Salvador Dali A teenager who owns a small slaveSalvador Dali? (Salvador Doménec Felip Jaci?nt Dali and Doménec, Marquis de Pubol) (1904–1989) - Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director, writer. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism. How

Salvador Dali Foreskin with a crumb of breadSalvador Dali? (Salvador Doménec Felip Jaci?nt Dali and Doménec, Marquis de Pubol) (1904–1989) - Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director, writer. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism. According to Javier

Surrealism and Salvador Dali “One Genius” about himself Among the written evidence and documents related to the history of art of the 20th century, diaries, letters, essays, interviews in which surrealists talk about themselves are very noticeable. This is Max Ernst, Andre Masson, Luis Buñuel, and

Salvador Dali and Gala More than one exciting novel can be written about the love story of the great Spanish surrealist artist Salvador Dali and his wife Elena Dyakonova, better known as Gala. However, within the framework of this book we will try to tell it

Salvador Dali Crazy, unfaithful, damned, Two-legged, overgrown with fur, Think, think constantly About the inevitable: about the Second Coming... Rurik Ivnev, 1914 Fantasies and madness (Salvador

Fantasies and Follies (Salvador Dali)

On May 11, 1904, a son was born into the family of a wealthy Catalan notary, Salvador Dalí i Cusi. By that time, the couple had already experienced the loss of their beloved first-born, Salvador, who died at the age of two from brain inflammation, so it was decided to give the second child the same name. Translated from Spanish it means "Savior".

The baby's mother, Felipe Domenech, immediately began to care for and pamper her son, while the father remained strict with his offspring. The boy grew up as a capricious and very wayward child. Having learned the truth about his older brother at the age of 5, he began to be burdened by this fact, which further influenced his fragile psyche.

In 1908, the Dali family welcomed a daughter, Ana Maria Dali, who later became a close friend of her brother. The boy became interested in drawing from early childhood, and he was good at it. A workshop was built in the utility room for Salvador, where he spent hours alone to create.

Creation

Despite the fact that he behaved provocatively at school and did not study well, his father sent him to painting lessons from local artist Ramon Pichot. In 1918, the first exhibition of the young man’s works took place in his native Figueres. It featured landscapes inspired by Dali's picturesque surroundings. Until his last years, Salvador will remain a great patriot of Catalonia.

Already in the first works of the young artist it is clear that he is mastering the painting techniques of the Impressionists, Cubists and Pointillists with special diligence. Under the guidance of art professor Nunens, Dali created the paintings “Aunt Anna Sewing in Cadaqués,” “The Twilight Old Man,” and others. At this time, the young artist became interested in the European avant-garde; he read the works of. Salvador writes and illustrates short stories for a local magazine. In Figueres he gains some fame.

When the young man turns 17, his family experiences a great loss: his mother dies of breast cancer at the age of 47. Dali’s father will not stop mourning for his wife until the end of his life, and the character of Salvador himself will become completely unbearable. As soon as he entered the Madrid Academy of Arts that same year, he immediately began to behave defiantly towards teachers and students. The antics of the arrogant dandy caused outrage among the Academy professors, and Dali was expelled from the educational institution twice. However, staying in the capital of Spain allowed the young Dali to make the necessary contacts.

Federico Garcia Lorca and Luis Buñuel became his friends; they significantly influenced the artistic growth of El Salvador. But it was not only creativity that connected the young people. It is known that García Lorca was not shy about his unconventional orientation, and contemporaries even claimed his connections with Dali. But Salvador never became homosexual, even despite his strange sexual behavior.

Scandalous behavior and lack of academic art education did not prevent Salvador Dali from gaining worldwide fame just a few years later. His works of this period were: “Port Alger”, “Young woman seen from the back”, “Female figure at the window”, “Self-portrait”, “Portrait of a father”. And the work “Basket of Bread” even ends up at an international exhibition in the USA. The main model who constantly posed for the artist to create female images at this time was his sister Ana Maria.

Best paintings

The artist’s first famous work is considered to be the canvas “The Persistence of Memory,” which depicts liquid hours flowing from a table against the backdrop of a sandy beach. Now the painting is in the USA at the Museum of Modern Art and is considered the master’s most famous work. With the assistance of his beloved Gala, Dali exhibitions begin to take place in various cities in Spain, as well as in London and New York.

The genius is noticed by the philanthropist Viscount Charles de Noeil, who buys his paintings at a high price. With this money, the lovers buy themselves a decent house near the town of Port Lligata, which is located on the seashore.

In the same year, Salvador Dali takes another decisive step towards future success: he joins the surrealist society. But here, too, the eccentric Catalan does not fit into the mold. Even among the rebels and disturbers of traditional art, such as Breton, Arp, de Chirico, Ernst, Miro, Dali looks like a black sheep. He comes into conflict with all participants in the movement and ultimately proclaims his credo - “Surrealism is me!”

After coming to power in Germany, Dali began to have unambiguous sexual fantasies about the politician, which found expression in his artistic work, and this also outraged his colleagues. As a result, on the eve of World War II, Salvador Dali breaks off his relationship with a group of French artists and leaves for America.

During this time, he managed to take part in the creation of Luis Bonuel’s surreal film “Un Chien Andalou,” which was a great success with the public, and also had a hand in his friend’s second film, “The Golden Age.” The young author’s most famous work of this period was “The Riddle of William Tell,” in which he depicted the Soviet leader of the Communist Party with a large exposed gluteal muscle.

Among several dozen paintings from this time, which were exhibited at personal exhibitions in the UK, USA, Spain and Paris, one can highlight “Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, or Premonition of Civil War.” The picture appeared just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, along with “Exciting Jacket” and “Lobster Telephone.”

After visiting Italy in 1936, Dali began to literally rave about the art of the Italian Renaissance. Features of academicism appeared in his work, which became another contradiction with the surrealists. He writes “Metamorphoses of Narcissus”, “Portrait of Freud”, “Gala - Salvador Dali”, “Autumn Cannibalism”, “Spain”.

His last work in the style of surrealism is considered to be his “Dream of Venus”, which appeared in New York. In the USA, the artist not only paints, he creates advertising posters, designs stores, works with and helps them with the art design of films. At the same time, he wrote his famous autobiography, “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, Written by Himself,” which instantly sold out.

Recent years

In 1948, Salvador Dali returned to Spain, to Port Lligat, and created the canvas “Elephants”, personifying post-war pain and devastation. In addition, after this, new motifs appear in the work of the genius, which draw the viewer’s gaze to the life of molecules and atoms, which is manifested in the paintings “Atomic Leda”, “Splitting of the Atom”. Critics attributed these paintings to the style of mystical symbolism.

From this period, Dali also began to paint canvases on religious subjects, such as “Madonna of Port Lligata”, “The Last Supper”, “Crucifixion or Hypercubic Body”, some of them even received the approval of the Vatican. In the late 50s, at the suggestion of his friend, businessman Enrique Bernat, he developed the logo for the famous Chupa Chups lollipop, which became an image of a chamomile. In its updated form, it is still used by production designers.

The artist is very prolific with ideas, which brings him a considerable constant income. Salvador and Gala meet the trendsetter and remain friends with her for the rest of her life. Dali's special image with his invariably curled mustache, which he wore already in his youth, becomes a sign of his time. A cult of the artist is created in society.

The genius constantly shocks the audience with his antics. He repeatedly takes photographs with unusual animals, and once even goes for a walk around the city with an anteater, which was confirmed by numerous photographs in popular publications of that time.

The decline of the artist’s creative biography began in the 70s due to the deterioration of his health. But still Dali continues to generate new ideas. During these years, he turned to the stereoscopic technique of writing and created the paintings “Polyhydras”, “Submarine Fisherman”, “Ole, Ole, Velasquez! Gabor! The Spanish genius begins to build a large house-museum in Figueres, which is called the “Palace of the Winds”. The artist planned to place most of his paintings there.

In the early 80s, Salvador Dali received many prizes and awards from the Spanish government; he was made an honorary professor at the Paris Academy of Arts. In his will, which was made public after Dali's death, the eccentric artist indicated that he would transfer his entire fortune of $10 million to Spain.

Personal life

The year 1929 brought changes to the personal life of Salvador Dali and his relatives. He met the only love of his life - Elena Ivanovna Dyakonova, an emigrant from Russia, who at that time was the wife of the poet Paul Eluard. She called herself Gala Eluard and was 10 years older than the artist.

After their first meeting, Dali and Gala never parted again, and his father and sister were horrified by this union. Salvador Sr. deprived his son of all financial subsidies from his side, and Ana Maria broke off creative relations with him. The newly-made lovers settle on the sandy shore in Cadaques in a small shack without amenities, where Salvador begins to create his immortal creations.

Three years later they officially signed, and in 1958 their wedding took place. The couple lived happily for a long time, until discord began in their relationship in the early 60s. The elderly Gala longed for carnal pleasures with young boys, and Dali began to find solace in the circle of young favorites. For his wife, he buys a castle in Pubol, where he can only visit with Gala’s consent.

For about 8 years, his muse was the British model Amanda Lear, with whom Salvador had only a platonic relationship; it was enough for him to watch his passion for hours and enjoy her beauty. Amanda's career destroyed their relationship, and Dali broke up with her without regret.

Death

In the 70s, Salvador began to experience an exacerbation of his mental illness. He is extremely exhausted by hallucinations, and also suffers from an excess of psychotropic medications that doctors prescribe to him. Doctors, not without reason, believed that Dali suffered from schizophrenia, which was complicated by Parkinson’s disease.

Gradually, senility began to deprive Dali of the ability to hold a brush in his hand and paint. The death of his beloved wife in 1982 completely devastated the artist, and for some time he lay in the hospital with pneumonia. After 7 years, the old genius’s heart can’t stand it, and he dies from myocardial failure on February 23, 1989. Thus ended the love story of the artist Dali and his muse Gala.

Salvador Dali painted his first painting when he was 10 years old. It was a small impressionist landscape painted on a wooden board with oil paints. The talent of a genius was bursting forth. Dali sat all day long in a small room specially allocated to him, drawing pictures.

"...I knew what I wanted: to be given a laundry room under the roof of our house. And they gave it to me, allowing me to furnish the workshop to my liking. Of the two laundries, one, abandoned, served as a storage room. The servants cleared it of all the junk that it was overwhelming, and I took possession of it the very next day. It was so cramped that the cement tub occupied it almost entirely. Such proportions, as I already said, revived intrauterine joys in me. Inside the cement tub, I placed a chair on it instead. desktop, laid the board horizontally. When it was very hot, I undressed and opened the tap, filling the tub up to my waist. The water came from the tank next door, and was always warm from the sun."

The theme of most of the early works was landscapes around Figueres and Cadaqués. Another outlet for Dali's imagination was the ruins of a Roman city near Ampurius. The love for his native places can be seen in many of Dali’s works. Already at the age of 14, it was impossible to doubt Dali’s ability to draw.
At the age of 14, his first solo exhibition took place at the Municipal Theater of Figueres. Young Dali persistently searches for his own style, but in the meantime he masters all the styles he liked: impressionism, cubism, pointillism. "He painted passionately and greedily, like a man possessed"- Salvador Dali will say about himself in the third person.
At the age of sixteen, Dali began to put his thoughts on paper. From that time on, painting and literature became equally parts of his creative life. In 1919, in his homemade publication "Studium", he published essays on Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Michelangelo and Leonardo.
In 1921, at the age of 17, he became a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid.

"...Soon I began attending classes at the Academy of Fine Arts. And this took up all my time. I did not hang out on the streets, never went to the cinema, did not visit my fellow Residence members. I returned and locked myself in my room to continue work alone. On Sunday mornings I went to the Prado Museum and took catalogs of paintings from different schools. The journey from the Residence to the Academy and back cost one peseta. For many months, this was my only daily expense. Father, notified by the director and poet Marquina. whom he left me) about the fact that I was leading the life of a hermit, he wrote to me several times, advising me to travel around the area, go to the theater, take breaks from work, but everything was in vain. one peseta a day and not a centime more. My inner life was content with this, and all kinds of entertainment disgusted me.”

Around 1923, Dalí began his experiments with Cubism, often even locking himself in his room to paint. At that time, most of his colleagues tried their artistic abilities and strengths in impressionism, which Dali was interested in several years earlier. When Dali's comrades saw him working on cubist paintings, his authority immediately rose, and he became not just a participant, but one of the leaders of an influential group of young Spanish intellectuals, among whom were the future film director Luis Buñuel and the poet Federico García Lorca. Meeting them had a great influence on Dali's life.

In 1921, Dali's mother dies.
In 1926, 22-year-old Salvador Dali was expelled from the Academy. Having disagreed with the teachers’ decision regarding one of the painting teachers, he stood up and left the hall, after which a brawl broke out in the hall. Of course, Dali was considered the instigator, although he had no idea what had happened, and for a short time he even went to prison.
But he soon returned to the academy.

"...My exile ended and I returned to Madrid, where the group was eagerly waiting for me. Without me, they argued, everything was “no glory to God.” Their imagination was hungry for my ideas. They gave me a standing ovation, ordered special ties, put aside seats in the theater, packed my suitcases, monitored my health, obeyed my every whim and, like a cavalry squadron, descended on Madrid in order to defeat at any cost the difficulties that prevented the realization of my most unimaginable fantasies.

Despite Dalí's outstanding ability in academic pursuits, his eccentric dress and demeanor eventually led to his expulsion for his refusal to take an oral examination. When he learned that his last question would be about Raphael, Dali suddenly declared: “...I don’t know less than three professors combined, and I refuse to answer them because I am better informed on the matter.”
But by that time, his first personal exhibition had already taken place in Barcelona, ​​a short trip to Paris, and an acquaintance with Picasso.

"...For the first time I stayed in Paris for only a week with my aunt and sister. There were three important visits: to Versailles, to the Grevin Museum and to Picasso. I was introduced to Picasso by the cubist artist Manuel Angelo Ortiz from Granada, to whom Lorca introduced me. I I came to Picasso on Rue La Boétie so excited and respectful, as if I were at a reception with the pope himself."

Dali's name and works attracted close attention in artistic circles. In Dali's paintings of that time one can notice the influence of Cubism ( "Young Women" , 1923).
In 1928 Dali became famous throughout the world. His picture

Another important event was Dali's decision to officially join the Parisian surrealist movement. With the support of his friend, the artist Joan Miró, he joined their ranks in 1929. Andre Breton treated this dressed-up dandy - a Spaniard who painted puzzles - with a fair amount of distrust.
In 1929, his first personal exhibition took place in Paris at Goeman's Gallery, after which he began his path to the pinnacle of fame. That same year, in January, he met his friend from the Academy of San Fernando, Luis Bunuel, who proposed to work together on a script for a film known as "Andalusian Dog"(Un Chien andalou). (“Andalusian puppies” was what Madrid youth called immigrants from the south of Spain. This nickname meant “slobber,” “slut,” “klutz,” “mama’s boy”).
Now this film is a classic of surrealism. It was a short film designed to shock and touch the heart of the bourgeoisie and ridicule the excesses of the avant-garde. Among the most shocking images is the famous scene, which is known to have been invented by Dali, where a man's eye is cut in half with a blade. The decaying donkeys that appeared in other scenes were also part of Dali's contribution to the film.
After the first public screening of the film in October 1929 at the Théâtre des Ursulines in Paris, Buñuel and Dalí immediately became famous and celebrated.

Two years after Un Chien Andalou came The Golden Age. Critics received the new film with delight. But then he became a bone of contention between Buñuel and Dali: each claimed that he did more for the film than the other. However, despite the disputes, their collaboration left a deep mark on the lives of both artists and sent Dali on the path of surrealism.
Despite his relatively short “official” connection with the surrealist movement and the Breton group, Dali initially and forever remains the artist who personifies surrealism.
But even among the surrealists, Salvador Dali turned out to be a real troublemaker of surrealist unrest; he advocated for surrealism without shores, declaring: “Surrealism is me!” and, dissatisfied with the principle of mental automatism proposed by Breton and based on a spontaneous creative act not controlled by the mind, the Spanish master defines the method he invented as “paranoid-critical activity.”
Dali's break with the surrealists was also facilitated by his delusional political statements. His admiration for Adolf Hitler and his monarchical inclinations ran counter to Breton's ideas. Dali's final break with the Breton group occurs in 1939.

The father, dissatisfied with his son’s relationship with Gala Eluard, forbade Dali to appear in his house, and thereby began a conflict between them. According to his subsequent stories, the artist, tormented by remorse, cut off all his hair and buried it in his beloved Cadaqués.

"...A few days later I received a letter from my father, who told me that I was finally expelled from the family...My first reaction to the letter was to cut off my hair. But I did it differently: I shaved my head, then buried it in the ground his hair, sacrificing it along with the empty shells of sea urchins eaten at dinner."

With virtually no money, Dali and Gala moved to a small house in a fishing village in Port Ligat, where they found refuge. There, in solitude, they spent many hours together, and Dali worked hard to earn money, because although he was already recognized by that time, he still had difficulty making ends meet. At that time, Dali began to become increasingly involved in surrealism, his work now differing significantly even from the abstract paintings he had painted in the early twenties. The main theme for many of his works was now the confrontation with his father.
The image of a deserted shore was firmly entrenched in Dali’s mind at that time. The artist painted the deserted beach and rocks in Cadaques without any specific thematic focus. As he later claimed, the emptiness was filled for him when he saw a piece of Camembert cheese. The cheese became soft and began to melt on the plate. This sight evoked a certain image in the artist's subconscious, and he began to fill the landscape with melting clocks, thus creating one of the most powerful images of our time. Dali named the painting "The Persistence of Memory" .

"... Having decided to write the hours, I painted them soft. It was one evening, I was tired, I had a migraine - an extremely rare ailment for me. We were supposed to go to the cinema with friends, but at the last moment I decided to stay at home. Gala will go with them, and I will go to bed early. We ate some very tasty cheese, then I was left alone, sitting with my elbows on the table, thinking about how “super soft” the processed cheese is. I got up and went to the workshop, as usual. , take a look at my work. The picture that I was going to paint represented the landscape of the outskirts of Port Lligat, the rocks, as if illuminated by dim evening light. In the foreground, I sketched a chopped off trunk of a leafless olive tree. This landscape is the basis for a canvas of some kind. an idea, but what kind? I needed a wonderful image, but I didn’t find it. I went to turn off the light, and when I came out, I literally “saw” the solution: two pairs of soft watches, one hanging pitifully from an olive branch. Despite the migraine, I prepared it. palette and got to work. Two hours later, when Gala returned from the cinema, the painting, which was to become one of the most famous, was completed. "

The Persistence of Memory was completed in 1931 and has become a symbol of the modern concept of the relativity of time. A year after the exhibition at the Pierre Colet Gallery in Paris, Dali's most famous painting was purchased by the New York Museum of Modern Art.
Unable to visit his father's house in Cadaques due to his father's ban, Dalí, using money received from the philanthropist Viscount Charles de Noeil for the sale of paintings, built a new house on the seashore, not far from Port Lligat.

Dali was now more convinced than ever that his goal was to learn to paint like the great masters of the Renaissance, and that with the help of their technique he could express the ideas that prompted him to paint. Thanks to meetings with Buñuel and numerous disputes with Lorca, who spent a lot of time with him in Cadaqués, new broad avenues of thinking opened up for Dali.
By 1934, Gala had already divorced her husband, and Dali could marry her. The amazing thing about this married couple was that they felt and understood each other. Gala, in the literal sense, lived the life of Dali, and he, in turn, deified her and admired her.
The outbreak of civil war prevented Dalí from returning to Spain in 1936. Dali's fear for the fate of his country and its people was reflected in his paintings painted during the war. Among them - tragic and terrifying "Premonition of Civil War" in 1936. Dali liked to emphasize that this painting was a test of the genius of his intuition, since it was completed 6 months before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936.

Between 1936 and 1937, Salvador Dali painted one of his most famous paintings, "The Metamorphosis of Narcissus". At the same time, his literary work entitled "Metamorphoses of Narcissus. Paranoid Theme" was published. By the way, earlier (1935) in his work “Conquest of the Irrational” Dali formulated the theory of the paranoid-critical method. This method used various forms of irrational associations, especially images that change depending on visual perception - so that, for example, a group of fighting soldiers can suddenly turn into a woman's face. Dali's distinctive feature was that, no matter how bizarre his images were, they were always painted in an impeccable "academic" manner, with that photographic precision that most avant-garde artists considered old-fashioned.

Although Dalí often expressed the idea that world events such as wars had little bearing on the world of art, he was greatly concerned about events in Spain. In 1938, as the war reached its climax, "Spain" was written. During the Spanish Civil War, Dalí and Gala visited Italy to view the works of the Renaissance artists Dalí most admired. They also visited Sicily. This trip inspired the artist to write "African Impressions" in 1938.

In 1940, Dalí and Gala, just weeks before the Nazi invasion, left France on a transatlantic flight booked and paid for by Picasso. They stayed in the States for eight years. It was there that Salvador Dali wrote, probably one of his best books - a biography - "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, Written by Himself." When this book was published in 1942, it immediately attracted severe criticism from the press and puritanical supporters.
During the years Gala and Dali spent in America, Dali made a fortune. At the same time, according to some critics, he paid for his reputation as an artist. Among the artistic intelligentsia, his extravagances were considered as antics in order to attract attention to himself and his work. And Dali's traditional style of painting was considered unsuitable for the twentieth century (at that time, artists were busy searching for a new language to express new ideas born in modern society).

During his stay in America, Dali worked as a jeweler, designer, photo reporter, illustrator, portrait painter, decorator, window decorator, made sets for the Hitchcock film The House of Dr. Edwards, distributed the Dali News newspaper (which, in particular, published Hieroglyphic Interpretation and psychoanalytic analysis of Salvador Dali's mustache). At the same time, he was writing the novel Hidden Faces. His performance is amazing.
His texts, films, installations, photo reports and ballet performances are distinguished by irony and paradox, fused into a single whole in the same original manner that is characteristic of his painting. Despite the monstrous eclecticism, the combination of the incompatible, the mixture (obviously deliberate) of soft and hard stylistics - his compositions are built according to the rules of academic art. The cacophony of subjects (deformed objects, distorted images, fragments of the human body, etc.) is “pacified” and harmonized by jewelry technology that reproduces the texture of museum painting.

Dali's new vision of the world was born after the explosion over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Having been deeply impressed by the discoveries that led to the creation of the atomic bomb, the artist painted a whole series of paintings dedicated to the atom (for example, “Splitting the Atom,” 1947).
But nostalgia for their homeland takes its toll and in 1948 they return to Spain. While in Port Lligat, Dali turned to religious and fantastic themes in his creations.
On the eve of the Cold War, Dali developed the theory of “atomic art”, published in the same year in the Mystical Manifesto. Dali sets himself the goal of conveying to the viewer the idea of ​​the constancy of spiritual existence even after the disappearance of matter ( "Raphael's Exploding Head", 1951). The fragmented forms in this painting, as well as others painted during this period, are rooted in Dali's interest in nuclear physics. The head is similar to one of Raphael's Madonnas - images of classically clear and calm; at the same time it includes the dome of the Roman Pantheon with a stream of light falling inside. Both images are clearly distinguishable, despite the explosion, which breaks the entire structure into small fragments in the shape of a rhinoceros horn.
These studies culminated in "Galatea of ​​the Spheres", 1952, where Gala's head consists of rotating spheres.

The rhinoceros horn became a new symbol for Dali, most fully embodied by him in the painting “Rhinoceros-shaped Figure of Ilissa Phidias”, 1954. The painting dates back to the time that Dali called “the almost divine strict period of the rhinoceros horn,” arguing that the curve of this horn is the only one in nature is an absolutely exact logarithmic spiral, and therefore the only perfect form.
That same year he also painted "Young Virgin Self-Sodomized by Her Own Chastity." The painting depicted a naked woman being threatened by several rhinoceros horns.
Dali was fascinated by the new ideas of the theory of relativity. This prompted him to return to "The Persistence of Memory" 1931. Now in "Disintegration of memory persistence",1952-54, Dali depicted his soft clock below sea level, where stones like bricks stretch into perspective. The memory itself was disintegrating, since time no longer existed in the meaning that Dali gave it.

His international fame continued to grow, based both on his flamboyance and his sense of public taste, and on his incredible prolificacy in painting, graphic work and book illustrations, as well as as a designer in jewelry, clothing, costumes for the stage, and store interiors. He continued to amaze audiences with his extravagant appearances. For example, in Rome he appeared in the "Metaphysical Cube" (a simple white box covered with scientific icons). Most of the spectators who came to watch Dali's performances were simply attracted by the eccentric celebrity.
In 1959, Dalí and Gala truly established their home in Port Lligat. By that time, no one could doubt the genius of the great artist. His paintings were bought for huge sums of money by fans and lovers of luxury. Huge canvases painted by Dali in the 60s were valued at huge sums. Many millionaires considered it chic to have paintings by Salvador Dali in their collection.

In 1965, Dali met an art college student, a part-time model, nineteen-year-old Amanda Lear, a future pop star. A couple of weeks after their meeting in Paris, when Amanda was returning home to London, Dali solemnly announced: “Now we will always be together.” And over the next eight years they really hardly separated. In addition, their union was blessed by Gala herself. Dali's muse calmly gave her husband into the caring hands of a young girl, knowing well that Dali would never leave her for anyone. There was no intimate connection in the traditional sense of the word between him and Amanda. Dali could only look at her and enjoy. Amanda spent several seasons in a row every summer in Cadaques. Dali, lounging in a chair, enjoyed the beauty of his nymph. Dali was afraid of physical contacts, considering them too rough and mundane, but visual eroticism brought him real pleasure. He could watch Amanda bathe endlessly, so when they stayed in hotels, they often booked rooms with connecting baths.

Everything was going great, but when Amanda decided to step out of Dali’s shadow and pursue her own career, their love-and-friendly union collapsed. Dali did not forgive her for the success that befell her. Geniuses don't like it when something that belongs completely to them suddenly floats out of their hands. And someone else’s success is an unbearable torment for them. How is it possible that his “baby” (despite the fact that Amanda’s height is 176 cm) allowed herself to become independent and successful! They hardly communicated for a long time, seeing each other only in 1978 at Christmas in Paris.

The next day, Gala called Amanda and asked her to come to her urgently. When Amanda appeared at her place, she saw that an open Bible lay in front of Gala and right next to it stood the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, taken from Russia. “Swear to me on the Bible,” 84-year-old Gala strictly ordered, that when I am gone, you will marry Dali. I cannot die, leaving him unattended.” Amanda swore without hesitation. A year later she married Marquis Allen Philip Malagnac. Dali refused to accept the newlyweds, and Gala did not speak to her again until her death.

Beginning around 1970, Dali's health began to deteriorate. Although his creative energy did not decrease, thoughts about death and immortality began to bother him. He believed in the possibility of immortality, including the immortality of the body, and explored ways to preserve the body through freezing and DNA transplantation in order to be reborn.

More important, however, was the preservation of the works, which became his main project. He put all his energy into it. The artist came up with the idea of ​​building a museum for his works. He soon took on the task of rebuilding the theater in Figueres, his homeland, which was badly damaged during the Spanish Civil War. A giant geodesic dome was erected over the stage. The auditorium was cleared and divided into sections in which his works of different genres could be displayed, including Mae West's bedroom and large paintings such as The Hallucinogenic Bullfighter. Dali himself painted the entrance foyer, depicting himself and Gala panning for gold in Figueres, with their feet hanging from the ceiling. The salon was named the Palace of the Winds, after the poem of the same name, which tells the legend of the east wind, whose love married and lives in the west, so whenever he approaches her, he is forced to turn, while his tears fall to the ground. This legend really pleased Dali, the great mystic, who dedicated another part of his museum to erotica. As he often liked to emphasize, erotica differs from pornography in that the former brings happiness to everyone, while the latter only brings misfortune.
The Dalí Theater and Museum had many other works and other trinkets on display. The salon opened in September 1974 and looked less like a museum and more like a bazaar. There, among other things, were the results of Dali's experiments with holography, from which he hoped to create global three-dimensional images. (His holograms were first exhibited at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1972. He stopped experimenting in 1975.) In addition, the Dali Theater Museum displays double spectroscopic paintings of a nude Gala against a background painting by Claude Laurent and other art objects. created by Dali. Read more about the Theater-Museum.

In 1968-1970, the painting “The Hallucinogenic Toreador” was created - a masterpiece of metamorphism. The artist himself called this huge canvas “the whole of Dali in one picture,” since it represents a whole anthology of his images. At the top, the entire scene is dominated by the spirited head of Gala, in the lower right corner stands six-year-old Dali, dressed as a sailor (as he portrayed himself in The Phantom of Sexual Attraction in 1932). In addition to many images from earlier works, the painting contains a series of Venuses de Milo, gradually turning and simultaneously changing gender. The bullfighter himself is not easy to see - until we realize that the naked torso of the second Venus from the right can be perceived as part of his face (the right breast corresponds to the nose, the shadow on the stomach to the mouth), and the green shadow on her drapery as a tie. To the left, a sequined bullfighter's jacket shimmers, merging with the rocks in which the head of a dying bull can be discerned.

Dali's popularity grew. The demand for his work became crazy. Book publishers, magazines, fashion houses and theater directors competed for it. He has already created illustrations for many masterpieces of world literature, such as the Bible, Dante's Divine Comedy, Milton's Paradise Lost, Freud's God and Monotheism, and Ovid's The Art of Love. He published books dedicated to himself and his art, in which he unrestrainedly praises his talent ("The Diary of a Genius", "Dali by Dali", "The Golden Book of Dali", "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali"). He always had a quirky demeanor, constantly changing his extravagant suits and mustache style.

The cult of Dali, the abundance of his works in different genres and styles led to the appearance of numerous fakes, which caused big problems in the global art market. Dalí himself was implicated in a scandal in 1960 when he signed many blank sheets of paper intended for making impressions from lithographic stones kept by dealers in Paris. An accusation was made of illegal use of these blank sheets. However, Dali remained unperturbed and in the 1970s continued to lead his chaotic and active life, as always, continuing to search for new flexible ways to explore his amazing world of art.

At the end of the 60s, the relationship between Dali and Gala began to fade. And at Gala’s request, Dali was forced to buy her his own castle, where she spent a lot of time in the company of young people. The rest of their life together was smoldering firebrands that had once been a bright fire of passion... Gala was already about 70 years old, but the more she aged, the more she wanted love. “Salvador doesn’t care, each of us has our own life”“,” she convinced her husband’s friends, dragging them into bed. "I allow Gala to have as many lovers as she wants- said Dali. - I even encourage her because it excites me.". Gala's young lovers robbed her mercilessly. She gave them Dali paintings, bought them houses, studios, cars. And Dali was saved from loneliness by his favorites, young beautiful women, from whom he needed nothing but their beauty. In public, he always pretended that they were lovers. But he knew that it was all just a game. The only woman of his soul was Gala.

Throughout her life with Dali, Gala played the role of an eminence grise, preferring to remain in the background. Some considered her to be the driving force behind Dali, others - a witch weaving intrigues...Gala managed her husband's ever-growing wealth with efficient efficiency. It was she who closely followed private transactions for the purchase of his paintings. She was needed physically and mentally, so when Gala died in June 1982, the artist suffered a heavy loss. Among the works created by Dalí in the weeks before her death is Three Famous Mysteries of the Gala, 1982.

Dali did not participate in the funeral. According to eyewitnesses, he entered the crypt only a few hours later. "Look, I'm not crying", is all he said. After Gala's death, Dali's life became gray, all his madness and surreal fun were gone forever. What Dali lost with Gala’s departure was known only to him. Alone, he wandered around the rooms of their house, muttering incoherent phrases about happiness and how beautiful Gala was. He did not draw anything, but only sat for hours in the dining room, where all the shutters were closed.

After her death, his health began to deteriorate sharply. Doctors suspected Dali had Parkinson's disease. This disease once became fatal for his father. Dali almost stopped appearing in society. Despite this, his popularity grew. Among the awards that rained down on Dali as if from a cornucopia was membership in the Academy of Fine Arts of France. Spain gave him the highest honor by awarding him the Grand Cross of Isabella the Catholic, given to him by King Juan Carlos. Dalí was declared Marquis de Pubol in 1982. Despite all this, Dali was unhappy and felt bad. He threw himself into his work. All his life he admired the Italian Renaissance artists, so he began to paint paintings inspired by the heads of Giuliano de' Medici, Moses and Adam (found in the Sistine Chapel) by Michelangelo and his "Descent from the Cross" in St. Peter's Church in Rome.

The artist spent the last years of his life completely alone in Gala's castle in Pubol, where Dali moved after her death, and later in his room at the Dali Theater-Museum.
Dali completed his last work, “Swallowtail,” in 1983. This is a simple calligraphic composition on a white sheet of paper, inspired by catastrophe theory.

By the end of 1983, his spirits seemed to have lifted somewhat. He began to sometimes walk in the garden and began to paint pictures. But this did not last long, alas. Old age took precedence over a brilliant mind. On August 30, 1984, a fire occurred in Dali's house. The burns on the artist's body covered 18% of the skin. After this, his health deteriorated further.

By February 1985, Dali’s health had improved somewhat and he was able to give an interview to the largest Spanish newspaper Pais. But in November 1988, Dali was admitted to the clinic with a diagnosis of heart failure. Salvador Dali died on January 23, 1989 at the age of 84.

He bequeathed to bury himself not next to his surreal Madonna, in the tomb of Pubol, and in the city where he was born, in Figueres. The embalmed body of Salvador Dali, dressed in a white tunic, was buried in the Figueres Theater-Museum, under a geodesic dome. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great genius. Salvador Dali was buried in the center of his museum. He left his fortune and his works to Spain.

Report of the artist’s death in the Soviet press:
"Salvador Dali, the world-famous Spanish artist, has died. He died today in a hospital in the Spanish city of Figueres at the age of 85 after a long illness. Dali was the largest representative of surrealism - an avant-garde movement in the artistic culture of the twentieth century, which was especially popular in the West in the 30s years. Salvador Dali was a member of the Spanish and French academies of arts. He is the author of many books and film scripts. Exhibitions of Dali’s works were held in many countries of the world, including recently in the Soviet Union.

"For fifty years now I have been entertaining humanity", Salvador Dali once wrote in his biography. It entertains to this day and will continue to entertain unless humanity disappears and painting perishes under technical progress.

On May 11, 1904 at 8:45 a.m. in Spain, in Catalonia (northeast Spain), Figueres, little Dali was born. Full name: Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali y Domenech. His parents are Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech. Salvador means "Savior" in Spanish. They named Salvador after his deceased brother. He died of meningitis a year before Dali was born in 1903. Dali also had a younger sister, Anna-Maria, who in the future would be the image of many of his paintings. Little Dali's parents raised him differently. Since since childhood he had been distinguished by his impulsive and eccentric character, his father was literally infuriated by his antics. Mom, on the contrary, allowed him absolutely everything.

I'm pi He got into bed almost until he was eight years old - just for his own pleasure. In the house I reigned and commanded. Nothing was impossible for me. My father and mother didn’t pray for me (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, as told by himself)

Dali's desire for creativity manifested itself from early childhood. At the age of 4, he began to draw with a zeal unprecedented for a child. At the age of six, Dali was attracted to the image of Napoleon and identifying himself with him, he felt the need for power. Having put on the king's fancy dress, he took great pleasure in his appearance. Well, he painted his first picture when he was 10 years old. It was a small landscape in an impressionist style, painted with oil paints on a wooden board. Then Salvador began taking drawing lessons from Professor Joao Nunez. Thus, at the age of 14, one could confidently see the talent of Salvador Dali incarnate.

When he was almost 15 years old, Dali was expelled from the monastic school for bad behavior. But for him it was not a failure; he passed his exams with flying colors and entered college. In Spain, schools of secondary education were called institutes. And in 1921 he graduated from the institute with excellent grades.
Afterwards he entered the Madrid Academy of Art. When Dali was 16 years old, he began to get involved along with painting and literature, and began to write. He publishes his essays in the self-made publication “Studio”. And in general he leads a fairly active life. Managed to serve a day in prison for participating in student unrest.

Salvador Dali dreamed of creating his own style in painting. In the early 20s he admired the work of the futurists. At the same time, he made acquaintances with famous poets of that time (Garcia Lorca, Luis Bonuel). The relationship between Dali and Lorca was very close. In 1926, Lorca's poem "Ode to Salvador Dalí" was published, and in 1927, Dalí designed the sets and costumes for the production of Lorca's "Mariana Pineda".
In 1921, Dali's mother dies. The father later marries another woman. For Dali, this looks like a betrayal. Later in his works he portrays the image of a father who wants to destroy his son. This event left its mark on the artist’s work.

In 1923, Dali became very interested in the works of Pablo Picasso. At the same time, problems began at the academy. He was suspended for a year for disciplinary violations.

In 1925, Dali held his first personal exhibition at the Dalmau Gallery. He presented 27 paintings and 5 drawings.

In 1926, Dali completely stopped making efforts to study, because... disappointed in school. And they kicked him out after the incident. He did not agree with the teachers’ decision regarding one of the painting teachers, then stood up and left the hall. A brawl immediately broke out in the hall. Of course, Dali was considered guilty, although he didn’t even know about what happened, and he ends up in prison, although not for long. But he soon returned to the academy. Ultimately, his behavior led to his expulsion from the academy for his refusal to take an oral examination. As soon as he learns that his last question is a question about Raphael, Dali declared: “... I do not know less than three professors combined, and I refuse to answer them because I am better informed on this matter.”

In 1927, Dali traveled to Italy to become familiar with Renaissance painting. While he was not yet part of the surrealist group led by Andre Breton and Max Ernst, he later joined them in 1929. Breton deeply studied the works of Freud. He said that by discovering unexpressed thoughts and desires hidden in the subconscious, surrealism could create a new way of life and a way of perceiving it.

In 1928, he left for Paris to find himself.

At the beginning of 1929, Dali tried himself as a director. The first film based on his script by Luis Bonuel was released. The film was called "Un Chien Andalou". Surprisingly, the film script was written in 6 days! The premiere was a sensation, as the film itself was very extravagant. Considered a classic of surrealism. Consisted of a set of frames and scenes. It was a small short film, designed to touch the heart of the bourgeoisie and ridicule the principles of the avant-garde.

Before 1929, Dali had nothing bright or significant in his personal life. Of course, he walked around, had numerous relationships with girls, but they never went far. And just in 1929, Dali truly fell in love. HER name was Elena Dyakonova or Gala. Russian by origin, she was 10 years older than him. She was married to the writer Paul Eluard, but their relationship was already falling apart. Her fleeting movements, gestures, her expressiveness are like the second New Symphony: they reveal the architectonic contours of a perfect soul, crystallizing in the grace of the body itself, in the aroma of the skin, in the sparkling sea foam of her life. Expressing an exquisite breath of feelings, plasticity and expressiveness materialize in impeccable architecture made of flesh and blood . (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali)

They met when Dali returned to Cadaques to work on an exhibition of his paintings. Among the guests of the exhibition was Paul Eluard with his then-wife Gala. Gala became Dali's inspiration in many of his works. He painted all kinds of portraits of her, as well as various images based on their relationship and passion." First kiss - Dali wrote later, - when our teeth collided and our tongues intertwined, was only the beginning of that hunger that made us bite and gnaw each other to the very essence of our being." Such images often appeared in Dali's subsequent works: chops on a human body, fried eggs, cannibalism - all these images recall the frenetic sexual liberation of a young man.

Dali wrote in an absolutely unique style. It seems that he drew images known to everyone: animals, objects. But he arranged them and connected them in a completely unimaginable way. Could connect the torso of a woman with a rhinoceros, for example, or a melted watch. Dali himself would call this the “paranoid-critical method.”

1929 Dali had his first personal exhibition in Paris at the Geman Gallery, after which he began his path to the pinnacle of fame.

In 1930, Dali's paintings began to bring him fame. His work was influenced by the works of Freud. In his paintings he reflected human sexual experiences, as well as destruction and death. His masterpieces such as “The Persistence of Memory” were created. Dali also creates numerous models from various objects.

In 1932, the second film based on Dali's script, The Golden Age, premiered in London.

Gala divorces her husband in 1934 and marries Dali. This woman was Dali’s muse and deity throughout his life.

Between 1936 and 1937, Dali worked on one of his most famous paintings, “Metamorphoses of Narcissus,” and a book of the same name immediately appeared.
In 1939, Dali had a serious quarrel with his father. The father was dissatisfied with his son’s connection with Gala and forbade Dali to appear in the house.

After the occupation in 1940, Dalí moved from France to the USA to California. There he opens his workshop. There he wrote his most famous book, “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali.” After his marriage to Gala, Dali left the surrealist group because... His and the group's views begin to diverge. “I don’t care at all about the gossip that Andre Breton might spread about me, he simply doesn’t want to forgive me for the fact that I remain the last and only surrealist, but it is still necessary that one fine day the whole world will read these lines , found out how everything really happened." ("The Diary of a Genius").

In 1948, Dali returned to his homeland. Begins to get involved in religious and fantastic themes.

In 1953, a large-scale exhibition took place in Rome. He exhibits 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors.

In 1956, Dali began a period when the inspiration for his second work was the idea of ​​the Angel. For him, God is an elusive concept that cannot be specified in any way. God for him is not a cosmic concept either, because this would impose certain restrictions on him. Dali sees God as a collection of contradictory thoughts that cannot be reduced to any structured idea. But Dali really believed in the existence of angels. He spoke about this this way: “Whatever dreams fall to my lot, they are capable of giving me pleasure only if they have complete reliability. Therefore, if I already experience such pleasure when angelic images approach, then I have every reason believe that angels really exist."

Meanwhile, in 1959, since his father no longer wanted to let Dali in, he and Gala settled down to live in Port Lligat. Dali's paintings were already extremely popular, sold for a lot of money, and he himself was famous. He often communicates with William Tell. Under the influence, he creates such works as “The Riddle of William Tell” and “William Tell”.

Basically, Dali worked on several topics: the paranoid-critical method, the Freudian-sexual theme, the theory of modern physics and sometimes religious motives.

In the 60s, the relationship between Gala and Dali began to crack. Gala asked to buy another house in order to move out. After this, their relationship was already just the remnants of a past bright life, but the image of Gala never left Dali and continued to be an inspiration.
In 1973, the “Dali Museum” opened in Figueras, incredible in its content. Until now, he amazes viewers with his surreal appearance.
In 1980, Dali began to have health problems. The death of Franco, head of state of Spain, shocked and frightened Dalí. Doctors suspect he has Parkinson's disease. Dali's father died from this disease.

In 1982, Gala died on June 10. For Dali, this was a terrible blow. He did not participate in the funeral. They say that Dali entered the crypt only a few hours later. “Look, I’m not crying,” was all he said. The death of Gala for Dali was a huge blow in his life. What the artist lost with Gala’s departure was known only to him. He walked alone through the rooms of their house, saying something about happiness and the beauty of Gala. He stopped drawing and sat for hours in the dining room, where all the shutters were closed.
The last work, “Swallowtail,” was completed in 1983.

In 1983, Dali’s health seemed to improve, and he began to go out for walks. But these changes were short-lived.

On August 30, 1984, there was a fire in Dali’s house. The burns on his body covered 18% of the skin surface.
By February 1985, Dali’s health was improving again and he even gave an interview to the newspaper.
But in November 1988, Dali was admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis is heart failure. On January 23, 1989, Salvador Dali passed away. He was 84 years old.

At his request, the body was embalmed and was kept in his museum for a week. Dali was buried in the very center of his own museum under a simple slab without inscriptions. The life of Salvador Dali has always been bright and eventful; throughout his life he was distinguished by his extraordinary and extravagant behavior. He changed unusual suits, the style of his mustache, and constantly praised his talent in the books he wrote ("The Diary of a Genius", "Dali by Dali", "The Golden Book of Dali", "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali"). There was such a case when in 1936 he lectured at the London Group Rooms. It was held as part of the International Surrealist Exhibition. Dali appeared in a deep-sea diver costume.

Great and extraordinary man Salvador Dali was born in Spain in the city of Figueres in 1904 on May 11. His parents were very different. My mother believed in God, but my father, on the contrary, was an atheist. Salvador Dali's father's name was also Salvador. Many people believe that Dali was named after his father, but this is not entirely true. Although father and son had the same names, the younger Salvador Dali was named in memory of his brother, who died before he was two years old. This worried the future artist, as he felt like a double, some kind of echo of the past. Salvador had a sister who was born in 1908.

The childhood of Salvador Dali

In 1921, Salvador Dali went to Madrid and entered the Academy of Fine Arts there. He didn't like studying. He believed that he himself could teach his teachers the art of drawing. He stayed in Madrid only because he was interested in communicating with his comrades. There he met Federico García Lorca and Luis Buñuel.

Studying at the Academy

In 1924, Dali was expelled from the academy for misbehavior. Returning there a year later, he was again expelled in 1926 without the right to reinstatement. The incident that led to this situation was simply amazing. During one of the exams, a professor at the academy asked to name the 3 greatest artists in the world. Dali replied that he would not answer questions of this kind, because not a single teacher from the academy had the right to be his judge. Dali was too contemptuous of teachers.

And by this time, Salvador Dali already had his own exhibition, which he visited himself. This was the catalyst for the artists to meet.

Salvador Dali's close relationship with Buñuel resulted in a film called “Un Chien Andalou,” which had a surrealistic slant. In 1929, Dali officially became a surrealist.

How Dali found his muse

In 1929, Dali found his muse. She became Gala Eluard. It is she who is depicted in many paintings by Salvador Dali. A serious passion arose between them, and Gala left her husband to be with Dali. At the time of meeting his beloved, Dali lived in Cadaqués, where he bought himself a hut without any special amenities. With the help of Gala Dali, it was possible to organize several excellent exhibitions, which took place in cities such as Barcelona, ​​London, and New York.

In 1936, a very tragicomic moment happened. At one of his exhibitions in London Dali decided to give a lecture in a diver's suit. Soon he began to choke. Actively gesturing with his hands, he asked to take off his helmet. The public took it as a joke, and everything worked out.

By 1937, when Dali had already visited Italy, the style of his work had changed significantly. The works of the Renaissance masters were too strongly influenced. Dali was expelled from the surrealist society.

During World War II, Dali went to the United States, where he was recognized, and quickly achieved success. In 1941, the US Museum of Modern Art opened its doors for his personal exhibition. Having written his autobiography in 1942, Dali felt that he was truly famous, as the book sold out very quickly. In 1946, Dali collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock. Of course, looking at the success of his former comrade, Andre Breton could not miss the chance to write an article in which he humiliated Dali - “Salvador Dali - Avida Dollars” (“Rowing Dollars”).

In 1948, Salvador Dali returned to Europe and settled in Port Lligat, traveling from there to Paris and then back to New York.

Dali was a very famous person. He did almost everything and was successful. It is impossible to count all his exhibitions, but the most memorable is the exhibition at the Tate Gallery, which was visited by about 250 million people, which cannot fail to impress.

Salvador Dali died in 1989 on January 23 after the death of Gala, who died in 1982.