As a manuscript

INCREASED RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY

TRAVELING WAVE LAMPS USED IN

OUTPUT AMPLIFIERS OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

Scientific secretary

dissertation council

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISSERTATION WORK

The relevance of the problem being developed.

In the on-board equipment of spacecraft for various purposes, broadband traveling wave lamps (TWTs) of the O type with spiral slow-wave systems (MS) are widely used. The reliability, electrical and weight-size parameters of these TWTs largely determine the quality of on-board radio transmitters.

8. , Shalaev certificate No. 000 for the invention “Travel Wave Lamp”. Registered in the State Register of Inventions of the USSR on August 15, 1989. Application No. 000. Invention priority dated January 1, 2001.

9. , Shalaev certificate No. 000 for the invention “Travel Wave Lamp”. Registered in the State Register of Inventions of the USSR on January 3, 1992. Application No. 000. Invention priority dated August 4, 1989.

Publications in other publications

10. Shalaev P. D. Results of experimental studies of a spiral TWT with high electronic efficiency in dual-frequency operating mode / , //9th International Scientific and Technical Conference Current problems of electronic instrument making. APEP-2010" Saratov. Publishing house SSTU. September 22 – 23, 2010. P. 157 – 162.

11. Shalaev P. D. Results of a study of the amplitude characteristics of a spiral TWT with high efficiency electronics / , // Materials of the scientific and technical conference "Electronic and vacuum technology: Instruments and devices. Technology. Materials". Saratov. JSC "NPP "Kontakt". Publishing house of Saratov University. September 24 - 25, 2009. Issue 3. C

12. Shalaev P. D. Technology and quality assurance of TWTs for on-board equipment of space platforms. / , // Materials of the scientific and technical conference "Electronic devices and microwave devices". .Saratov. FSUE "NPP "Almaz". Publishing house of Saratov University. August 28 - 30, 2007. P.

13. Shalaev P. D. On the analysis of directions for increasing the efficiency of TWT / Shalaev P. D // Materials of the international scientific and technical conference "Current problems of electronic instrument making. APEP-2006". Saratov. Ed. SSTU. September 20 – 21, 2006. pp. 120 – 127.

14. On one possibility of assessing the design limitations of the electronic efficiency of spiral TWTs / Shalaev P. D. // Materials of the international scientific and technical conference "Radio Engineering and Communications". Saratov. Ed. SSTU. May 18 – 20, 2005. pp. 372 – 377.

15. Shalaev P. D. On the correlation of fluctuations in the calculated parameters of multi-stage collector systems with errors in the numerical model/ // Proceedings of the international scientific and technical conference "Current problems of electronic instrument making. APEP-2000". Saratov. Publishing house of SSTU. 2000. pp. 159 – 164.

16. Shalaev P. D. Results of developing a sample TWT of medium power in the three-centimeter range with an efficiency of up to 69%. // Materials of the scientific and technical conference "Prospects for the development of electronics and vacuum technology for the period 2001 - 2006." Saratov. SNPP "Contact" Ed. Saratov University. February 22 – 23, 2001. From 6

17. Shalaev P. D. Small-sized microwave power amplifier of the X-band frequencies with high efficiency and increased linearity of characteristics / , // Proceedings of the scientific and technical conference "Electronic devices and devices of the new generation". Saratov. Ed. Saratov University. February 14 – 15, 2002. P.

18. Shalaev P. D. Study of the amplitude-phase characteristics of spiral TWTs of medium power with high electronic efficiency / , // Proceedings of the scientific and technical conference "Prospective directions for the development of electronic instrument making". Saratov. FSUE "NPP "Contact". Publishing house of Saratov University. February 18 - 19, 2003. With

19. Shalaev P. D. High-Perveance Electron Optic System with Low-Voltage Non-Gridded Control / Babanov G. N., Morev S. P., Shalaev P. D. // Proceeding of the Fourth International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference. Saratov, Russia, July 15-19, 2002. Saratov: Publishing House of the State Educational & Scientific Center “College”, 2002. P.315-316.

20. Shalaev P. D. New technologies in TWTs for on-board and ground-based satellite communication systems / , // Materials of the scientific and practical conference of RASU "New technologies in radio electronics and control systems". Saratov. FSUE "NPP "Almaz". Publishing house of Saratov University. September 22 - 25, 2003. pp. 274 - 286.

_____________________________

1 Katz in traveling wave lamps. Part 1. O-type traveling wave lamp / , // Ed. SSU. 1964. P. 143.

The main sources of economic efficiency in the field of operation are increasing the reliability of equipment, increasing its productivity, reducing associated capital costs, reducing the cost of operating materials, maintenance and repair costs.

All of these sources can manifest themselves independently, but most often they are interconnected. Thus, increasing the reliability of equipment increases its productivity, although the latter, after standardization, may increase due to other reasons - design changes, automation of individual elements, the use of advanced materials, etc.

Taking into account the economic effect resulting from increased reliability of equipment is an extremely complex process. To reveal it, it is necessary to consider its constituent elements in more detail.

The reliability of equipment is a complex indicator and is characterized by such product properties as reliability, durability, maintainability and storage. For each of these properties, a number of indicators have been established that characterize the reliability of the product and are regulated in the technical specifications for products and, in particular, in state standards. The main indicators of equipment reliability are reflected in table. (3.4).

In general, increasing reliability changes the performance of equipment, its service life, operating costs, the amount of capital investment, i.e., all the components used in calculating the economic effect of using new equipment. However, each of the individual properties of reliability makes its own contribution to obtaining the national economic effect, and therefore the methods for calculating it have their own specifics.

The economic effect of increasing reliability is determined by the formula:

Where C 1 and C 2 - cost per unit of production before and after increasing reliability; K 1 and K 2 - specific capital investments in production assets before and after increasing reliability; E N - standard coefficient of economic efficiency; IN 1 and IN 2 - annual volumes of products (work) produced by one machine before and after increasing reliability; and - annual operating costs of the consumer before and after increasing reliability per volume of products (work) produced by a machine with increased reliability; and - associated capital investments of the consumer (excluding the cost of the machine) before and after increasing reliability per volume of production (work) ), produced by a machine with increased reliability; R 2 - share of deductions from the book value for the complete restoration (renovation) of a machine with increased reliability; A 2 - annual production of machines of increased reliability.

Table 3.4

An integrated approach to studying reliability

In some cases, the productivity growth factor (B 2 / B 1) can be presented as:

Where T 1 and T 2 - equipment operating time before and after increasing reliability;

where δ is the equipment load factor; F about - effective annual time fund.

The specificity of calculating the economic efficiency of increasing reliability for each of its properties is manifested not only in the method of calculating the effect itself, but also in the necessary costs associated with increasing a particular indicator. Therefore, for each of the described reliability elements, it is necessary to consider methods for calculating the costs of achieving increased reliability indicators.

The costs of increasing reliability and methods for calculating them can be presented in the following form:

one-time costs, including carrying out design work, increasing costs for installing more trouble-free components, components, assemblies, and reserving individual components and mechanisms, are determined by the formula:

(3.59)

Where TO PR- cost of design work; - increase in the cost of individual parts, assemblies, assemblies; n- number of parts, assemblies and assemblies to be modernized; - cost of additional devices and mechanisms; m

Difference in current costs, resulting from more frequent preventive inspections, more thorough diagnosis of the technical condition of parts, assemblies, assemblies and the machine as a whole, is determined by the formula:

(3.60)

where and are the annual operating costs before and after improving reliability; B 2 /IN 1 - factor taking into account productivity growth.

The economic effect of increasing durability is determined by the formula:

Where WITH 1 and WITH 2 - cost per unit of production before and after increasing durability; K 1 and TO 2 - specific capital investments in production assets before and after increasing durability; E- standard coefficient of economic efficiency; R 1 and P 2 - shares of deductions from the book value for complete restoration (renovation) before and after increasing durability; and - annual operating costs before and after increasing durability; and - associated capital investments of the consumer before and after increasing durability; A 2 - annual production of products with increased durability.

The costs of improving durability should also be divided into one-time and ongoing costs.

One-time costs, including the cost of design work, an increase in the cost of individual parts, components, assemblies, the introduction of additional components and mechanisms, are determined by the formula:

(3.62)

Where TO PR- cost of design work; - increase in the cost of individual parts, assemblies, assemblies; - cost of additional devices and mechanisms; n- number of parts, components and assemblies to be modernized; m- number of additional devices and mechanisms.

Current costs, resulting from more frequent preventive inspections and repairs, more thorough diagnosis of the technical condition of parts, components, assemblies and the machine as a whole, are determined by the formula:

Where R 1 i And R 2 j- number of inspections and repairs of one type i th or j th per year; Z 1 and Z 2 - costs of inspections and repairs of each type; n And m- number of types of inspections and repairs before and after increasing durability.

The economic efficiency of increasing maintainability is determined by the formula:

Where C 1 and WITH 2 - cost per unit of production before and after increasing maintainability; K 1 and TO 2 - specific capital investments in production assets before and after increasing maintainability; E N - standard coefficient of economic efficiency; B 1 and IN 2 - annual volume of products (work) produced by a machine with increased maintainability; R 2 - the share of deductions from the book value for the complete restoration (renovation) of a machine with increased maintainability; and - annual operating costs before and after improving maintainability; and - associated capital investments of the consumer before and after increasing maintainability; A 2-year production of products with increased maintainability.

Costs for increasing maintainability are divided into one-time costs, including the cost of design work and the cost of developing repair documentation, and current costs associated with an increase in the cost of individual components and mechanisms manufactured taking into account the requirements of increasing their adaptability to maintenance and repair. As a result of increased maintainability, the following is achieved:

reduction in annual operating costs:

increase in productivity growth rate:

And finally, the last ones are indicators of product preservation. Sources of savings due to increased storability are: reduced installation costs; reducing the time required to develop the design capacity.

The economic effect of increasing preservation is determined by the formula:

Where WITH 1 and WITH 2 - cost per unit of production before and after increasing shelf life; TO 1 and TO 2 - specific capital investments in production assets before and after increasing storability; E N - standard coefficient of economic efficiency; and - annual operating costs before and after increasing storability; and - associated capital investments of the consumer before and after increasing storability; R 2 - the share of deductions from the book value for the complete restoration (renovation) of a machine with increased storability; A 2 - annual production of products with increased shelf life.

Costs for increasing preservation are generated by:

increasing the cost of design work, as a result of which more advanced design solutions are developed;

using more efficient preservation and packaging methods;

improving storage conditions.

V.F. Rezinskikh, A.G. Tumanovsky
OJSC "All-Russian Twice Order of the Red Banner of Labor Thermal Engineering Research Institute", Moscow

ANNOTATION

Some of the most significant low-cost technical proposals of JSC VTI are presented, aimed at increasing the reliability and operating efficiency of installed thermal power plant equipment.

1. INTRODUCTION

One of the main tasks of the institute is to ensure reliable and efficient operation of existing equipment. The equipment installed at power plants in the 60-80s of the last century will be used for a long time. Despite its advanced age, resources to improve its reliability and operational efficiency have not yet been fully exhausted. Below is a description of some quick-payback technical solutions developed by JSC VTI, which will allow generating companies to operate thermal mechanical equipment of thermal power plants more efficiently.

2. OPTIMIZATION OF REPAIR SCHEDULES OF TPP EQUIPMENT

A significant part of the costs associated with the production of thermal and electrical energy falls on the repair of thermal and mechanical equipment. When carrying out repairs, two goals are pursued: maintaining equipment reliability and its efficiency at an acceptable level. The timing of repairs and their volumes are regulated by industry regulations, which establish uniform requirements for standard equipment without taking into account its technical condition. As a rule, these requirements are conservative. For specific equipment, it is possible to reduce repair work and/or shift repair schedules. At the same time, a situation cannot be ruled out when, for equipment that has exhausted its assigned life, the timing and volume of repairs prescribed by the system of scheduled preventive maintenance will no longer ensure the reliability and efficiency of its operation. In this case, it will be necessary to reduce the time between repairs and increase the volume of repair work.

The purpose of this work is to optimize the costs of the generating company when operating thermal mechanical equipment of thermal power plants for repairs.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

Assessment of the technical condition of equipment at thermal power plants based on data on equipment failures, diagnostic results and repairs performed;

Technical audit of power plants with a forecast of degradation of their performance indicators during the period between repairs;

Assessment of risks associated with changes in regulations for metal control and equipment repair;

Economic justification for the transition to new regulations for the repair of thermal mechanical equipment;

Development of regulatory documents for metal inspection of the main elements of boilers, turbines and pipelines and regulations for their repairs.

Today, the experience of JSC VTI in carrying out this work at a number of power plants with power units with a capacity of 200-800 MW has so far made it possible to increase the service life between major overhauls to 50 thousand hours.

3. MODERNIZATION OF GAS AND OIL UNITS USING STEAM AND GAS TECHNOLOGY

In connection with the depletion of the operating life of the units, their modernization seems promising, which can be done by:

Dismantling and replacement of IGU;

Modernization of the steam-gas cycle. To ensure that this modernization is as

effective, JSC “VTI” proposes to implement this project in the following sequence:

1) development of an investment project;

2) development of technical requirements for equipment;

3) optimization of thermal and starting circuits and control algorithm;

4) improvement of water treatment and water chemistry regimes;

5) development of environmental protection measures;

6) commissioning and warranty tests.

4. DEVELOPMENT OF A SET OF MEASURES TO CONVERT OPERATING BOILERS TO COMBUSNON-DESIGN FUELS

Due to economic changes in the country, many power plants are forced to use non-design fuels.

When converting existing boilers to burning non-design fuel, problems arise that can only be successfully overcome if

their comprehensive solution: development of measures to prepare fuel for combustion (fuel supply, drying and mill systems), organization of combustion in the boiler furnace, purification of flue gases from harmful emissions, ensuring the reliability of equipment operation and achieving the required standards for environmental and economic indicators

As a result of the implementation of these measures, it is possible to ensure the operability of boilers, reduce harmful emissions to the required standards, and increase the reliability and efficiency of the operation of specific boilers.

5. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN COMPREHENSIVE METHOD FOR REDUCING NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FOR BOILERS OPERATING WITH COAL AND NATURAL GAS

In many power systems of the European part of Russia and the Urals, pulverized coal boilers operate on natural gas during the spring-summer and autumn periods and are forced to burn solid fuel only for 2-3 months. For such boilers, for economic reasons, it is irrational to construct installations for cleaning flue gases from NOX, even in cases where atmospheric gas pollution from other sources is high.

Significant reductions in emissions can be achieved by three-stage combustion with NOX reduction by creating a local reduction zone in the furnace.

OJSC "VTI" proposes the implementation of a project that allows, at minimal cost, using energy systems to reduce emissions from coal combustion by 75%.

6. DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES TO REDUCE GAS CORROSION OF BOILER HEATING SURFACES

When operating boilers using high-sulfur solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, corrosion of combustion chamber screens, steam superheaters, economizers and tail heating surfaces is observed. The main compound that causes corrosion of combustion screens (hydrogen sulfide) is formed in the active combustion zone when there is a lack of oxidizer. Eliminating the formation of H2S in the flare greatly reduces the corrosion rate.

Superheaters can be subject to intense high-temperature gas corrosion due to aerodynamic uneven flow of hot gases and hydrodynamic uneven flow of the medium through individual coils. The tail heating surfaces are subject to sulfur corrosion, the rate of which is determined by the temperature of the metal and the concentration of sulfuric acid vapor in the gases

It is proposed to reduce the corrosion rate of screens by:

Intensification of mixing of dust and gas flows in the volume of the combustion chamber and at the exit from the burners;

Optimizing the excess air ratio of burners;

Rational choice of temperatures in the active combustion zone;

superheaters due to:

Elimination of uneven gas flows from the outer surface of the pipes and the flow of the steam-water medium between individual coils - from the inner surface;

air heaters due to:

Rational choice of metal temperature, its quality, passive protection (enamel, etc.)

7. DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES TO REDUCE SLAGING OF HEATING SURFACES ON COAL BOILERS

Slagging of heating surfaces is a common problem with coal boilers. JSC "VTI" has developed recommendations for reducing slagging of heating surfaces on coal-fired boilers.

Reducing slagging of screens and convective heating surfaces is achieved by intensifying the ignition of coal dust particles at the outlet of the burners, optimizing the temperature regime in the active combustion zone, and eliminating zones with a reducing gas environment. The intensity of slagging and the strength of deposits can be reduced by 2-5 times.

8. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ON BOILERS OF OPERATING SKD UNITS FULL BORE OR BUILT-IN SEPARATORS WITH UPPER STEAM OUTLET, PROVIDING INCREASED RELIABILITY OF STEAM SUPERHEATING SURFACES IN START-UP MODES

It has been established that with the existing built-in separators of boilers of SKD units, water is thrown into the steam superheating heating surfaces, which sharply reduces their reliability. When using full-bore separators, the starting unit is significantly simplified with the elimination of complex fittings. (VZ; Dr-1 and Dr-3).

For specific objects, it is proposed to develop new designs of separators (full bore and built-in with top steam outlet). When using full-bore separators, the hydraulic circuits of the steam-generating part of the path will be improved to allow launches at sliding pressure throughout the entire path.

9. IMPLEMENTATION AT POWER PLANTS WITH SKD UNITS WITH A POWER OF 300-800 MW STARTING MODES ON SLIDING PRESSURE IN THE ENTIRE STEAM-WATER TRACT OF BOILERS

Start-ups of 300 and 800 MW SKD units at sliding pressure throughout the entire boiler path from various thermal states, in contrast to startups according to standard

The instructions showed, for example, on 800 MW units with TPP-804 boilers the following main advantages: increased reliability, reduced start-up time from various thermal states and simplified starting operations, fuel savings, the ability to start units with “own” steam

JSC "VTI" proposes the development of new standard operating instructions for the introduction of starting modes on sliding pressure throughout the entire boiler circuit, as well as task schedules for optimizing such starts from various thermal states.

10. IMPROVEMENT OF COOLING WATER CLEANING SYSTEMS AND BALL CLEANING OF CONDENSER TUBES

Existing designs of self-cleaning automated filters, ball-catching devices, unloading chambers and other equipment have shortcomings discovered during operation, which negatively affect the reliability of their operation.

JSC "VTI" offers the development and implementation of improved structural elements of ball cleaning equipment using a hydraulic drive for the filter; development of working documentation, supervision of production and installation.

11. TYPICAL SOLUTIONS FOR INCREASING THE AVAILABLE THERMAL LOAD OF HEATING TURBINES DUE TO REDUCING HEAT LOSSES IN THE CONDENSER

When operating heating turbines with completely closed control diaphragms, in order to ensure an acceptable thermal state, a certain ventilation passage of steam is provided in the LPC, the design value of which is 20-30 t/h. If the condenser is cooled with circulating water, the heat of this steam is completely lost. A set of measures is proposed to increase the available heat load of turbines with a capacity of 50-185 MW by reducing this steam loss by 5-10 times. The set of measures includes the modernization of the control diaphragms in order to seal them and the installation of a new exhaust cooling system. These measures have been tested on a number of turbines. Their introduction increases the available heat load by 7-10 Gcal/h and allows for fuel savings of at least 1 τ y. t/h. At the same time, the economic effect is achieved without reducing reliability, maneuverability and available electrical power

JSC "VTI" is ready to develop technical documentation for sealing the control diaphragm and cooling system for district heating turbines with a capacity of 50-185 MW, as well as organize its implementation.

12. DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION MEASURES TO REDUCE EROSIVE WEAR OF LPC HEATING TURBINES

The leading edges of the working blades of the low pressure parts (LPP) are subject to significant erosive wear not only in the last, but also in the first stages of the LP. This wear is associated with the peculiarities of operation in variable modes of the first stage of the low pressure pump, which has a regulating rotary diaphragm. The actual process in it differs significantly from the throttling process, which leads to an increase in the thermal drop per stage and, as a consequence, to an increase in the degree of humidity in the stages of the low-pressure process. Analysis of the actual operating modes of turbines at a specific thermal power plant (in terms of pressure in the lower outlet, heat load, degree of diaphragm opening, etc.) makes it possible to organize such modes and specific measures, the implementation of which reduces the weight amount of moisture in the low pressure stages of different turbines, which ensures more reliable and long lasting performance

JSC VTI is ready to analyze turbine operating modes and develop recommendations for their optimization, as well as prepare technical documentation for design measures.

13. AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR VIBRATION CONTROL AND DIAGNOSTICS (ASVD) OF TURBO UNITS, INCLUDING A WARM FOR VIBRATION MAINTENANCE OF ROTARY EQUIPMENT

Developed and implemented at a number of thermal power plants ASKVD, ensuring compliance with all requirements of PTE and GOST standards for monitoring the vibration state of turbine units. Using network technologies, ASKVD includes automated workplaces for vibration maintenance and equipment monitoring. Many years of operating experience at seven turbine units at Konakovo State District Power Plant have confirmed the effectiveness of using ASCVD for identifying developing defects, preventing emergency situations, and carrying out vibration adjustment work.

OJSC "VTI" is ready to supply systems, put ASCVD and automated workplace into operation on a turnkey basis on the basis of existing standard vibration equipment or as a set in a new one; adapt the system to existing equipment (monitoring programs, diagnostics, balancing, analysis of archived data, etc.); perform system maintenance and technical support, personnel training.

14. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTORATIVE HEAT TREATMENT OF STEAM PIPES

Replacing a steam pipeline that has exhausted its service life is a very expensive and time-consuming operation. Timely and correctly carried out restorative heat treatment (RHT) can completely

ability to restore the resource of the metal of the steam pipeline. JSC "VTI" has many years of positive experience in conducting WTO.

As part of this work, VTI OJSC is ready to determine the feasibility and modes of conducting WTO, organize WTO, and determine the service life of the restored steam pipeline. Reductive heat treatment approximately doubles the service life of the steam pipeline.

15. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-EROSION PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR STEAM TURBINE BLADES

Erosive wear of the inlet and outlet edges of the blades of the last stages of condensation and heating turbines is the main reason for their premature failure and subsequent replacement with new ones. Existing methods for protecting the leading edges of blades are unreliable. Titanium blades, due to the specific properties of titanium alloys, have no protection at all from the erosive effects of steam-droplet flow.

JSC "VTI" has developed and successfully applied for about 10 years a technology for applying anti-erosion protective coatings to steel and titanium blades of steam turbines, based on the technology of electric spark alloying. The technology makes it possible to restore blades without unblading the rotor during a turbine overhaul.

The VTI experience accumulated to date makes it possible to increase the service life of the blades of the last stages by at least 2 times. Currently, more than 20,000 blades of the last stages of turbines K-200-130 LMZ, K-300-240 KhTGZ, K-300-240 LMZ, K-220-44 KhTGZ, K-800-240 LMZ Stavropol State District Power Plant are in operation , Kostroma State District Power Plant, Ryazan State District Power Plant, Berezovskaya State District Power Plant-1, State District Power Plant-24, Zainskaya State District Power Plant, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plant, Kola Nuclear Power Plant, etc.

16. INVESTIGATION OF OPERATING TPMS WITH DEVELOPMENT OF PROPOSALS FOR OPTIMIZING THEIR WORK AND CARRYING OUT COMMISSIONING WORK

The operating conditions of the water supply units of many thermal power plants have changed significantly; new materials, reagents, and ion exchange resins have appeared on the market. Their implementation makes it possible to obtain a significant economic effect without reconstructing the water treatment facility.

Specialists of OJSC "VTI" carry out inspections of the air pumps, develop low-cost measures to optimize the work of the air pumps and provide assistance in their implementation. The results of the measures taken are new equipment operating schedules and revised operating instructions.

17. STEAM-OXYGEN CLEANING, PASSIVATION AND PRESERVATION OF STEAM BOILERS, TURBINES AND OTHER THERMAL MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF TPP

The use of steam-oxygen treatments of power boilers and power units in general makes it possible to simultaneously solve the problems of partial cleaning of heating surfaces and the flow path of turbines, passivation and preservation of equipment practically without the use of chemical reagents.

JSC "VTI" has developed methodological instructions (MU) for the use of this technology both for pre-start and operational cleaning of equipment. Due to the fact that the nature of operational deposits can be extremely diverse, the technology and treatment scheme must be selected in relation to each facility. For a specific facility, technological regulations and a technological diagram are developed. Technical assistance is provided in the implementation of technology.

18. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESERVATION OF ENERGY EQUIPMENT DURING LONG-TERM DOWNTIME

JSC "VTI" offers methods for preserving power and hot water boilers with film-forming corrosion inhibitors or air.

Preservation with film-forming inhibitors

The advantages of preservation with these inhibitors are as follows:

preservation is carried out at room temperature;

the preservative solution can be reused, i.e. equipment can be preserved one after another with the same inhibitor solution, which provides significant savings;

After creating a protective film, the preservative solution can be drained (this makes it possible to repair or replace equipment) or left until the end of the preservation period.

JSC "VTI" offers conservation of power boilers with low-toxic corrosion inhibitors N-M-1 and D-Shch and preservation of hot water boilers with non-toxic inhibitor Minkor-12.

The period of protective action of inhibitors when draining solutions is 6 months; if the inhibitor solution remains in the volume for the entire conservation period, it is up to two years.

Air preservation

This technology allows:

preserve equipment from the first day of shutdown;

protect internal surfaces from atmospheric corrosion using a reagent-free method for a long period of inactivity;

carry out routine repair work on mothballed equipment;

reduce the time for restoring the water chemistry to PTE standards during startup after downtime.

OJSC "VTI" offers ventilation air-drying units of the VOU type and ventilation drying-heating units of the BONU type, intended for the conservation of boilers and turbines, as well as its services during conservation.

19. DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE AND TEMPORARILY AGREED EMISSIONS (MPE AND TEM) OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE FOR TPPs

JSC "VTI" has been developing MPE projects for thermal power plants for many years with an inventory of pollutant emissions and approval by the authorities of Rospotrebnadzor and Rostechnadzor.

Reconstruction and modernization of thermal power plant equipment is accompanied by an environmental justification and adjustment of existing documents on the regulation of pollutant emissions. In addition, it is possible to adjust the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone if, according to environmental indicators, taking into account the commissioning of new equipment, this is necessary. When adjusting the MPE volume, standards for specific emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are established according to the methodology developed by VTI and recommended by the Ministry of Natural Resources for use in 2009.

The introduction of new, more efficient ash collection equipment makes it possible in many cases to justify a decrease in the coefficient of ash deposition in the atmosphere and to adjust the MPE standard towards its increase without violating environmental requirements. This is especially relevant in connection with the increasing share of solid fuel in the structure of the fuel balance.

20. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR LOW-COST MODERNIZATION OF ELECTRIC FILTERS OF OPERATING TPPs

Electrical precipitators installed at coal-fired thermal power plants of morally and physically obsolete types PGD, DGPN, PGD, PGDS with electrode heights of up to 7.5 m have now exhausted their service life, have insufficient dimensions to ensure regulatory emissions of fly ash into the atmosphere and require significant reconstruction in order to repeatedly reduce fly ash emissions. Newer devices of the UGZ, EGA, EGB and EHD types with electrode heights of 9-12 m, as a rule, also do not provide the design cleaning parameters and need modernization, which will ensure a reduction in fly ash emissions by 2-3 times. In this regard, it is necessary to develop technical solutions that make it possible to reduce ash emissions and increase the reliability of equipment operation without increasing dimensions and at reasonable costs. Such solutions include:

Installation of a microsecond discharge attachment to power units;

Installation of a system for automatic control and optimization of power supply modes and shaking off electrodes;

Installation of an automated ash unloading system.

The result of the work will be technical documentation for the modernization of electrostatic precipitators; assembly, delivery and commissioning of equipment. It is expected that fly ash emissions will be reduced by 2-3 times and water consumption for hydraulic ash removal by 2 times.

CONCLUSION

The presented technical solutions do not exhaust the entire package of proposals of JSC VTI, aimed at increasing the reliability and operating efficiency of installed thermal power plant equipment. We are ready to carefully study the wishes of customers and find optimal solutions to the identified problems.