Return mutation First, I read L. Byzov’s article “Asianization,” and then I heard about the surprising statement of the head of the Federal Migration Service, Mr. Romodanovsky. And he said that his wonderful service with an avalanche of illegal migration alone has already

VERB TENSES

VERB TENSE The present tense of a verb is often used to convey a past or future action. In the first case, when an event from the past is spoken of as if it were happening at the present moment, the author's purpose is usually to give the narrative

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with postfix xia(s), which express the opposite action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, date.

Suffix xia(s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It comes after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix xia (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself in the accusative case singular.

Using a suffix xia(s) verbs are formed:

Attention! It is written -s is written Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; I shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Verb state category

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and object of an action. Yes, in a sentence The team carries out the plan the subject of the action (or the bearer of dynamic characteristics) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent, aimed at an object (plan), which in a sentence acts as a direct object.

The logical relations of subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action aimed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical form, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In this sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of passive action. Verb carried out formed from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, has lost its transitive meaning. The logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the instrumental of the subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone greets a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action aimed at an independent object; in the second, the action is distributed between subjects and is also an object.

The meaning of the verb state is closely related to the semantics of the verb and turns out to be in its syntactic connections with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the methods of verbal control, closely associated with the category of transitivity/intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of an active action, but intransitive verbs never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive ones using a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and enduring ones do not correlate with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom), express a one-sided, subjective attitude. Compare for example:

Subject-object relations Subject relations

The student completes the task. - Everyone around is sleeping.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. - Lena laughs.

Lena gets dressed (Alyonushka dresses herself).

The morphological and word-formative means of expressing individual meanings of a state is the postfix Xia. With the help of this word-forming affix the meaning of reverse and passive action is expressed.

Transitive and intransitive verbs correlate with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry-carry. Only when creating verbs with a passive meaning are the semantic nuances of comparable verbs almost invisible, for example the factory builds workshops, workshops are built by the factory; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or active), passive and reverse neuter.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express double, subject-object relations; these are verbs of zero object state.

Attention! In linguistic science, since the time of M.V. Lomonosov, a traditional system of verb states has been defined. M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” named six states: real (or transitional), inverse, reciprocal, average, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the inverse state, its various meanings are considered: actually inverse, indirectly reciprocal, mutually inverse, etc.

In the academic grammar of the Ukrainian language, only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings - active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - by morphological and syntactic forms. When considering the verbal state, there is a different approach of scientists to this category: some take into account the semantic and grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity/intransitivity; some scientists rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, leaving the subject relations with the zero object without attention.

1. Active state. Verbs of the active (or actual) state express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the accusative case form without a preposition have this meaning.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythes his scythe loudly(M. Rylsky) The girls looked at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or pronoun or other substantivized word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to logical subject-object relations.

2. Passive state. Verbs of the passive state are contrasted with verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject of a passive verb has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship between a passive subject and a passive action. The object of action with a passive verb is expressed by the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantivized word), which acts as the subject, for example: The song is performed by all concert participants.

Passive verbs arise from active verbs using a postfix -xia. The states of the verb, correlative in meaning, appear respectively in active or passive figures of speech, for example: The singer performs an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs in the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with the instrumental subject, the verb is often placed in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed by the form of the passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm obsessed with you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass... I am affirmed, I am affirmed, I live(P. Tychina) I'm abandoned and I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of an instrumental subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reflexive-medial state. For comparison: The film is watched by a commission And The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. Verbs of the reflexive-medial state express the action of the subject, do not transform into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(puts on his shoes) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of reflexive-medial state, differently characterize the relationship between the subject and object of the action

a) the actual reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy did not hesitate to wash and tidy up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which simultaneously acts as the object of the action. These include verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, communicate, consult. For example: It was then... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. “And now you see where we met,” Zherdyaga recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirect reflexive verbs express an action performed for the subject himself. Verbs with an indirect meaning may have an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for a trip. These verbs differ from the actual inverse ones in that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: The girl washes her face(the girl washes herself) and girl getting ready to go(the girl packs her things for the trip) The father took his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

d) reflexive verbs express action, concentrated in the actor herself, or express the internal state of the subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship between the performer of the action and the object admire, worry, wonder, get angry, become angry, calm down, lament, shake, suffer and under. For example: There three willows bowed down as they lamented(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. These include verbs with the meaning of dynamic characteristics of creatures: bite, fight, scratch, hit (the dog bites, the cow hits, the cat scratches, the horse hits) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle prick) ",

e) passive qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, which includes the influential actions of another object. This includes verbs like tear, bend, fight, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, turn into a liquid state), melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks."

f) reflexive passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs control the form of the dative case (dative subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object of reflexive-passive verbs is expressed in the nominative case form and acts as the subject of the sentence. For example: And I remember my grandfather’s Ulyantsi fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the nominative case form, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Reflexive passive verbs arise from transitive verbs using a postfix -sya, in which, to a certain extent, the meaning of the reciprocal pronoun has been preserved, especially in the group of reflexive verbs themselves.

All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the object expression -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix Xia (can’t sleep, can’t sit, can’t lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relationship (the relationship of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and out of the restless fog came the blue-eyed, golden-fanged September(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed by an impersonal verb with postfixes xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of him (I couldn’t sleep; the girl couldn’t sit in the house; he couldn’t lie down).

• Shakhmatov A. Ya. Syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - P. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Ed. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.

Basic meanings of postfix – xia

IN depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sia- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.

Refundable- these are verbs that have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

For example:

swim, smile, hope

Non-refundable- these are verbs that do not have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

Some verbs in modern Russian have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - non-reflexivity.

Exercise:

Compare:

dress - get dressed, bathe - swim, see - see

Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.

Exercise:

Compare:

smile, hope, tumble;

go, sit down, freeze

Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give different verb forms semantic meanings :

1) Self-return value when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).

For example:

I wash my face

2) Reciprocal value , when each of the two actors acts simultaneously as both a subject and an object.

For example:

1. Friends met and hugged brotherly.

2. And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss

3) Return value when the action does not transfer to anyone, but is confined to the subject himself.

For example:

He got angry.

We're offended

Such verbs, as a rule, express the internal mental state of a person.

4) Objectless return value e, when the action being spoken of is a property of the given subject.

For example:

The dog bites.

The cow is butting.

The cat is scratching.

Nettle stings

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian language

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Explanatory note
In the section “Modern Russian language: Morphology”, according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - introduction to modern morphology

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

Discipline
Grammar is one of the oldest sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient

Russian language
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological

Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphologist

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleeping, whiteness

Meaning
According to their lexical meaning, nouns in the Russian language are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect

The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting the necessary nouns instead of dots. 1. Ceremonial celebrations were held for those leaving for the army.

Classifications of nouns by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find nouns of a certain category among these words and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing

Common and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lu

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns

Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student

Relative adjectives and their features
Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of objects not directly, but by their relationships to other objects. They can have different semantic meanings

Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a specific person or animal. For example: fathers (house), mother's

Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house

Their signs
Qualitative adjectives can have two forms - full and short. Short form

Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree - e

And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, when used figuratively

Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what ending they have. Is it similar to the endings of a being

Full and short adjectives and their characteristics
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Note cases of inappropriate use

Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from the adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (When doing the exercise, keep in mind that simple forms are compared

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any attribute of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven Number the names

In grammar, there are two categories of numerals: quantitative and ordinal. Cardinal numbers

Declension of numerals
The cardinal numeral one, which displays a number of grammatical features that bring it closer to the adjective as a part of speech, is declined using the ending

The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Witty, my dear, hands down! Have a full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following Note and comment on it. Note: B

Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh changes in the same way as gray, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numerals and putting them in

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (answer n

The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as parts of speech that indicate objects, when

Pronouns
Based on the nature of the functions they perform (i.e., by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.

According to their grammatical properties, pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m

Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals are inflected

The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes were made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashniko

Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate whether the plural forms of 3rd person personal pronouns are used correctly. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n

Grammatical grades of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what are pronominal nouns; which, which, whose are pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How many and

Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns are combined with prepositions like this: there was no one - was not with anyone, did not tell anyone - did not go to anyone, was not noticed by anyone -

Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).

Topic plan
1. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic postfix values

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
The term “Verb” itself is of Old Slavonic origin. In the Old Russian language, the verb means “Word”. The verb is the largest part

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
If the initial form of a noun is the nominative singular form, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive

The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All

Verb mood category
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is an unstable grammatical category of the verb, i.e. by mood verb in Russian language izm

Verb person category. Impersonal verbs
The person category of the verb expresses the relationship of the action performed by the subject to the speaking person. Only verbs of the present and future tenses change by person. Past verbs

Verb conjugation
Changing present and future tense verbs into singular and plural persons is called conjugation. In the past tense verbs in s

In addition to the infinitive, special inconjugated forms of the verb are participles and gerunds. Communion

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skill is an adjective (short form), and skill is a verb. Compare:

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
Exercise 5 Read the joke fairy tale “Infinitive”. The Infinitive looks at how the verbs are conjugated and says: “Oh, is it really necessary to conjugate this way?” - And to

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Phrases with the instrumental case of the character are sometimes stylistically incongruous

Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the river bank. My dog ​​stumbled upon a hare. The shore was steep

Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the form will become clearer if it is associated with phenomena of reality. A pupil (student) will understand what the meaning of the perfect form is if it is clear to him

Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense form in different groups of verbs. From what basis are they formed? Using what affixes? What verbs have a past tense meaning?

Verb conjugation
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run have most endings of the II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?

Participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Make up a sentence with this participle to change

The participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 150 For each participle with explanatory words, two sentences are given. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a sentence and write it down.

The verb is the largest part of speech in the grammatical system of the modern Russian language. This is a significant part of speech, denoting an action or state of being

The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: - function in a sentence; - type of adverb meaning.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Like adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by contrasting three forms: positive, comparative and superlative. Forms of degrees of comparison

Exercises for independent work
Note: exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework. Up

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, a child is very

Features of the state category as a part of speech
The category of state (impersonal predicative words) is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in the grammatical

Condition categories
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad,

Unchangeable parts of speech
In the modern Russian language, along with the previously discussed seven variable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including nare

Pretext

Particles
Particles are usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and specifying the meaning of lexical and

Pretext
Exercise 1 Think about why the words but or cannot be considered prepositions. Exercise 2 Prepositions are used with the dative case:

Particles
Exercise 14 Read. Select the particles that serve: a) to form word forms; b) to convey different shades of meaning of the entire sentence or its members

A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) with other words in a sentence and phrase

Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself, like modal words, constitutes a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n

Modal words are a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which comes down to the transfer of various subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how

Students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian Language: Morphology” is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered two

Fund of control tasks for the discipline
“Modern Russian language: Morphology” (for students of the specialty “Journalism”) Note: The fund of control tasks is intended for control

List of abbreviations
Abr. – F. Abramov Already. – V. Azhaev Ax. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. Co

Information about Russian language researchers
Fyodor Ivanovich BUSLAEV (13 (2514.1818, Kerensk, now the village of Vadinsk, Penza region, - 31.7 (12.8).1897, village of Lyulino, Moscow province, now within Moscow) - Russian philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Main stages of studying morphology
In the study of the morphological structure of the Russian language, four periods can be roughly distinguished. The first period (mid-18th - mid-19th centuries) is associated with the name

V. V. Vinogradov
“Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words)” (excerpt) 1. It is necessary to pay attention to the subordination of some parts of speech to others, which in school

Parts of speech problem
(From the book by P.S. Kuznetsov “On the principles of studying grammar”) 1. An essential issue in morphology is the question of parts of speech,

Adjective
I. In modern Russian, short forms of qualitative adjectives are used only in the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate and are an accessory

Yuri Dolin
“Insidious” part of speech in the speech of television journalists First, it should be said that in recent decades the very problem of “Russian language on air” has become one of the most pressing issues.

The problem of pronouns as a special part of speech
Considering the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scientists came to the conclusion that pronouns were not composed at all.

How many categories of faces are there in modern Russian?
1. The system of grammatical categories, their content and structure, the methods and forms of their expression reflect the essence and specificity of the grammatical structure of the language.

Yu.T. Dolin
On the question of the grammatical nature of forms like “khlop” in modern Russian Forms like klop, hvat, bam both in Russian and in other Slavic languages ​​attracted etc.

Some tips on how to improve your
literacy Both jokingly and seriously 1. Check your literacy according to the talk book. 2. Between us, the place case

Reflexive verbs are called verbs that have a postfix – xia(s): to return, to dream, to dream, to start. The remaining verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Transitive verbs are verbs that indicate an action that passes to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:

Using a noun in the genitive case without a preposition: cut off the sausages, drink compote.

A noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case with a prepositional connection: read a book, see the sun, count sheep.

By a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: not to have the right .

The remaining verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe in the sun.

Perfective and imperfective verbs.

Perfect Verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of an action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, gallop, gallop away. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - galloped up) And future simple (what will they do? - they'll gallop). Perfect Verbs don't have present tense forms.

Imperfect verbs indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question “what to do?”: run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:

Past (what did you do? - watched, listened);

Present (what are they doing? - look, listen);

The future is complicated (what will they do? - they will read, they will watch).

Syntactic role of the verb.

The verb in a sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of a sentence:

Subject: Live- means to breathe;

Compound predicate: I I'm going to enroll to the Faculty of Philology;
Definition: I have a burning desire get out to the air;
Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
Purpose circumstance: Grandma sat down take a break.

Define an application.

Application- this is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example: An old grandmother looks out of the window. If next to the application - a common noun - there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: flying carpet, ascetic monk.

When a common noun is followed by a proper name, a hyphen is not placed (boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows a proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga, Moscow River, Ivan the Fool, Nightingale the Robber. The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames. If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because application and the main word are common nouns). Examples of typical applications (in italics): Volodya, an excellent student, was the first to raise his hand. Ivan the shepherd was driving the cows across the field.

Examples of exceptions:

Names are proper names, usually separated by quotation marks. The nominative case is used here, regardless of the form of the word being defined.

Names of press organs, literary works. In the Kommersant newspaper. In the novel "The Young Guard".

Names of enterprises. At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. Seizure of the Yukos enterprise.

Nicknames. Charges have been brought against Misha Two Percent. Vsevolod the Big Nest had eight sons.

A hyphen is not placed after words that are generally accepted addresses: Citizen Financial Inspector! Sorry to bother you.