Spelling suffixes and verb endings
1) Remember the rules for spelling personal endings of verbs.
In the present and future (simple) tense, two types of conjugation are distinguished depending on the personal endings of the verbs; to determine the type of conjugation, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form and correlate it with the type of conjugation (it’s easier to check starting from the second conjugation).
The II conjugation includes all verbs that in an indefinite form end in -it, except for the verbs shave, lay, build, sway, + 11 verbs ending in -at and na -et: drive, breathe, hold, offend, hear, see, hate , endure, twirl, depend and watch.
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, i.e. those that have indefinite endings –at, -ot, -et (meaning unstressed endings), and exceptions from II conjugation ( shave, lay, rest(only two forms are used: builds and builds
), sway).For example: glue - verb ending in -it, - 2 sp., therefore, you glue; fight - a verb that does not end in – it, 1 sp., therefore, they are fighting; lay - verb - exception from 2 sp., therefore, 1 sp. – creeping; see – verb 2 sp., therefore - you see.
There are so-called differently conjugated verbs. These are the verbs to dream, to run, to want. Wed. he runs and they run; the dawn is dawning and change is dawning. Pay attention to the forms of the verb to torture. Possible conjugation options for this verb (both 2nd and 1st conjugation):
- I'm torturing I'm torturing
- you're torturing you're torturing
- he torments he torments
- they torment they torment
The literary verbs measure, measure, measure, etc. are conjugated according to the II conjugation (measure, measure, measure... measure), and the colloquial verbs measure, measure, measure, measure are conjugated according to the I conjugation (measure, measure, measures).
So, verbs of the first conjugation have the endings -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut/-ut; verbs of the second conjugation have the endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at/-yat.
Pay attention to the verbs with the prefix you-; for example, look, get enough sleep. The conjugation of these verbs should be determined using the prefixless form:
sleep - check using the verb sleep (II conjugation, endings are under stress): you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep; therefore, you will get enough sleep, he will get enough sleep, they will get enough sleep.
2) Remember the spelling of verb suffixes
Writing suffixes –ova-/-eva-, -ыва-/-iva- in the indefinite form and in the past tense of the verb causes difficulty, because. they are unstressed. To determine which suffix is being written, you need to put the verb in the present (or simple future) form; if the suffix is preserved, then it is written –yva- ; if the suffix is omitted, then - -ova-/-eva- .
For example: to reconnoiter (present time - I reconnoiter-yva-yu - the suffix is preserved, therefore, it is written -yva- ); condition (present tense - I condition-iva-yu – the suffix is preserved, therefore, it is written -willow- ), advise (present time - I advise-u-yu - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -ova- ), treat (present time - I potch-u-yu - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -Eve-
).From suffixes –ova- /-eva-; -yva- /-iva- suffix should be distinguished -va- . This suffix is always stressed; it is preceded by a root vowel, which can be verified. For example: overcome - overcome; keep up - have time; publish - publish; entwine - entwine; to fan - to fan, to overcome - to overcome.
The spelling of some verbs should be remembered: in them before the stressed suffix -va- is written -e- ; For example: overshadow, exhort, intend
.Writing suffixes -e
-And -And- determined by the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. If verbs denote intransitive actions, i.e. are performed by the subject himself, in the objects themselves and do not transfer to the object, then it is written -e- ; if verbs denote actions that go to an object, then it is written -And- . Compare pairs of verbs:lack of money e t - lack of money And t (he is destitute e l - left without money; big expenses, depriving him of money And li - they took the money);
exhausted e th - exhausted And t (he is exhausted e l – left without strength; work exhausted And la him - took away his strength);
dehydration e t – dehydration And t (dewatering section e l – lost water; drought dehydration And la site).
3) Spelling verbs in the past tense.
Remember that writing root vowels before suffixes in past tense verbs is not related to conjugation. The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix l . Accordingly, in gerunds and active past participles the stem vowel is also retained.
For example: see – verb 2 conjugations, written in the present tense And – you look And sew, but the letter is retained in the past tense e - you look e l (from the infinitive see+ suffix l ); hope I hope - hope I hope - hope I sya; multiply And t - multiply And l – multiply And fallen; align I t – align I l – level I gone
4) Consumption b in verbs
Letter b written in the infinitive form of the verb. Presence or absence b in verb forms should be checked by the question posed to the verb (if the question contains b , then it is written in the verb b ). For example: need to work– the verb is in an indefinite form and answers a question what to do?- hence it is written b
; the store should open - the verb is in an indefinite form and answers a question what to do?- hence it is written b . Please note that verbs in the present or future tense have 3rd person singular b not written. For example: he works what does it do?- hence b not written; the store will open soon– the verb is in the 3 l form. units numbers and answer the question what will he do?- hence b not written.Compare
pairs of phrases: you need to prepare - he will definitely prepare; he boasts - there is no need to boast; it's time for him to retire - he will retire soon.Please note that in impersonal verbs (similar to the 3rd person form, the singular is present or future tense) b is not written, for example: he is not feeling well; he has to work a lot
.Letter b written in the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and in the imperative mood, for example: hold b, organize b, imagine b Xia; leaving b, increase b those, sit down b those.
1. The spelling of personal endings for verbs of the present or future simple (if the verb is perfect) tense differs depending on the type of conjugation:
1) verbs of the first conjugation have the endings: -у(-у), -ест, -ет, -ем, -ет, -ут(-ут):
I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry;
2) verbs of the second conjugation have endings: -у(-у), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat):
sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting.
Verb conjugation is determined in two ways:
According to the personal ending, if it is stressed:
sing - I ref. (sing - by yu T); sit - II resp. (sit - sit I T)
By the suffix of an indefinite form (infinitive), if the personal ending is unstressed.
For ease of memorization and understanding, I propose to neglect morphology a little and simply list the verbs that are conjugated according to conjugation I, and those that are conjugated according to II.
So, according to rules II the conjugations will change:
Verbs, indefinite form ending in it(its):
to wither, cook, ride, sting, coy, fuss, mow, circle, feast on, beckon, measure, pray, dress up, be unwell, please, nurse, foam.
Verb "measure" and its derivatives (to measure, to measure, to measure, etc.):
measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring;
The forms “measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure” are formed from the colloquial verb “measure” and are considered non-literary.
According to rules I, the conjugations will change:
Exceptions:
shave (shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave);
to be founded (used only in two forms: to be founded - to be founded;
four verbs in at(at): drive, hold, breathe, hear;
seven verbs for eat: see, turn, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure.
- Other verbs ending in the indefinite form to "at, eat, ut" , as well as verbs in "ot" with unstressed personal endings.
Here are some of them:
mutter, recover, warm, enslave, harden, click, waver, prick, sway, blush, babble, babble, grind, adore, darken, solder, cry, flog, count, pour, melt, trample, pull, whisper.
Verbs "to lay" and "to lay" and derivatives from them (to cover - to lay out, to cover - to lay, to lay - to lay, to re-cover - to re-cover):
spread, spread, spread, spread, spread.
Verbs like “to recover, to become frosty, to become disgusted, to become disgusted, to grow moldy” :
get well, get well, get well, get well, get well.
In the indefinite form and past tense of verbs “bayat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, lie, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt (not to be confused with the verb to conceal), find fault, teat, smell” suffix -yat, therefore:
melting, melting, melting, melting, melting.
!!! But: hide from conceal.
Offtopic
Vaevsky will personally kill anyone who “hides the snow” or “melts the mystery”
Verbs want, run, dream belong to heteroconjugates,
those. They have endings of I and II conjugations .
Thus, the verb “want” in the singular changes according to the I conjugation (you want, wants), and in the plural - according to the II (want, want, want);
the verb to run in the 3rd person plural has the ending -ut (run), in the rest - the endings of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run;
the verb to brezzhit has only two forms: the 3rd person singular - brezhit (II conjugation) and the 3rd person plural - brezhut (I conjugation).
From the verb "to torture" forms are used both I and II conjugations :
torment, torment, torment, torment, torment, torment and torment, torment, torment, torment, torment.
The II conjugation forms are preferred, while the I conjugation forms are considered colloquial, they go back to the obsolete verb “to torture”.
Many verbs prefix you- takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, a dubious ending is recommended check with an unprefixed word :
they will reprimand - they say (to reprimand - to speak), if you get enough sleep - you sleep (to get enough sleep - to sleep), if you cut your hair - you will cut your hair (to cut your hair - to cut your hair).
2. There are similar-sounding forms of the 2nd person plural of the imperative mood (determined by “do it quickly!”) and forms of the 2nd person plural of the present or future (for perfect verbs) of the indicative mood (determined by “you will do it”) ")
For example: knock(first option) and knock(second option)
The imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i- and the ending -te : sit, write, jump;
in the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ete or -ite. Let's compare:
I conjugation Write more carefully! (imperative mood) - You write neatly, so the work is easy to read (indicative mood)
II conjugation Hold the pen correctly! (imperative mood) - If you hold the pen correctly, your handwriting will turn out beautiful (indicative mood).
The letter "ь" in verb forms
b is written:1) in the infinitive form of the verb (does everyone remember what an infinitive is?):
burn - burn, entertain - have fun, read;
2) at the end of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense (that is, in those verbs that answer the question “what are you doing? What will you do?”):
if you burn, you get burned, if you entertain, you have fun;
3) in the imperative mood after consonants:
throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut;
When forming the imperative mood of the plural “b” the following is preserved:
throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut.
+ Exception: lie down - lie down - lie down.
"b" is not written:
In forms like “let’s go, start, do”;
In personal forms of verbs with the root “da-”:
will be given (indefinite form - to be given), will be given (to be given), will be given (to be given), will be given (to be given), will be given (to be given), will be given (to be given);
But! in the infinitive of this group of verbs “b” is retained.
Spelling verb endings
1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: verbs of I and II conjugations.
The II conjugation includes:
· verbs in -it (except verbs shave, lay, rest, which belong to the I conjugation),
· 7 verbs for -there are (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:
2. There are several mixed verbs , not related to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .
units 1 person I read, I take 2nd person read, take 3 face reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2nd person read, take 3rd person read, take | Want Want wants we want want want | I'm running you're running runs let's run run are running | we eat eat eat | I'll create you will create will create let's create let's create will create | give it will give we'll give give it they will give |
3. If the verb has a prefix un- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs weaken (someone)) And become weak (oneself)).
4. In verbs of the first conjugation, the ending is written in the form of the future tense -yeah , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)
b (soft sign) in verb forms.
1. b (soft sign) is written:
· V infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),
· V 2nd person singular endings choose, wash, do, wash ),
· V imperative mood (fix it, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,
· V return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned around, I'll be back );
2. b (soft sign) is not written:
· V 3rd person singular form present or simple future tense ( washed, done ).
Spelling verb suffixes
1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -A- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -And- (nursing, nagging).
Remember: 1) a suffix is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And- (stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;
2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;
3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: get welle th - get welle l, laI t-laI l, glueAnd t-kleAnd l.
2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).
In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed), meaning imperfective (sometimes also multiple actions), written before the letters s or i , For example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk over, jump up, hear, twist, beg, insist .
Verbs with suffix -yva- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). Verbs of these two types form the present tense differently: verbs in -ovate (-eat ) have the form of the 1st person on -yy (-yuyu ) (in the absence -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - to talk, I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; verbs have the same - to come (-ive ) the 1st person form ends in -I'm (-Ivayu) (with saving -ыв -, -ive- ), For example: inspecting - inspecting, deploying - deploying, reconnaissance - exploring, visiting - visiting .
3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -va-yu , unstressed vowels before V are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), outdated(outdated), wash down(write down), singing(sing), sow (seed), idea (get started), harden (freeze), outpost (catch).
However, in the following verbs - va-t b(in 1st person -va-yu) is written with a special suffix -Eve- with a letter e in place of an untested unstressed vowel: overshadow, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck(get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt .
4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs differ -eat And -it b. Verbs to -eat (in 1st person -by her ) – intransitive I conjugations – have the meaning ‘to become something, acquire a characteristic’, for example: become weak, become weak‘become powerless, lose strength’, to numb, to harden‘become harsh’. Verbs to - it (in 1st person And absent) – transitive II conjugations – have the meaning ‘to make something, to endow with a characteristic’, for example: weaken, weaken‘to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength’, anesthetize, neutralize, numb, weaken. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( By)white And ( By)whiteness, (O)weakness , (once)have fun.
5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -nope , in which there is an unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : freeze, ossify, stiffen, become numb, traverse, turf, become bloody, become glazed, become frenzied, dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of II conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e : freeze, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb etc.
Writing verbs in - go crazy And -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, grass, wood etc.
Exception: in verbs scarlet And purple(option: crimson thread) the letter is written I , as in adjective scarlet.
Table of personal verb endings
| Number | Face | Endings of the first conjugation | Endings of II conjugation |
|---|---|---|---|
| The only thing | 1st 2nd 3rd | (I) -у(-у)
(You) -eat (-eat) (he, she, it) -et (-et) | -у(-у)
-hey -it |
| Plural | 1st 2nd 3rd | (We) -eat (-eat)
(You) -et (-et) (They) -ut(s) | -them
-ite -at(-yat) |
Stressed personal endings of verbs
Stressed personal endings of verbs of the present and future simple tense are written in accordance with the pronunciation, for example: you are flying, flying, flying; you scream, they scream(II conjugation); you carry, carry, carry; bring it, bring it, bring it(I conjugation).
After sibilants, the letter is written under stress her) , For example: guard e sew, guard e t, guard e m, guard e those.
Unstressed personal endings of verbs
When writing verbs with unstressed personal endings, you should rely on the indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, conjugation II includes:
- verbs with infinitive form -it , For example: ask - ask, ask, ask; buy - buy, buy, buy ( except the verb shave - shave, shave, shave);
- eleven following verbs: look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, turn; hear, breathe, hold, drive, as well as verbs formed from them with prefixes or suffixes -xia (see, see, look, turn etc.).
In verb lay - lay personal endings are used only depending on the form lay(i.e. I conjugation), for example: steles eat, stele no, stele ut .
Personal plural endings
It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the 2nd person plural of verbs of the first conjugation indicative And imperative :
- V indicative inclination is written -yeah ;
- V imperative -ite .
For example: What are you writing? yeah? (indicative mood) - Pish ite a little faster(imperative); When choose yeah (indicative) the necessary material, you can prepare abstracts. - Choose carefully ite (Imperative) examples necessary for illustration.
In verbs of the second conjugation, both in the imperative and indicative moods, it is written -ite , For example: Breathe ite (imperative) deeper! - Are you breathing ite (indicative) restless; Turn off ite (imperative) gas! — When you turn it off ite (indicative mood), open the windows.
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The spelling of personal endings for verbs of the present or future simple (if the verb is perfect) tense differs depending on the type of conjugation:
Verbs I conjugation have the endings: -у (-у), -ее, -ет, -ем, -ete, -ут(-ут): I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry;
Verbs II conjugation have the endings -у(-ь), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat): I’m sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting.
The conjugation of verbs is determined in two ways: but by the personal ending, if it is stressed: sing - I sp. (sing - sing "t); sit - II sp. (sit - sitting "t) and by the suffix of an indefinite form (infinitive), if the personal ending is unstressed.
Among the verbs with an unstressed personal ending, the second conjugation includes verbs ending in it (it) in an indefinite form: wither, cook, ride, sting, mince, gimp, mow, circle, feast on, beckon, measure, pray, dress up, be unwell , please, nurse, foam.
Exceptions: shave (shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave), build (used only in two forms: build - build) - have endings of the first conjugation; four verbs for at (ate): drive, hold, breathe, hear and seven verbs for eat (eat): see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure - have endings of the second conjugation.
The remaining verbs ending in the indefinite form in at, et, ut, as well as verbs in ot with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation. Here are some of them: mutter, recover, warm, enslave, harden, click, waver, prick, sway, blush, babble, babble, grind, adore, darken, solder, cry, flog, count , pour, melt, trample, pull, whisper.
The verbs want, run, disdain refer to heterogeneously conjugated , i.e. they have endings of I and II conjugations. Thus, the verb want in the singular changes according to the I conjugation (you want, wants), and in the plural - according to the II (want, want, want); the verb to run in the 3rd person plural has the ending -ut (run), in the rest - the endings of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run; the verb to brezzhit has only two forms: the 3rd person singular - brezhit (II conjugation) and the 3rd person plural - brezhut (I conjugation).
The verbs lay and lay and their derivatives: lay out - lay out, lay out - lay out, spread - lay out, perestl'at - re-lay out, etc. - have personal endings of the first conjugation: stelesh, stelet, stele, stele, stele.
Verbs like recover, become frosty, become disgusted, become disgusted, become moldy change in the literary language according to the first conjugation: you will recover, you will recover, we will recover, you will recover, they will recover.
In the indefinite form and past tense of the verbs bayat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt (not to be confused with the verb to melt), find fault, tea, smell the suffix -yat is written, so they change according to the first conjugation: melting (but: melting from melting), melting, melting, melting, melting.
From the verb to torment, forms of both I and II conjugations are used: I torment, torment, torment, torment, torment, torment and torment, torment, torment, torment, torment. The II conjugation forms are preferred, while the I conjugation forms are considered colloquial, they go back to the obsolete verb to torture.
The verb to measure and its derivatives to measure, measure, measure, etc. - change according to the second conjugation: measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure; the forms I measure, you measure, measures, we measure, you measure, they measure are formed from the colloquial verb to measure and are considered non-literary.
In many verbs, the prefix takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, it is recommended to check the dubious ending with a non-prefix word: reprimand - say (pronounce - speak), get enough sleep - sleep (get enough sleep - sleep), cut your hair - cut your hair (cut - cut).
There are similar-sounding forms of the 2nd person plural of the imperative mood and forms of the 2nd person plural of the present or future (for perfective verbs) of the indicative tense such as knock and knock. The imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i- (2nd letter, singular) and the ending -te (plural): sit, write, jump; in the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ete or -ite. Therefore, for verbs of the first conjugation, the indicated forms differ; cf.: Write more carefully! (imperative mood) and you write carefully, so the work is easy to read (indicative mood), and for verbs of the second conjugation such forms coincide in writing; cf.: Hold your pen correctly! (imperative mood) and If you hold your pen correctly, your handwriting will turn out beautiful (indicative mood).
Assignments. In which row in both words is the letter U (Y) written at the place of the gap?
1) smart people don’t boast...fighting the wind
2) resplendent in health, brothers, pile up firewood
3) fields stretching...to the horizon, they are offended...
4) they hate everyone..t, the final banner
In all variants, verbs and participles refer to the present tense, which means that it is necessary to determine the conjugation by placing or forming an infinitive. Option #1. Do not boast..tsya - to boast, verb in -IT, does not apply to exceptions, second conjugation, insert - I. Fighting - to fight, first conjugation, insert - Yu. Option No. 2. Pysh..shiy - puff, first conjugation, U. Kol..t - prick, first conjugation, Yu. Option No. 3. Spreading..spreading - spread out, first conjugation, Yu. Offended..tsya - offend, exception, second conjugation, I. Option No. 4. Hate...t - to hate, exception, second conjugation, Ya. Re..re - to roar (see Hint), first conjugation, Yu. Thus, the correct option is No. 2.
1) overtaking..sh, meaning..my
2) assign..sh, shift..my
3) wiped, cleaned, adjusted
4) withered..sew, reformed..
In which row is the letter I missing in both words?
1) bed...wash, top...
2) output..sh, verified..
3) hope...unsure
4) limit..sh, aud..my
In which row is the letter E missing in both words?
1) hesitating..hesitating, exploring..my
2) gon..sh, placed
3) suffered..sew, glued..
4) shaving, dozing...
