Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. What is the danger of benign positional vertigo? What is benign vertigo?

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a vestibular disorder that occurs when the position of the body and head changes. The causes of this pathology are not fully understood. It is believed that BPPV is based on structural changes in the labyrinth of the inner ear as a result of any external influences. Women suffer from BPPV more often than men. The incidence of this type of dizziness is quite high and amounts to up to 50% of all vestibular peripheral dizziness.

Mechanisms of development of BPPV

Currently, scientists suggest two main theories for the origin of BPPV, related to the destruction of the otolithic membrane of the inner ear. These are dome lithiasis and canalolithiasis. In the first case, easily moving particles of the otolithic membrane are fixed on the dome of one of the canals, and in the second - in its cavity. These particles have a small mass and tend to settle, but any movement of the head leads to their movement and causes an attack of dizziness. The best period for sedimentation of otolith particles is the phase of night sleep, when they form so-called clots, which, upon awakening, cause hydrostatic changes in the semicircular canal. However, on the opposite side these changes are absent.

The resulting asymmetry in the state of the vestibular receptors leads to the development of pathological symptoms. It is believed that the basis of all these disorders is a violation of calcium metabolism. In this case, provoking factors for the development of BPPV may be:

traumatic brain injury;
surgical interventions;
infections;
taking ototoxic antibacterial drugs (for example, antibiotics from the aminoglycoside group);
neurocirculatory dystonia, migraine, etc.

Over time, freely moving particles dissolve in the endolymph or are displaced into the sacs of the vestibule of the inner ear and the patient recovers.

Clinical manifestations

Dizziness with this pathology occurs when the position of the head changes, for example, after getting out of bed.

BPPV is characterized by typical recurrent attacks of dizziness with a sensation of spinning objects. Most often they occur in the morning after waking up or at night when turning over in bed. An attack is provoked by moving the head from one position to another. In this case, the dizziness is of greater intensity, but lasts no more than one minute. Often the attack is accompanied by nausea, vomiting and general anxiety. With a long course of the disease, people suffering from BPPV may develop balance function disorders.

In addition, during dizziness, patients experience another specific symptom - nystagmus (oscillatory involuntary movements of the eyeballs). It can have different directions depending on the location of the affected semicircular canal. Most often, BPPV occurs when pathological changes are localized in the posterior semicircular canal.

A distinctive feature of this pathology from other forms of dizziness is the absence of other neurological symptoms and normal hearing.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of BPPV is based on the clinical manifestations of the disease. An objective and additional examination usually does not reveal any pathological changes. Special positional tests help the doctor confirm the diagnosis. For example, the Dix-Hallpike test. Before it is carried out, the subject is in a sitting position and turns his head in any direction by 45 degrees. Then the doctor fixes his head and quickly moves him to a lying position (with his head hanging over the edge of the couch), and then observes the patient’s eye movements and his condition. The resulting nystagmus and attack of dizziness indicate the presence of BPPV in the patient.

A differential diagnosis must be made with pathology of the posterior cranial fossa, central positional nystagmus, multiple sclerosis and vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

Conservative therapy

Treatment for BPPV is aimed at stopping attacks of dizziness as quickly as possible. For this purpose, a therapeutic method can be used using special maneuvers that promote the mechanical movement of free particles in the semicircular canals. Maneuvers are a set of exercises that can be performed independently or with the participation of a physician. It should be noted that the latter are more effective (cure occurs in 95% of cases).

At home, such patients can use the Brandt-Daroff technique. Its essence is to perform the exercise 3 times a day, five bends in each direction.

To carry out the maneuver, a person needs to sit in the center of the bed after waking up, with his legs down.
After this, you need to turn your head at an angle of 45 degrees to the left (or right) and lie on the same side.
It is recommended to remain in this position for 30 seconds or until the attack is completely over (if any).
It is recommended to repeat the same thing with turning your head in the other direction.

The duration of such therapy is determined individually, its effectiveness is about 60%. With high autonomic sensitivity, patients may be prescribed betahistine and antiemetics during the period of maneuvers.

Other therapeutic maneuvers are carried out under the supervision of the attending physician, as they can cause severe vegetative attacks and are technically more complex. An example of such an effect is the Lempert method.

To carry it out, the patient sits on the couch in the direction along it.
The doctor fixes his head during the entire procedure and first turns it 45 degrees towards the lesion in the horizontal plane.
Then the patient moves onto his back and his head turns in the other direction.
Next, the patient turns over onto his healthy side with his ear down.
Then - on the stomach and then on the opposite side, while the head moves along the turn.
At the end of the maneuver, the patient is seated on the couch through the healthy side.

Surgical treatment

If there is no effect of conservative treatment for BPPV, surgical intervention is necessary.

If conservative methods are ineffective and adaptation takes too long, surgical treatment of BPPV is possible. The most effective and safe procedure is filling the affected canal with bone chips.

Other surgical interventions can also be used (removal of the affected labyrinth, intersection of the vestibular nerve), but they have a number of complications and lead to destruction of the structures of the inner ear.

In some patients (6% of cases), relapses of the disease are possible, in which case it is necessary to limit movement in space and consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Conclusion

The occurrence of BPPV can disrupt the normal functioning of patients and even deprive them of their ability to work. But these disorders are called benign because their characteristic feature is the sudden disappearance of all symptoms. Treatment for BPPV is prescribed if it is difficult to tolerate by patients and persists for a long time. And in most cases, the results are immediate.

Otorhinolaryngologist A.L. Guseva gives a presentation on the topic “BPPV”:

Neurologist A. A. Kinzersky talks about benign paroxysmal positional vertigo:

BPPV was first described by Robert Barany in 1921. It is believed that this type of disorder of the peripheral part of the vestibular analyzer occurs in 17-35% of patients who consult a doctor with a complaint of dizziness. People aged 50-60 years are most susceptible to it (40% of cases). In women, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo is diagnosed 2 times more often than in men.

Reasons

The causes of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo have not been established. Presumably, it could result from:

traumatic brain injury;
viral infection affecting the inner ear (labyrinth);
Meniere's disease;
taking antibiotics with ototoxic effects;
ear surgery;
spasm of the labyrinthine artery.

However, doctors believe that in more than half of the cases the causes of BPPV are not pathological. There are several theories explaining the mechanism of benign positional vertigo. The main one is cupulolithiasis.

The vestibular analyzer, responsible for maintaining balance, consists of two sections - central, located in the brain, and peripheral, located in the inner ear. The peripheral section includes the semicircular canals and the vestibule.

At the ends of the channels there are extensions - ampoules in which receptor hair cells are located; their clusters are called cupules (flaps). The cavities of the inner ear are filled with fluids - perilymph and endolymph. When moving, the pressure of fluids changes and the receptors are irritated, as a result a signal is sent to the brain about a change in the position of the body or head in space.

In the vestibule of the internal one there are two sacs - the utriculus and the sacculus, communicating with the semicircular canals. They contain accumulations of calcareous cells - the otolithic apparatus. The processes of nerve cells are immersed in the otoliths. According to the theory of cupulolithiasis, the causes of BPPV lie in the fact that when the head is turned, tiny particles are torn off from the otoliths, which then stick to the cupula, it becomes heavier and deviates, causing dizziness. During the reverse movement, the particles fall away from the receptor cells, and the attack passes.

This theory is confirmed by the fact that during pathological examination, a basophilic substance was found on the cupulae of patients suffering from positional vertigo. Doctors believe that the high incidence of BPPV in older people is due to otolith degeneration during aging.

Symptoms

What is the diagnosis of BPPV? What signs does it show? The main symptom of BPPV is short-term dizziness when changing head position. Most often, attacks occur when a person is lying down and suddenly turns over or throws his head back. The duration of dizziness is no more than a minute, then a feeling of instability may be felt for some time. Sometimes BPPV occurs during sleep and can be so severe that the person wakes up with discomfort.

Other symptoms of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo are nausea and vomiting, but these are rare. Headache and hearing loss are not typical for this condition.

As a rule, BPPV has a benign course: periods of exacerbations, during which attacks occur frequently, are followed by a stable long-term remission - up to 2-3 years. In rare patients, the disease is accompanied by regular episodes of dizziness and severe autonomic disorders.

In general, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo is not dangerous for humans, but it can lead to fatal consequences if an attack occurs while driving, while at heights, in water, and so on.

Diagnostics

Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo is diagnosed based on the patient's complaints. The diagnosis is confirmed by a positive Dix-Hallpike test. It is carried out like this. The patient sits on the couch and focuses his gaze on the doctor's forehead. The doctor turns the patient’s head to the right 45°, sharply lays him on his back and tilts his head back 30°. If a person experiences dizziness and nystagmus (oscillating eye movements), the test is assessed as positive. Then it is repeated on the other side. Nystagmus does not always appear.

BPPV is differentiated from vestibular neuronitis, labyrinthine fistula and vestibular type of Meniere's disease.

Additional diagnostic methods:

test using a stabilometric platform;
MRI of the brain;
CT or X-ray of the cervical spine.

Treatment

How is BPPV treated? In the past, doctors advised patients to avoid head positions that cause dizziness and to take medications as symptomatic treatment. As a rule, Meclozin was prescribed, a drug with antihistamine and anticholinergic properties. But practice shows the low effectiveness of drugs in the treatment of BPPV.

In recent years, the treatment of benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) has been practiced with the help of various exercises that promote the return of otolith particles to their place - in the sacs. The Epley technique is considered the most effective way to restore inner ear mechanics and normalize balance control. Its algorithm:

The patient sits straight on the couch and turns his head towards the affected ear by 45º, then lies on his back, staying in this position for 2 minutes.
The doctor turns the patient’s head in the opposite direction (90º) and fixes it for 2 minutes.
The patient slowly turns his torso in the direction of turning his head, pointing his nose down and holding this position for 2 minutes, then returns to the starting point.

The person may feel dizzy throughout the exercise. Usually 3 repetitions are required, after which there is a steady improvement in the condition. The number of procedures is determined by the doctor. Relapses occur in 6-8% of cases.

Another method of treating benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is vestibular gymnastics using the Semont method. Its essence lies in successive sharp changes in the position of the patient’s head and torso. It typically causes severe dizziness and is considered too aggressive by many doctors and is rarely prescribed.

If conservative treatment is ineffective and the disease is severe, neurosurgical surgery is performed on the inner ear.

Forecast

The prognosis for BPPV is favorable: in most cases, adequate treatment leads to stable remission.

Prevention

Measures to prevent BPPV have not been developed because the causes of the disease have not been established.

Video: exercises for BPPV using the Epley method

Attacks of vertigo of vestibular origin, the provoking factor for the occurrence of which is a change in the position of the head and body, are called “benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.” It is called benign because it is based on a mechanical nature, does not cause serious complications and disappears as suddenly as it appeared. This pathology occurs quite often. According to various authors, it accounts for from 3 to 50% of all peripheral vestibular syndromes.

Causes and mechanisms of development

Head trauma can trigger the development of BPPV.

The occurrence of BPPV can be associated with various pathological conditions:

operations on the structures of the inner ear;
taking ototoxic antibiotics;
migraine;
spasm of the labyrinthine artery in vegetative disorders, etc.

However, in more than half of the cases the cause of the disease cannot be determined (idiopathic form).

The disease is based on pathology of the inner ear - destruction of the otolithic membrane, the mechanism of which remains completely unclear. In this case, freely moving particles are formed in the vestibule of the labyrinth, which can be located in the smooth part of the semicircular canals or fixed in the ampulla of one of them. They have a certain mass and density. While in the endolymph, particles tend to settle. This process happens very slowly. Their maximum precipitation occurs during night sleep, when they form a clot that has a greater mass than each particle individually. It is its movement as a result of changes in body position after waking up that causes characteristic symptoms.

During the day, these particles disperse again and their mass is no longer sufficient for the hydrostatic changes in the endolymph that were initially observed. Therefore, when bending is repeated, the severity of attacks decreases.

Symptoms

The main symptom of BPPV is repeated attacks of sudden vestibular dizziness. The patient feels it as objects rotating around him and is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Most often, such attacks appear in the morning after waking up and getting out of bed or when turning over in bed at night. Bends downwards and tilting the head back can also provoke dizziness.

A distinctive feature of dizziness is considered to be high intensity and duration of up to 1 minute. The attack passes faster if the patient quickly returns to its original position. In some patients, an attack causes significant anxiety, which leads to throwing around with a sharp change in body position in space, which further aggravates the situation and provokes repeated attacks. Moreover, people who have been ill for a long time know what position makes them dizzy, they try to move and turn slowly.

Along with typical attacks of dizziness, a person develops specific positional nystagmus (oscillatory movements of the eyes of an involuntary nature). It is detected by a specialist during an attack of dizziness. Its direction may be different. It is due to the localization of the pathological process. More often, this pathology occurs when the posterior semicircular canal is damaged (in this case it is directed towards the ground), but it is also possible that other canals – the anterior and horizontal – are involved in the pathological process. In some cases, pathology occurs with the involvement of several canals on one or both sides in the pathological process.

A characteristic feature of the clinical picture of BPPV is the complete absence of other otological and neurological symptoms.

Sometimes such patients exhibit disorders of balance function. However, this is not a permanent sign of the disease. It usually occurs when it persists for a long time in combination with other reasons that disrupt the functioning of the vestibular apparatus.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of BPPV can be suspected by a doctor based on the nature and timing of attacks, medical history in the absence of other neurological and otological symptoms and normal hearing. To confirm it, specific tests are carried out.

The most common among them is the Dix-Hallpike positional test. Its essence is as follows:

before performing the test, the doctor must warn the patient about the high probability of characteristic symptoms and convince him of the safety and reversibility of this condition;
at the beginning of the study, the patient is in a sitting position (on the couch), with the head turned to the side (left or right) by 45 degrees;
to carry it out, the specialist fixes the patient’s head with both hands and quickly moves him from the original position to his back, so that the head hangs slightly over the edge of the couch;
If a test with turning the head in one direction gives a negative answer, then it must be repeated with a turn in the other direction.

The test results are assessed based on the patient’s subjective sensations and the occurrence of nystagmus. After the tilt, some time passes before it manifests itself. This is the so-called latent period. When the posterior and anterior semicircular canals are affected, it lasts no more than 3-4 seconds, when the horizontal canal is involved in the process - 1-2 seconds. The total duration of this symptom ranges from 40 seconds to 1-2 minutes.

When the patient returns to the starting position, a less bright reverse nystagmus directed in the opposite direction can often be observed. When the test is repeated, the symptoms of the disease are less pronounced.

From instrumental studies, methods based on recording nystagmus are used. In this case, devices are used (glasses with special lenses) that can not only increase the ability to observe nystagmus, but also eliminate gaze fixation. After all, it is the latter that, in BPPV, is capable of suppressing nystagmus.

Video-oculography diagnostic systems with the ability to mathematically process eye movements make it possible to record nystagmus with high accuracy.

Nystagmus and positional vertigo can be a manifestation not only of BPPV, but also of other pathological conditions for which differential diagnosis must be carried out:

pathology of the posterior cranial fossa (characterized by various neurological symptoms, severe imbalance and nystagmus of central origin, which is not suppressed or depleted for a long time);
vertebrobasilar insufficiency, etc.

Patient management tactics

The treatment is based on exercise therapy, namely special exercises that involve turning the head.

Therapeutic measures for BPPV are aimed at eliminating unpleasant symptoms, namely stopping attacks of dizziness as quickly as possible.

Currently, the main method of treating BPPV is considered to be therapeutic maneuvers, which involve a person regularly performing certain exercises independently or under the supervision of a specialist. The most famous among them are:

Brandt-Daroff method (performed independently; in the morning, immediately after sleep, a person is asked to sit in the center of the bed, then turn his head to the side at an angle of 45 degrees and lie alternately on the right and left side, staying in each position for 30 seconds; the tilt should be repeated for 5 once on each side; if dizziness occurs in one of the positions, bending is repeated day and evening);
Semont maneuver (requires the direct participation of a doctor; its essence is to quickly move the patient from one side to the other, which may cause significant dizziness with autonomic disorders in the form of nausea and vomiting);
Epley maneuver (used for pathology of the posterior semicircular canal; carried out under the supervision of a specialist, following a clear trajectory without quickly changing positions);
Lempert maneuver (effective for damage to the horizontal semicircular canal; also requires the presence and assistance of a physician).

During the period after performing such exercises, the patient is recommended to observe a regime of limited bending, and on the first day - a special position during night sleep (with the head end raised).

The duration of such treatment is determined individually, taking into account its tolerability and effectiveness. The latter depends:

the ability to accurately move the patient’s head in the plane of the affected canal;
his age;
the presence of concomitant pathology (for example, dorsopathies).

Currently, to achieve high precision in performing maneuvers, special electronic stands have been created that allow the patient to be completely fixed and moved in the desired plane.

It should be noted that therapeutic maneuvers carried out jointly with a specialist give better results. Their effectiveness reaches 95%, while doing the exercises on your own allows you to achieve success only in 60% of cases.

If such treatment is ineffective, patients are recommended to undergo surgical intervention, the essence of which is to seal the affected canals. In rare cases, more traumatic methods (labyrinthectomy or laser destruction of the labyrinth) may be used.

Drug therapy to achieve this goal is practically not used due to its low effectiveness. However, with high vegetative sensitivity, such individuals may be recommended to take betahistine during the period of treatment.

Which doctor should I contact?

This pathology is treated by an otolaryngologist. For differential diagnosis and clarification of the causes of the disease, additional observation by a neurologist is usually required. This specialist may recommend various methods for further examination - MRI or CT of the brain, EEG and others.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a pathological condition of vestibular origin, which is characterized by paroxysmal manifestations of dizziness.

This state is provoked by changes in the spatial position of the human body.

The differences between this type of dizziness are the relative ease of treatment and the possibility of self-improvement.

Etiological factors in the development of functional dizziness (causes)

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), a very complex condition in etiology, in some cases it is not possible to establish the true cause of the disease.

The most common causes of BPPV include:

traumatic injuries of the skull and;
inflammatory processes in the labyrinth of the inner ear;
undergone surgical interventions in the head area.

Features of symptomatic manifestations

Symptomatically, benign paroxysmal vertigo manifests itself in the form of a feeling that objects around are rotating, this feeling appears after a sudden change in body position.

Paroxysmal dizziness usually manifests itself in the morning after sleep; it is difficult for a person to navigate in space after getting out of bed.

The duration of the paroxysmal period is, as a rule, no more than three minutes, then it goes away on its own without the use of auxiliary techniques.

Additionally, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo manifests itself in the form, which is a common symptomatic component for all types of vertigo.

What is important in diagnosing the disease is that benign positional vertigo is not accompanied by syndromes of organic disorders of the nervous system.

With this pathology, no pathologies develop in the organs of hearing, vision or smell. Thus, the disease does not pose a particular threat to human life, but causes some discomfort.

Diagnostic measures

To make a definitive diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, specially developed Dix-Hallpike functional diagnostic tests are used.

The Dix-Hallpike test is a targeted technique used to diagnose the disease.

To carry out this test, the doctor places the patient on the bed, then takes the head with both hands and rotates it in front to the sides around, then, holding the head, lays it on the bed. After the exercise, the doctor should ask how the patient is feeling.

Usually, people who have benign positional vertigo are told by doctors that dizziness after such a shake is a normal condition for them.

Objectively, a patient has nystagmus that is directed toward the floor, to the side or to the top; this depends on the direct localization of the pathological process in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

In case of a negative effect, the exercise should be repeated a few minutes after rest. Sometimes it happens that after conducting a diagnostic test in a supine position, a positive result cannot be achieved, but the condition manifests itself after the patient gets up from the couch and the body acquires a sitting position.

When repeating positional tests, the severity of the results as a rule decreases somewhat; this also must be taken into account when making a diagnosis. As an addition to the positional test, you can use not only rotation towards the head, but also the entire body.

The most difficult for patients to tolerate is a change in body position from lying to standing.

Instrumental studies

Techniques for assessing the severity are used as instrumental diagnostics of the disease; for this purpose, techniques such as electrooculography and videooculography are used.

In order to exclude organic pathology from the central nervous system or oncological pathology, patients must undergo magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. To exclude pathology from otolaryngology, it is necessary to undergo a consultative examination with an appropriate specialist.

Differential diagnosis of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo

Unlike tumor-like formations in the brain, as well as pathologies of the posterior cranial fossa, with the benign development of vertigo, there are no signs of damage to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system; common signs are symptoms of impaired balance and positional vertigo.

Repeated positional functional testing for ordinary dizziness is usually characterized by a decrease in the severity of the positive result, since in organic pathology, repeated testing does not affect the severity of the result.

Nystagmus of a positional nature can also manifest itself in a disease such as an acute circulatory disorder of the brain, while all the symptoms of damage to the nervous system remain.

Therapeutic measures to eliminate pathology and discomfort

Conservative treatment without the use of drugs includes the following methods:

Brandt-Daroff method.

The patient can perform this exercise independently at home.

To carry out this technique, the patient needs to sit in the center of the bed and bend several times from side to side. Then the patient is injected back into a horizontal position and repeats the movements in a supine position.

It is necessary to rest the body for a minute, then repeat the indicated Brandt Daroff exercises.

The method for treating the disease is repeated three times throughout the day. The duration of the procedure is determined individually depending on the general well-being of the patient.

Semont maneuver

This technique can be performed either independently or with the help of a qualified specialist.

The patient sits on the bed, the doctor takes the patient's head with both hands and turns it sharply, then injects it on the same side without changing the position of the head relative to the original plane.

The patient should lie down until all discomfort disappears.

After rest, without changing the fixed position of the patient’s head, the patient is returned to a sitting position, the head is turned and placed on the opposite side, the patient must also rest. This exercise is repeated 2-3 times, once a day.

In cases where a patient suffering from benign paroxysmal vertigo has a life history of pathologies from the cardiovascular system, cardiac tonic drugs are administered before the procedure as a specific predication.

If nausea and vomiting occur during the procedure, patients are prescribed antiemetic drugs.

Epley maneuver

A procedure of this nature is carried out only by qualified specialists. The peculiarity of this method is that the procedure is carried out using smooth and slow body movements.

The patient should initially sit on the couch, the doctor takes the head with both hands and fixes the head, turning it to the side in the same position, the patient’s head is placed on his back. After this, the person’s body is turned over on its side, and then slowly seated in its original position.

This method of non-drug treatment is very effective and in most cases, repeating two or three sessions can help completely get rid of the pathological condition.

The effectiveness of this method depends entirely on how professional the specialist performing this procedure is.

Lempert maneuver

This technique is carried out exclusively by a qualified specialist. The initial position of the patient should be sitting along the couch. Turning the head forty-five degrees, fix it in the plane of the horizontal body on the side of the focus of the pathological condition.

After this, the patient is placed in a supine position on his back and the position of the head is slowly changed in the opposite direction, then the head is turned to the other side and the position of the body is changed from back to stomach, while the head should rotate together with the human body.

The exercise can be repeated several times, but with the condition of maintaining a rest period.

Surgical technique for treating the disease

Surgical intervention is performed in cases where conservative treatment of the disease has shown absolutely no positive results.

This treatment method is carried out very rarely and in quite exceptional cases.

For this purpose, surgical intervention techniques such as:

filling the lumen of the semicircular bony canal of the inner ear with fragments from the bone structure, which is taken from another part of the skeleton of the human body. The most optimal bone for transplantation is the tibia;
selective removal of nerve endings that innervate the vestibular canals of the human inner ear;
total removal of structures and spongy substance of the bone labyrinth;
destructive destruction of labyrinth structures using specially selected laser installations.

Absolutely all surgical methods are extremely traumatic for humans and therefore should be performed only for special medical indications.

After surgery, the patient must undergo antibacterial therapy in order to prevent the development of complications of an infectious nature.

To prevent dysentery as a side effect of antibiotics, the patient is prescribed probiotics in combination.

Prevention of disease

Preventive measures for benign positional paroxysmal vertigo have not been developed to date since the etiological factors in the development of the disease have not been fully elucidated.

The pathological condition may persist for several days or weeks after treatment. As for the restoration of ability to work, it may also be difficult for several weeks, but one should take into account the fact that benign positional vertigo can recur over time and when such a moment occurs is not known.

Forecast

The prognosis for recovery is usually favorable; this condition does not pose a particular danger to the patient’s life. Depending on what disease or injury could have triggered the development of this condition, further recovery and the effect of the treatment will depend.

The prognosis for full recovery also depends on how promptly the patient sought qualified medical help.

The danger of this disease lies in the fact that it is quite difficult to carry out diagnostic measures, and if it provokes an infectious disease with an advanced infectious process, the infection can spread into the cranial cavity and lead to death for the patient.

Videos on the topic

Interesting

Higher education (Cardiology). Cardiologist, therapist, functional diagnostics doctor. I am well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Graduated from the academy (full-time), with extensive work experience behind her.

Specialty: Cardiologist, Therapist, Functional diagnostics doctor.

Comments 0