Theory
"Time of Troubles in Russia"
Troubles (Time of Troubles)
Causes of the Troubles
1598 – 1605 – Boris Godunov
1603– The Rise of Cottonpaw.
April–May 1605 – Fedor Godunov.
1605 – 1606 – Marine Mniszech
Reasons for the success of False Dmitry
1606 – 1610 – Vasily Shuisky (Vasily IV)
kissing cross record
From June 1606 new patriarch Hermogenes.
1606 – 1607 Ivan Bolotnikova
1607–
June 1608 –
February 1609
Intervention
1610 – 1612
September 1610
January–February 1611 Council of the whole earth
Militia
Consequences of the Troubles
1. Terrible ruin and desolation of the country: economic devastation, great human losses, financial problems, impoverishment of the people.
2. Increased flight of the population from the center of the country to the outskirts.
3. Loss of a number of territories (Smolensk and Seversk lands - captured by Poland, Novgorod - Sweden, loss of access to the Baltic Sea).
4. Weakening of the country's military potential.
5. Preservation of national independence and Russian statehood.
6. The beginning of a new dynasty.
7. Weakening the position of the clan boyars and strengthening the nobility.
8. Raising the self-awareness of the people.
Fastening material
On the topic “Time of Troubles in Russia”
1. Dates:
| Date | Event |
| The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich | |
| Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia | |
| Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich (“Uglich Case”) | |
| Introduction of “lesson years” | |
| The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov | |
| Famine in Russia | |
| Rebellion led by Cottonpaw | |
| Reign of False Dmitry I | |
| Reign of Vasily Shuisky | |
| Uprising under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov | |
| Board of the Seven Boyars | |
| The beginning of open Polish intervention in Russia | |
| Formation of the First Militia | |
| Capture of Smolensk by the Poles | |
| Formation and activities of the Second Militia | |
| Liberation of Moscow from the Poles | |
| Election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty |
Terms
Kissing cross record (letter), intervention, “Seven Boyars”, militia, Council of the whole earth.
Theory
Causes of the Troubles. Periodization of the Time of Troubles. Main events of the Time of Troubles.
Personalities
Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Yuri Mnishek, Maria Mnishek, Vasily Shuisky, Ivan Bolotnikov, False Dmitry II, Sigismund III, P. Lyapunov, D. Trubetskoy, I. Zarutsky, Patriarch Job, Patriarch Ignatius, Patriarch Hermogenes, K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, Prince Vladislav, Patriarch Filaret, Mikhail Romanov.
Test on the topic
"Time of Troubles in Russia"
Part 1 (A)
1. Historians refer to the Time of Troubles... years:
1) 1598 – 1605
2. The Rurik dynasty ended after death:
1) Ivan the Terrible
2) Fyodor Ivanovich
3) Boris Godunov
4) Mikhail Fedorovich
False Dmitry I
1) tried to spread Western customs
2) gave part of the Russian lands to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
3) ruled through mass terror
4) destroyed the Boyar Duma
The city gave an example of heroic defense against invaders during the Time of Troubles
1) Nizhny Novgorod
2) Novgorod the Great
3) Smolensk
Part 2 (B)
1. What was it called in Russia in the 16th – 17th centuries. central estate-representative institution with legislative functions?
Part 3 (C)
From “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin:
“In his zealous love for civic education, Boris surpassed all the most ancient crown-bearers of Russia, having the intention of establishing schools and even universities to teach young Russians European languages and sciences: in 1600, he sent the German John Kramer to Germany, authorizing him to search there and bring him to Moscow professors and doctors... This important intention was not fulfilled, as they say, due to the strong objections of the clergy... But abandoning the idea of establishing universities in Russia, the tsar sent 18 young boyars to London, Lubeck and France to study foreign languages, as well how young Englishmen and Frenchmen then went to Moscow to study Russian....he invited not only doctors, artists, artisans, but also government officials to join him from England, Holland, and Germany.
He was not, but he was a tyrant; He did not go mad, but acted evilly, like John, eliminating his partners or executing his ill-wishers. If Godunov improved the state for a time, elevated it for a time in the opinion of Europe, was it not he who plunged Russia into the abyss of almost unheard-of misfortune - he betrayed it as a prey to the Poles and vagabonds, caused a host of avengers and impostors by exterminating the ancient royal tribe? Was it not he who, finally, most of all contributed to the humiliation of the throne, sitting on it as a holy murderer?
1. To which dates back to the reign of Boris Godunov? What was special about his accession?
2. What are, according to the historian, the merits of Boris Godunov? Name at least three provisions.
3. Using a source and knowledge of the course of history, explain why Boris Godunov, despite all his merits, left a contradictory memory of himself in the history of Russia. Give at least three explanations.
4. Consider the historical situation and answer the questions.
In January 1613, the Zemsky Sobor opened, in which representatives of the clergy, boyars, nobles, city suburbs, Cossacks and even elected representatives of the black sowing peasants took part. The Council decided that it would not look for a tsar among foreigners, and also rejected the candidacy of Marina Mnishek and the “warlord” - the son of Mnishek and False Dmitry II. Mikhail Romanov was elected Tsar. Name at least two reasons for the election of Mikhail Romanov to the Russian throne. What significance did this event have for the further development of the country? List at least three provisions.
5. In historical science, there are debatable problems on which different, often opposing points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.
“The Troubles were a manifestation of a deep internal crisis, one of the long-term consequences of the oprichnina and defeat in the Livonian War, which led to economic ruin, increased social unrest, widespread discontent, and the crisis was intensified by the intervention of external forces.”
Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it.
6. Below are three names historical figures of the Time of Troubles. Take one of them and complete the tasks.
1) Boris Godunov
2) False Dmitry I
3) Vasily Shuisky
Indicate the name and years of life of the historical figure (accurate to a decade or part of a century). Name the main directions of its activities and give a brief description of them. Indicate the results of this activity.
List of used literature
1. Unified State Exam-2014. History: standard exam options: 30 options / ed. A.B. Bezborodko, A.V. Ignatova. M.: Publishing house "National Education", 2013. 384 p.
2. History. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2013: educational and methodological manual / ed. O.G. Veryaskina. Rostov-on-Don: Legion, 2012. 304 p.
3. Katsva L.A. History of the Fatherland: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2012.
4. A short course in the history of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. Ed. Kerova V.V. M: AST:Astrel, 2011.
5. Pazin R.V. History of the development of Russian culture. 10 – 11 grades. Preparation for the Unified State Exam: reference materials, practical tasks and illustrations: educational and methodological manual. Rostov-on-Don: Legion, 2013.
6. Pazin R.V. History of Russia. 10-11 grades. Thematic tests for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Tasks of a high level of complexity (C4-C7): educational and methodological manual. Rostov on Don: Legion. 2010. 312 p.
7. Pazin R.V. Story. Preparation for the Unified State Exam. 10 – 11 grades. 140 historical figures of national and world history: materials of biographies. Assignment C6: historical essay: teaching aid. Rostov-on-Don: Legion, 2013.
8. Website of the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements fipi.ru. Open task bank.
Theory
"Time of Troubles in Russia"
Troubles (Time of Troubles)- a period of national history at the beginning of the 17th century, when the country was experiencing a political, economic and social crisis.
Causes of the Troubles
1. Dynastic crisis (cessation of the Rurik dynasty).
2. Economic crisis (rains, early frosts for three years in a row → famine 1601 – 1603).
3. The struggle for power between boyar groups.
4. Social crisis (dissatisfaction with their position of all classes).
5. Expansion of spheres of influence by military methods of neighboring states (Poland, Sweden).
1598 – 1605 – Boris Godunov. On February 17, 1598, B. Godunov was elected by the Zemsky Sobor. The first elected king! September 3, 1598 - B. Godunov’s crowning.
The activities carried out by B. Godunov were controversial (the examples given cover examples relating both to the period of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich and the independent reign of B. Godunov):
1. Freed the population from arrears.
2. Encouraged the development of trade and entrepreneurship.
3. The economic revival of the country began.
4. Construction of new cities in Siberia and the Volga region (Samara, Saratov (1589-1590), Tsaritsyn (1589), Tomsk).
5. The establishment of the patriarchate ensured its full autocephaly and raised the international authority of Rus' (the first patriarch Job (years of patriarchate 1589-1590)).
6. Took measures to combat hunger.
7. The rapprochement between Russia and the West began (he invited foreigners to serve in Russia, sent noble children to study abroad).
8. Active (successful) foreign policy: January-February 1590. campaign of Russian troops against Narva (capture of Yam, siege of Narva and Ivangorod); 1598 - the defeat of the troops of the Siberian Khan Kuchum in the Barabinsk steppe by Russian governors, the liquidation of the Siberian Khanate; 1601 – conclusion of the Russian-Polish truce for 20 years
The name of B. Godunov was associated with the Uglich case.
Crop failure and famine in Russia (1601 – 1603).
The measures taken by the government of B. Godunov during the famine caused discontent among the population.
B. Godunov’s claims to the throne were not supported by a significant part of the boyars, because I didn't think he was noble enough.
1603– The Rise of Cottonpaw.
April–May 1605 – Fedor Godunov.
The Godunovs are already a dynasty on the Russian throne!!!
1605 – 1606 – False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev). Invaded Russia in October 1604. Supported by the Polish king Sigismund III and governor Yuri Mniszek. False Dmitry promised them Russian lands and the introduction of Catholicism in Rus'. In October-November 1604, southern Russian cities (Chernigov, Putivl, Oskol, Voronezh, Yelets, etc.) went over to the side of False Dmitry. Patriarch Job was deposed (June 1605), Ryazan Archbishop Ignatius became the new patriarch (until May 1606, then he was exiled to the Chudov Monastery). July 1605 royal wedding. Was married to the daughter of a Polish tycoon Marine Mniszech(marriage May 1606).
Reasons for the success of False Dmitry
1. Support for various sectors of society dissatisfied with the rule of B. Godunov
2. Many considered him the legitimate heir to the throne, the “natural king.” B. Godunov was a tsar who took the throne not by inheritance, but through elections at the Zemsky Sobor, so the boyars used False Dmitry I in their interests in the fight against the “lawless Tsar” B. Godunov.
3. The sharp deterioration in the economic situation in the country caused dissatisfaction with the rule of B. Godunov.
4. The lower classes of society hoped to receive relief from their situation from False Dmitry I, and service people, the Cossacks, hoped to receive benefits and privileges.
5. Part of the royal governors and Cossack troops, taking into account the mood of the masses, went over to the side of False Dmitry I.
Reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry I.
1. The situation of the lower classes of society did not improve: tax oppression and serfdom remained.
2. Attempts to pursue an independent policy led to aggravation of contradictions with the boyars led by V. Shuisky.
3. Many service people did not receive what they expected.
4. By refusing to fulfill his promises to the Polish king and the Catholic Church, he lost the support of external forces.
5. The clergy and boyars expressed dissatisfaction with the violation by False Dmitry I of old Russian customs and the usual order of life.
6. Dissatisfaction with the impostor was associated with the approach of the Polish nobles to the royal court, who felt themselves to be the real masters in Moscow and with their behavior offended the national feelings and the Orthodox faith of the Russian people.
1606 – 1610 – Vasily Shuisky (Vasily IV)(he was called the “boyar king”).
Upon his accession to the throne, he gave kissing cross record- promises not to punish the boyars, not to execute the boyars, not to deprive them of their lands without the consent of the Boyar Duma, will not listen to false denunciations and punish the relatives of the disgraced.
From June 1606 new patriarch Hermogenes.
1606 – 1607- uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikova. The goal is to restore the rightful king (Tsarevich Dmitry, since there were rumors that he did not die in Uglich) to the throne. Bolotnikov called himself the governor of Tsarevich Dmitry. Cossacks, nobles, peasants, and serfs took part in the uprising. They could not take Moscow due to the betrayal of the nobles. The uprising is suppressed, Bolotnikov is executed.
1607– decree on a 15-year period for searching fugitive peasants.
June 1608 – invasion of Russia by the troops of False Dmitry II. He was called the Tushinsky thief, because... it is located near Moscow in the village of Tushino. He had his own yard there.
September 1608 – January 1610 – siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of the Tushino thief. Russian troops under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky managed to lift the siege.
February 1609- agreement of Tsar V.I. Shuisky with Sweden for help in the fight against the Tushins. Russia pledged to return the Korela volost to Sweden in exchange for Swedish military assistance in the fight against the Tushins. July 1609 victory of Russian and Swedish troops under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Tver. The alliance between Russia and Sweden is a reason for Polish intervention.
Intervention– violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state.
September 1609 – June 1611 – siege of Smolensk by the Poles led by Sigismund III. The defense of Smolensk (624 days) was led by Mikhail Borisovich Shein. Smolensk was taken, Shein was captured.
1610 – 1612- Seven Boyars. Head – F.I. Mstislavsky.
September 1610- the boyars allowed the Poles into Moscow.
January–February 1611- formation of the first militia in Ryazan. Leaders: P.P. Lyapunov (nobleman), D.T. Trubetskoy (prince), I.M. Zarutsky (Cossack ataman), D.M. Pozharsky (the prince has not yet played a major role). In Yaroslavl in June 1611 it was created Council of the whole earth- the governing body of the militia. The goal is to free Moscow from the Poles. Result: due to inconsistency of actions and disputes, they failed. P.P. Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks. The militia disbanded in July 1611.
Militia- a military formation created from free peasants, nobles, townspeople, etc. during the period of enemy invasions.
Search Lectures
Theory
"Time of Troubles in Russia"
Troubles (Time of Troubles)- a period of national history at the beginning of the 17th century, when the country was experiencing a political, economic and social crisis.
Causes of the Troubles
Dynastic crisis (cessation of the Rurik dynasty).
2. Economic crisis (rains, early frosts for three years in a row → famine 1601 – 1603).
3. The struggle for power between boyar groups.
4. Social crisis (dissatisfaction with their position of all classes).
5. Expansion of spheres of influence by military methods of neighboring states (Poland, Sweden).
B. Godunov was elected by the Zemsky Sobor. The first elected king! September 3, 1598 - B. Godunov’s crowning.
The activities carried out by B. Godunov were controversial (the examples given cover examples relating both to the period of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich and the independent reign of B. Godunov):
Freed the population from arrears.
2. Encouraged the development of trade and entrepreneurship.
3. The economic revival of the country began.
4. Construction of new cities in Siberia and the Volga region (Samara, Saratov (1589-1590), Tsaritsyn (1589), Tomsk).
The establishment of the patriarchate ensured its full autocephaly and raised the international authority of Rus' (the first patriarch Job (years of patriarchate 1589-1590)).
6. Took measures to combat hunger.
7. The rapprochement between Russia and the West began (he invited foreigners to serve in Russia, sent noble children to study abroad).
8. Active (successful) foreign policy: January-February 1590. campaign of Russian troops against Narva (capture of Yam, siege of Narva and Ivangorod); 1598 - the defeat of the troops of the Siberian Khan Kuchum in the Barabinsk steppe by Russian governors, the liquidation of the Siberian Khanate; 1601
- conclusion of a Russian-Polish truce for 20 years
The name of B. Godunov was associated with the Uglich case.
Crop failure and famine in Russia (1601 – 1603).
The measures taken by the government of B. Godunov during the famine caused discontent among the population.
B. Godunov’s claims to the throne were not supported by a significant part of the boyars, because I didn't think he was noble enough.
1603– The Rise of Cottonpaw.
April–May 1605 – Fedor Godunov.
The Godunovs are already a dynasty on the Russian throne!!!
1605 – 1606 – False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev).
Invaded Russia in October 1604. Supported by the Polish king Sigismund III and governor Yuri Mniszek. False Dmitry promised them Russian lands and the introduction of Catholicism in Rus'. In October-November 1604, southern Russian cities (Chernigov, Putivl, Oskol, Voronezh, Yelets, etc.) went over to the side of False Dmitry. Patriarch Job was deposed (June 1605), Ryazan Archbishop Ignatius became the new patriarch (until May 1606, then he was exiled to the Chudov Monastery).
July 1605 royal wedding. Was married to the daughter of a Polish tycoon Marine Mniszech(marriage May 1606).
Reasons for the success of False Dmitry
1. Support for various segments of society dissatisfied with B’s rule.
Godunova
2. Many considered him the legitimate heir to the throne, the “natural king.” B. Godunov was a tsar who took the throne not by inheritance, but through elections at the Zemsky Sobor, so the boyars used False Dmitry I in their interests in the fight against the “lawless Tsar” B. Godunov.
3. The sharp deterioration in the economic situation in the country caused dissatisfaction with B’s rule.
Godunov.
4. The lower classes of society hoped to receive relief from their situation from False Dmitry I, and service people, the Cossacks, hoped to receive benefits and privileges.
5. Part of the royal governors and Cossack troops, taking into account the mood of the masses, went over to the side of False Dmitry I.
Reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry I.
1. The situation of the lower classes of society did not improve: tax oppression and serfdom remained.
Attempts to pursue an independent policy led to aggravation of contradictions with the boyars led by V. Shuisky.
3. Many service people did not receive what they expected.
4. By refusing to fulfill his promises to the Polish king and the Catholic Church, he lost the support of external forces.
5. The clergy and boyars expressed dissatisfaction with the violation by False Dmitry I of old Russian customs and the usual order of life.
Dissatisfaction with the impostor was associated with the approach of the Polish nobles to the royal court, who felt themselves to be the real masters in Moscow and with their behavior offended the national feelings and the Orthodox faith of the Russian people.
1606 – 1610 – Vasily Shuisky (Vasily IV)(he was called the “boyar king”).
Upon his accession to the throne, he gave kissing cross record- promises not to punish the boyars, not to execute the boyars, not to deprive them of their lands without the consent of the Boyar Duma, will not listen to false denunciations and punish the relatives of the disgraced.
From June 1606 new patriarch Hermogenes.
1606 – 1607- uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikova.
The goal is to restore the rightful king (Tsarevich Dmitry, since there were rumors that he did not die in Uglich) to the throne. Bolotnikov called himself the governor of Tsarevich Dmitry. Cossacks, nobles, peasants, and serfs took part in the uprising. They could not take Moscow due to the betrayal of the nobles.
Popular materials:
The uprising is suppressed, Bolotnikov is executed.
1607– decree on a 15-year period for searching fugitive peasants.
June 1608 – invasion of Russia by the troops of False Dmitry II.
He was called the Tushinsky thief, because... it is located near Moscow in the village of Tushino. He had his own yard there.
September 1608 – January 1610 – siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of the Tushino thief. Russian troops under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky managed to lift the siege.
February 1609- agreement of Tsar V.I. Shuisky with Sweden for help in the fight against the Tushins.
Russia pledged to return the Korela volost to Sweden in exchange for Swedish military assistance in the fight against the Tushins. July 1609 victory of Russian and Swedish troops under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Tver. The alliance between Russia and Sweden is a reason for Polish intervention.
Intervention– violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state.
The defense of Smolensk (624 days) was led by Mikhail Borisovich Shein. Smolensk was taken, Shein was captured.
1610 – 1612- Seven Boyars. Head – F.I. Mstislavsky.
September 1610- the boyars allowed the Poles into Moscow.
January–February 1611- formation of the first militia in Ryazan. Leaders: P.P. Lyapunov (nobleman), D.T. Trubetskoy (prince), I.M. Zarutsky (Cossack ataman), D.M.
Pozharsky (the prince has not yet played a major role). In Yaroslavl in June 1611 it was created Council of the whole earth- the governing body of the militia. The goal is to free Moscow from the Poles. Result: due to inconsistency of actions and disputes, they failed. P.P. Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks. The militia disbanded in July 1611.
Militia- a military formation created from free peasants, nobles, townspeople, etc.
during the period of enemy invasions.
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Zhedmitry I
| Domestic policy | |
| Introduced a number of concessions to peasants and serfs (so serfdom was not passed on to heirs) Declared freedom of religion. He exempted the south of the country from taxes, while at the same time increasing taxes in the country as a whole. He confirmed the important role of the Boyar Duma in the country and relied on it. Restored the search for runaway peasants |
|
| Foreign policy | |
| Poles held many government positions, and the tsar granted them lands. He made many promises to Poland: to participate in the anti-Turkish alliance, to transfer the Seversk, Smolensk lands and other territories. |
RESULTS OF ACTIVITY
reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry 1
From the biography
This is interesting
The bribe-taker was subjected to both physical and mental torture. He was taken around the city with the clothes in which he took bribes hung around his neck. For example, a bag with money, even fish beads.
4. First period. False Dmitry I
And at this time the convoy also beat him with sticks. It's painful and embarrassing. But the nobles and boyars were not subjected to such torture; they paid a fine.
Yes, this ruler left at least some good memory of himself.
Related information:
Search on the site:
reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry 1
Zhedmitry I
| Domestic policy | |
| The desire to strengthen one’s position and achieve recognition by all layers of society. | He introduced monetary and land benefits to the nobles and tried to rely on the local nobility. Introduced a number of concessions to peasants and serfs (so serfdom was not passed on to heirs) Declared freedom of religion. He exempted the south of the country from taxes, while at the same time increasing taxes in the country as a whole. He confirmed the important role of the Boyar Duma in the country and relied on it. Restored the search for runaway peasants |
| Inconsistent solution to the cross-issue. | Began a gradual weakening of the dependence of some peasants. Increased the term of the school years. |
| Began a serious fight against bribery | |
| Further development of culture. | He allowed the children of merchants and boyars to travel abroad for education. |
| Foreign policy | |
| He allowed the dominance of the Poles in Russia. | The Poles held many government positions, the tsar granted them lands. He made many promises to Poland: to participate in the anti-Turkish alliance, to transfer the Seversk, Smolensk lands and other territories. False Dmitry 1 |
RESULTS OF ACTIVITY
§ He was unable to strengthen his power, aroused the hatred of almost all segments of the population, and lost the support of the Poles because he did not fulfill his promises.
§ Brought the country to economic ruin, disorder, famine, deterioration of the situation
§ Conducted an unsuccessful foreign policy that did not express the interests of Russia.
reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry 1
§ Loss of support from almost all segments of the population
§ Failure to fulfill promises to both the Poles and various segments of the population in Russia
§ Disdainful attitude towards Russian customs and etiquette
§ People's rejection of the fact that a Catholic is in power
From the biography
§ The Time of Troubles is a period in the history of Rus', during which the country experienced a crisis in all spheres of society.
And this was due to the fact that a dynastic crisis began. This happened after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584.
§ Ivan the Terrible killed his first son in a fit of anger in 1581. The second son, Fyodor Ioannovich, reigned for a short time (from 1584 to 1598), and even then he was not very intelligent, and Boris Godunov, the brother of Fyodor’s wife Irina, conducted politics on his behalf.
And the third son, Dmitry, died under mysterious circumstances in Uglich, where he lived with his mother, Maria Naga. It was this situation that False Dmitry 1 took advantage of, declaring himself the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry.
he lived in the Chudov Monastery. In 1602 - fled to Poland, converted to Catholicism and found supporters, setting the goal of returning to Russia, becoming its king.
§ In 1604, Dmitry gathered an army, enlisting the support of Tsar Sigismund III.
and with the help of governor Yuri Mnishek, promising to marry his daughter Marina, in the fall of 1604, with an army of three thousand, he entered Russian territory.
§ False Dmitry 1 devoted most of his time to amusements, fun, hunting, and was practically not involved in political affairs. Thus, he managed to alienate almost all segments of the population of Rus'.
§ He was overthrown on May 17, 1606; the rebels were led by the boyar Vasily Shuisky. The corpse was burned, and the ashes were shot from a cannon towards Poland, where it came from.
§ There is still no consensus on who False Dmitry 1 was.
So Karamzin supported the point of view that it was the monk of the Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev. This opinion formed the basis for the portrayal of the impostor in A.S. Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov.” Kostomarov believed that he was a Polish protege. A. Tolsto adhered to this point of view when he created his work - the play “Tsar Boris”.
§ Outwardly, False Dmitry was ugly, short in stature, but had great physical strength - he could easily bend a horseshoe.
Contemporaries claim that he really looked like Tsarevich Dmitry.
This is interesting
False Dmitry, despite his mostly negative policies, left behind at least some positive memory. Here are some interesting facts from his reign.
§ False Dmitry fought against bribery.
The bribe-taker was subjected to both physical and mental torture. He was taken around the city with the clothes in which he took bribes hung around his neck. For example, a bag with money, even fish beads. And at this time the convoy also beat him with sticks.
It's painful and embarrassing. But the nobles and boyars were not subjected to such torture; they paid a fine.
§ It was under False Dmitry that the game of chess was allowed. Before this, the church opposed equating the game with gambling and even drunkenness.
§ It is also interesting that it was False Dmitry who first began to use cutlery during receptions in the Chamber of Facets. Such cutlery was served to guests during his wedding to Marina Mnishek.
From the biography
- The Time of Troubles is a period in the history of Rus', during which the country experienced a crisis in all spheres of society. And this was due to the fact that a dynastic crisis began. This happened after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584.
- Ivan the Terrible killed his first son in a fit of anger in 1581. The second son, Fyodor Ioannovich, reigned for a short time (from 1584 to 1598), and even then he was not very intelligent, and politics on his behalf was carried out by Boris Godunov, the brother of Fyodor’s wife, Irina. And the third son, Dmitry, died under mysterious circumstances in Uglich, where he lived with his mother, Maria Naga. It was this situation that False Dmitry 1 took advantage of, declaring himself the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry.
- From 1601 he lived in the Chudov Monastery. In 1602 - fled to Poland, converted to Catholicism and found supporters, setting the goal of returning to Russia, becoming its tsar.
- In 1604, Dmitry gathered an army, enlisting the support of Tsar Sigismund Z. and the help of governor Yuri Mnishek, promising to marry his daughter Marina; in the fall of 1604, with an army of three thousand, he entered Russian territory.
- False Dmitry 1 devoted most of his time to amusements, fun, hunting, and was practically not involved in political affairs. Thus, he managed to alienate almost all segments of the population of Rus'.
- He was overthrown on May 17, 1606; the rebels were led by the boyar Vasily Shuisky. The corpse was burned, and the ashes were shot from a cannon towards Poland, where it came from.
- There is still no consensus on who False Dmitry 1 was. So Karamzin supported the point of view that it was the monk of the Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev. This opinion formed the basis for the portrayal of the impostor in A.S. Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov.” Kostomarov believed that he was a Polish protege. A. Tolsto adhered to this point of view when he created his work - the play “Tsar Boris”.
- Outwardly, False Dmitry was ugly, short in stature, but had great physical strength - he could easily bend a horseshoe. Contemporaries claim that he really looked like Tsarevich Dmitry.
False Dmitry, despite his mostly negative policies, left behind at least some positive memory. Here are some interesting facts from his reign.
- False Dmitry fought against bribery. The bribe-taker was subjected to both physical and mental torture. He was taken around the city with the clothes in which he took bribes hung around his neck. For example, a bag with money, even fish beads. And at this time the convoy also beat him with sticks. It's painful and embarrassing. But the nobles and boyars were not subjected to such torture; they paid a fine.
- It was under False Dmitry that the game of chess was allowed. Before this, the church opposed it, equating the game with gambling and even drunkenness.
- It is also interesting that it was False Dmitry who first began to use cutlery during receptions in the Chamber of Facets. Such cutlery was served to guests during his wedding to Marina Mnishek.
Yes, this ruler left at least some good memory of himself.
Reasons for the overthrow of False Dmitry 1
- Loss of support from almost all segments of the population
- Failure to fulfill promises to both the Poles and various segments of the population in Russia
- Disdainful attitude towards Russian customs and etiquette, behaved “inappropriately for a Russian Tsar.”
- The people's rejection of the fact that a Catholic is in power (False Dmitry converted to Catholicism in Poland).
Historical portrait of False Dmitry I
Areas of activity
1.Domestic policy
| Areas of activity | Results |
| 1. The desire to strengthen one’s position, to achieve recognition by all layers of society. |
5. Confirmed the important role of the Boyar Duma in the country, and relied on it.
|
| 2. Inconsistent solution to the peasant question. |
2.Increased the term of lesson years |
|
|
| 4. Further development of culture. |
|
2. Foreign policy
RESULTS OF ACTIVITY
- He was unable to strengthen his power, aroused the hatred of almost all segments of the population, and lost the support of the Poles because he did not fulfill his promises.
- He brought the country to economic ruin, disorder, hunger, and a deterioration in the situation of the majority of the population.
- He led an unsuccessful foreign policy that did not express the interests of Russia.
Chronology of the life and activities of False Dmitry I
| 1601 | Fled from Russia to Poland |
| 16 October 1604 | Invaded Russian territory with a small army. |
| 21 January 1605 | Defeat from the tsarist troops near Dobrynichi and flight to Putivl |
| April 13, 1605 | The sudden death of Boris Godunov and the accession of his son Fedor. |
| June 1605 | Unrest among townspeople in Moscow. The murder of Fedor and his mother, the deposition of Patriarch Job. Filaret was appointed Patriarch. |
| 20 June 1605 | False Dmitry entered Moscow. |
| February 1606 | Decree reinstating the five-year search for runaway peasants and allowing unauthorized departure only under threat of starvation |
| June 1605 | Crowning of False Dmitry to the kingdom under the name of Dmitry 1. |
| February1606 | Poland demands territory for assistance in accession to the throne: Smolensk, Seversk land, Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh. |
| 8 May 1606 | Marriage to Marina Mnishek. |
| 17 May 1606 | The uprising in Moscow against the Poles, which was led by V. Shuisky, the murder of False Dmitry 1. |
There are many examples in world history when power in a particular country was seized by impostors who posed as real rulers. There were such cases in Rus'. The first of them occurred in 1605, when False Dmitry 1 was on the Moscow throne. The biography of this historical figure contains many contradictory facts. Some historians attribute to him royal origin, but most scientists are inclined to believe that the man who declared himself the miraculously saved youngest son of Ivan IV the Terrible, Dmitry, was an adventurer with cunning and an enviable mind.
Origin and early life of the impostor
Who was False Dmitry 1 really? A short biography of this man does not contain much information about his life before ascending the throne. In official history it is generally accepted that False Dmitry 1 was born around 1581 in Galich (Kostroma volost). At birth, the impostor was named Yuri (Yushka), and his father was a nobleman from the impoverished Lithuanian family of the Nelidovs, Bogdan Otrepiev. Arriving in Moscow in his youth, the young man entered service in one of the orders. After working for some time, Yuri Otrepiev became a monk under the name Grigory. This happened when Yushka went to the monastery not out of great faith, but in order to avoid reprisals, because in his worldly life he stole, drank drunk and did not listen to his father.
A year after being tonsured as a monk, Gregory managed to settle in the Chudov Monastery in Moscow. Being literate and possessing calligraphic handwriting, the young man received a position as a book copyist. It is here that Otrepiev’s idea arises to impersonate the prematurely deceased heir to the Moscow throne, Tsarevich Dmitry. Gregory was approximately the same age as the youngest son of John IV, and even bore a resemblance to him.
Description of Otrepyev's appearance
The characteristics of False Dmitry 1, left by his contemporaries, indicate that he was below average height, unusually wide, with a short neck and arms of different lengths. This man cannot be called handsome: he was “decorated” with large warts and a large, shoe-like nose. He was gloomy and brooding, but had remarkable physical strength and could easily bend a horseshoe with his bare hands.
Life in Poland
What was the further fate of the man who went down in history as False Dmitry 1? His brief biography shows that in 1602 he was accused of theft and ran away from the monastery. The fraudster stayed in Kyiv for some time, and then moved to Poland and secretly converted to the Catholic faith. There he proclaimed himself the legitimate heir to the Russian throne and enlisted the support of the king. In gratitude for helping him seize the Moscow throne, False Dmitry 1 promised to give the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth part of the Western Russian lands. The impostor also secured the support of the governor Jerzy Mniszek, swearing to him to marry his daughter Marina, donate the cities of Pskov and Novgorod and pay 1 million zlotys.
Attack on Russian cities and seizure of power
False Dmitry 1, together with a three-thousand-strong Polish army, began his campaign against Russian lands in the fall of 1604. Due to the dissatisfaction of the local population with the internal policies of Boris Godunov, who was the de facto ruler of the state under the frail son of Ivan the Terrible, Otrepiev quickly managed to subjugate a number of Russian cities and settle in Putivl. It was here that False Dmitry 1 settled with his government. The short biography of the impostor contains facts confirming that the people supported the new ruler, believing that before him was really the miraculously saved son of John IV, and he would restore order to their lands.
In April 1605, Boris Godunov suddenly died and his son Fedor was proclaimed heir to the throne. However, he did not manage to hold on to power for long: a few weeks later he was overthrown by supporters of False Dmitry. Having officially ascended the throne on June 20, 1605, the impostor ordered the murder of Fedor and his mother, and he made his sister Ksenia his concubine, and then sent her to a monastery.
In order for the people to finally believe that this was the real heir to the throne, a meeting was arranged between the adventurer and Marya Naga, Dmitry’s mother. The woman recognized the man standing in front of her as her son. Later, after Otrepyev’s death, she renounced her words, admitting that she was forced to tell a lie by his supporters.
Characteristics of the internal policy of False Dmitry 1
Once in power, the newly-minted ruler officially banned bribery, ordered the return of people who had suffered under Godunov from exile, reorganized the army and increased the salaries of everyone who was in the service. The impostor made things easier by freeing the south of Russia from taxes and taking away land plots from the monasteries.
The internal policy of False Dmitry 1 was aimed at strengthening Polish influence in all spheres of state life. He started the construction of churches, distributed foreign entertainment among ordinary people and organized the Secret Chancellery, which included Poles. Under the impostor, the Boyar Duma was renamed the Senate, and construction of a wooden palace with secret passages began near the Kremlin. In foreign policy, False Dmitry 1 was preparing for a war with the Turks, in which Sigismund III was interested.
Otrepiev's wedding with Marina Mnishek and his murder
Very soon False Dmitry 1 lost the support of the people. His biography indicates that he had a lot of fun, loved hunting and beautiful women. The dissatisfaction of Orthodox people was caused by the marriage of the ruler with Marina Mnishek, carried out according to the Catholic rite. During the celebration, many Poles came to Moscow, who, having become fairly tipsy, robbed passers-by and broke into the houses of the local population.
On May 17, 1606, in the midst of the wedding celebration, Prince Vasily Shuisky, seeking to seize the throne, raised an uprising in Moscow, as a result of which False Dmitry 1 and his supporters were killed. People, angry at the tyranny of the impostor, mocked his body for a long time, and then burned it and, loading a cannon with ashes, fired from it in the direction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This is how False Dmitry 1 ended his days ingloriously. This short biography is an instructive story that tells about what happens to impostors.
Introduction_________________________________________________ 2
The country after the death of Ivan the Terrible and the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich_______________________________________________ 4
Who is False Dmitry 1_________________________________ 7
What Grigory Otrepiev said in Lithuania____________________9
The beginning of the campaign against Moscow_________________________________________10
The accession of the impostor______________________________________________12
Reign and death of Otrepyev______________________________15
Conclusion ________________________________________________17
1.Introduction.
The Time of Troubles was the most difficult period in the history of Russia, heavy blows rained down on it from all sides: boyar feuds and intrigues, Polish intervention, unfavorable climatic conditions almost put an end to the history of the Russian state. There is still no unambiguous assessment of the characters of that time and their actions .Many artists, poets, and musicians created masterpieces on the theme of the time of troubles.
I think everyone is free to decide for themselves how they feel about this or that character and his actions. In this essay, I tried to reflect the brief course of events and the attitude of historians to the appearance of the first impostor who took the name Dmitry (later called by historians False Dmitry 1), especially since different historians portray him differently (although this seems to be typical for any historical figure) . For example, Ruslan Skrynnikov portrays him as a kind of monster who did not find himself in ordinary life and therefore decided on an adventure. It should be noted that the phenomenon impostor belongs not only to Russian history. Back in the 6th century. BC, the Median priest Gaumata took the name of the Achaemenid king Bardiya and ruled for eight months until he was killed by the Persian conspirators. Since then, over the course of thousands of years, different people, inhabitants of different countries have taken the names of killed, deceased or missing rulers. The fates of the impostors were different, but most of them met a sad end - the penalty for deception was most often execution or imprisonment. However, there is much that is unique in Russian imposture. Sacralization tsarist power in the public consciousness of the Russian Middle Ages not only did not prevent the spread of this phenomenon, but also contributed to it. Already in the title of the first Russian impostor False Dmitry I, elements of the religious legend about the Tsar-Deliverer, Tsar-Redeemer appear. No less remarkable is the enormous role played by impostors in Russian history in the 17th-18th centuries, and the active regeneration of this phenomenon at the end of the 20th century. From a cultural point of view, the phenomenon of Russian impostor has already been studied, but its research is far from complete. There are still many unresolved questions in the history of this phenomenon - and it is unlikely that all of them will ever be resolved.
The main course of events is described in the books by Ruslan Skrynnikov “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Boris Godunov”. Comparisons with the opinions of other historians are taken on the basis of Sergei Shokarev’s article “Impostors” and two textbooks for higher school (the first by V. Artyomov, Yu. Lubchenkov and the second written by a number of authors edited by P. P. Epifanov).
2. The country after the death of Ivan the Terrible and the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich.
The Moscow state at the turn of the 4th - 48th centuries was experiencing a severe political and socio-economic crisis, which was especially evident in the situation in the central regions of the state.
As a result of the opening for Russian colonization of the vast south-eastern lands of the middle and lower Volga region, a wide stream of peasant population rushed there from the central regions of the state, seeking to escape the sovereign and landowner "tax", and this outflow of labor led to a shortage of workers in central Russia . The more people left the center, the heavier the pressure of the state landlord tax on the remaining peasants. The growth of landownership brought an increasing number of peasants under the power of the landowners, and the lack of labor forces forced the landowners to increase peasant taxes and duties, and also to strive by all means to secure for themselves the existing peasant population of their estates. The position of “full” and “bonded” slaves was always quite difficult, and at the end of the 4th century the number of enslaved slaves was increased by a decree that ordered the conversion into enslaved slaves of all those previously free servants and workers who had served their masters for more than six months.
In the second half of the 4th century, special circumstances, external and internal, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. The difficult Livonian War, which lasted 25 years and ended in complete failure, required enormous sacrifices of people and material resources from the population. The Tatar invasion and the defeat of Moscow in 1571 significantly increased casualties and losses. The oprichnina of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, which shook and undermined the old way of life and familiar relationships, intensified the general discord and demoralization; During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, “a terrible habit was established of not respecting the life, honor, and property of one’s neighbor” (Soloviev).
While on the Moscow throne there were sovereigns of the old familiar dynasty, direct descendants of Rurik and Vladimir the Saint, the vast majority of the population meekly and unquestioningly obeyed their “natural sovereigns.” But when the dynasty ended, the state turned out to be “nobody’s”, the population was confused and fell into ferment. The upper stratum of the Moscow population, the boyars, economically weakened and morally humiliated by the policies of Ivan the Terrible, began a troubled struggle for power in a country that had become “stateless.”
After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, Fyodor Ioannovich, distinguished by his weak physique and reason, was named Tsar. He could not rule, so it was to be expected that others would do it for him - and so it was. The new tsar was under the influence of his wife, the sister of a nearby boyar, Boris Fedorovich Godunov. The latter managed to remove all his rivals and, during the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich (1584-1598), in essence, it was he who ruled the state. It was during his reign that an event occurred that had a huge impact on the subsequent course of history. This is the death of Tsarevich Dimitri, the younger half-brother of Tsar Fyodor, adopted by the Terrible from his seventh wife Marya Naga. An illegal canonical marriage made the fruit of this marriage questionable in terms of legality. However, after the death of his father, little Prince Dimitri (he was called that way) was recognized as the “appanage prince” of Uglich and was sent to Uglich, to his “appanage,” along with his mother and uncles. At the same time, agents of the central government lived and acted next to the appanage palace, Moscow officials - permanent (clerk Mikhailo Bityagovsky) and temporary (“city clerk” Rusin Rakov). There was constant hostility between the Nagi and these representatives of state power, since the Nagi could not give up the dream of “appanage” autonomy and believed that the Moscow government and its agents were violating the rights of the “appanage prince.” The state power, of course, was not inclined to recognize appanage claims and constantly gave the Naked people reasons for insult and slander. It was in such an atmosphere of constant anger, abuse and quarrels that little Dimitri died. On May 15, 1591, he died from a wound inflicted with a knife in the throat while he was playing matchmaking with “funny little kids” in the courtyard of the Uglich Palace. Eyewitnesses to the official investigators (Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky and Metropolitan Gelasius) showed that the prince stabbed himself with a knife in a sudden attack of “epileptic illness” (more precisely, in an attack of epilepsy). But at the moment of the event, Dimitri’s mother, distraught with grief, began to shout that the prince had been stabbed to death. Her suspicion fell on the Moscow clerk Bityagovsky and his relatives. The crowd, called by the alarm, committed pogrom and violence against them. Bityagovsky’s house and office (“official hut”) were robbed and over ten people were killed. After the “investigation” of everything that happened, the Moscow authorities admitted that the prince died from an accidental suicide, that the Nagiye were guilty of incitement, and the Uglichites were guilty of murder and robbery. The culprits were exiled to various places, the “queen” Marya Nagaya was tonsured in a distant monastery, and the prince was buried in the Uglich Cathedral. His body was not brought to Moscow, where members of the grand ducal and royal families were usually buried - in the “Archangel” with the “blessed royal parents”; and Tsar Fedor did not come to his brother’s funeral; and the prince’s grave did not become memorable and was so unnoticeable that it was not immediately found when they began to look for it in 1606. It seemed that in Moscow they did not mourn for the “prince”, but on the contrary, they tried to forget him. But it was all the more convenient for dark rumors to spread about this unusual matter. Rumors said that the prince was killed, that his death was necessary for Boris, who wanted to reign after Tsar Fedor, that Boris first sent poison to the prince, and then ordered him to be stabbed when the boy was saved from the poison.
There is an opinion that as part of the investigative commission, Godunov sent loyal people to Uglich who were not concerned about finding out the truth, but about drowning out the rumors about the violent death of the Uglich prince. However, Skrynnikov refutes this opinion, believing that a number of important circumstances are not taken into account. The investigation in Uglich was led by Vasily Shuisky, perhaps the most intelligent and resourceful of Boris’s opponents. One of his brothers was executed by order of Godunov, the other died in the monastery. And Vasily himself spent several years in exile, from which he returned shortly before the events in Uglich. Agree, it would be strange if he bore false witness in favor of Boris. In addition, a situation had developed in the country (the threat of invasion by Swedish troops and Tatars, possible popular unrest) in which the death of Dmitry was undesirable for Boris and, moreover, extremely dangerous.
3. Who is False Dmitry 1.
At the end of 1603 and the beginning of 1604, a man arose in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who declared himself “The miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry.” At the end of 1604, he and a small (about 500 people) detachment of Poles invaded the Russian state.
