The rectum is located in the pelvic cavity, located on its posterior wall, formed by the sacrum, coccyx and the posterior section of the pelvic floor muscles. Its length is 14-18 cm.
The rectum represents the end section of the large intestine and the digestive tract in general. Its diameter varies from 4 cm (starting from the sigmoid colon) to 7.5 cm in the middle part (ampula) and again narrows to a slit at the level of the anus.

Anus

The anus - the final part of the rectum - is the external opening of the anal canal. Normally, the anus is a slit-like depression leading into the anal canal.

The anus can be deep, funnel-shaped with well-developed gluteal muscles, which is more common in men, or flat, even protruding somewhat forward, which is most typical in women. Its flattening in women is facilitated by relaxation of the perineal muscles after childbirth, rectal prolapse, and loss of contractility of the levator ani muscles.

The skin surrounding the anus is pigmented and wrinkled, which is due to the function of the subcutaneous portion of the external sphincter and the corrugator muscle of the anus. The skin of the perianal area contains the usual glandular elements of the skin and perianal glands (apocrine and eccrine).
The diameter of the anal canal ranges from 3 to 6 cm. The epithelial covering of the walls of the anal canal gradually becomes thinner and ends at the dentate line, protruding into the mucous membrane of the rectum.

The anoderm is a tissue with a smooth gray surface, weakly vascularized, but highly sensitive due to numerous free nerve endings that provide pain, tactile and temperature sensitivity. Impulses from these endings reach the cerebral cortex through the fibers of the pudendal nerves and the spinal cord.

With digital examination, the upper limit of the internal sphincter (orbicularis muscle) can be clearly determined. When palpating the posterior wall of the canal, the lower border of the internal sphincter of the anus is also determined. When palpating the lower edge of the anus, it is possible to determine the subcutaneous portion of the external sphincter, which has the shape of an ellipse elongated in the anteroposterior direction.

Anal canal

The length of the anal canal is 3-5 cm. The anal canal is connected to nearby organs. Along the anterior wall it is connected with the muscular and fibrous formations of the membranous part and bulb of the urethra, the apex of the prostate gland, the fascia of the genitourinary diaphragm or the vagina.
The submucosal layer of the canal contains abundant nerve endings, the lymphatic system, as well as the vascular system with cavernous bodies.

Internal sphincter

The internal sphincter, the next layer of the wall of the anal canal, is a thickening of the circular smooth muscle covering of the rectum and is its continuation. It ends with a rounded edge 6-8 mm above the level of the external opening of the anus and 8-12 mm below the level of the anal valves. The thickness of the internal sphincter varies from 0.5 to 0.8 and even 1.2 cm, length - from 3 to 3.6 cm.
Part of the fibers of the internal sphincter connects with the tendon center of the perineum, and in men with the smooth muscles of the membranous part of the urethra. The influence of sympathetic innervation on increasing the tone of the internal sphincter with simultaneous relaxation of the rectal muscles has been proven.

External sphincter

The external sphincter is located outside, surrounding the internal sphincter. The external sphincter consists of striated muscles. It extends below the internal one, fixing itself to the skin of the anus. The mutual position of the internal and external sphincters resembles retractable telescopic tubes.
An integral part of the obturator apparatus of the rectum are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and, first of all, the muscles that lift the ani.
The rectum, actively participating in the evacuation of intestinal contents, simultaneously performs a reservoir function. Retention of intestinal contents is ensured by all the numerous components that coordinate the work of the obturator apparatus of the rectum, which includes not only the muscular component, but also the sensory and motor activity of the anal canal and the skin of the perianal region, rectum and sigmoid colon.

The rectum is the final section of the large intestine and gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the rectum is the accumulation of digestive waste - feces and their evacuation from the body

Anatomy of the rectum.

The length of the rectum has significant individual differences and averages ~15 cm. Its diameter is ~2.5 h 7.5 cm. The rectum has two parts: the rectal ampulla and the anal canal. The rectal ampulla is located in the pelvic cavity in front of the sacrum and coccyx. The anal canal is located in the thickness of the perineum. In front of the rectum are located: in men - the prostate gland, bladder, seminal vesicles and ampulla of the right and left vas deferens, in women - the uterus and vagina. The anal canal opens outward into the anal opening.

Clinicians believe that for practical purposes it is more convenient to divide the rectum into five sections:

1. suprampullary (or rectosigmoid) region,
2. superior ampullary section,
3. mid-ampullary section,
4. inferior ampulla and
5. perineal section.

The rectum, contrary to its name, forms curves. These are constant bends in the sagittal plane and inconsistent, variable bends in the frontal plane. The sagittal proximal curve is convex backward and corresponds to the concavity of the sacrum. It is also called the sacral flexure of the rectum. The sagittal distal curve is directed forward. It is located in the thickness of the perineum at the level of the coccyx. It is also called the perineal flexure of the rectum.
The proximal part of the rectum is covered on all sides by the peritoneum (intraperitoneal position). The middle part of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on three sides (mesaperitoneal position). The distal part does not have a serous cover (retro- or extraperitoneal position).
At the junction of the sigmoid colon and the rectum there is a sigmarectal sphincter, the sphincter O'Bamrn-Pirogov-Muthier. Its basis is a circular bundle of smooth muscle fibers, and its auxiliary structure is a wide circular fold of mucous membrane around the entire circumference of the intestine (see: sphincters of the digestive system). Along the rectum, three more sphincters are located sequentially one after another.

1. The proximal (third) sphincter of the rectum (synonym: Nelaton's sphincter) is based on a circular bundle of smooth muscle fibers. Its auxiliary structure is a circular fold of mucosa along the entire circumference of the intestine.
2. The internal involuntary sphincter of the rectum is a clearly visible structure of the rectum, located in the area of ​​the perineal flexure of the rectum. Distally, this sphincter ends at the level of the junction of the superficial and subcutaneous layers of the external sphincter of the anus (see Diagram 2). Its basis is the thickening of the internal circular, spiral and longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers of the rectum. Sphincter length ~1.5 h 3.5 cm, thickness ~5 h 8 mm. The proximal part of this sphincter passes into the circular muscular layer of the rectum. Fibers of the longitudinal muscular layer can be woven into the distal part of the sphincter. These fibers can also be woven into the external sphincter of the anus and connect to the skin of the anus. The internal rectal sphincter is usually thinner in women than in men and becomes thicker with age. It can also thicken in some medical conditions (constipation).
3. The external (voluntary) sphincter of the rectum is located in the pelvic floor. The basis of the external voluntary sphincter is the striated muscle, which is a continuation of the puborectalis muscle. The length of this sphincter is ~2.5 hours 5 cm. The external sphincter has three muscle layers. The subcutaneous layer consists of circular muscle fibers. The superficial layer is a collection of elliptical muscle fibers that combine to form a muscle that attaches to the coccyx at the back. The deep layer is associated with the puborectalis muscle. Auxiliary structures of the external voluntary sphincter are arteriole-venular formations, cavernous tissue, and connective tissue network. The sphincters of the rectum ensure the act of defecation.
The part of the rectum located in the pelvic cavity has an expansion at the level of the sacrum. It is called the ampulla of the rectum. The part of the rectum that passes through the perineum has a smaller diameter and is called the anal canal. The anal canal has an opening that opens outward - the anus (anus).

Blood and lymph circulation in the rectum

The rectum is fed by arterial blood flowing through the branches of the superior rectal artery (branch of the inferior mesenteric artery), as well as through the paired middle and inferior rectal arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery). Venous blood flows from the rectum through the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein, and then into the portal venous system. In addition, venous blood flows from the rectum through the middle and inferior rectal veins into the internal iliac veins, and then into the inferior vena cava system. The lymphatic vessels of the rectum are directed to the internal iliac (sacral), subaortic and superior rectal lymph nodes.

Innervation of the rectum

Parasympathetic innervation of the rectum is carried out by the pelvic splanchnic nerves. Sympathetic innervation is carried out by sympathetic nerves from the superior rectal plexus (part of the inferior mesenteric plexus), as well as from the middle and inferior rectal plexuses (parts of the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses).
Noteworthy are certain similarities in the development, morphology and functions of the initial section of the gastrointestinal tract - the esophagus and the final section of the gastrointestinal tract - the rectum, as well as significant differences between the esophagus and rectum from the rest of the gastrointestinal tract.

Topography of the rectum

The rectum is located anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. In men, the rectum, with its section devoid of peritoneum, is ventrally (anteriorly) adjacent to the seminal vesicles and vas deferens, as well as to the area of ​​the bladder not covered by peritoneum lying between them. Even further distal, the rectum is adjacent to the prostate gland. In women, the rectum ventrally borders the uterus and the posterior wall of the vagina along its entire length. The rectum is separated from the vagina by a layer of connective tissue. There are no strong fascial bridges between the fascia of the rectum and the anterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. This morphological feature makes it possible during surgical operations to separate and remove the rectum along with its fascia, covering the blood and lymphatic vessels.

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The rectum is located in the human pelvic area. It is attached to its back wall. On average, its length ranges from fourteen to eighteen centimeters. Let's take a closer look at the sections of the rectum, its features, structure and much more.

If we consider the rectum from an anatomical point of view, it includes the following sections:

1. The anus is the final region of the anatomical structure of the rectum. At the same time, it serves as an external conductor for the exit of feces. The act of defecation occurs through it.

The anus can be quite deep. It can also be flat and slightly convex (more typical for females).

Thickening of the anus in women can be explained by the fact that this occurs after childbirth (loss of contractile function of the intestine).

The skin that surrounds the anus is highly pigmented and wrinkled. The latter is justified by the function of the anal muscle, which wrinkles the skin in this area.

The total diameter of the anus can be from three to six cm. When the outer layer of the canal walls ends, the mucous membrane of the intestine itself lies next.

1. The anal canal lies after the anus. Its length on average is 30-40 mm. This part of the intestine is connected to nearby organs.
2. The internal sphincter is one of the layers of the wall of the intestinal canal, which externally appears as a slight thickening of the muscle layer in the rectum. It seems to continue its cavity.
   The sphincter ends with a round edge measuring 5-6mm. Its thickness can be from 0.5 to 0.9 cm.
3. The external sphincter is located outside, enclosing the internal sphincter. It consists of striated muscle mass and is located slightly below the internal sphincter.

The general position of the first and second sphincters is a bit like the tubes of a telescope.

1. The tailbone is located behind the rectum. In men, the vas deferens and the bladder lie in front of the intestine.

Women have a different physiology: they have a vagina and uterus in this place.

1. Protective layers. Like any part of the digestive tract, the rectum is protected by several mucous layers or the so-called membrane. Thanks to this, food can move more easily without damaging the intestinal walls.

In the anus of the rectum there are special layers consisting of connective fibers and fats. They also play a protective role.

In addition, this part of the gastrointestinal tract also has a middle layer. It is reliably protected by muscle tissue.

1. Folds of the rectum. In the case when the intestine is empty (there is no processed food in it), it forms folds. They can be very different in their location and also have a different number of small folds.

Since the rectum is the final part of the digestive tract, it is where feces accumulate and are subsequently removed from the body.

Main parts of the intestine

The following sections of the rectum are distinguished:

1. Inferior ampullary section of the rectum.
2. Ampullary section of the rectum.
3. Upper ampullary section of the rectum.
4. Rectosigmoid section.
5. Medium ampullary section.
6. Perineal department.

Despite its name, the rectum has curves. They can lie in different planes and correspond to the shape of the sacrum.

Signs of the development of pathologies in different parts of the rectum

Most often, rectal diseases manifest themselves with the following symptoms:

1. Pain that is localized in the anus. Its character can be bursting, sharp, pulsating or aching. Sometimes spasmodic and constant pain is observed.

Important! Some diseases, such as rectal cancer, may not cause pain for quite a long time, so you should pay attention to other symptoms of such dangerous diseases.

1. The appearance of mucous discharge after defecation is characteristic of rectal fistulas. At the same time, if treatment is not carried out, then over time, along with mucus, pus will come out of the intestine, which threatens an even greater deterioration of the person’s condition.
2. Bleeding or stool mixed with blood is one of the most characteristic symptoms of rectal diseases. Usually it indicates a fissure or hemorrhoids.

You should be aware that at first a person will only experience a slight discharge of scarlet blood, but if left untreated, the bleeding may become more profuse, leading to anemia.

1. The appearance of blood clots in the stool may indicate bleeding in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, it is better to carry out diagnosis not only in the rectum, but also in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Weakness and loss of appetite.
3. High temperature can be observed during acute or chronic inflammatory process in the rectum.
4. Anemia develops with chronic blood loss. In this case, the person experiences pallor, fever, dizziness and headache.
5. Constipation is also a common companion to rectal diseases. In this case, the absence of a bowel movement can last from several days to several weeks, which is even more dangerous.

In addition, constipation can be classified as a separate disease or as one of the symptoms of any proctological disease.

1. Colon obstruction occurs when the motor function of this part of the gastrointestinal tract is impaired. In this case, the person will suffer from stool retention, difficulty passing gases and cramping pain.
2. Nausea and vomiting.
3. Bloating is often associated with flatulence or enzyme deficiency. In addition, sometimes it can be caused by dysbiosis. These conditions require immediate medical treatment, as they quickly lead to dehydration.
4. Fast weight loss.
5. Sleep disturbance and irritability can occur with frequent pain.
6. The appearance of loose stools is characteristic of various infectious bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome and bacterial lesions of the intestine.
7. The appearance of tenesmus. With this condition, a person experiences frequent false desires to “go to the toilet” without further excretion of feces. In this case, tenesmus itself occurs due to irritation of the colon and the presence of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
8. Incontinence of feces and gases can occur when the rectum is damaged or its reflex function is impaired. This can happen for both psychological and physiological reasons.

Diseases of the rectum

The most common diseases of the rectum are:

1. Proctalgia
2. Haemorrhoids

Proctalgia is a disease in which a person suffers from constant (chronic pain) in the anus. In this case, apart from the pain symptom, no disturbances are observed in the body. The reasons for this condition are also not always known. Typically, proctalgia is caused by gastrointestinal diseases.

In most cases, proctalgia is diagnosed in middle-aged men who lead a sedentary lifestyle. At the same time, they are bothered by pain in the form of spasms that last from three to twenty minutes.

Important! If any symptoms or pain in the rectum appear, you should consult a proctologist. It is this specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the rectum.

Treatment of proctalgia should be medicinal. It is also important that the patient stops being nervous and normalizes his psycho-emotional state. To do this, he may be prescribed sedatives.

Hemorrhoids are a disease in which veins expand and form nodes in the intestine. Subsequently, such nodes begin to bleed and fall out of the anus.

Hemorrhoids are very dangerous because they can cause excessive bleeding or infection. It requires immediate medical and surgical treatment.

Most often, hemorrhoids develop with frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages, pregnancy, eating spicy foods or lifting weights. Also, its appearance can be caused by insufficient intake of fiber and dietary fiber.

Unfortunately, people usually go to the doctor quite late for hemorrhoids, when the disease has already become chronic. At the same time, the disease itself can occur in waves (either subside or worsen again).
The main symptom of hemorrhoids is bleeding with scarlet blood. Sometimes there is itching and discomfort.

A serious complication of hemorrhoids (if left untreated) is prolapse of the nodes. Over time, it will be difficult to set them back again, which will lead to even more bleeding.

Today, there are quite effective methods for combating hemorrhoids, in which the patient does not even have to go to the hospital.

One of these methods is to put compressive rubber pads on the hemorrhoidal nodes, due to which the blood circulation in the node is blocked and it literally dries out.

This leads to its death, so it disappears on its own after a few days. Using this technique you can do without surgery.

Laser therapy is also practiced, in which the nodes are cauterized.
Anti-inflammatory ointments can be used as an auxiliary treatment.
In addition, diet plays an important role in the proper treatment of hemorrhoids and other proctological diseases. Thus, during therapy you should avoid consuming the following products:

• spicy dishes;
• sauces;
• fat;
• sausages;
• mushrooms;
• alcohol;
• fast food;
• salo;
• flour;
• vermicelli;
• smoked meats;
• salt;
• sweets.

The basis of the menu should be steamed or boiled dishes. It is best to eat more fruits and vegetables during this period, as well as use vegetable oils.

1. An anal fissure can occur due to constipation or a sedentary lifestyle. Symptoms of this condition include severe pain and bleeding during bowel movements.

If there is a crack in the rectum, you should immediately consult a doctor before the disease becomes chronic. In its initial form, this condition can be treated quite successfully and quickly with suppositories and ointments.

1. Proctitis is a disease in which the mucous membrane of the rectum becomes severely inflamed. A person in this condition will complain of diarrhea, pain in the anus and the appearance of blood after defecation.

Most often, proctitis is caused by pathogenic microorganisms (germs and bacteria). For this reason, proctitis is best eliminated by long-term use of antibacterial drugs (broad-spectrum antibiotics).

1. Paraproctitis is a disease that is characterized by inflammation of the subcutaneous layer of tissue located next to the rectum. It develops due to the entry of pathogenic microorganisms from the intestine into this area.

The acute form of paraproctitis develops quite quickly: a person experiences pain, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea and fatigue. Digestion may also be affected.

1. Constipation is a violation of the timely function of bowel movements. It can be either acute or chronic.

Moreover, constipation includes not only general stool retention, but also daily bowel movements, but in a very small volume.

Constipation causes very unpleasant sensations and pain in a person. It also disrupts the process of moving feces through the intestines.

The causes of constipation are:

• unhealthy diet (unbalanced menu, eating on the run, overeating, etc.);
• psychological reasons (stress often causes disruption of the normal act of bowel movement and constipation);
• insufficient physical activity often contributes to constipation in older people;
• various intestinal diseases;
• work in hazardous conditions;
• taking certain strong medications (antidepressants, diuretics);
• various endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus);
• hormonal imbalances.

1. Rectal cancer or polyps. Unfortunately, apart from general malaise, these diseases rarely manifest themselves. They are diagnosed in an already quite advanced state.

Despite this, sometimes when such diseases develop, a person will suffer from spotting after bowel movements, constipation and sudden weight loss.

If detected early, the patient has every chance of recovery. Treatment is selected individually for each patient, depending on the complexity and severity of the disease.

1. Rectal prolapse involves the literal protrusion of the intestine beyond the anus. Untreated hemorrhoids, as well as prolonged inflammation of the rectum, lead to this pathology.

There are three distinct types of bowel prolapse complications:

• slight prolapse of only the mucous membrane during defecation, after which the intestine can straighten on its own;
• average prolapse of the terminal part not only during the act of defecation, but also during strong sports activities (in this case, the person must reset the intestine into place);
• profuse intestinal prolapse even with little physical exertion, as well as when standing in an upright position.

In the latter case, the person requires immediate surgical treatment.

Moreover, with frequent intestinal prolapses, it constantly hurts and bleeds. This can lead to infection and further complicate the treatment process.

1. Anal itching can be either a separate pathology or a symptom of a developing disease.
   The following reasons can cause anal itching:

• various diseases of the rectum (inflammation in the anus, hemorrhoids, etc.);
• various gynecological pathologies in women (candidiasis, vulvovaginitis, etc.);
• diseases that are transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, urethritis, prostatitis, etc.);
• skin diseases (psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema);
• skin irritation resulting from the use of low-quality soap, paper, powders and other cosmetics);
• wearing synthetic underwear, which also irritates the skin;
• diabetes mellitus;
• various chronic liver diseases;
• fungal diseases;
• itching, as a result of taking certain medications that cause such side effects;
• allergic reaction to certain foods and seasonings.

Separately, it is necessary to say about such a cause of anal itching as psychogenic factors. They can be stress, neurosis or prolonged depression. In this state, all body systems, including the immune system, will be weakened, so the person will become more vulnerable to external negative influences.

Moreover, due to anxiety, people often experience constipation and worsen stomach ulcers. Sometimes acute diseases can become chronic.

For this reason, it is very important to eliminate not only the visible signs of rectal diseases, but also to get rid of the root cause of the disease - stress or an unstable psycho-emotional state. Taking sedatives will help with this.

Treat anal itching with antipruritic ointments and anti-inflammatory gels. It is worth remembering that even such a condition requires a trip to the doctor. You should not self-prescribe medications, as self-medication can be harmful to health.

Prevention of diseases of the rectum and the guarantee of its “health”

To prevent the development of diseases in the rectum, you should follow the following advice from doctors:

1. Give up bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol).
2. Avoid excessive exercise and heavy lifting.
3. Avoid eating spicy and fatty foods.
4. Eat a balanced diet. In this case, the basis of the diet should be vegetables, cereals, fruits and protein products.
5. When working sedentarily, take frequent breaks and simply stretch your body.
6. Avoid stress, anxiety and nervous tension, as they most often provoke constipation.
7. Don't overeat.
8. Treat even minor pathologies of the rectum and gastrointestinal tract in a timely manner.
9. When the first unpleasant symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible and carry out the necessary diagnostics. Moreover, the sooner treatment is started, the sooner the person will recover.

Circulatory system in the rectum

The rectum is fed by artelial blood, which flows in the upper intestinal artery and descends through the lower rectal veins.

Venous blood flows through the rectum to the rectal vein and portal vein system.

This part of the gastrointestinal tract also has lymphatic vessels. They pass to the internal and superior rectal lymph nodes.

Nerves of the rectum

There are many nerve endings in the rectum. Together they form a kind of network in which the fibers of the nervous system are located.

All processes that are localized in the nerve endings of the rectum are transmitted to the cerebral cortex. This is a natural function.

Role of the rectum

When functioning normally, the rectum ensures the complete process and functioning of the digestive tract. It performs an elimination role in removing processed food and toxins from the body.

If unnecessary toxins, substances and waste begin to accumulate in the rectum, then they must be removed from there, otherwise the intestine will stop working normally and will poison the body. Gastroenterologist, therapist

Work experience more than 7 years.

Professional skills: diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system.

is a violation of the anatomical position of the rectum, in which its distal part is displaced beyond the anal sphincter. May be accompanied by pain, incontinence of intestinal contents, mucous and bloody discharge, sensation of a foreign body in the anus, false urge to defecate. Diagnosis of rectal prolapse is based on examination data, rectal digital examination, sigmoidoscopy, irrigoscopy, and manometry. Treatment is usually surgical, consisting of resection and fixation of the rectum, and sphincter plastic surgery.

ICD-10

K62.3

General information

In proctology, rectal prolapse (rectal prolapse) refers to the exit through the anus to the outside of all layers of the distal colon. The length of the prolapsed segment of the intestine can range from 2 to 20 cm or more. Quite often, rectal prolapse occurs in children under 3-4 years of age, which is explained by the anatomical and physiological specifics of the child’s body. Among adults, rectal prolapse develops more often in men (70%) than in women (30%), mainly in working age (20-50 years). This is due to heavy physical labor, which is mainly done by men, as well as the anatomy of the female pelvis, which helps maintain the rectum in a normal position.

Reasons

The causes of rectal prolapse can be predisposing and producing. Predisposing factors are disturbances in the anatomical structure of the pelvic bones, the shape and length of the sigmoid and rectum, and pathological changes in the pelvic floor muscles. A special role is played by the structure of the sacrococcygeal spine, which is a bend with a concavity facing anteriorly. Normally, the rectum is located in the area of ​​this curvature. When the curvature is weak or absent, which is often found in children, the rectum slides down along the bone frame, which is accompanied by its prolapse.

Another predisposing factor may be dolichosigma - an elongated sigmoid colon and its mesentery. It has been noted that in patients with rectal prolapse, the length of the sigmoid colon is on average 15 cm longer, and the mesentery is 6 cm longer than in healthy people. Also, weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and anal sphincter can contribute to rectal prolapse.

The producing factors of rectal prolapse include those moments that directly provoke prolapse. First of all, this is physical stress: prolapse can be caused either by a single excessive effort (for example, lifting something heavy), or by constant hard work, which is accompanied by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Sometimes the pathology is a consequence of injury - a fall on the buttocks from a height, a strong blow to the sacrum, a hard landing with a parachute, damage to the spinal cord.

In children, frequent direct causes are diseases of the respiratory system that occur with a persistent, painful cough - pneumonia, whooping cough, bronchitis, etc. Polyps and tumors of the rectum also often lead to rectal prolapse; gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by chronic diarrhea, constipation, flatulence; pathology of the genitourinary system - urolithiasis, prostate adenoma, phimosis, etc. In all these cases, there is constant straining, tension in the abdominal wall and increased intra-abdominal pressure.

In women, rectal prolapse can develop after multiple or difficult births (with a narrow pelvis in a woman in labor, a large fetus, multiple births) and be combined with uterine and vaginal prolapse, and urinary incontinence. In addition, proctologists warn that the cause of rectal prolapse may be a passion for anal sex and anal masturbation. Most often, the etiology of the disease is multifactorial in nature with a predominance of the leading cause, the identification of which is extremely important for the treatment of the pathology.

Classification

Diagnostics

Rectal prolapse is recognized based on the results of an examination by a proctologist, functional tests and instrumental studies (sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, irrigoscopy, defectography, manometry, etc.). Upon examination, the prolapsed section of the rectum has the shape of a cone, cylinder or ball of a bright red or bluish tint with the presence in the center of a slit-like or stellate hole. There is moderate swelling of the mucous membrane and slight bleeding on contact. Reduction of the prolapsed intestine leads to the restoration of blood flow and the normal appearance of the mucous membrane. If rectal prolapse is not detected at the time of examination, the patient is asked to strain, as if defecating.

Carrying out a digital rectal examination allows you to assess the tone of the sphincter, distinguish rectal prolapse from hemorrhoids, low-lying anal polyps and prolapse through the anus. With the help of endoscopic examination (sigmoidoscopy), intestinal intussusception and the presence of a solitary ulcer on the anterior wall of the rectum are easily detected. A colonoscopy is necessary to determine the causes of rectal prolapse - diverticular disease, tumors, etc. If a solitary ulcer is detected, an endoscopic biopsy is performed with a cytomorphological examination of the biopsy to exclude endophytic rectal cancer.

Treatment of rectal prolapse

Manual repositioning of the organ brings only temporary improvement and does not solve the problem of rectal prolapse. Pararectal administration of sclerosing drugs, electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor and sphincter muscles also do not guarantee a complete cure for the patient. Conservative tactics can be used for internal prolapse (intussusception) in young people with a history of rectal prolapse no longer than 3 years.

Radical treatment of rectal prolapse is carried out only surgically. Many methods have been proposed for the radical elimination of rectal prolapse, which can be performed through the perineal approach, through transection or laparoscopy. The choice of surgical technique is dictated by the age, physical condition of the patient, causes and degree of rectal prolapse.

Currently, in proctological practice, operations are used for resection of a prolapsed segment of the rectum, plastic surgery of the pelvic floor and anal canal, resection of the colon, fixation of the distal rectum and combined techniques. Resection of the prolapsed section of the rectum can be carried out by its circular cutting (according to Mikulicz), patch cutting (according to Nelaton), cutting off with the application of a collecting suture to the muscle wall (Delorme operation), and other methods.

Anal canal plastic surgery for rectal prolapse is aimed at narrowing the anus using special wire, silk and lavsan threads, synthetic and autoplastic materials. All these methods are used quite rarely due to the high rate of recurrence of rectal prolapse and postoperative complications. The best results are achieved by suturing the edges of the levator muscles and fixing them to the rectum.

For inert rectum, solitary ulcer or dolichosigma, various types of intra-abdominal and abdominal-anal resection of the distal colon are performed, which are often combined with fixation operations. In case of necrosis of a section of the intestine, abdominoperineal resection with the application of a sigmostoma is performed. Among the methods of fixation, rectopexy, the most widespread is suturing the rectum using sutures or mesh to the longitudinal ligaments of the spine or the sacrum. Combined surgical methods for the treatment of rectal prolapse involve a combination of resection, plastic surgery and fixation of the distal parts of the intestine.

Prognosis and prevention

The correct choice of surgical treatment allows eliminating rectal prolapse and restoring the evacuation capacity of the large intestine in 75% of patients. A persistent, relapse-free effect can be achieved only by excluding the etiological factors of rectal prolapse (constipation, diarrhea, physical stress, etc.).

Research in the field of proctology is aimed at identifying diseases that affect the rectum and the rest of the intestines. Patients with complaints of discomfort in the rectal area, constipation, diarrhea, the presence of bloody discharge and mucus in the stool are examined. Patients with pathologies of the upper gastrointestinal tract and cases with a predisposition are subject to diagnosis.

Modern medicine provides diagnostic rooms with innovative equipment for conducting examinations to identify pathologies of the rectum.

There are many ways to diagnose rectal diseases, among which you can choose the most convenient and affordable one.

General rules for preparation

Examination of the rectum is carried out using several methods, differing in the method of execution and the equipment used with diagnostic material. But they all require compliance with the general rules of preparation for the procedure. On the eve of the rectal examination, the patient must completely cleanse the intestines. Preparation is done in several reliable ways:

1. Water enemas. To increase the effectiveness of preparatory measures, it is recommended to eat liquid meals the day before the study, avoid high-calorie and nutritious cereals, baked goods, as well as vegetables and fruits, foods that cause gas in the intestines. Over 8-10 hours, 2-3 enemas are done with 1.5-2 liters of warm water. Breaks between stages of intestinal processing are 30-60 minutes. A couple of hours before the examination, an additional 2-3 enemas are given.
2. Microclysters, such as “Norgalax”, “Normacol”, “Adulax”, are introduced into the rectum to irritate the receptors that cause the urge to defecate. Twice at intervals of 15 minutes is enough. The method does not require a diet and is fast and comfortable. But allergies are possible as a response to inflammation in the rectum, so microenemas are not recommended for internal ulcers or Crohn's disease.
3. Medicines with polyethylene glycol, for example, Fortrans, Flit-phosphosod, Endofalk. The selected substance is dissolved in 1-4 liters of water, according to the instructions. Part of the drug is drunk a couple of hours before the examination. A complete cleansing of the intestines is carried out in 12 hours. Suitable for fibrocolonoscopy, irrigoscopy.

Rectal-digital examination

Used first when making a diagnosis. The procedure is performed when the patient complains of pain and intestinal dysfunction. Rectal digital examination of the rectum is used:

• to determine the condition of the anal muscle tissue;
• assessing the severity of damage to all parts of the rectum;
• classification of the pathological process.

The rectum is examined with the patient in different positions: lying on his back or on his side, in the knee-elbow position. The method is contraindicated for sphincter spasms, severe narrowing of the anal canal, cutting pain in the anus.

Before rectal palpation, the doctor examines in detail the condition of the anal area. An external check of the condition allows you to identify fistulas, external hemorrhoids and thrombosis, determine the degree of damage to the skin around the anus and the force of closure of its edges. But a more accurate assessment of the condition is provided by fistulography or profilometry.

Palpation is carried out with the index finger in a medical glove. To reduce the feeling of discomfort, the finger is lubricated with Vaseline, and the anus is treated with an anesthetic gel. The examination is carried out in two stages: with tense and relaxed sphincter muscles. No special preparatory steps are needed. Natural bowel movements are sufficient.

Anoscopy

The examination is carried out by a proctologist using an anoscope. The device is inserted into the anus to further examine the extent of damage caused by the disease. The technique is used if there is:

• pain in the anal canal;
• traces of blood, mucus, pus;
• alternating constipation with diarrhea;
• suspicion of inflammation.

During anoscopy, the doctor examines the anus, anus, rectum with hemorrhoids located inside. A section of the intestine with a depth of 80-100 mm is subject to inspection. Profilometry is carried out similarly.

The procedure is performed after palpating the rectum, but before using sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. The technique is based on the gradual introduction of an anoscope in a circular motion in a supine position. After reaching the required depth, the instrument flaps expand the intestinal lumen before examination.

This type of endoscopy is painless, safe and effective, unlike gastroscopy. Anoscopy should not be used for acute inflammation of the anus, severe narrowing of the lumen of the anal canal, fresh burns and stenotic tumors.

Sigmoidoscopy

This common method allows for an informative rectal examination to obtain reliable data on the condition of the intestine. For this purpose, a sigmoidoscope is used, which is inserted to a depth of 35 cm from the anus. The method is a separate type of endoscopy.

In addition to pain in the anus, discharge of pus, mucus with blood, and irregular bowel movements, the procedure determines the nature of the pathology of the sigmoid colon. Effectively used to detect the early stages of cancer in the rectum.

The essence of the technique: insertion of the device to a given depth in a knee-elbow position. To increase the lumen of the intestine, air is introduced while pushing the sigmoidoscope. If sudden pain occurs, you should report it to your doctor to make sure there is no damage. On the eve of the examination, you need to carefully prepare.

Irrigoscopy

The method refers to x-ray examinations using barium sulfate contrast, which is injected into the rectum. During the examination you can:

• determine the size, location, shape of the intestinal lumen;
• carry out an examination of the walls of the organ to determine the extensibility and elasticity of their tissues;
• determine the condition of all parts of the intestine.

Irrigoscopy checks the functionality of the intestinal valve between the ileum and colon. With stable operation, the intestinal contents move from the thin to the thick sections. With dysfunction, the process is reversed, which can be seen by the movement of contrast. The relief of the mucous epithelium is also assessed, the condition of which makes it possible to check the presence or absence of ulcers, diverticulosis, fistulas, cancer or other formations, congenital developmental pathologies, and healed constrictions. The method is most effective when combined with fistulography.

Irrigoscopy is safe, painless, and non-traumatic. The double contrast method is endowed with maximum information content, which reveals polyps and other tumor formations. Contraindications to the method are wall perforation and serious condition of the patient.

Symptoms of rectal diseases in most cases manifest themselves in the form of abdominal pain, stool disorders, flatulence and rumbling.

Pathological processes in the anorectal area make themselves felt in various manifestations.

But there are several common signs for rectal diseases:

Abdominal pain extending to the anal canal. They can vary from aching and dull to sharp and cramping. The pain usually subsides after passing gas or defecation. Pain is observed with proctitis, anal fissure, paraproctitis, hemorrhoids, polyps and tumors. Stool disorders of various types, tenesmus (ineffective urge to defecate). Constipation leads to intoxication of the body. Diarrhea causes dehydration. The patient develops general weakness and fatigue. Loose stools can signal ulcerative colitis, proctitis, or irritable colon. Constipation is present with intestinal irritation, colitis, proctitis. Flatulence and rumbling. Rumbling may be accompanied by pain. Flatulence occurs due to the accumulation of gases. Sounds from the rectum indicate increased gas formation. Rumbling in itself does not pose a serious danger. But unpleasant sounds in the stomach can signal serious illnesses. The cause of rumbling may be irritation of the rectum. Expanding pressure in the rectum. Pain of varying intensity is observed. The disease can be determined by when bloating occurs (before, during or after defecation).

In addition to the above manifestations, other symptoms are present in diseases of the rectum: discharge and bleeding from the anus, itching in the anal canal, anemia, incontinence of feces and gases.

It should be noted that problems with the rectum and anus are a very delicate topic for every person. Therefore, when the first symptoms appear, patients are embarrassed to consult a doctor. But even a seemingly insignificant illness poses a serious danger.

Proctalgia

A condition in which there is sharp pain in the rectal area, radiating to the abdomen and tailbone. The attack occurs suddenly for no apparent reason and also suddenly passes after 10-30 minutes. The pain syndrome is not associated with organic changes in the intestine and appears as a result of muscle spasm. The exact causes of proctalgia are not clear. Some experts believe that a painful attack can be caused by a psycho-emotional state or severe physical stress.

If during the examination no diseases are found that cause pain, a diagnosis of primary proctalgia syndrome is made.

Pain that occurs with proctological diseases is called secondary proctalgia.

Haemorrhoids

In the final section of the rectum and under the skin of the perineum there are vascular formations - hemorrhoids. Outwardly, they resemble small tubercles, which smooth out when excreting feces. Due to frequent constipation, heavy physical work, a sedentary lifestyle, and weightlifting, blood circulation is impaired, blood stagnation occurs, and veins are stretched. Hemorrhoids enlarge, shift, and bleed. Over time, the tone of the anal sphincter weakens and the node falls out.

The main symptom of hemorrhoids is pain during and after bowel movements. The disease is also characterized by: burning and itching in the anus, the presence of blood in the stool and on underwear after bowel movement.

If the disease is not treated, chronic blood loss from the hemorrhoid will lead to the development of anemia.

Proctitis

An inflammatory disease that affects the mucous membrane of the rectum. It is characterized by the following symptoms: purulent or bloody discharge, painful urge to defecate, pain during bowel movement and burning after it.

There are several reasons contributing to the development of the disease:

The disease can occur in acute or chronic form. Acute proctitis appears suddenly, accompanied by fever, tenesmus, heaviness and burning in the rectum intestinum.

Depending on the nature of the damage to the mucous membrane, there are four main types of disease:

Polypous proctitis. Polyps form on the mucous membrane. Ulcerative proctitis. Erosion and ulcers form. Catarrhal-hemorrhagic proctitis. The intestinal mucosa is dotted with petechiae (small hemorrhages). Catarrhal-purulent proctitis. It manifests itself as ulcers and purulent wounds.

Chronic proctitis begins asymptomatically; itching may be observed in the anal area. Symptoms of the disease appear as the process progresses. With the atrophic form of the disease, the mucous membrane of the rectum becomes thinner. The hypertrophic appearance is characterized by thickened and loose folds.

Despite the fact that the functions of the rectum intestinum are not impaired, complications in the form of scars, inflammatory processes in the overlying parts of the gastrointestinal tract, rectal fistulas and malignant formations cause great harm to health.

Paraproctitis

Inflammation of the fatty tissue of the rectum with the formation of ulcers. Clinical manifestations of the disease:

Pain in the lower abdomen, rectum and perineum, worsening during bowel movements. High temperature and chills. Loss of appetite, malaise. Redness and swelling in the anus. Retention of feces and urine.

The main cause of the disease is infection of fatty tissue with E. coli, streptococci, staphylococci, and anaerobic bacteria. The development of the disease is facilitated by cracks, intestinal injuries, hemorrhoids, cystitis, urethritis, and prostatitis.

According to the course, paraproctitis is divided into acute and chronic.

Acute paraproctitis is provoked by infections entering through the crypts (recesses) of the anus. The process can occur under the skin or deep in the pelvic cavity.

Chronic paraproctitis usually develops against the background of an advanced acute form of the disease. A fistula forms at the site of the abscess. By signs such as pus mixed with blood, you can recognize the formation of a fistula.

Anal fissure

An anal fissure is a microtear in the mucous membrane of the anal canal. In most cases, the fissure is formed as a result of mechanical injuries to the rectum and bowel dysfunction.

Burning pain during defecation, which goes away a few minutes after it, blood in the stool, spasm of the anal sphincter are the main symptoms of the disease.

Usually the crack heals on its own. But prolonged constipation, straining during bowel movements, hemorrhoids, and bacterial inflammation increase the likelihood of the acute form of the disease becoming chronic. The edges of the crack become denser. The main manifestations of the disease include: itching, pain when sitting.

Colitis

An inflammatory process in the rectum and colon, caused by food poisoning, intestinal infections, unbalanced nutrition, food allergies, antibiotic use, mechanical irritation of the organ mucosa.

In the acute course of the disease, redness and swelling of the intestine are observed, ulcerations and erosions form. The patient has bloating, stool upset, and tenesmus. Mucus and blood appear in the stool. Many patients complain of weakness, fatigue, and general malaise.

In the chronic form of colitis, the epithelium thickens, the submucosal and muscular layers are affected, and the mucous membrane atrophies. The main symptoms include pain, which decreases after defecation, and rumbling in the abdomen.

Every patient should know that colitis is a serious disease that can lead to intestinal bleeding and perforation of the colon.

Solitary ulcer

Single ulcers form in the lower part of the rectum. These benign formations are clinically manifested by pain during defecation, tenesmus, secretion of mucus and blood. Chronic constipation, low physical activity, and intestinal prolapse contribute to the formation of defects.

The disease is chronic and difficult to treat.

Prolapse of the rectum

Organ prolapse occurs due to a decrease in the ability of the pelvic floor muscles to withstand pressure when straining. Rectum intestinum exits through the anal sphincter to the outside. Constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and heavy physical labor contribute to loss.

In the compensated form of the disease, the intestine is reduced on its own due to the ability of the muscles to contract and maintain tone. If muscle functions are lost (decompensated form), the organ is reset manually.

Prolapse is accompanied by incontinence of feces and gases.

Rectum intestinum falls out suddenly when lifting heavy objects or the pathology develops gradually.

In both cases, the symptoms of prolapse are the same:

Mucous discharge. Various pains in the lower abdomen. Constant urge to defecate. Frequent urination. Heaviness and sensation of a foreign body in the anal canal.

In severe cases, when the small intestine prolapses into a pocket formed between the walls of the rectum, intestinal obstruction occurs.

You cannot straighten the intestine on your own. Improper actions can lead to tissue death as a result of pinching of blood vessels.

Rectal hernia

Weakening of the pelvic muscles leads to disruption of intestinal fixation. Under certain conditions, it goes beyond its anatomical location.

There are several reasons that contribute to the formation of a hernia: constipation, difficulty urinating, childbirth, severe cough, lifting heavy objects, weakening of the abdominal wall, functional insufficiency of the sphincter.

The main manifestations of the disease: nagging pain in the pelvic area, constipation, difficulty defecating, and stool.

In women, part of the rectum may protrude from the pelvis into the vagina through the rectovaginal septum.

As the disease progresses, stool evacuation becomes more difficult.

Polyps

Benign neoplasms that grow from cells of the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall are considered by experts as a precancerous condition. There are several types of polyps. Villous and adenomatous tumors are considered the most dangerous. They have a high level of malignancy. The larger the size of the pathological growth, the greater the risk of its degeneration into cancer.

Experts have not come to a consensus regarding the formation of polyps, but numerous observations indicate that tumors develop against the background of chronic inflammatory diseases of the rectum (dysentery, colitis). Hereditary predisposition also provokes the formation of polyps.

At the initial stage, the outgrowths do not manifest themselves. Some patients complain of slight discomfort during bowel movements. But as they grow, polypous growths begin to interfere with the evacuation of feces and contribute to the development of intestinal obstruction. Mucus and scarlet blood appear in the stool. If the polyp becomes inflamed, the temperature rises. In the later stages, anemia is added to these symptoms. Polyps with a long stalk, located at the exit from the intestine, can be pinched in the sphincter or fall out of the anal canal.

But the biggest danger is degeneration into a cancerous tumor. Therefore, polyps must be removed.

Condylomas acuminata

A viral disease caused by the human papillomavirus. Small gray-pink growths form around the anus. They can grow and block the anal canal. Patients note a sensation of a foreign body, itching and burning during and after bowel movements, and bleeding. If condylomas are injured by feces or underwear, pain occurs.

Neoplasms can transform into malignant tumors. The disease progresses especially against the background of weakened immunity.

Cyst

A painless growth that blocks the intestinal lumen. The cause of occurrence is a violation of embryonic development. Pain occurs when the cyst suppurates as a result of damage from feces. Large growths complicate the process of defecation; feces come out in a strip in the form of a ribbon.

The cyst can become malignant, so you should not postpone surgery to excise it.

Cancer

Malignant neoplasms affect the walls and over time can completely fill the lumen of the organ.

Tumor development is promoted by:

Genetic factors, for example, diffuse polyposis. Poor nutrition. Constipation. Chronic inflammatory diseases (proctitis, colitis, anal fissures).

The main symptom of the disease is discharge in the form of mucus, pus, blood, and pieces of epithelium. Frequent and painful urge to defecate also warns of the problem; pain radiating to the perineum and lower back; foreign body sensation; change in the shape of stool (resembles a ribbon).

In cases where the tumor grows into the muscles that compress the anus, the patient cannot control the passage of gases and feces. As the disease progresses, weight loss occurs, weakness appears, and the temperature rises slightly.

In advanced forms of cancer, there is constant severe pain in the entire abdominal area. When a tumor grows into the bladder, a fistula is formed, and urine is released from the rectum along with feces.

Cancerous tumors most often metastasize to the groin, lymph nodes of fatty tissue, and liver.

Pay attention to symptoms associated with rectal disease. Each disease is dangerous in its own way. Timely seeking medical help will help maintain health.

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Rectal disease in women and men is one of the most common and very sensitive topics relevant today. Perhaps this is because many are embarrassed to seek help from a specialist.

The most terrible disease that can affect the rectum is cancer. Like other types of tumors, it is characterized by an asymptomatic course. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to pay attention to any changes in the rectum.

Rectum: diseases, symptoms, treatment

The rectum is a pelvic organ that is part of the digestive system and is designed to remove processed food (feces) from the body.

The rectum begins at the level of the third sacral spine and ends at the anus. Its average length is 15–17 cm.

The organ consists of a mucous, submucosal and muscular layer. Thanks to this structure, the mucous membrane can shift - gather into folds or straighten out, depending on the overcrowding of the rectum.

The main function of the organ is bowel movement. Due to its purpose, the rectum is highly susceptible to various injuries and diseases.

Common diseases include fissures, polyps, proctitis, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancer. The same symptoms of rectal disease may indicate different ailments. In case of any ailments, you should immediately consult a doctor. A proctologist deals with problems of the rectum.

Polyps in the rectum: symptoms

Polyps are benign formations on the epithelium of the rectum. There are fibrous and adenomatous, villous and multiple polyps of mixed type.

Fibrous polyps are formed from connective tissue. Adenomatous - from glandular tissue (this type of polyp is the most dangerous, as it can degenerate into cancer). Villous polyps - growths of the epithelium that have many papillae-villi. Mixed type of polyps - combinations of the previous types.

The main causes of the disease are untreated inflammation in the rectum (colitis, hemorrhoids, enteritis).

When polyps appear in the rectum, symptoms may be as follows:

Blood during bowel movements. Painful stools, sometimes accompanied by bleeding. If an infection occurs, an increase in temperature and chills are possible. Constipation (if the polyps are large). Sensation of a foreign body in the anus.

It should be borne in mind that very often it is difficult for the patient to detect the formation of polyps or simply inflammation of the rectum - symptoms as such may be absent.

Polyps are treated surgically. Other methods are simply ineffective and only provide temporary relief.

Single polyps are removed using electrocoagulation (cauterization). Transanal excision is used to treat large polyps. Treatment of polyps that have begun malignant degeneration is carried out by removing the affected area of ​​the rectum.

Paraproctitis: symptoms and treatment

Symptoms of rectal diseases can be very different, or may be completely absent. For example, the main sign indicating paraproctitis (purulent inflammation of the rectum) is discharge of pus in the anus.

The cause of the disease is the formation of micro-holes (fistulas) in the anal crypts, due to frequent constipation, diarrhea, heavy lifting, and hypothermia. Such suppuration either opens up independently or with the help of doctors. In its place, a fistula (chronic paraproctitis) appears.

Signs of the disease are malaise, weakness, headache, slight increase in temperature, chills, aching joints. Decreased appetite. Urination and bowel movements may be impaired.

There are several forms of paraproctitis:

Subcutaneous. Symptoms - redness, swelling, compaction in the anus, which is accompanied by pain and discomfort. Pelvic-rectal. Symptoms are general weakness and intoxication, similar to a respiratory infection. There may also be painful urination and stool. Ischiorectal. Symptoms - the formation of purulent inflammation in the ileorectal fossa, asymmetry of the buttocks, redness of the skin. Submucosal. This is the appearance of purulent foci on the mucous membrane. Symptoms resemble those of subcutaneous paraproctitis. Pelviorectal. The most severe form. Symptoms – chills, fever, pain in the pelvis and abdomen. Necrotic. Accompanied by tissue death – necrosis.

The most favorable treatment method is surgical. During the operation, not only the abscess is removed, but also the internal micro-hole. After such an operation, relapses of the disease do not occur.

Hemorrhoids: causes and symptoms

Hemorrhoids are venous expansion in the rectum, which is chronic in nature with periodic exacerbations.

The symptoms of such diseases of the rectum are quite unpleasant - itching, burning, pain during stool, bleeding, prolapse of part of the intestine.

The main cause of the disease is a sedentary lifestyle, frequent constipation, pregnancy, heavy lifting, and severe hypothermia.

If the disease is ignored and not treated, this can lead to the formation of polyps, blood clots, and cancer. Therefore, you should not postpone your visit to a specialist. Traditional methods of treatment are effective - suppositories, ointments containing raw potatoes, beets, carrots, garlic, propolis and honey. Decoctions of herbs (millennium, rowan) and infusions of horse chestnut have proven themselves well.

You should not ignore the symptoms when the rectum becomes inflamed. Diseases, photos of which you won’t see in a regular hospital, are not only “inconvenient”, but sometimes life-threatening.

Thrombosis of hemorrhoids

This is a complication of hemorrhoids that occurs as a result of neglect of the disease. Timely diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids in the early stages helps prevent its further development and relapses.

However, when the disease is ignored, blood clots appear, which have varying degrees of severity:

I – formation of clots that disrupt blood circulation in the nodes. The main symptom is the appearance of small lumps near the anus.

II – inflammatory processes begin. The pain becomes stronger, the temperature rises, and the swelling of the skin of the anus increases.

III – spread of inflammation to the groin area with possible tissue necrosis.

The main symptoms of rectal disease to which you need to respond:

Pain in the anus and perineum. Bloody stools. Defecation disorders (diarrhea, constipation). False urge to go to the toilet. Incontinence of gas and feces.

Of course, rectal diseases are a delicate problem, but they need to be solved. You can't leave everything to chance. Otherwise, health complications cannot be avoided, in particular the formation of malignant tumors.

Rectal prolapse

Rectal prolapse is the turning out of all layers of the distal colon. It occurs equally often in children, men and women. In the first case, this is explained by the anatomical features of the child’s body, in the second – by hard work, in the third – by bearing and giving birth to a child. Many diseases of the rectum in women are associated specifically with childbirth.

Sometimes the causes of the disease can be injuries to the buttocks, falls, bruises of the sacrum or spinal cord.

There are three degrees of the disease:

The intestine falls out during defecation, and then returns to its place on its own. The intestine falls out during defecation and physical activity. It can only be returned back by repositioning it. Prolapse occurs during coughing, laughter and may be accompanied by fecal and urinary incontinence.

Symptoms of rectal disease in such cases may begin suddenly or appear “increasingly.” This may result in mucus or blood discharge, abdominal pain, and constipation.

Treatment of prolax (intestinal prolapse) is most effective if performed surgically. Drug therapy is used as an additional method.

Rectal cancer: risk group

In most cases, the disease does not arise out of the blue. It is always preceded by inflammatory processes in the organ, which were ignored and untreated for a long time. These are all kinds of fistulas, fissures, polyps, hemorrhoids.

The tumor is most often found in those over fifty. The risk group includes people:

Those with a hereditary predisposition. Those suffering from dysbacteriosis. Those leading a sedentary lifestyle. Those with diabetes mellitus or those who suffer from obesity. Those who abuse carcinogenic substances (nicotine, alcohol). Those who have precancerous conditions.

There is probably nothing more terrible and unpleasant than the condition when the rectum becomes inflamed. The symptoms of the disease may be the same, but the treatment will be different.

It should be remembered that rectal cancer remains asymptomatic for a long time and is detected only at the stage of metastasis. Therefore, people at risk need to pay special attention to this organ.

Diagnosis of rectal diseases

To diagnose diseases in proctology, a large arsenal of a variety of methods is used:

The most accurate and reliable is rectoscopy. It involves the insertion of a special rectoscope device (tube with lighting) into the rectum to a depth of about thirty centimeters. This helps to identify various inflammatory processes in the patient (ulcers, polyps, tumors). The procedure will cause a little discomfort, but is practically painless. The use of a rectoscope also allows for the treatment of diseases of the rectum (electrocoagulation). Colonoscopy is an examination of the rectum using a probe. Used for tumor formations. Contraindications - acute pain, infectious diseases, heart and pulmonary failure. Biopsy - taking tissues or cells of the rectum for further diagnosis under a microscope. Endorectal ultrasound (insertion of a special sensor). Blood, urine, stool tests.

Thanks to a variety of methods for examining the rectum, it is possible to most accurately diagnose any inflammation and diseases of this organ and select the most correct treatment regimen.

Treatment methods for proctological diseases

Depending on the complexity of the disease, the following methods are used for treatment:

Medicines. Effective only in the initial stages of disease. With the help of medications you can relieve pain and inflammation (suppositories, ointments). Surgery. The main method that is successful in almost 100% of cases. Used at any stage in combination with medications. Cryosurgery. Treatment of neoplasms using low temperatures. The method is strong in various fields of medicine. Laser therapy. Impact on the disease by electromagnetic radiation. Hypothermia. Therapy using temperature. A device with a temperature limitation is used - from -5 to +35 degrees. Hypothermia is often used after surgery, for proctitis, and fissures.

Treatment with diet

For different ailments of the rectum, different diets are prescribed. For example, if you have constipation and fissures, it is recommended to follow diet No. 3. Namely, include thermal and mechanical stimuli in the diet to stimulate the rectum. This is vegetable coarse fiber - meat, bread, eggs (hard-boiled, omelettes), fish and dairy products, cereals and pasta, fats, vegetables.

The diet for diseases of the rectum is adjusted depending on the stage and complexity of the disease. In any case, you need to exclude alcohol and carbonated drinks, spices, spicy foods, and other foods that cause flatulence. Meals should be as balanced and fractional as possible. Don't forget about vitamins (fruits, vegetables, raw and in the form of juices).

After surgery in the anus, you need to fast for one or two days to avoid bowel movements and, accordingly, irritation of the anus.

Traditional methods of treatment

Traditional medicine for rectal ailments can be quite effective if you know how to use it correctly. It is used as an additional treatment method. People know thousands of recipes for relieving not only pain, but also other symptoms.

All recipes can be divided into two types:

For oral administration. Decoctions of millennial, spotted arum, elderberry, bittersweet, tartar, nettle, chamomile. For topical use - suppositories, ointments, baths, microenemas. They use celandine, sea buckthorn oil, camphor oil, and calendula for this.

In any case, before using traditional medicine, you need to consult a proctologist, otherwise the treatment may not alleviate the course of the disease, but, on the contrary, do harm.

Conclusion

Diseases of the rectum are a delicate problem, but one that needs urgent resolution. Prolonged ignoring of symptoms leads to chronic inflammation, which is difficult to treat. The worst consequence of chronic rectal ailments is cancer, which can only manifest itself in the third or fourth stage, when there is no way out...

Diseases of the rectum are pathologies, untimely diagnosis and treatment of which can lead to very serious complications. According to statistics, only every 7 patients consult a doctor; the remaining patients ignore problems for a long time or try to self-medicate, which often leads to serious and sometimes irreversible consequences. Therefore, it is very important to know the characteristic symptoms of a particular pathological condition in order to consult a doctor at the initial stage of the disease and reduce the likelihood of possible complications.

Hemorrhoids and rectal polyp. And the symptoms are similar!

Rectocele (rectal hernia, anal hernia)

The disease is characterized by pathological protrusion of the rectal wall towards the perineum (anterior rectocele) or coccyx (posterior rectocele). According to statistics, anal hernia is the most common disease in women, and in 90% of cases an anterior rectocele is detected. Deformation of the rectal wall in women towards the anococcygeal ligament is detected in very rare, isolated cases. In men, in 5% of cases, a posterior rectocele can be diagnosed during a proctological examination. This statistics is due to the physiological characteristics of the female and male body. The disease develops against the background of a sharp decrease in the tone of the pelvic floor muscles.

Symptoms

There are three stages of disease development. Rectocele in the initial stage of development is usually asymptomatic; it can be accidentally discovered during a proctological or gynecological examination. The disease in stages II and III is manifested by the following symptoms:

violation of the act of defecation - when emptying the intestines, discomfort occurs, and minor pain may occur. Over time, symptoms intensify; tenesmus - over time, the patient’s condition begins to worsen. In addition to the increasing pain, there is a frequent urge to defecate. Moreover, after the evacuation of feces, very often there is a feeling of incomplete emptying of the intestines; a small amount of feces or mucus comes out of the intestine; constipation – characteristic of severe deformation of the rectal wall. The pathological condition occurs against the background of a violation of the normal anatomical structure of the rectum. Feces are retained in the intestinal loops, thicken, cause irritation of the mucous membrane and can lead to the development of an inflammatory process and subsequently to the appearance of feces mixed with blood and mucus. Over time, constipation becomes more and more persistent, and the ability to have normal bowel movements almost completely disappears. The patient has to stimulate the passage of feces by pressing on the buttocks, perineum or posterior vaginal wall; anal fissures and hemorrhoids - occur due to constant constipation, when dense feces injure the skin of the sphincter, as well as with constant straining and false urge to defecate; prolapse of other organs of the pelvic floor of the uterus and bladder - occurs with rectocele in the last stage, which is characterized by protrusion of the rectal wall beyond the genital slit.

Treatment

Rectocele, diagnosed at the initial stage of development and without complications, is successfully treated with conservative methods. This includes:

diet - the main goal of dietary nutrition is to restore normal intestinal function. The menu includes foods rich in plant fiber, which restore the motor and evacuation activity of the intestines; physical therapy – as a rule, patients are recommended to take a course of Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles; medications with a laxative effect - their use is due to the need to gently eliminate congestion in the intestines. To prevent irritation of the intestinal mucosa, mild agents should be used: magnesium sulfate, Carlsbad salt; medications to stimulate the motility of the digestive system and to regulate intestinal microflora.

Rectocele in stages II and III is treated with surgery. A planned operation is being performed. The patient’s preparation begins 2 months before: a diet and medications are prescribed that help normalize stools and restore intestinal motility. In the postoperative period, a course of antibiotics and intestinal drugs is prescribed to prevent the development of dysbiosis.

Depending on the degree of deformation of the intestinal wall, the method of surgical intervention is chosen: abdominal or endoscopic surgery. During the latter, patients are given an implant in the form of a mesh to strengthen and fix the rectovaginal septum and rectal wall. If you consult a doctor in a timely manner, the prognosis for rectocele is favorable.

Rectal cyst

Rectal cyst is a rare, congenital disease of the rectum. The reason for its formation is a failure in the formation of the germinal membranes of the embryo. The neoplasm is a single- or multi-chamber cavity, which is lined with tissue uncharacteristic for the peri-rectal space.

Symptoms

The cyst is characterized by a long asymptomatic course. The first signs of the disease begin to appear as it grows, when it begins to put pressure on the surrounding tissues and organs. This condition is characterized by a number of the following symptoms:

pain occurs in the lower abdomen, and its precise localization cannot be determined. It can radiate to the perineum, tailbone, right or left side. Painful sensations can be of varying intensity: aching, dull pain or a sharp attack of pain that cannot be tolerated; there is often an urge to empty the bowel or bladder; A small lump may be felt in the perineum.

As the cyst increases in size, the situation is very often complicated by the development of a purulent-inflammatory process; a fistula begins to form inside the peri-rectal tissues, and additional symptoms appear:

the formation of a fistula is always accompanied by sharp, throbbing pain. It may appear in the perineum, in the lower abdomen, or extend to the tailbone; the patient experiences rapid fatigue, loss of strength, weakness, and often increased sweating; body temperature can rise sharply, but there are no signs of any infectious or viral diseases; Nausea, vomiting, and dizziness appear.

Vivid signs of a purulent-inflammatory process disappear after the fistulous tract opens and the abscess breaks out or into the intestine (in this case, during defecation, an admixture of pus, mucus and blood appears in the stool). This condition is very dangerous due to its temporary relief. Without medical care, multiple tortuous fistula tracts form in the cyst, which complicates treatment.

Treatment

Treatment for cysts is only surgical. During abdominal surgery, the surgeon removes the cavity itself and the fistula tracts. In 80% of cases the diagnosis is favorable. The patient recovers quickly and his quality of life does not suffer. But with advanced pathologies, during surgery it is not always possible to completely remove all fistula tracts, which increases the risk of repeated surgical procedures.

Rectal cancer

Rectal cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from the mucous tissue of the rectum. Today, this is one of the most common diseases of the rectum, which can be successfully treated if detected at the initial stages of development. Scientists say that the risk of developing the disease increases with age due to changes occurring in the epithelial cells. Therefore, it is very important for men and women to undergo regular preventive examinations with a proctologist every year after 40 years of age.

Symptoms

In the initial stages of tumor development, there are no symptoms. As the formation grows, various clinical signs arise:

the admixture of blood in the stool is caused by injury to the tumor passing through the rectum with feces. With small tumors, the discharge of blood is small, as a rule, these are small clots or blood streaks mixed with feces; discharge of mucus and pus from the anus is a sign characteristic of tumors in the last stage of development. Pus and mucus begin to be released when the formation disintegrates, when it begins to metastasize to neighboring organs and tissues; stool disorder – the patient’s normal process of defecation is completely disrupted: diarrhea alternates with constipation, partial intestinal obstruction appears, scanty bowel movements in the form of a thin ribbon, pain often occurs before bowel movements, flatulence appears; severe pain – painful attacks with rectal cancer are characterized by a sudden onset. The pain is strong, sharp, paroxysmal; noticeable changes in the physiological state of a person - with malignant tumors in the last stage of development, the patient experiences external changes: weight loss, lack of appetite, hair loss, pallor and dry skin. The patient may complain of constant nausea and dizziness. He gets tired quickly and feels constant fatigue.

Treatment

Treatment for rectal cancer is surgical only. During abdominal surgery, a section of the rectum affected by cancer or the entire intestine is removed (it all depends on the size of the tumor and the degree of damage to surrounding tissues by metastases). During surgery, when the rectum is completely removed, the patient is given a colostomy (the anus is not preserved, the end of the intestine is brought out onto the anterior abdominal wall). If an inoperable tumor is detected, surgical intervention is performed only to alleviate the patient’s condition and to eliminate intestinal obstruction.

After surgery, the patient is prescribed a course of radiation or chemotherapy. The radiation method is used for small malignant tumors that have not managed to metastasize to distant organs. For large tumors with multiple metastases in neighboring and distant organs and tissues, the patient is prescribed chemotherapy. The number of courses and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease. The main goal of radiation and chemotherapy is to eliminate the ability of cancer cells to divide and reduce the risk of relapse.

Anal sphincter spasm (sphincteritis)

Sphincteritis is a common proctological disease characterized by severe spasm of the anal sphincter muscles. It occurs due to a disruption in the transmission of impulses from nerve endings located in the anus to the brain. The most common cause of the development of this rectal disease is vegetative-vascular dystonia and psycho-emotional instability. Also, rectal spasm can develop against the background of constant irritation of the intestinal mucosa due to hemorrhoids, tumors, constipation, and mechanical injuries.

Symptoms

The main symptom of anal sphincter muscle spasm is attacks of pain. Depending on the cause that caused disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system, pain may occur both during bowel movements, and may not have any connection with the act of defecation. Painful attacks can appear at night and last from several minutes to several hours. In this case, the pain radiates to the perineum, sacrum, and lower abdomen. Disappears on its own or after taking a warm bath, in some cases after defecation. It is typical that the analgesics taken by the patient are not effective.

Treatment

In each case, the treatment tactics for sphincteritis are compiled individually. The following methods are recommended as therapy:

dietary nutrition - the daily menu consists of products that reduce irritation of the intestinal mucosa; medications - to alleviate the condition, the patient is prescribed creams, ointments, suppositories that have antispasmodic properties to alleviate the condition with secondary spasms that occur against the background of damage to the intestinal mucosa. In case of primary spasm that occurs against the background of psychoemotional disorders, the patient is given novocaine blockade; physiotherapy (UHF, darsonvalization, electrosleep) - used to restore normal tone of the sphincter muscles; consultation with a psychotherapist – prescribed for patients with severe mental disorders.

In rare cases, if all of the above measures are ineffective, there is a need for surgical intervention - sphincterotomy.

Rectal stenosis

The disease is a narrowing of the intestinal ducts of the rectum caused by inflammation, tumors, injury or disruptions in embryonic development.

Symptoms

A narrowing of the rectum, which is not a malformation of intrauterine development, can form anywhere in the rectum and have a varying length. At the same time, the acquired form of the disease is characterized by slow development, for example, after the injury that caused the stenosis, several months or several years may pass.

Due to the slow onset of symptoms, patients very often get used to the changes that occur and adapt to them. As a result, they turn to a proctologist when they begin to experience serious problems with the evacuation of feces. At this point, the disease is complicated by secondary damage to the intestinal mucosa, and sometimes by fecal incontinence.

The following symptoms are characteristic of the disease:

difficulty passing stool; constipation; pain during bowel movements; blood in stool; swelling, redness of the skin around the anus; softening, swelling of the skin of the anal area (maceration); fecal incontinence (at an advanced stage of the disease).

Treatment

Conservative therapy is used to treat congenital and acquired stenosis. It consists of expanding a narrow section of the intestine using Hegar's bougies. If this method is ineffective, the patient is sent for surgery, during which the surgeon dissects a narrow section of the intestine, followed by transverse suturing. In case of diseases of the musculo-ligamentous system, additional operations are performed to strengthen the walls of the rectum.

Proctalgia (rectal neuralgia, proctodynia)

Proctalgia is a syndrome characterized by sharp, very severe pain in the rectum. In medicine, there are two types of pain syndrome: primary proctalgia, which develops against the background of disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system, and secondary proctalgia, which occurs against the background of organic lesions of the intestine or adjacent organs. Proctalgia also develops as a result of severe muscle spasm of the coccygeal muscles or levators.

Symptoms

The main symptom of proctalgia is very severe pain. They can have different intensity and duration. It is typical that in this condition, antispasmodics and analgesics do not help. The clinical picture is also characterized by a number of other symptoms:

it is impossible to clearly determine the location of the pain, it can radiate to neighboring organs, to the lower abdomen, to the sacrum, perineum; pain is not always associated with bowel movements. Primary proctalgia very often appears during sleep. Intense pain can go away on its own either after a few minutes or after a few hours; in the absence of a painful attack, moderate pain in the anorectal area may be observed.

Treatment

The disease is treated with conservative methods:

novocaine blockades (prescribed for very severe pain); microenemas with novocaine or collargol; physiotherapy (UHF, diathermy, heating, laser irradiation); massage; taking sedative medications to improve sleep and normalize the psycho-emotional state.

Diseases of the rectum, complicated by the appearance of proctalgia, are treated in the initial stages using similar methods. Further treatment tactics will depend on the type of pathology, the stage of its development and existing complications.

Erosion of the rectum (erosive proctitis)

Erosion means inflammation of the rectal mucosa, characterized by the formation of surface defects that heal without scarring. Erosive proctitis is included in the group of polyetiological diseases; it develops when the body is exposed to various factors of an infectious and non-infectious nature.

Symptoms

The main signs of erosive proctitis:

discomfort in the anus: irritation, burning, intensifying after defecation, itching, pressing pain; increased frequency of bowel movements; stool disorder - loose stools appear, often mixed with blood and mucus; tenesmus - a false urge to have a bowel movement is often accompanied by the release of mucus with blood clots from the rectum; pain in the rectum, often radiating to neighboring organs, the perineum or tailbone.

Treatment

To treat rectal erosions, only conservative methods are used. Their main goal is to eliminate the immediate causes that caused inflammation in the rectum, as well as to prevent the progression of the disease and the degeneration of erosions into ulcers. It is advisable to carry out treatment in a hospital; patients are recommended to rest in bed, as well as:

diet food consisting of foods with a reduced amount of fiber; medications to normalize stool, as well as to eliminate specific infections; microenemas with collargol, chamomile, sea buckthorn; sitz baths with potassium permanganate.

The duration of treatment and its effectiveness primarily depend on the cause that caused the development of inflammation in the rectum.

Rectal ulcer (ulcerative proctitis)

Rectal ulcers mean the development of a severe form of inflammatory process in the rectum, in which ulcers form on the mucous membrane. When they heal, scars remain, which can provoke stenosis (narrowing of the lumen) of the rectum. Ulcerative proctitis most often becomes a consequence of advanced erosive proctitis or improper treatment.

Symptoms

This disease of the rectum is characterized by the following symptoms:

sudden onset: the temperature rises sharply, weakness appears; pain, irritation, itching appear in the area of ​​the anal canal; frequent urges to empty the bowels (often false) appear - as the disease progresses, the intervals between them become shorter, often mucus with blood is passed instead of bowel movements; in severe cases, when the mucous tissue is damaged by deep ulcers, a through violation of the integrity of the rectal wall and fecal peritonitis is possible.

Treatment

Treatment is carried out in a hospital setting using conservative therapy. This includes:

a diet that excludes the consumption of foods that cause irritation of the intestinal mucosa; etiotropic therapy (taking medications to eliminate the cause that caused acute inflammation of the intestinal mucosa); medications with analgesic and regenerating effects (creams, ointments, suppositories).

After the ulcers have healed, the formation of severe scar strictures is prevented:

physiotherapy; course of hormonal therapy; dilatation by Hegar's bougies when intestinal stenosis occurs.

Surgery is performed to remove scar tissue only if all of the above procedures are ineffective. The operation is also performed for perforation of the intestinal wall.

Prolapse of the rectum (rectal prolapse)

In medicine, rectal prolapse means displacement of part of the rectum beyond the anus. The length of the prolapsed segment can be from 2 to 30 cm. Very often, the disease is detected in children 3-4 years old (the reason is the anatomical features of the child’s body) and in middle-aged men (the main reason is heavy physical labor).

Symptoms

This disease of the rectum is characterized by a sudden onset or gradual development:

sudden onset is associated with a sharp increase in pressure inside the peritoneum (excessive physical exertion, coughing, straining, etc.). During such an episode, a segment of the rectum moves beyond the sphincter. In this case, a severe attack of pain occurs, caused by tension in the mesentery. It can be so strong that a person loses consciousness or goes into painful shock; in other cases, the rectum shifts gradually. Initially, this occurs during strong straining during defecation, but the displaced segment easily moves back on its own. Subsequently, after the evacuation of feces, the patient is forced to straighten the rectum inward with his hands. Then part of the intestine begins to fall out not only during bowel movements, but also during coughing, sneezing, and physical activity.

Rectal prolapse is accompanied by the following symptoms:

feeling of heaviness in the anal canal; pain during bowel movements; frequent, false urge to defecate; weakness of the anal sphincter; discharge of mucus and blood with feces; necrosis of the area of ​​intestinal prolapse – formed when the intestinal wall is injured during reduction.

Treatment

Reduction of the rectum is only possible through surgery. During the operation, the prolapsed segment is removed and plastic surgery is performed on the pelvic floor and, if necessary, on the anal canal.

Inflammation of the Morganian crypt (cryptitis)

Cryptitis is an infection and, as a result, inflammation of the Morganian crypts (blind pockets located in the anus, open to the movement of feces). The disease can occur in acute or chronic form.

Symptoms

The following manifestations are characteristic of cryptitis:

burning and pain in the rectum; proctalgia is a sign characteristic of the acute form of the disease; sensation of a foreign object in the anal canal; itching and irritation in the anus; swelling and redness of the skin near the sphincter; blood clots in stool, mucus, pus.

Treatment

In the initial stages of development of the inflammatory process in the crypts, conservative therapy is used:

diet; use of rectal suppositories and ointments; taking antibacterial drugs; sitz baths.

If conservative methods are ineffective, the inflamed crypt is surgically removed. Minimally invasive techniques can also be used:

laser; radio waves; infrared photocoagulation.

Proctitis

Proctitis is a disease of the rectum that is included in the group of polyetiological pathologies. Most often they occur in a chronic form and are combined with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sigmoid colon (sigmoiditis) or pararectal tissue (paraproctitis).

Symptoms

Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa is manifested by the following symptoms:

pain, and during an exacerbation of the disease the pain syndrome is very pronounced; when the acute stage transitions to the chronic stage, the pain is less pronounced, it is dull or aching in nature, and can intensify with bowel movements; constipation (characteristic of the initial stage of the disease); false urge to defecate; diarrhea; secretion of mucus and blood; perforation of the rectal wall (in rare, severe cases).

Treatment

To treat proctitis, conservative therapy is used, which includes:

diet and bed rest, completely excluding the patient from sitting on hard surfaces in the first days of exacerbation of proctitis; a course of medications depending on the cause of the disease; taking antispasmodics to relieve pain and alleviate the patient’s condition; cleansing and therapeutic enemas.

Haemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are inflammation and enlargement of hemorrhoids located around the anal canal. The main reason for the development of the disease is a violation of venous circulation in the hemorrhoidal veins. In the absence of treatment, hemorrhoidal disease progresses, the patient's situation is complicated by the development of thrombosis of hemorrhoids, prolapse of internal nodes, and intense bleeding.

Symptoms

In the initial stage of development, rectal disease may be asymptomatic. It then manifests itself with the following symptoms:

itching, burning, and irritation occur in the anal area. Unpleasant sensations intensify after defecation; bleeding - after bowel movements, drops of scarlet blood remain on the toilet paper. As hemorrhoids progress, the intensity of bleeding increases; pain occurs during bowel movements and can persist for a long time. When hemorrhoids worsen, pain is constantly present. It prevents a person from sitting and moving; discomfort in the anorectal area is accompanied by a feeling of incomplete bowel movement.

With advanced hemorrhoids, the patient's condition begins to worsen by the development of complications: blockage of hemorrhoidal veins with blood clots, inflammation in the peri-rectal tissues, chronic anal fissures.

Treatment

Hemorrhoids respond well to treatment with conservative therapy in the first stages of development:

sitz baths; medications - suppositories, ointments, tablets to strengthen blood vessels; diet; physical exercise.

In severe forms of the disease, in case of complications in the form of unreducible hemorrhoids, minimally invasive procedures are used to remove inflamed cones:

laser coagulation; doping; radio wave method; infrared coagulation; sclerosis; cryodestruction.

Radical surgical intervention is required only in very severe situations. Currently, such cases are rare.

Polyps (rectal polyposis)

Polyps are benign formations that develop in the intestinal mucosa. These can be either single or group tumors. The danger of the disease lies in the properties of polyps to degenerate into malignant tumors when they grow extensively and become infected.

Symptoms

Polyposis does not have any characteristic signs. Symptoms depend on the number and size of polyps. They are most often detected during endoscopic examinations of the rectum and colon. Symptoms of polyposis are similar to other diseases of the rectum:

mucus and streaks of blood in the stool - characteristic of large polyps when they are damaged by stool passing through the rectum; bowel dysfunction (constipation and diarrhea) – occur due to impaired intestinal motility; a feeling of discomfort and a foreign body in the anus is a symptom characteristic of large polyps; partial intestinal obstruction - occurs rarely, with the formation of large polyposis groups; pain – occurs when polyps become infected and when the inflammatory process develops.

Treatment

Treatment of polyposis is only surgical; polyps cannot be removed using conservative methods. Excision of polyps can be performed during a colonoscopy (only small formations are removed) or surgically in parts (large polyps or polyposis groups). The removed biomaterial is sent for histological analysis to identify cancer cells.

According to statistics, rectal diseases are detected during preventive examinations in 60% of patients. The most common causes of disease development are a sedentary lifestyle, diet, and impaired intestinal motor function. Experts say that most diseases can be successfully treated if detected in the early stages. Therefore, if you experience abdominal pain, discomfort in the anal canal, chronic diarrhea or constipation, blood or mucus in the stool, you should immediately contact a proctologist to protect yourself from proctological problems.