborne, for example with influenza; transmissible - for malaria and typhus; Several routes of transmission of the infectious agent often play a role. Epidemiology is the study of epidemics and measures to combat them.

An epidemic is possible in the presence and interaction of three elements: the causative agent of an infectious disease, the routes of its transmission and people, animals and plants susceptible to this pathogen. In case of mass infectious diseases, there is always an epidemic focus. In this outbreak, a set of measures is being carried out aimed at localizing and eliminating the disease.

The main of these activities in epidemic and epizootic foci are:

Identification of sick and suspected cases; enhanced medical and veterinary surveillance of infected people, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment;

Sanitary treatment of people (animals);

Disinfection of clothes, shoes, care items;

Disinfection of territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises;

Establishment of an anti-epidemic regime for the operation of treatment-and-prophylactic and other medical institutions;

Disinfection of food waste, wastewater and waste products of sick and healthy people;

Sanitary supervision over the operating modes of life support enterprises, industry and transport;

Strict adherence to sanitary and hygienic standards and rules, including thorough hand washing with soap and disinfectants, drinking only boiled water, eating in certain places, using protective clothing (personal protective equipment);

Carrying out sanitary and educational work. Regime measures are carried out in the form of observation or quarantine, depending on the type of pathogen.

Epizootic is a simultaneous spread of an infectious disease within a certain region, progressing in time and space among a large number of one or many species of animals, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

Epizootic (from epi... and Greek zуon - animal), a widespread contagious (infectious or invasive) disease of animals, significantly exceeding the level of normal (sporadic) morbidity characteristic of a given territory. The study of E. is part of the task of epizootology. E. characterizes the degree of intensity of the epizootic process, that is, the continuous process of spread of infectious diseases and microbial carriage among animals. The emergence of E. is possible only in the presence of a complex of interconnected elements, which are the so-called. epizootic chain: source of the infectious agent (sick animal or microbial carrier animal), transmission factors of the infectious agent (non-living objects) or living carriers; susceptible animals. The emergence and development of ecology is influenced by environmental conditions—natural (geographical, climatic, soil) and economic (economic, etc.), as well as social upheavals (wars, economic crises). The nature of E. and the duration of its course depend on the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent, the duration of the incubation period, the ratio of sick and susceptible animals, the conditions of keeping the animals and the effectiveness of anti-epizootic measures. E. in certain diseases are characterized by periodicity of manifestation (after several years), seasonality, and stages of development, which are especially clearly manifested in the spontaneous course of E. Active human intervention, in particular the implementation of planned anti-epizootic measures, as is the case in the USSR, prevents to a large extent development of epizootics.

Specific anti-epizootic measures include forced slaughter of animals and disposal of their corpses. The main measures to protect plants from epiphytoties are: breeding and growing disease-resistant crops, compliance with the rules of agricultural technology, destruction of foci of infection, chemical treatment of crops, seed and planting material, quarantine measures.

Epiphytoty is a massive infectious disease of agricultural plants that progresses in time and space and (or) a sharp increase in the number of plant pests, accompanied by mass death of agricultural crops and a decrease in their efficiency.

Epiphytoty (from epi... and Greek phytуn - plant), the spread of an infectious plant disease over large territories (farm, district, region) over a certain time. In the form of E., rust and smut of cereals, potato late blight, apple scab, cotton wilt, snowy and common smut, and other infectious diseases usually appear.

In the past, epiphytotics caused great damage. Significant losses of potato crops from late blight are known in the 40s. 19th century in Ireland, sunflower - from rust in the 60s. 19th century in Russia, wheat - from stem rust in the Amur region in 1923. With the improvement of agricultural standards, with the development of methods for predicting mass plant diseases, and the use of effective measures to combat them, E. became more rare.

Typically, epiphytoties arise from individual foci of the disease under favorable conditions (accumulation and ability for rapid spread of the infectious principle, weather factors promoting the multiplication of the pathogen and the development of the disease, a sufficient number of susceptible plants). Phytopathogenic microorganisms spread from reservation sites and infect a large number of plants. As a result of the formation of several generations of the pathogen, new enlarged foci of the disease are created, the affected area (zone) expands, and E. occurs. Depending on the type of disease, the characteristics of the pathogen, the host plant and external factors, it develops quickly or slowly, with periodic outbreaks under favorable conditions. A relatively young field of science, epiphytotiology, studies various aspects of the epiphytotic process. Establishing the connection between the development of epiphytoty. with certain factors allows us to weaken their influence. For example, changes in the population of the causative agent of the disease and the host plant, which determine the occurrence of epiphytoty, are taken into account when substantiating disease forecasts and breeding agricultural varieties resistant to infectious diseases. crops and their placement in crop rotations.

Outbreaks of biological pests occur constantly. The Siberian silkworm causes great damage to forest plantations. It killed hundreds of thousands of hectares of coniferous taiga in Eastern Siberia, primarily cedar taiga. In 1835, oak swamp caterpillars destroyed 30 thousand oak trees in the Bezhensky forest in Germany. Termites are extremely harmful to buildings, vegetation and food. There is a known case of the destruction of Johnstown on St. Helena by termites.

The main actions aimed at preventing plant diseases are deratization, disinsection, biological, chemical and mechanical pest control in agriculture and forestry (spraying, pollination, surrounding pest areas with ditches).

epidemic epizootic epiphytoty biosphere

Literature used

1. Fundamentals of life safety Daryin P.V. 2008

2. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture - letter E - EPIPHYTOTY

3. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture "EPIZOOTY"

4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes - M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978.

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