A capital (capital) letter is used in two different functions.

Firstly, it serves to highlight the beginning of certain sections of text . For this purpose, the first word of the text is written with a capital letter, as well as the first word after the period, ellipsis, question mark and exclamation mark that ends the sentence. In traditional Russian verse, the beginning of each poetic line is highlighted with a capital letter.

Secondly, the capital letter serves to highlight individual words regardless of the structure of the text. The following discusses the rules governing the use of a capital letter in its second function.

The following words are distinguished by capital letters:

1) proper names in the narrow sense of the word and

2) names .

TO proper names in a narrow sense, they include names and nicknames of people and animals, geographical and astronomical names.

TO names include the names of institutions, organizations, associations, historical eras and events, holidays, public events, orders, architectural monuments, as well as the names of newspapers, magazines, awards, works of art, societies, enterprises, industrial products, etc., highlighted in quotation marks.

Highlighting words in a text with a capital letter is used to contrast proper and common nouns: common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, proper names with a capital letter. Wed, for example: lion – Leo, Neva banks – Alexander Nevsky, little red riding hood – Little Red Riding Hood(fairy tale character) , health – “Health” magazine.

All words in proper names (in the narrow sense), except for function words and words denoting a generic concept, are written with a capital letter, for example: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Kashtanka, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Kaluga region, East European Plain, Palace Square, Polar Star.

IN proper names - names consisting of several words, only the first word is written with a capital letter (except for cases when the name includes other proper names), for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, Museum of the History of Moscow, Institute of Russian Language named after A. S. Pushkin, Peter's era, Battle of Kulikovo, "Moscow News"(newspaper) , "War and Peace"(novel) , "Veteran of Labor"(medal).

Proper names can be used to generally designate homogeneous objects, becoming common nouns; in this case, the capital letter is in many cases replaced by a lowercase letter.

They are common nouns and the names of units of measurement are written with a lowercase letter, given by the names of scientists ( ampere, volt, pascal, roentgen etc.), as well as names of objects, products (types of clothing, weapons, fabrics, drinks, etc.), data on personal names, company names, geographical names, for example: Macintosh, Colt, Winchester, Boston, Bordeaux, Khokhloma, Adidas; But: Faberge(as the name of the products of this company).

The proper names of historical figures, literary or mythological characters, used generally (figuratively) as names of people with certain character traits and behavior, are written inconsistently - some with a lowercase letter, others with a capital letter. Their spelling, determined by the tradition of use, is established in dictionary order. So, the words: Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson, Derzhimorda, Judas, philanthropist, Hercules, when used in a common sense, they are written with a lowercase letter, and Hamlet, Oblomov, Manilov, Plyushkin, Khlestakov, Mitrofanushka, Apollo, Cicero, Napoleon and many others retain capital letters. The same applies to the generalized (figurative) use of geographical names: for example, they are written with a lowercase letter Olympus(selected circle, the top of some society), Sodom(complete disorder, chaos), hodynka (mass crush of people in a crowd), kamchatka (back rows in the hall, in the classroom), but retain the capital letter in figurative meanings Mecca, Vendée, Klondike, Cheryomushki, Hiroshima, Chernobyl etc.

The use of such names in the common sense in the plural form does not require replacing a capital letter with a lowercase one, for example: Ivans, who do not remember their kinship; Galloping across Europe; We all look at Napoleons (P.); Soviet Sharikovs; Nuclear explosion with the power of tens of Hiroshimas.

Proper names of people, animals, mythological creatures and words derived from them

Personal names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written in capital letters, for example: Olga, Alyosha, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Adam Mitskevich, Gaius Julius Caesar, Isaac Newton, Rimsky Korsakov, Saltykov Shchedrin, Sholom Aleichem, Hans Christian Andersen, Jean Jacques Rousseau; Alexander the Great, William the Conqueror, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart, Catherine the Great, Helen the Beautiful, Yaroslav the Wise, Yuri Dolgoruky, Ivan the Terrible, Charles the Bold, Cato the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Peter the Great, Potemkin of Tauride, Seraphim of Sarov; Kim Il Sung, Sun Yat-sen, Ho Chi Minh, Akira Kurosawa.

The same applies when denoting a number of persons with a proper name, for example: three Natashas, ​​several Kuznetsovs, the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, the Morozov merchants, the Tolstoy spouses. The names of dynasties are also written with a capital letter, for example: Habsburgs, Bourbons, Ptolemies, Plantagenets, Ramesses, Romanovs, Rurikids, Timurids, Great Mughals.

Function words (articles, prepositions, etc.) van, yes, das, de, della, del, der, di, dos, du, la, le, background etc., which are part of Western European and South American surnames, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Honoré de Balzac, Lope de Vega, Alfred de Musset, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Lucca della Robbia, Andrea del Sarto, Roger Martin du Tart, Jenny von Westphalen, Max von der Goyun, Jeanne d 'Ark; Ortega and Gasset, Riego and Nunez.

Components of Arabic, Turkic, Persian names, denoting social status, family relationships, etc., as well as function words ( aha, hell, al, al, as, ar, ash, bey, bek, zade, zul, ibn, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc.) are usually written with a lowercase letter, for example: Kerim agha, Salah ad Din, Zain al Abidin, al Biruni, al Jahm, Harun al Rashid, Sabah al Salem al Sabah, Omar al Sharif, Ibrahim Bey, Hasan bey, Tursun zade, Salah dul Fikar, Ahmed ibn Abdullah, Sabit ibn Kurra, Kor ogly, Mamed ogly, Abil Pasha, Seif ul Islam, Mirza khan, Melik Shah, el Kuni, es Zayat.

The final part is also written ?san in Japanese proper names, for example: Komiyama san, Chio Chio san.

Proper names related to religion and mythology are written with a capital letter, for example: Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Brahma, Buddha, Pallas Athena, Venus, Mars, Beelzebub.

Animal names are written in capital letters, for example: cat Vaska, cat Murka, dogs Kashtanka, Pushok, cows Mashka, Krasotka, Pestrushka, horses Sivka, Bay, elephant Sambo.

Common nouns that act as names of characters in fairy tales, plays, fables and some other works of fiction and folklore are written with a capital letter, for example: Little Red Riding Hood, Serpent Gorynych, Gray Wolf, Bluebeard, Santa Claus, Cockerel with Spurs(fairy tale heroes) ; Cat, Dog, Sugar, Bread(characters from “The Blue Bird” by M. Maeterlinck) ; Spring, Leshy(characters from “The Snow Maiden” by A. Ostrovsky) , Mayor, Darling, Lefty, Someone in Gray(literary characters) ; the naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear started to play a quartet(Wing.) .

Adjectives formed from personal names, surnames, nicknames using suffixes ?ov (?ev) or ?in and denoting individual affiliation are written with a capital letter, for example: Raphael's Madonna, Shakespeare's tragedies, Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's dictionary, Ivan's childhood, Tanya's book, Murka's kittens.

However, as part of phraseological units and in compound terms, adjectives with ?ov (?ev), ?in written with a lowercase letter, for example: Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Cain's seal, Procrustean bed, Sisyphus's work, Gordian knot, Demian's ear, Trishkin's caftan, Filkin's letter; Ariel's weightlessness, Archimedes' lever, Voltaic arc, Bickford's cord, Graves' disease, Witt's dance, X-rays, Lady's slipper(plant).

The second part of compound adjectives like Uncle Vasin, Uncle Stepin, Aunt Valin, Baba Dusin and both parts of adjectives like Ivan Ivanychev, Anna Petrovnin.

A capital letter is also written in adverbs with a prefix By formed from adjectives on ?in type Tanin, Petin, For example: according to Tanin, according to Natasha, according to Petin, according to Aunt Valin, according to Anna Petrovnin.

Adjectives formed from personal names and surnames using suffixes ?sk, ?ovsk (?evsk), ?insk , are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Dalev's dictionary, Darwin's teaching, Beethoven's sonata, Shakespeare's tragedies, Prishvin's prose, Pushkin's harmony, Suvorov's traditions.

However, adjectives are written with a capital letter. ?sky , included in the names - proper names, including those having the meaning of “the name of that”, “in memory of that”, for example: Habsburg dynasty, Peter's reforms, Stroganov School, Nobel Prize, Lomonosov readings, Bulgakov conference, Vakhtangov Theater, Royal Shakespeare Theater(in England).

Nouns formed from personal names and surnames are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Oblomovism, Yezhovism, Petrashevite, Nietzschean, Nietzscheanism, Tolstoyism, Darwinism, Darwinist, Pushkinian, Leninian.

Geographical and administrative territorial names and words derived from them

In geographical and administrative territorial names - the names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, countries, territories, regions, settlements, streets, etc. - all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic concepts (island, sea , mountain, region, province, street, square, etc.), function words, as well as words of year, years, for example:

Alps, America, Europe, Bulgaria, New Zealand, North America, Central Asia; South Pole, Northern Hemisphere;

Volga, Vesuvius, Great Bahama Bank, Kivach Falls, Tamashlyk Valley, Hungry Steppe, Blagopoluchiya Bay, Great Lakes Basin, Northern Engilchek Glacier, Dnieper Estuary, Cape of Good Hope, Abyssinian Highlands, Lake Onega, Arctic Ocean, White Sea, Ustyurt Plateau ;

Central Siberian Plateau, Taimyr Peninsula, Great Sandy Desert, Blue Nile, Moscow River, Great Barrier Reef, Western Wind Current, Tropic of Cancer, Academy of Sciences Ridge, Main Caucasus Ridge;

Krasnodar Territory, Oryol Region, Shchelkovsky District, Sussex County, Hautes Pyrenees Department, South Carolina, District of Columbia, Tuscany Region, Hokkaido Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Szczecin Voivodeship, Nizhny Novgorod, Kyiv, Paris, Novosibirsk;

Tverskaya street, Malaya Gruzinskaya street, 26 Bakinskikh Komissarov street, Lavrushinsky lane, Arbat square, Frunzenskaya embankment, Mira Avenue, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, Garden Ring, 1905 Goda street, 50 Let Oktyabrya Square, Andreevsky Descent, Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge.

In titles starting with North ( And North), South ( And South), East, West, Central, Both components of the first compound word are written with a capital letter (with a hyphen), for example: North Baikal Plateau, East China Sea, West Siberian Lowland, Central Black Earth Region, Southwestern Territorial District. Components of other hyphenated words and their combinations are also written as part of geographical names, for example: Indo-Gangetic Plain, Volga-Don Canal, Georgian Military Road, Alma-Ata Nature Reserve, St. Gotthard Pass (and tunnel), Baden-Württemberg, Cape Heart Kamen, Novgorod Seversky, Sol Iletsk, Ust Ilimsk, Sadovaya Sukharevskaya street.

In the official names of states and state associations, all words, except official ones, are written with a capital letter, for example: Russian Federation, United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, French Republic, Swiss Confederation, Commonwealth of Australia, United Arab Emirates, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Republic of Tatarstan, Commonwealth of Independent States.

The names of parts of states and continents that are terminological in nature are written with a capital letter, for example: European Russia, Western Belarus, Right Bank Ukraine, Eastern Transbaikalia, Inner Mongolia, Northern Italy, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America. In the names of groups of states, the generic name is written with a lowercase letter, for example: Baltic countries, Scandinavian countries, Caspian countries, Central Asian republics.

The names of countries of the world, used as territorial names or included in such names, are written with a capital letter, for example: Western countries, explore the North, the peoples of the East, the Far East, the Middle East, the Far North, the War of the North and South (in US history), the North West (Northwestern region of Russia), the South West (Moscow region). As the names of the countries of the world, directions in space, these words are written with a lowercase letter: east, west, north, south, northwest, southeast.

Single-word derivatives (suffixal and prefixal suffixal), mostly informal, names of territories, regions, localities are written with a capital letter, for example:

Moscow region, Transcaucasia, Polesie, Transnistria, Orenburg region, Stavropol region, Bryansk region, Oryol region, Vologda region, Baltics, Scandinavia.

In unofficial stable, including figurative, names of states and cities, the first (or only) word is written with a capital letter, as well as (if any) proper names, for example: Moscow State(source) , Russian state; Land of the Rising Sun(about Japan) , Land of morning freshness(about Korea) , Celestial Empire or Celestial Empire(about imperial China) , Country of the Maple Leaf(about Canada) , Country of Tulips(about Holland) , Eternal City(about Rome) , White stone, Pervoprestolnaya(about Moscow) , Northern Palmyra(about St. Petersburg).

In the names of railway stations, terminals, airports, etc., all words except generic designations are written in capital letters, for example: Moscow Passenger station, Kazansky station, Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports.

The names of metro stations and surface urban transport stops are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams); The first (or only) word of such names is written with a capital letter, as well as all those words that are written with a capital letter as part of the corresponding toponyms, for example: metro stations “Alexandrovsky Sad”, “Oktyabrskoe Pole”, “Prospekt Mira”; stops "Nikitskiye Vorota", "Lesnaya Street", "School", "Children's Clinic".

Common nouns are written with a lowercase letter - names of fabrics and other products, drinks, animal breeds, etc., derived from geographical names, for example: cashmere, boston ( fabrics) , Khokhloma(about Khokhloma handicrafts) , Bordeaux, Tsinandali(guilt) , Narzan, Borjomi(mineral waters) , Newfoundland(dog breed) , Yorkshires(breed of pigs) .

In other cases, writing

Most often, schoolchildren and their parents encounter words such as “lowercase” and “uppercase” letters. And how does an adult who has not been a student for a long time know what we are talking about? After all, “big” and “small”, “capital” and “ordinary” are much clearer. But if there is already a question hanging over you that requires a solution, then we will try to help you figure out what we are talking about and what is the difference between these two words.

It is worth noting that the words “small” and “large” letters, which are so tempting on our tongues when we see such letters, will be perceived in the scientific community as the words of a preschooler or a baby. The Russian language has its own terminology, which every person in society should know.

An interesting fact is that not everyone in the world has introduced capital letters into their spelling. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished only in Greek, Latin, Armenian, and also in Cyrillic spelling. Georgians do not use capital letters, except when highlighting certain words in the text.

What is a capital letter

The name of the word “capital” (capital) is simply and logically explained in this way (so as not to cram): given that there is usually only one capital letter in a line and it is the one that begins the sentence. And we all remember from experience how in elementary school we tried to draw or write the first letter so that it would turn out beautiful.

They began to use this type of writing in capital letters back in the 15th century, but in fact, long before that, people tried to beautifully draw initials and the beginning of a sentence with ornamental letters. This is a capital letter.

Capital letters are written in the text according to certain spelling rules. The most necessary ones, which you will have to meet very often, we will try to understand from them.

Uppercase and lowercase letters of the Russian language

When are capital letters written?

According to the rules of Russian spelling, a capital letter always begins each new sentence, as well as direct speech and quotes. But there are other rules for writing capital letters that you should remember, namely:

1. Proper names of cities, villages, first names, surnames, etc. (words denoting a specific object or phenomenon) are always written in capitals (Oksana, Petrov, Moscow and others).
2. Names of islands, countries, firms, companies and others (Russia, Caribbean islands, etc.).
3. Names of historical events, fateful and important documents, works of art, etc. written with a capital letter (Treaty of Versailles). It is worth noting that capital letters are written only in those cases in which the event has the meaning of a proper name (feudalism, Paleolithic).
4. High positions and titles (President).
5. The pronoun “you” is used to express politeness and respect for the person in the text (You).
6. Abbreviations (SRSR, PRC).
7. The first word of holiday names must be capitalized: Birthday, New Year.
8. In the names of ministries and main organizations, the first word is written in capitals (Ministry of Internal Affairs).
9. There are cases when they are used to highlight the desired text (titles, important words in a book to express emotions, etc.)

What is a lowercase letter

Unlike uppercase letters, there are much more lowercase letters in the text, because they are used much more often and are used by default (the exception is those cases in which capital letters are written according to the rules). All those letters that do not fall under the rules for using capitals are lined up on one line, which is why they are called “lowercase”. It is also important to remember about word stress. Despite the fact that we are tempted to say “lowercase”, the dictionary indicates the emphasis is “lowercase” and not “lowercase”.

Russian lowercase letters

What is the difference between a lowercase letter and an uppercase letter?

• Size. An uppercase (capital) letter is approximately twice the size of other letters (lowercase). For example, the letter “a” will be lowercase in this case, and “A” will be uppercase.”
• Writing. The capital letter has its own writing characteristics, which we so diligently learn in elementary school.
• Frequency of use. A capital letter appears in the text much less frequently than a lowercase letter (we have already learned the rules for using capital letters above).

Do you see the difference between the messages? The left one has more capital letters than the right one. Big "O", small "o". But who cares, right?

If you write text for an application or website, there should be a difference for you. Uppercase and uppercase letters are important. They affect readability, comprehension, and usability. And even on how people perceive the brand.

Headline vs. Proposal

Almost all products or websites use two styles: Headline or Offer.

Title - each word begins with a capital letter;

A sentence - only the first word begins with a capital letter.

If you use Apple technology, you have noticed that all words in interface messages begin with capital letters. Apple guidelines recommend capitalizing words in UI elements: messages, buttons, and menus.

If you use Android, you’ve seen that they use “Suggestion”: the company’s guidelines recommend writing it this way.

Let's figure out when and how to use the Heading and Sentence styles in UX texts. Let's go.

What's good about the title?

Symmetry

Some designers believe that the Header is better because it is symmetrical. Capital letters at the beginning of each word also add rhythm to the phrase:

Visual weight

Capital letters look like raised hands and attract attention. If you use different styles, "Heading" is what you need.

Have you noticed that the title on the left pop-up seems larger than the one on the right? I'm sure it will definitely be read.

Significance

Capital letters appear important and formal. For example, the New York Times or USA.gov use capital letters in their titles. It's Professional. Seriously. Authoritatively.

Capital letters are like a classic suit. Some brands require them.

Example: if you are involved in business process security, then capital letters are suitable for the interface. They inspire trust and speak of professionalism.

What's good about the offer?

Simplicity

Example: Can you imagine how hard it is to read words in a long text?

Clarity

Google UX writer Sue Factor says "Sentence" is a clear style for programmers and designers: every phrase begins with a capital letter. This is the rule.

But the “Header” is not always clear to those who develop the interface. For example, is the tab name the title? What about mail settings: header or body text?

Also, there are no clear rules for the “Title”. For example, how to write “from” or “through”: capitalized or uppercase? What about articles?

Example: Apple guidelines. It contains advice on which words to capitalize.

Friendliness

“Heading” is formal and “Sentence” is simple and friendly text.

Example: At Dropbox we use Suggestion because we want to be informal and natural. We believe our product's voice is different from our competitors and we use The Proposition to differentiate ourselves.

Clear proper names

In the "Proposal" proper names are visible at first glance. (Proper nouns are parts of speech that are always capitalized. For example, Microsoft or New York Times.)

Many companies capitalize their names or functions, for example “Mail”, “Calendar”, “Spark”. If you use capital letters everywhere, it is unclear where the name is and where it is just a word.

Other examples

"Headline" and "Sentence" are two popular ways to write text for apps and websites. But not the only ones.

Example: on Windows Phone 8, almost all interface text is lowercase only. Even headers and buttons.

Example: GIPHY - text is in capitals only. This makes sense, since memes and gifs are usually written in all caps.

Create your own style

There are pros and cons to “Headline” and “Sentence”. No matter which one you choose, make sure the style matches your brand voice.

The worst thing you can do is not define standards and create inconsistent text. This can become a problem in the future: if users ever see inconsistency in the interface, they will begin to lose trust in your brand.

Instead of a conclusion

What do you like better in the interface: “Headline” and “Sentence”? CAPS LOCK or capitals? Or maybe you are a rebel and make up your own rules?

Share your opinions, write comments and questions on the topic.

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In order to print a capital (capital) letter, for example A, press the "Shift" button, and, without releasing it, simultaneously press the A button. If after this you, after releasing the "Shift" button, print any other letters, then they will turn out to be lowercase, for example, in the word Arctic. To save the letter in capital letters only, press the "Caps Lock" button. Pressing it again cancels the capitalization mode.

In a similar way, images of some characters located above numbers or letters are obtained. For example, there is a button $4. If you click on it at the same time as pressing the "Shift" button, you will get an image of the dollar symbol - $, and if without the "Shift" button, then the number - 4 will be printed.

The "Insert" ("Ins") key is used to insert text, symbols, and the "Delete" ("Del") key is used to delete letters, symbols or part of the text.

The numeric keypad on the right side of the standard keyboard is used in two cases: in the mode of fixing numbers for their reproduction and performing various arithmetic operations, and in the mode of duplicating cursor control. To set the digit locking mode, press the "Num/Lock" button. To cancel it, press the same button again.

The "Delete" ("Del") key eliminates the character (letter) located to the right of the cursor.

The "Backspace" ("Bksp") key deletes the character to the left of the cursor. Using the keyboard shortcuts "Ctrl + Backspace", delete the entire word to the left of the cursor. The key combination "Ctrl + Delete" erases (deletes) the word to the right of the cursor. The "Escape" ("Esc") key is used to cancel an action or exit the program.

If the names of several keys are separated by a plus sign, for example "Ctrl + F5", you need to hold down the first key while pressing the next one. If the characters are separated by a comma, then press (click) the keys one after another; if there is a hyphen between the key designations, then they should be pressed simultaneously.

The most commonly used keys are:

Type capital letters or uppercase characters while holding a key down;

Ending the input of a line, command or some action (the key has an increased size, sometimes designated as Return, Ret, Cr, Enter or simply the left arrow);

Cancel the current action, return to the previous state;

Tab (the key is sometimes indicated by two arrows in opposite directions);

Fixing the mode of lowercase or capital letters;

Delete the character above the cursor (sometimes written as Del);

Deletes a character to the left of the cursor (the key is located above the key, sometimes indicated as BS or left arrow);

[Space] - shift the cursor to the right, shift a line or part of a line to the right of the cursor (a long key in the bottom row that does not have a designation).

The , , keys appear twice on the keyboard (to the left and to the right of the alphanumeric) and can be used in combination with other keys to expand the keyboard's capabilities.

Cursor - a pointer, mark or arrow directed to those areas of text or graphic material with which various changes will be made.

The cursor can be presented on the screen in various forms, for example: a small blinking dash indicating the location on the screen where the character entered from the keyboard will be displayed; a small blinking rectangle in special modes; a triangle or arrow, a word-sized rectangle, etc.

Using the cursor keys, you can move the cursor up, down, left, right, thereby highlighting the desired file or directory.

The cursor can also be moved using the mouse.

A window is a “picture in picture”, a frame, a small “pen” (container) where certain supporting information is located.

The window makes it possible to select a paragraph or paragraph of text and work with it without affecting the remaining parts of the text (material). There are several types of windows - application window (program window), dialog boxes, etc. Opening two or more windows at the same time allows you to quickly transfer information from one to another.

The taskbar is the horizontal line at the bottom of the screen with the Start symbol on the left side.

Main menu - a list of the main sections of the main program; contains sections: “Programs”, “Favorites”, “Documents”, “Settings”, “Help”, “Find”, “Run”, etc.

If you left-click on the Start sign on the taskbar, the Main Menu will appear on the screen.

My computer - one of the icons (pictograms, “icons”) is called “My Computer”. This icon can serve as a starting point for “travels” throughout the computer industry.

Lowercase letters are used in European alphabets: Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian and Japanese.

Initially, when writing, they used exclusively capital letters with clearly defined upper and lower boundaries. Subsequently, with the development of writing, ordinary letters begin to be contrasted with initials (in European languages ​​this happens in the 11th-15th centuries). With the development of cursive writing, the shape of the letters became more rounded, which resulted, for example, in such a form of writing as uncial. In the Cyrillic alphabet, lowercase letters appear in the 18th century with the introduction of the civil script.

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Notes

See also

View this template Cash register Solid set text Special types of recruitment Microtypography Dialing methods Typesetting machines

Passage characterizing Lowercase letter

– What prompted you to invite me today, Your Holiness? – I asked carefully.
“Your pleasant company,” Caraffa laughed, and after thinking a little, he added: “I wanted to talk with you about some issues that are important to me, Madonna, and I preferred to do this in a more pleasant environment for you.”
A servant entered, bowed deeply to Karaffa, and began to taste the first courses. How at that moment I regretted that I did not have the famous Florentine herbal poison with me!.. It was painless and tasteless, and could not be determined... This poison worked only after a week. They killed princes and kings with it... And it would certainly calm the crazy Pope down forever!!!
I would never have believed that I could so easily think about murder... My soul slowly turned to stone, leaving only room inside for justice. I lived to destroy him. And it didn't matter how to do it. In this case, any means were good. The main thing was to kill Karaffa. So that innocent people do not suffer anymore, so that this bloodthirsty, evil man does not walk the earth.
And so I was now sitting next to him, accepting treats with a smile, and chatting lightly on a variety of topics... at the same time, intensely looking for at least some weakness that would give me the opportunity to finally get rid of his “saint” presence...
Dinner was approaching the middle, and we were still secularly “discussing” some rare books, music and art, as if he didn’t have some very serious purpose on his mind, because of which he invited me to his chambers at such an inappropriate time. , late hour.