One of the common reasons for turning to dermatologists and, somewhat less frequently, to cosmetologists is diseases of the scalp and hair, which are associated with defects in the structure and shape of the latter, their fragility, early baldness, dandruff, itching of the scalp, hair loss and many other symptoms.

Diseases of the scalp, accompanied by the listed clinical symptoms, become an important source of psycho-emotional discomfort for many people, contributing to a decrease in quality of life. They often lead to social isolation and difficulties in finding a job.

What are the types of scalp diseases and their causes?

A large number of them are known, but the main and most common of them are:

1. Seborrhea.
2. Psoriasis, or scaly lichen.
3. Mycoses, or diseases caused by fungi.
4. Pustular diseases.

Many dermatological diseases arise due to impaired blood supply to the hair follicles and dysfunction of the sebaceous glands with impaired sebum secretion, which can occur under the influence of various factors:

• genetic predisposition, which determines the type of structure and functioning of skin elements;
• diseases of the endocrine glands and hormonal imbalance, especially androgens and estrogens;
• instability of the function of the autonomic nervous system;
• frequent stressful situations and prolonged psycho-emotional stress;
• some mental illnesses - schizophrenia, manic-depressive state, epilepsy;
• metabolic disorders, poor nutrition and lack of vitamins A and E, and microelements, especially selenium, zinc, magnesium;
• reducing the level of general and local immunity;
• systemic autoimmune diseases of connective tissue (collagenosis) and diseases of internal organs;
• fungal infections, acute infectious diseases and the presence of foci of chronic infection in the body;
• improper use of scalp and hair care products or their poor quality, frequent use of a hair dryer to dry hair;
• excessive influence of various types of electromagnetic radiation and increased content of chemical aerosols in the air, etc.

Treatment of the scalp and hair depends on the type of disease, causative factor, severity

process, nature of the course and accompanying pathologies.

Brief description of the most common pathology

Seborrhea

This dermatosis is a disease of the scalp, the most characteristic symptom of which is a disorder in the formation of sebum. It can be expressed both in a violation of the amount of its production, and in a change in the chemical composition.

In a normal state, after secretion by the sebaceous glands, fat fills the ducts of the hair follicles, mixes with sweat, emulsifies and is distributed along the skin grooves over almost the entire surface of the scalp. As a result, an emulsion water-lipid film is formed, which provides a certain acidic environment and performs protective functions: preventing the excessive negative effects of ultraviolet rays, drying and waterlogging of the skin, and exposure to chemical elements of the external environment.

Insufficient sebum production does not provide full protection, which leads to dryness and increased vulnerability. Hyperfunction of the sebaceous glands creates a greenhouse effect, as a result of which the stratum corneum softens, its porosity increases and permeability increases. Due to the expansion of the excretory ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands, bacteria, masses of separated epithelium and dirt penetrate into them more easily, and plugs are formed that clog the mouths of the hair follicles.

In addition, with seborrhea, not only disturbances in the secretion of sebum occur, but also its qualitative changes. For example, the ratio of fatty acids changes - the concentration of linoleic acid decreases significantly, resulting in increased acidity on the skin surface. This further increases the permeability of the stratum corneum and causes irritation.

Such conditions are ideal for the activation and development of saprophytic fungi on the scalp, the reproduction and growth of staphylococci and other infectious pathogens, which are representatives of the normal microflora on the surface of the skin. Microorganisms cause damage to the walls of the skin glands and their ducts, secrete the enzyme lipase, which breaks down triglycerides of sebum into free fatty acids, and the latter, in turn, increase skin irritation and reduce its protective functions.

All these mechanisms contribute to increased severity of seborrhea, the formation of seborrheic dermatitis and eczema. There are three forms of seborrhea:

• fat;
• dry;
• mixed.

Oily seborrhea

Depending on the composition and physicochemical properties of lard, it can be liquid or thick. In the first case, the fat has a liquid, oily consistency due to the increased concentration of free fatty acids. In its thick form, the consistency of the fat is doughy.

The disease manifests itself in changes in the scalp: it becomes shiny, thickened, elasticity is reduced, the pores are enlarged, and its color acquires a brownish or yellowish-gray tint. The hair becomes greasy, shiny, sticks together in strands, and quickly, 2-3 days after washing your hair, becomes covered with dirt. Particles of desquamated epithelium (dandruff) stick together into plates and form fairly large scales of a yellowish color, with which the hair is abundantly covered.

These symptoms are accompanied by itching of the head, sometimes severe. Frequent washing is ineffective and provokes an even greater increase in the function of the sebaceous glands and hair contamination.

Dry seborrhea

This scalp disease is accompanied by such basic subjective symptoms as slight itching and a feeling of tightness, especially after washing the hair with cool water.

With this form of seborrhea, a decrease in the function of the sebaceous glands is possible, which usually occurs in children before puberty. It is mainly associated with insufficient development of the pilosebaceous apparatus. In adults, the function of the skin glands is usually preserved, but their secretion has a high degree of viscosity and is poorly distributed over the scalp.

As a result, the superficial epidermal layers become dry, the skin becomes hypersensitive and susceptible to the influence of even minor irritants. The horny epithelium in the form of small scales covers all hair. Less commonly, they layer on top of each other, forming grayish and yellowish plates and crusts. Peeling develops over the entire surface of the scalp or only in the parietal-occipital zone.

Due to dryness, hair becomes thin with split ends and brittle. Reddish or pinkish spots (seborrhoids) may form on the skin. Increased hair loss is often observed.

Sometimes dry seborrhea is unexpressed and is accompanied only by moderate dryness and somewhat increased flaking, reminiscent of dandruff.

Mixed form of seborrhea

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish and is a combination of manifestations of both previous variants of the disease or their combination with localization on the head and other parts of the body.

Seborrheic dermatitis, or eczema, and dandruff

It is considered an independent dermatosis, and according to some experts, a complication of seborrhea. The occurrence of pathology is predisposed by the presence of one or another form of seborrhea, various endocrine disorders accompanying it, as well as factors that provoke the development of seborrhea. A milder form of seborrheic dermatitis is dandruff, which occurs as a result of a pathologically accelerated process of cellular regeneration of the epithelium.

If normally the transformation of basal keratinocytes and their rise to the stratum corneum occurs on average within 25-30 days, then with seborrheic dermatitis this lasts only about 1 - 2 weeks. Small whitish cells of the dead epithelium are separated prematurely. Many of them do not have time to lose water and stick together, forming small whitish or grayish flaky scales, which are dandruff. In this case, the number of layers of the horny epithelium is reduced by more than half, and the layers themselves and the cells in them are not located tightly to each other, but loosely and chaotically.

Seborrheic dermatitis primarily affects the scalp and, to a lesser extent, other areas of the body. The disease occurs chronically and over a long period of time. The main cause of exacerbations is most often stress and mental fatigue.

Characteristic symptoms of the disease:

1. Dry scalp.
2. Areas of redness.
3. Pityriasis peeling.
4. Serous-purulent and serous-hemorrhagic (bloody) crusts. If they are removed, a solid pinkish, weeping lesion on the skin surface is exposed.

When lesions appear in the area behind the ear, significant redness with swelling develops, deep painful cracks, weeping and scales with crusts form in the skin folds.

Scalp psoriasis

The disease is chronic in nature with periodically relapsing course. It manifests itself as specific papular rashes of pinkish-reddish color, on which easily removable silvery scales are located. The lesions consist of plaques with clear boundaries and irregular, bizarre outlines. Their size ranges from 1-2 mm to 1-2 cm or more.

Psoriasis can be hereditary, i.e. due to genetic reasons, or acquired mainly due to dysfunction of the liver, endocrine or nervous system. Exacerbations are facilitated by unfavorable climatic conditions, digestive dysfunction, and mental stress.

The disease is considered incurable, but it is quite possible to reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, as well as eliminate the consequences.

Mycoses, or fungal diseases of the scalp

Mycoses of the head are caused by pathogenic fungi. More often they affect children and young women, much less often - men. These diseases are infectious and are transmitted from sick animals or from a sick person when using common hygiene and hair care items (combs, underwear, towels, hats). Symptoms of fungal diseases of the scalp vary and depend on the infectious pathogen.

These lesions include:

1. Microsporia.
2. Trichophytosis.

Favus, or scab

The causative agent of the disease is highly stable in the external environment and is capable of existing for a long time, without losing its activity, in the dust of residential premises, carpets, and furniture. Infection occurs through direct contact or as a result of using contaminated objects.

The disease manifests itself as peculiar crusts on the scalp, from which an unpleasant odor emanates. They look like saucer-shaped shields with a depression in the central part. The crusts are often riddled with hair. The latter take on a dull appearance and resemble a dusty wig. The crusts tend to merge, and the hair roots underneath them atrophy. The hair itself is not subject to breakage, but is easily removed. Persistent focal baldness develops.

The affected areas are sometimes covered with pityriasis-like small scales, and on the smooth areas purulent or yellowish-brown crusts are formed, in the center of which there are vellus hairs.

Microsporia

This scalp disease is caused by a fungus transmitted through contact with sick pets or a sick person, and is infectious. Foci of pityriasis-like skin peeling with clear boundaries appear on the skin, accompanied by itching. The hair in the area of ​​the lesions breaks off at a distance of 5-7 mm from the surface of the skin, is covered with a whitish film and has a dull grayish color.

Trichophytosis

Its other name is "". It is transmitted through direct contact with sick dogs or cats, as well as through things belonging to a sick person. It can be superficial, which most often affects teenage children, or deep, affecting mainly young people. The superficial form is manifested by small rounded lesions, in the area of ​​which the hair is broken off at different heights from the skin surface. Their occurrence is accompanied by itching and peeling of the epithelium.

The deep form of the disease is characterized by small rounded areas of complete baldness. At the border of the lesions, suppuration of the hair follicles occurs, accompanied by an unpleasant sweetish odor. Along the edges of the lesions, hair is easily removed, and the remaining areas of the scalp are covered with multiple crusts.

Pustular diseases of the scalp, or pyoderma

They constitute a large group of diverse lesions caused by various microorganisms. The latter are present on the surface of the skin or are brought into it from other foci of infection. These pathogens often include Staphylococcus aureus, less often - streptococci of groups “A”, “C”, “F”, pyogenic (pyogenic) streptococci or their association with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus and other types of pathogenic microorganisms.

Pustular diseases can occur independently with low general or local skin immunity, especially with endocrine disorders and diabetes mellitus. However, they are often a complication of seborrhea and psoriasis, in which there are all conditions for the rapid reproduction and development of bacteria.

Main types of pyoderma

Ostiofolliculitis

It is a superficial pustule at the mouth of the hair follicle. It is preceded by the appearance of a reddish inflammatory spot around the hair with a diameter of up to 7 mm. After a few hours, an element (pustule) of a hemispherical shape with a diameter of up to 5 mm with a dense tire and a pinkish corolla develops. As a result of opening the pustule, yellow purulent contents are released and the ulcerative surface is exposed. After this, a crust forms, which is subsequently rejected. A brownish-pink stain and slight peeling of the epidermis remain in this place. Ostiofolliculitis goes away on its own within a few days (3-4) without scar formation. In some cases, it can be complicated by other forms of pyoderma, for example, folliculitis.

Folliculitis

It is an acute purulent inflammation of the hair follicle. Unlike the previous form, it is accompanied by swelling (infiltration) around the pustule and significant pain. After the process resolves and the pus drains, a crust forms. Subsequently, the infiltrate resolves or a scar forms. A deeper process is characterized by the spread of inflammation into the dermal layers and resolution within 1 week with the obligatory formation of a scar.

Furuncle

This is a purulent-necrotic acute inflammatory process that affects the follicle, sebaceous gland and surrounding subcutaneous fatty tissue. Often it occurs as a further development of ostiofolliculitis and/or folliculitis. An increase in the volume of the pustule is accompanied by severe pain and significant infiltration. After opening the cover of the pustule, in the center of the latter you can see a greenish necrotic core, which gradually separates along with the liquid purulent contents. As the pus and core separate, the size of the infiltrate and the intensity of pain decrease. Healing ends with the formation of scar tissue.

The duration of the reverse development of the boil largely depends on the state of the body and its reactivity. Boils on the head pose a risk of complications such as sepsis or thrombosis of the superficial and/or deep veins, which are connected to the sinuses of the brain through anastomoses (connections).

Carbuncle

Also purulent inflammation with tissue necrosis, but only of several follicles. The inflammatory process spreads not only towards the periphery of the main focus, but also into the depths of the tissues. Deep skin necrosis develops around several hair follicles, which are located in the center of the focus of purulent inflammation. This area turns purple-blue or black. In several of its areas, the tissue “melts” with the formation of multiple holes and the release of purulent-bloody contents from them. After this, a superficial ulcer with uneven outlines and greenish-yellow necrotic rods is formed. After their slow, compared to a boil, rejection, a deep ulcerative surface remains with “undermined” bluish tint, uneven and irregularly shaped edges.

Gradually, the ulcerative surface is completely cleared and covered with granulations, followed by the formation of a scar. The presence of a carbuncle is accompanied by general intoxication, fever and, in some cases, enlargement of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes. This type of purulent inflammation on the head is an even greater danger in terms of the occurrence of the complications mentioned above - sepsis and venous thrombosis.

All of the above-mentioned dermatological diseases of the scalp require a thorough examination, determination of the presence of concomitant pathology, a specific individual approach in choosing treatment and the exclusion of cosmetic procedures, which may result in a worsening of the process and its spread.

Appearance is important for a person, as he is in society, communicates, and engages in various activities. Both men and women with neatly styled and well-groomed hair look more attractive.

That's why we get so upset when our hair's health is compromised. This is often associated with the occurrence of scalp disease. In such cases, it is necessary to establish the cause of the deterioration and take appropriate measures to correct the situation.

The skin, like any human organ, is exposed to internal and external factors throughout life. It requires a normal supply of nutrients and protection from bacterial and fungal infections.

If your hair looks bad, it often falls out or even in clumps, your scalp is flaky, there may be an infection and treatment is needed.

The main diseases of the scalp and hair that occur due to fungal infection:

• seborrheic dermatitis caused by the yeast Malassezia;
• lichen;
• white and black piedra (tricosporia);
• sporotrichosis;
• dermatomycosis.

The appearance of rashes on the scalp may be associated with exposure to external factors. A lesion such as eczema, a bacterial infection, is accompanied by the appearance of ulcers and requires complex treatment.

Seborrhea

The cause of this disease is a malfunction of the sebaceous glands on the head.

Dandruff appears due to insufficient oil secretion through the pores or oily secretions, acne - due to excess.

Types of seborrhea:

• fat;
• dry;
• combined.

Most often it occurs during adolescence in girls. The causes of dry seborrhea can be a decrease in the body's immune functions, neuroses, poor nutrition, and hormonal changes.

Prolonged oily seborrhea in men can result in baldness. The source of pathology is often an increase in the level of androgens and, as a result, an increase in the secretion of fat from the sebaceous glands. Women also develop seborrhea due to changes in the balance of androgens, progesterone and estrogens.

In addition to the listed reasons, seborrhea can lead to:

• Parkinson's and Itsenko-Cushing's disease;
• psychosis, epilepsy;
• lack of biotin (vitamin H);
• abuse of anabolic steroids;
• sleeping sickness;
• long-term use of glucocorticosteroids.

The difference between seborrhea and seborrheic dermatitis lies in the very cause of the pathology. Dermatitis is caused by yeast-like fungi.

Normally, everyone has them, but any negative factors lead to the active proliferation of fungi, which becomes the cause of the disease.

What measures need to be taken:

• consult a dermatologist;
• pass the necessary tests to make a diagnosis (blood for biochemistry and hormones, skin scraping);
• if there is a suspicion of hormonal disorders, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland should be performed.

After diagnosis, the patient is prescribed medications to combat the causes of the disease: antifungal drugs, selenium and sulfur compounds, vitamins and others.

Psoriasis

A disease of non-infectious nature associated with autoimmune processes in the body. It looks like red spots that rise above the surface of the skin. and peels off.

Manifestations of scalp disease, a photo of which clearly demonstrates their appearance, look like plaques. They become inflamed on the scalp, and pain may occur due to scratching.

The roughened dermis must be treated by taking medications and applying topical products. Creams, ointments are used, vitamin complexes are taken. Research into the nature of psoriasis is still ongoing.

Various theories have been put forward about its causes:

• endocrine and metabolic disorders;
• genetic predisposition;
• a malfunction in the body's immune system.

Some scientists adhere to the theory of the viral origin of psoriasis. But so far there are no reliable facts that would unambiguously confirm this version.

Your doctor may use the following methods to combat psoriasis:

• medications for internal use;
• local medications in the form of ointments containing glucocorticosteroids, tar and vitamins;
• treatment with ultraviolet radiation;
• cryotherapy.

Psoriasis is a very common disease. It can occur in a mild form, but under the influence of negative factors it leads to serious consequences. If there is a risk of complications, in addition to basic treatment, doctors recommend giving up bad habits, eating right and avoiding stressful situations. Hair loss due to inflammation of the hair follicle

Hair loss due to inflammation of the hair follicle

When bacteria enter the hair follicle, it becomes inflamed. turning into small greenish ulcers. Over time they burst and dry out. In severe cases, boils appear.

Treatment of hair disease includes the application of compresses or lubrication with medications: salicylic, camphor alcohol, brilliant green. Medicinal shampoos, ointments and balms are used to help destroy the infection. Compliance with personal hygiene rules is mandatory.

The disease primarily affects the scalp, but the ears, chest, and shoulder blades can also be affected. Outwardly it looks like red plaques with a yellowish or red color. Gradually, the spots can connect, forming brown redness in the shape of a wave. In severe cases, painful wounds form due to trauma to the skin.

Unfavorable factors contribute to the occurrence of eczema:

• poor nutrition;
• alcohol abuse;
• exposure to chemicals;
• thermal burns;
• active proliferation of fungal microflora.

Eczema most often occurs in people with a family history of a similar disease.

Treatment of the scalp is quite lengthy and is accompanied by the use of medications that help eliminate the lesions.

Pediculosis

If head lice is not treated promptly, severe scratching may occur. Red spots, itching, and peeling of scales appear on the head and neck. The surface of the skin is severely damaged.

To avoid suffering from the consequences of the disease, you need to be careful and minimize the risk of scalp diseases.

Treating hair diseases, especially if they are fungal in nature, is quite difficult. The lengthy process is aggravated by the difficulty in making a diagnosis.

The identified pathogenic factor may be difficult to influence. Tips for hair care and prevention of skin diseases include the following:

• observing the rules of personal hygiene, which means using only your own comb. You cannot wear other people's hats. Clothing and personal hygiene items may contain pathogens;
• Washing your hair with shampoo too often is not recommended. Hair care cosmetics should not contain aggressive ingredients. The correct selection of shampoo and conditioner will eliminate the need to carry out further medical procedures;
• It is advisable to take vitamins and monitor your diet. A painful condition associated with poor nutrition and gastrointestinal disorders leads to poor absorption of nutrients. Pathologies such as anorexia, bulimia, chronic diarrhea cause hair loss, since human organs do not receive enough nutrients.

Conclusion

When the first signs of a pathological process appear in the body, you cannot postpone a visit to the doctor. It is necessary to correctly identify the factors causing hair loss and undergo the necessary treatment.

It is necessary to get rid of stress, neuroses, depression and other mental disorders. Neuropsychic pathologies lead to hormonal changes. In severe cases, hair may even fall out in clumps.

Diseases of the scalp and hair cause discomfort and often lead to depression. Surprisingly, most hair problems are not caused by the hair itself. Even such a problem as hair fragility is almost always only a consequence of pathological conditions of the scalp and various body systems. Therefore, it is important to provide proper care, and, if necessary, to be able to recognize a skin disease in the initial stages and contact a trichologist for treatment.

Alopecia: a disease or something more?

Alopecia is not a specific disease, but the manifestation of certain pathologies in the form of baldness or simply increased hair loss. Alopecia is almost never an independent disease, but only a symptom of one or more disorders of the body. If it acts as an independent illness, it is usually in the form of a complication after skin diseases or improper hair care.

Despite the fact that alopecia does not manifest itself in any other way, it has nothing to do with disruption of the hair structure. Strictly speaking, hair, as parts of the body devoid of metabolic processes, cannot hurt on its own - unlike skin. But the areas at the roots, closer to the hair follicles, are already “built-in” into the circulatory system, and therefore are susceptible to damage, which is often mistakenly mistaken for hair pathology.

Insidious seborrhea: how to recognize it?

Seborrhea - a violation of the natural oil lubrication of the skin and hair - manifests itself in three main forms:

• Oily – the hair is greasy, purulent inflammations can form on the scalp.
• Dry – oil content is reduced, as a result of which the skin dries out and flakes off in small, non-keratinized scales (this is dandruff).
• Mixed. The most complex type, in which signs of dry and oily scalp appear in the same areas. Most often, the disease manifests itself as hair that is brittle at first after washing, but greasy after just a day.

If this scalp disease is neglected, the aesthetics of the hair will suffer significantly, and the treatment will be long and difficult. In some cases, fat balance disorders can develop into another skin disease.

Mycoses: what should an infected person do?

Doctors call mycoses fungal diseases. Most scalp diseases that are not caused by hormonal fluctuations are caused by fungal pathogens. This is a broad category that includes dozens and even hundreds of diseases. The difficulty of diagnosis lies in the fact that the same disorders can produce opposite symptoms.

Fungal diseases of the scalp and hair are rightfully considered the most contagious in their class. Infection occurs mainly when basic rules of head hygiene are not observed. Taboos during illness and preventive measures include the use of other people's hats, combs, hairpins and other hair accessories.

The spores land on the skin, and if there is an environment favorable for development on its surface, they begin to actively multiply, “taking root.” It is very difficult to identify fungal skin diseases in the early stages, because its symptoms are “masked” as other diseases:

• When sick, hair loses its attractiveness - it becomes dull or constantly greasy, as with oily seborrhea.
• A lot of dandruff-like discharge appears on the scalp, which to the untrained eye also indicates dry seborrhea.
• Over time, the hair becomes brittle at the base, causing it to fall out more rapidly. Often this type of infection is mistaken for symptoms of vitamin deficiency or a hidden hormonal disorder.
• At the site of the most active foci, ulcers or “plaques” form; sometimes the color of the scalp simply changes, as with infections and autoimmune disorders.

The further the disease progresses, the more difficult the treatment. It all depends on the type of fungus. You can diagnose lichen almost immediately - they form “bald rings” with a bright border. Similarly, seborrheic dermatitis provokes suppurating and bleeding plaques over the entire surface of the head. But a fungal skin disease such as favus (scab) forms characteristic crater-like growths only in the later stages. Even diseases like candidiasis can be localized in different areas of the head and reveal themselves months later, “confusing the cards” for the diagnostician.

It is better not to let it reach the later stages, because the treatment of advanced fungi will take many months and even years. Thus, hair can be permanently lost with scarring of the follicles. Treatment of the scalp should begin as soon as possible - but this is where the main catch lies. There is no universal cure. The treatment method depends on the type of fungus, which is determined by multiple skin tests.

Other diseases

An equally extensive list of scalp diseases includes dermatitis, dermatoses and specific manifestations of allergies. For example, psoriasis, a little-studied non-contagious disease of the scalp, is widespread today, due to which specific plaque spots form throughout the skin of the body. Today, scientists have the greatest support for the autoimmune nature of psoriasis. Although specific treatment for the disease has not yet been developed, there are ways to remit lesions until they visually disappear. This allows you to restore the aesthetic appearance of the hair and the rest of the scalp.

With eczema, characteristic serous papules are formed, the accumulation of which on the skin resembles, depending on the form and stage, a rash, burn or abrasion. Such scalp diseases may seem harmless at first. But if the disease is not treated, extensive ulcers form, including purulent foci. Eczema can be superimposed on other skin diseases - in particular, fungus.

What to do if you find yourself with one of the symptoms?

Listed above are only the most common types of scalp diseases, but there are dozens of others - less common, but no less unpleasant problems. The main catch in the treatment of scalp diseases is mimicry. Skin diseases “disguise” as each other, because In addition to completely advanced and therefore pronounced cases, they have a number of common symptoms that make diagnosis difficult. What’s even worse is that diseases of related categories begin almost the same way, and a person may simply not notice the impending threat. Instead of treatment, he turns to a cosmetologist, who unsuccessfully tries to correct the situation, only triggering the disease.

For proper treatment, it is necessary to determine the type of scalp disease as accurately as possible. And for an accurate diagnosis of diseases, modern diagnostic equipment is required, which not every specialist has. At the Clauderer Trichology Center you can count on a full range of computerized equipment and related services - from therapy to the preparation of preparations for individual hair treatment.

One of the common reasons for turning to dermatologists and, somewhat less frequently, cosmetologists is diseases of the scalp and hair, which are associated with defects in the structure and shape of the latter, their fragility, early baldness, dandruff, itching of the scalp, focal and diffuse hair loss and many others. symptoms.

Diseases of the scalp, accompanied by the listed clinical symptoms, become an important source of psycho-emotional discomfort for many people, contributing to a decrease in quality of life. They often lead to social isolation and difficulties in finding a job.

Hair diseases and internal discomfort

Hair loss, rapid and early baldness, difficult to remove dandruff, dermatological diseases of the scalp negatively affect the beauty of the hairstyle and force a person to experience internal discomfort.

Self-selected methods for restoring curls do not always bring the desired result, and the problem only gets worse.

To prevent this from happening, it is advisable to always seek help from a trichologist; the specialization of this doctor allows you to determine the main cause of deterioration in hair condition and, based on this, the appropriate course of therapy is selected.

Home treatment for seborrhea

Home treatments for seborrhea show excellent results. But if 3-4 weeks after the start of therapy the skin condition has not improved, it is recommended to consult a specialist to avoid baldness.

Recipes from traditional healers can be effectively combined with conservative treatment under the supervision of a physician. In this case, it is better to discuss with the doctor the compatibility of home treatment with drug therapy.

If seborrhea of ​​the scalp occurs, treatment at home is carried out in accordance with the following recommendations.

1. Diet. During treatment, you should avoid salty, spicy, fatty foods and sugar in any form. Regular cereals (not instant), fruits and raw vegetables, fermented milk products will help the body cope with the disease.
2. Taking mineral and vitamin complexes. Seborrhea often appears when the body's immune strength decreases. Taking balanced complexes of minerals and vitamins will restore your own defense mechanisms. Vitamins B, A and E and zinc are especially important. You should pay attention to special complexes designed to improve hair condition.
3. Healthy daily routine. To improve immunity, 8 hours of sleep at night and daily half-hour walks in the fresh air are recommended.

What does trichology study?

Trichology is considered a separate branch of dermatology; the object of study of this science is the structure of hair, its functioning and pathological changes that lead to problems with curls.

Trichologists diagnose diseases of the scalp and the hair itself, develop treatment methods and preventive measures.

Trichology is closely interconnected with such branches of medicine as dermatology, endocrinology, cosmetology, gastroenterology, and immunology.

Such a close relationship is explained by the fact that deterioration in the condition of curls often occurs due to internal disorders, the correction of which requires an integrated approach to treatment.

Features of hair damage with trichophytosis

Trichophyton ectothrix

Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). They have large and small spores, which form sheaths at the base of the hair: the wider ones are large-spores, the narrower ones are small-spores. Along with spores, short or long chains of rounded spores are found in the peripheral region of the hair. Trichophyton ectothrix are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes and purulent melting of follicles.

Trichophyton endothrix

Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair. They have a round shape, are large in size (5 - 7 microns), tightly fill the hair inside without going beyond their limits, are arranged either in the form of chains, or fill the hair like a bag of nuts.

Rice. 10. Trichophyton ectothrix: pathogen spores envelop the outside of the hair, like a muff (photo on the left). Trichophyton endothrix: The inside of the hair is filled with spores (photo on the right).

Types of hair and scalp diseases

A conditional division of all diseases of the scalp and hair into four types has been accepted:

1. Infectious and fungal diseases. Infections include pediculosis, which develops when a person is infected with head lice. Microsporia and trichophytosis are fungal skin lesions.
2. Diseases caused by dysfunction of the sebaceous glands. The most common diseases in this category include seborrhea and dandruff.
3. Pathological hair loss. There are a huge number of reasons for excessive loss of curls, and identifying the main one in each specific case is considered the first step towards restoring the beauty of your hair.
4. Damage to the hair shaft. Injury to the hair shaft occurs as a result of thermal, chemical and mechanical external influences.

Depending on the type of disease, not only trichologists, but also doctors of other specialties take part in the treatment of the patient.

A joint approach to eliminating the cause of pathology and restoring the strength of curls greatly increases the effectiveness of therapy.

READ ON THE TOPIC: Causes of hair loss in children.

Hairline eczema

The symptoms of eczema in the initial stage are similar to seborrhea - plaques with an itchy surface form under the hair. These plaques merge, the skin underneath them becomes wet, the follicles weaken, and at the slightest force, the hair comes out - the “change” is much worse in quality.

The causes of the disease have not yet been precisely studied. Polyvalent allergies, exacerbation of chronic diseases, hormonal disorders, general decrease in immunity - there are enough factors under the influence of which eczema appears.

It is impossible to bring the disease into remission without the help of official medicine.

Seborrheic eczema can spread to the eyebrows and eyelashes, causing baldness in these areas.

Therapeutic methods are very similar to the treatment of psoriasis: local and general corticosteroids, immune boosters, antihistamines, sedatives. The treatment course is complemented by ointments and talkers, which stop the secretion of sebaceous secretions. They contain: sulfur, salicyl, rhizocin and the like.

The following methods complement therapeutic measures:

• cryomassage;
• Magnetic and laser therapy;
• exposure to currents of varying frequency;
• spa treatment;
• competent diet.

Infectious and fungal hair diseases

Pediculosis

Head lice develops as a result of transmission of lice through contact and household contact. Children are at increased risk. Head lice bites are accompanied by pain and severe itching.

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Scratching the skin causes secondary infections, and scarring may form on the skin.

In advanced cases, pediculosis leads to the appearance of purulent crusts on the head, to the sticking of individual strands of hair due to pus and egg laying.

General manifestations of the disease include enlargement of regional lymph nodes. The attachment of a huge number of nits to the curls causes damage to their shaft.

Pediculosis is treated with special topical medications. And it is imperative to remove nits and adult insects mechanically.

Microsporia

Or microsporosis - a fungal infection. Microsporum fungi are most often transmitted from sick people, less often from animals. The main category of patients are children, from whom their family members become infected.

The rate of spread of microsporia is one of the highest compared to other infectious diseases of the scalp.

The main signs of this disease are the formation of rounded areas on the scalp that have clear boundaries.

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The skin in these areas peels off, the hair is brittle, breaks off a few millimeters from the skin, and the remaining “stumps” are covered with a grayish coating that looks like mold.

There are almost no inflammatory changes in the affected area; over time, these areas become covered with purulent crusts.

Trichophytosis

Ringworm (trichophytosis) is a highly contagious and severe lesion of the scalp.

Fungal spores are transmitted by using the personal belongings of a sick person or by direct contact with him.

The superficial form of ringworm is characterized by the appearance of foci of skin peeling and hair breaking off at a distance of 2-6 mm from the follicles.

The size of the lesion reaches three centimeters, the skin in this place is most often swollen, inflamed and itchy, broken hair looks like black dots.

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The infiltrative purulent form of trichophytosis develops for about two months.

Initial signs are symptoms of intoxication, soreness and swelling of the lymph nodes, allergic rashes.

Round spots form on the head, surrounded by a clear, inflamed rim.

On this contour, blisters and crusts with purulent contents may appear; some patients experience deformation of the nails.

Treatment should be carried out quickly, since the lesions are prone to rapid spread.

Favus (scab)

The main symptoms are the formation of crusts on the scalp and other parts of the body with a yellowish tint and an indentation in the middle.

Hair often grows in this center; if there is no treatment, the individual crusts merge with each other and large areas of damage to the body appear.

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In advanced cases, the skin under the crusts atrophies and permanent baldness develops.

When the scalp is damaged, the curls lose their shine and strength, are easily pulled out, and the remaining strands resemble tow.

Scab most often occurs in residents of the southern regions, and among sick people there are more children and women.

Microsporia

Microsporia is another fungal disease that simultaneously affects the skin and scalp, and in the most severe cases, also the nail plates.

All the features of the course and treatment of this disease are given below:

1. Children aged 5-12 years are at risk; microsporia occurs in adults only in rare cases. This is due to the high level of concentration of organic acids in the hair, which does not allow the pathogenic fungus to actively multiply.
2. The lesions from which the lesions spread are most often located on the crown or temples. Their size is usually no more than 2-5 cm, and the borders have clear, rounded outlines. The first symptom is peeling of the skin in the affected areas, but after a week the fungus also affects the hair, which becomes too brittle and begins to fall out after numerous mechanical damages. Sometimes there are forms of microscopy in which swelling and inflammatory processes of a purulent type occur, which is why soft blue-red nodes appear on the head.
3. To treat microsporia, 5% tincture of iodine is usually used, as well as various ointments containing salicylic acid, tar or sulfur. The specifics of therapy depend on the form of the disease and the specifics of its course; oral antibiotics are often additionally prescribed.

Sebaceous gland dysfunction

Seborrhea

This is an inflammatory disease that occurs due to increased secretion of sebum with a changed composition.

The main manifestations of seborrhea on the scalp are itching, flaking, redness of the skin; in advanced cases, hair falls out and baldness may develop.

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Seborrhea is divided into dry and oily, treatment is selected by a trichologist or dermatologist.

Normalization of the condition of the scalp is achieved through antifungal systemic and local therapy, dietary correction, and exclusion of causative factors of the disease.

Seborrheic dermatitis

A chronic inflammatory disease that develops due to excessive proliferation of the yeast-like lipophilic fungus Pityrosporum ovale.

The disease occurs as dermatitis with the formation of clearly defined spots of inflammation on the skin.

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These lesions are red in color and tend to merge, and the desquamated epidermis leads to the formation of a yellowish crust on the spots.

Seborrheic dermatitis most often affects the scalp, upper torso and face, that is, areas with a large number of sebaceous glands.

The appearance of inflammation on the head is often preceded by the formation of a large amount of dandruff.

Seborrheic dermatitis is one of the causes of hair loss, the growth of which is restored only with stable remission of the disease.

The main treatment for the disease is a special hypoallergenic diet, the use of antifungal drugs and a number of physical procedures.

Scalp eczema

The first appearance of eczema and subsequent exacerbations of this disease are associated with the activation of fungi from the genus Pityrosporum; skin damage by staphylococcus is also called the cause of the disease.

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Not always these microorganisms can cause disease. Eczema of the scalp develops in people with allergic reactions to external irritants, with chronic diseases of the digestive system, with damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous and endocrine systems.

The main manifestations of eczema are the formation of round rashes in the form of plaques, spots, papules. Their appearance is accompanied not only by itching and burning, but also by pain.

Eczema on the head can occur simultaneously with seborrhea; in addition to the characteristic rashes, there is increased dryness of the strands and skin.

Eczema is not a contagious disease. But to get rid of it, you first need a full examination, which will help identify disturbances in the functioning of internal organs.

Dandruff

The term dandruff refers to the desquamation of the epithelium of the scalp, leading to the appearance of white or yellowish scales.

The formation of dandruff leads to an itchy scalp, hair becomes dry and dull or becomes oily.

Dandruff often occurs with fungal infections of the skin, in patients with seborrhea, after serious psycho-emotional stress, with hypovitaminosis, and gastrointestinal pathologies.

Its appearance can also be provoked by improper care of the scalp.

Dandruff of varying severity bothers more than 70% of the world's population.

The treatment consists of careful care of the curls, preventing the action of aggressive external influences and treating the hair with preparations specially selected by the trichologist.

Dandruff not only worsens the appearance of hair, but is also one of the most common causes of hair loss.

Psoriasis

The situation with psoriasis is much more complicated, since this disease, although it does not pose a threat to human life, often goes into a chronic phase and disrupts the aesthetic appearance.

All its main features are discussed in more detail below:

1. There are different forms of psoriasis, but the main symptom is always the appearance of noticeable patches covered with easily detachable scales, which are usually grayish or white in color.
2. Factors that can provoke this disease are: excessive increase in load on the central nervous system; dietary disorders; previous injuries; frequent hypothermia; tendency to an allergic reaction and its exacerbation.
3. In the initial stages, psoriasis can be cured by treating the affected areas with various ointments, which include one of the following components: salicylic acid, zinc oxide or tar. In all other cases, specialists prescribe potent pharmacological drugs for oral administration. Drug therapy usually includes sedatives, corticosteroids and vitamin complexes.

Damage to the hair shaft

Injury to the hair shaft occurs very often. Perm, use of heat irons, curling irons, dyeing curls - all this damages the shaft along its entire length.

Mechanical, thermal and chemical aggressive effects do not always provoke excessive hair loss, but become the main cause of increased hair fragility, damage to the ends, dryness, and loss of elasticity.

Hair health also depends on a balanced diet, constant hygiene procedures, ecology, and psycho-emotional background.

Shiny, strong and strong curls are not only external beauty, but also an indicator of internal health.

Trichoclasia

The term trichoclasia refers to increased fragility. The main cause of the anomaly is infections suffered by the mother during pregnancy.

Trichoclasia is divided into two types:

Twisted hair

Trichokinesis (twisted hair) - such an anomaly of the shaft first becomes noticeable before the age of two.

With this disease, the hair is coarse, of different lengths, hard, and practically devoid of natural shine. Some children have noticeable patches of alopecia.

The damaged rod has flattened areas and grooves, and bends around its axis at different angles. A weak degree of twisting is most often a variant of the norm.

With pathology, the curls cannot be combed normally; they constantly become tangled and pulled out.

Trichokinesis is found mainly in girls. By about eight years of age, the number of healthy hairs increases, and twisted curls become less noticeable against their background.

Monilethrix

One of the rarest anomalies. Monilethrix appears in the first months of life, affecting not only the scalp, but also eyebrows, eyelashes and other areas with hair.

The disease is characterized by the appearance of thinning and thickening on the hair shaft. Thickened areas look darker on light strands.

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In areas of thinning, the hair breaks off, and therefore the hair on the head rarely reaches more than one and a half centimeters in length.

With monilethrix, congenital changes in the innervation of the skin are noted, and this causes deformation of the hair follicles.

Gradually, the curls become too dry, thin and break. The disease is accompanied by the development of follicular hyperkeratosis.

Diagnosis of mycosis of the scalp

Diagnosis of scalp fungus is based on collecting an epidemiological history, clinical picture of the disease and laboratory diagnostics.

Microscopy

With this type of research, spores and mycelium of fungi are detected, but it is impossible to differentiate microscopy from trichophytosis. Microorganisms are identified using the culture method followed by microscopy. The material for the study is the patient's scales and hair taken from the peripheral zone of the lesion.

Rice. 20. Microscopic picture of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). The mycelium (photo on the left) and numerous exospores (photo on the right) are clearly visible.

Cultural examination

The most reliable sign of scalp fungus is the detection of growth of pathogens on nutrient media. Microscopy of the obtained material makes it possible to identify the type of mushroom.

Rice. 21. Type of colonies of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). It is detected in patients with microsporia in 98% of cases.

Establishment of the tissue form of trichophytons

Microscopy of affected hair reveals the tissue form of trichophytons:

• Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). The spores of these fungi are found on the outside of the hair. Trichophytons of this species are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes on the scalp.
• Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair.

Rice. 22. Trichophyton ectothrix hair lesion.

Rice. 23. Trichophyton endothrix hair lesion.

Diagnosis of scalp fungus using a Wood's fluorescent lamp

The emerald-colored glow in the rays of a fluorescent lamp (Wood's lamp) is characteristic only of microsporia.

Rice. 24. Fluorescence (glow) of hair in the rays of a fluorescent lamp during microsporia.

Hair loss

Excessive hair loss is caused by various triggering factors. This can be either internal diseases or direct damage to the follicles.

In older people, hair thinning is associated with age-related changes.

Alopecia

The term alopecia refers to progressive hair loss, leading to partial or complete baldness. Alopecia is divided into diffuse, focal and androgenic.

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The problem can affect both men and women; most people with this cosmetic defect are over 50 years old.

Baldness not only worsens your appearance, but also causes a lot of psycho-emotional distress.

Effective treatment for alopecia is quite difficult to find without finding out the underlying cause of excessive hair loss. In some cases, a trichologist may prescribe lifelong use of a number of external products that help restore hair thickness.

Oily seborrhea: home treatment

Mustard

Ammonia

A teaspoon of ammonia is diluted in a glass of warm water. Rinse washed hair with this solution.

Oak bark and honey

A tablespoon of crushed oak bark is boiled for 10-15 minutes in a glass of water (water bath). The broth is filtered and a spoonful of honey is dissolved in it. The mixture is rubbed into the damaged epidermis, the head is wrapped in a scarf and the product is left for 1 hour.

Walnut peel

The product helps destroy the fungal flora of the epidermis. 100 g of unripe walnut peel is crushed and poured with half a liter of vodka (alcohol). Keep the tincture for 15 days. The product is rubbed into the scalp.

Decoctions and tinctures

1. St. John's wort, yarrow, and oak bark are mixed in equal proportions. Boil a spoonful of the mixture in a glass of boiling water for 1 hour (water bath). The cooled decoction is used to rinse the head.
2. A decoction is prepared from chamomile flowers: 2 tablespoons of the raw material are boiled for half an hour in a glass of water (water bath). The strained broth is used for rinsing, lotions and compresses.
3. A spoonful of St. John's wort is infused in a glass of boiling water. The tincture is used to wipe the scalp or make lotions.

Other hair diseases

Hypertrichosis

The term hypertrichosis in medicine refers to increased hair growth on different parts of the body - back, hips, forearms, abdomen, buttocks, chest.

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This hair growth is not caused by the action of androgens. The disease occurs in women and men, while another pathology with similar manifestations - hirsutism - can only occur in women.

The main causes of hypertrichosis:

• Congenital gene mutations that occur as a result of exposure to unfavorable factors on the developing fetus;
• Long-term use of certain medications;
• Consequences of TBI.

Treatment is selected based on the data of a hormonal and dermatological examination of a person.

If effective medications for hypertrichosis cannot be found, then the patient is offered the removal of unnecessary hair using electrolysis.

IMPORTANT TO KNOW: What is trichotillomania and how to treat the disease.

Oily hair

Excessive greasiness in hair occurs due to increased activity of the sebaceous glands located in the scalp.

Oily curls almost always look untidy, oily, they get dirty easily and quickly, and sticky strands appear.

For oily hair types, even frequent washing of the scalp does not help solve the problem, and styling it into a beautiful hairstyle is practically impossible.

If you have oily hair type, a professional approach to eliminating the defect is required. It is necessary not only to consult a trichologist, but also to be examined by a gastroenterologist, dermatologist, and endocrinologist.

Complex treatment consists of the use of special lotions, balms and shampoos.

The patient is prescribed physiotherapy - darsonvalization, mesotherapy, course use of herbal infusions, medicinal serums, masks is recommended.

Early gray hair

Early gray hair is indicated by the appearance of a large number of gray hairs before the age of 25 and the discoloration of most of the curls before the age of 40.

The problem arises due to disruption of the functioning of melanocytes, which in turn is caused by various internal changes in the body.

To stop early graying, you need to consult with a trichologist in time, take tests to determine the levels of microelements and vitamins in the blood, and determine the ratio of thyroid hormones.

The process of bleaching curls slows down after a course of head massage through mesotherapy; masks and various hardware procedures help with this.

Thin hair

Hair with a diameter of less than 50 microns is considered thin. Such curls are characterized by excessive softness, they quickly become tangled, difficult to comb and lack volume.

The thickness and density of hair increases through the use of various ampoule preparations, serums, professional masks; mesotherapy and scalp massage give good results.

But to achieve a noticeable result, you need the help of a trichologist.

Hairdressers can also help solve the problem. Keratin prosthetics of curls, their lamination and extensions make curls stronger, thicker and more attractive.

Dry brittle hair

Loss of moisture inside the rod can be caused by both improper painting and thermal effects. In rare cases, this anomaly occurs with trichoclasia nodosa.

Returning hair to its normal state is only possible if the root cause of the changes is eliminated. Additionally, the trichologist prescribes the use of products that enhance the hydration and strength of curls. Pathological changes in hair structure and scalp diseases have a specific cause for their appearance.

A complete examination will allow you to understand what caused the deterioration of the condition of the curls, and this, in turn, is the most important thing in choosing drugs that help solve a cosmetic and dermatological problem.

Pediculosis

All features of the course of pediculosis and treatment for it are discussed below:

A disease that affects the hair follicles. Most often caused by a staphylococcal infection. When the disease occurs, elements with pus inside appear. When the boil ripens, it bursts and the pus spreads across the skin, infecting the tissue. Infection usually occurs when there is trauma to the skin. Furunculosis can be cured with antibiotics and wound cleansing.

Can't deal with dandruff and hair loss?

With our active lives filled with stress, poor diet, lack of sleep, vitamin deficiency, there can be a lot of reasons for dandruff on the head.
Dandruff is not only unsightly, but also harmful. When there is a lot of dandruff on the head, the roots become weaker, the hair breaks and begins to fall out.

It has the following properties:

• Eliminates itching and flaking of the scalp
• Awakens dormant hair follicles
• Stops hair loss
• Returns hair health, strength and beauty!

Read more about it here >>

Therapeutic cosmetics and preparations for dermatological problems

The fight against dandruff, as well as seborrheic dermatitis, includes the use of medicated shampoos, such as Nizoral, Friederm Zinc.

In any treatment, you need to use a set of measures that can lead to recovery. Diet you need to follow:

• give up sweets;
• fat;
• salted and fried.

Folk remedy: wash your hair with tar soap.

Mesotherapy, carried out in medical institutions, is microinjections into the scalp. A mixture of vitamins, microelements and minerals is selected individually. The procedure normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous gland and helps get rid of dandruff.

Treatment of psoriasis requires much more effort and includes general therapy, local therapy, and physical therapy. The shampoos discussed above can also be used in the fight against psoriasis. You should definitely try ichthyol or salicylic ointments, they are used as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent, the drugs cost only 50 - 150 rubles. Along with this, doctors prescribe vitamins, antihistamines and sedatives.

There is also an effective recipe from traditional medicine:

In medical institutions, to combat psoriasis, the method of cryotherapy is used - freezing individual areas of the skin with nitrogen, which activates blood circulation, immune defense, and improves hormonal balance. The course of treatment is 10-20 procedures, 15 minutes each, the cost of one is 700-1500 rubles.

Folliculitis

This is a purulent infectious skin lesion that affects the head and other parts of the human body. It can be caused by bacteria or fungus; to prescribe adequate treatment, it is necessary to establish the nature of folliculitis. The risk group includes people living in hot climates or unsanitary conditions. The lesion affects the area near the hair follicle, then a purulent pustule forms. After opening the pustule, an ulcer forms with a crust of blood and pus. The crust peels off gradually, leaving a scar. Most often, scalp treatment requires an inpatient stay.

Skin diseases, for the most part, indicate a disruption in the functioning of the entire body. Therefore, it is extremely important to seek medical help in time to make an accurate diagnosis and undergo adequate treatment.

What will you have to give up?

Immediately forget about “aggressive” cosmetics, conditioners, shampoos with parabens, harmful sulfates. In winter, when sitting in a heated room, it is recommended to stay away from warm radiators, which have a drying effect. When going for a walk, be sure to wear a hat; it will protect sensitive strands from the wind and low ambient temperatures. Don't forget about panama hats, hats in the summer - today fashion brands delight women with quite stylish options.

And most importantly, eat right, lead a healthy lifestyle, avoid alcohol, smoked, pickled foods, hot peppers, and sour juices.

Ringworm

One of the most common infectious diseases that significantly affects the scalp. Scalp lesions are caused by a type of fungus. It has been found that people with vitamin A deficiency are more susceptible to the disease.

Causes of the disease:

• violation of personal hygiene rules;
• contact with a carrier of lichen: animal or human;
• use of contaminated personal hygiene items;
• serious damage to the skin;
• significant decrease in immunity.

The incubation period lasts up to four days. Symptoms: the skin on the head is covered with red or pink spots in the shape of rings, there is severe itching. The success of treatment largely depends on the patient and his lifestyle.

How to get rid of head lice at home?

Important! Do not use gasoline or kerosene to treat lice. This can cause damage to the scalp and face.

• "Pediculen R Ultra".
• "Paranite Lotion".
• "Para-Plus".

It is better to use drugs in the form of a lotion. You need to apply it to your head according to the instructions and, after time, rinse with water and shampoo. The products are contraindicated for young children and pregnant women. The price varies from 200 to 400 rubles. You may also be interested in the article “How and with what to remove hair dye from skin at home?”.

In folk medicine, 9% table vinegar is used (in no case an essence!): dilute 2 tbsp in 1 glass of water. l. vinegar and rinse your hair with this solution. You can also use alcohol by applying it to all your hair for 30 minutes, you need to be careful when using it.

Features of Vitiligo disease

With vitiligo, the formation of melanocytes in the skin is disrupted. Because of this, white spots of different shapes and sizes form on its surface. The pathological process of destruction of melanocytes also affects the condition of the hair. This is expressed in the appearance of spots on the head. In these places, complete discoloration occurs, which creates the appearance of gray hair. A similar symptom may appear in adolescence. No other symptoms - peeling, hair atrophy, alopecia - are observed.

Alopecia: a disease or something more?

Alopecia is not a specific disease, but the manifestation of certain pathologies in the form of baldness or simply increased hair loss. Alopecia is almost never an independent disease, but only a symptom of one or more disorders of the body. If it acts as an independent illness, it is usually in the form of a complication after skin diseases or improper hair care.

Despite the fact that alopecia does not manifest itself in any other way, it has nothing to do with disruption of the hair structure. Strictly speaking, hair, as parts of the body devoid of metabolic processes, cannot hurt on its own - unlike skin. But the areas at the roots, closer to the hair follicles, are already “built-in” into the circulatory system, and therefore are susceptible to damage, which is often mistakenly mistaken for hair pathology.

How to treat head sores

Dandruff and scalp sores do not go away on their own; they require treatment. At the first symptoms of the disease, contact a specialist (dermatologist or trichologist). He will determine the cause of the disease and prescribe appropriate therapy.

Drug treatment

Most of the sores on the head are accompanied by severe itching and profuse dandruff. To treat the disease, specialists turn mainly to ointments; among them, the following drugs have received positive reviews:

• Clotrimazole ointment- used against many fungal skin infections. The drug is applied to a clean and dry surface in a thin layer, you can rub the product in a little. The procedure is repeated up to 3 times a day. The medicinal ointment is used for 1–4 weeks, depending on the diagnosis. To consolidate success, it is recommended to apply the drug within 2 weeks after the end of treatment. Not suitable for treating pregnant and lactating women, as well as those planning a pregnancy. The cost of the ointment is from 77 rubles.

• Substance-powder Pyrithione zinc- the drug is intended for the treatment of psoriasis, seborrhea, dandruff, various dermatitis, relieves inflammation and reduces peeling. To use, simply dilute the powder and treat the affected areas with it up to 3 times a day. The duration of the treatment course is 14 days, for psoriasis - 30 days. After the symptoms of the disease disappear, use of the drug is continued for another 7 days.

• Cream Zinocap- an alternative version of zinc pyrioin, applied in a thin layer to the affected area several times a day. It is used to treat psoriasis, atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, and helps eliminate dry skin. The course of drug therapy lasts 2–6 weeks, depending on the complexity of the disease. Can be prescribed to children older than one year; the drug has not been tested on pregnant or lactating women. The cost of the drug is about 400 rubles for 20 g.

To increase the patient’s immunity and speed up the recovery process, the doctor prescribes a complex of vitamins and microelements. It is especially important to pay attention to B vitamins, retinol (vitamin A), nicotinic and ascorbic acid, calcium intake will be useful.

Traditional methods

Folk remedies can relieve itching, get rid of dandruff and promote a speedy recovery from the disease. They are especially relevant for children. Let's consider several effective self-medication options.

1. Mix tomato juice and unrefined vegetable oil (preferably olive) in equal proportions. Apply the mixture 2-3 times a day, continue the procedure for 5 days. You will notice relief after the first use of the composition.
2. The easiest, fastest way to relieve inflammation and alleviate the symptoms of the disease is a salicylic acid (aspirin) tablet. Grind the drug into powder and sprinkle it on the wound. You can add salicylic acid to your shampoo to wash your hair.
3. Rinsing your hair with a decoction of medicinal herbs (St. John's wort, chamomile, calendula and string) will complement drug treatment, fill the epidermal cells with nutritional components, and preserve the natural beauty and health of the hair.
4. Applesauce compresses will help get rid of dandruff quickly. Grate a fresh apple, rub the resulting pulp into the affected areas of the skin, do not wash off for half an hour.
5. You can get rid of sores caused by unsuccessful hair coloring with the help of dandelion infusion. To do this, pour ½ liter of vodka over the root of the plant (250 g), cover with a lid and leave to infuse. After a week, make compresses with the tincture for 10 minutes. Repeat the procedures daily until the disease disappears.

Important! Do not rely only on traditional methods when treating sores and scabs. They will complement the effect of prescribed medications and speed up recovery. Consultation and examination by a specialist, identifying the cause of the disease are mandatory.

Alternative Methods

No less effective in combating sores are modern alternative treatments:

• Laser therapy- aimed at launching regeneration processes inside the skin, helping to normalize blood circulation and metabolism in cells in the affected areas. In addition, the laser is a powerful antiseptic.
• Mesotherapy- a complex of vitamins, mineral supplements or medications are introduced into the skin through injections. They will strengthen the immune system and normalize intracellular processes.
• Hirudotherapy- the essence of the method is to influence special acupuncture points, for which leeches are used. They help cleanse the body of toxins and secrete a secretion filled with various types of enzymes. This accelerates metabolism in skin cells, has anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects, and normalizes blood circulation.
• Biocomplex procedure- includes a massage using a steam capsule. Natural oils are used to fill the affected areas with nutritional components. The treatment course lasts at least 5 days, each session will last up to half an hour.

Scabs and sores on the head under the hair are quite common. They will not cause you much trouble if you respond in a timely manner with appropriate treatment. What and how to treat diseases is determined by a specialist after a detailed examination of the scalp and diagnosis.

Do not try to cure sores and scabs under the hair using traditional methods; only in combination with medications and modern alternative methods will the disease be quickly and completely defeated. Be attentive to the condition of your skin; it is often the first to signal problems in the body.

A person's hair is one of his main decorations. Therefore, any diseases of the scalp and hair can quickly spoil the appearance of a man or woman - and cause considerable harm to health. But, fortunately, most of these diseases can be treated quickly and effectively - if they are recognized in time.

Fungal skin diseases

One of the most common causes of scalp diseases is the contact with microorganisms and fungi, which gradually begin to develop, causing discomfort and pathological changes in the skin. There are several different types of fungal diseases, including the following:

• microsporia. This disease is usually transmitted by domestic animals. It can be recognized by redness of the scalp and the appearance of small blisters on it. Hair becomes more brittle, even with slight exposure it becomes very easy to pull it out;

Microsporia

• favus. This is a chronic form of fungal disease. Most often it occurs in people who regularly wear wigs or tight hats and other headgear that put pressure on the head. When favus occurs, hair loss begins, the skin changes color, becoming bright yellow;
• superficial trichophoria. The disease begins from contact with an infected person (not necessarily directly, just using one comb or towel). It can be recognized by redness and peeling of the skin. Hair becomes more brittle, periodically it falls out, and at the site of loss you can see a characteristic black dot;
• deep trichophytosis. This disease, like microsporia, is transmitted by infected animals. It can be recognized by the characteristic bluish or red bumps that appear in place of lost hair. The mounds are very large, sometimes their diameter reaches eight centimeters.

Deep trichophytosis.

Treatment options

Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using special ones. It is better not to buy them at random, but to consult a doctor who will recommend the antifungal shampoo or ointment that is most suitable for your situation. With their help, you can eliminate the symptoms and causes of the disease.

In addition to antifungal agents, it is recommended to prepare special rinses based on lemon (a teaspoon of lemon is diluted in a glass of warm water) or onion (the peels of several onions are poured into a liter of water, boiled and settled for an hour). It is necessary to treat the scalp with these products in between the use of special ointments or shampoos.

Dermatological diseases

There are several common skin diseases that are conventionally called dermatological. If they occur, it is recommended to consult a specialist for comprehensive treatment. These include:

• psoriasis. The disease is a chronic type, which can be recognized by plaques that visually resemble frozen wax. The disease proceeds cyclically, then weakening its effect, then strengthening it again;

Psoriasis along the hairline

• acne/pimples/pimples. In very mild forms, you can self-treat the problem using popular cosmetics, but if the situation has become more serious, you should definitely consult a doctor;
• eczema. Inflammation of the top layer of skin, which is promoted by various rashes. Often occurs due to direct contact with irritating chemicals. Eczema cannot be cured entirely, but it is possible to control and reduce its impact even in cases where it is very severe.

Seborrhea

Seborrhea is an inflammatory disease that occurs at least sometimes in every fourth inhabitant of the Earth. It begins when the sebaceous glands malfunction. Depending on the nature of these failures, there are two main subtypes of seborrhea:

1. If the glands begin to produce too much sebum, then a person develops oily seborrhea.
2. If the glands begin to produce too little sebum, then a person develops dry seborrhea.

You can determine that the disease has begun to develop by:

• peeling of the scalp;
• itching;
• excessive dryness or rapid salting;
• hair loss.

The stratum corneum of the skin also thickens. Most often they provoke the development of the disease - that’s why it so often manifests itself in adolescence. The cause may also be other diseases and pathologies occurring in the body, including Parkinson's disease, encephalitis and others, as well as the presence of fungal microorganisms on the skin.

When seborrhea is provoked by a third-party disease, it is necessary to begin therapy by eliminating this problem, and then move on to normalizing the condition of the scalp.

Getting rid of illness with pharmaceutical drugs

You can find them in pharmacies; they do an excellent job with the manifestations of seborrhea. Shampoos that contain tar and ketoconazole are also often purchased. It is enough to wash your hair with them twice a week for a noticeable effect to appear after a while. When seborrhea subsides, it is recommended to continue using them at least twice a month for purely preventive purposes.

Tar shampoo for seborrhea

In addition to these remedies, it is recommended to use those prescribed by a doctor if seborrhea was caused by manifestations of a fungus. Sometimes the doctor may additionally prescribe local hormonal medications, and if the problem is at a fairly severe stage, then those taken orally.

Ketoconazole, which is taken 200 mg per day, has recently become considered the most popular drug in the treatment of seborrhea. In combination with this drug, sedatives and tablets are often used to normalize the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

Home treatment

You can cure seborrhea with simple remedies that are prepared from natural remedies. For example, you can prepare a decoction of equal parts of willow, dried nettle and burdock. The mixture must be poured with hot water and cooked in a water bath for half an hour. After this, you need to wash your hair with this mixture at least a couple of times a week.

You can also make a scalp mask by mixing burdock oil with a few drops of tea tree essential oil. The mask is applied to the head, after which the hair is washed after a while.

Infectious diseases of the scalp

If a person does not take sufficient care of scalp hygiene or does not avoid contact with infected people, then infectious diseases may develop on his skin. The most common of them are the following:

• folliculitis. It is characterized by formations near the base of the hair that are red in color. If you do not resort to treatment under the supervision of a specialist, these formations will turn into itchy purulent papules;

Folliculitis

Conclusion

The first step to being effective is identifying them. Pay attention to the most characteristic signs - and take appropriate measures. But it’s best, no matter what the disease, consult a doctor who will select the most appropriate comprehensive treatment for you.