Dosage forms of industrial production.

Lecture No. 15.

Lecture outline:

1. Herbal medicines.
2. Extracts. Characteristics, receipt, storage.
3. Maximum purified herbal remedies (new galenic preparations).
4. Pills. Dragee. Capsules. Aerosol medications.
5. Modern dosage forms. Prolonged dosage forms.

Medicines that are grouped into the group of herbal medicines according to their source include extracts obtained from medicinal plant materials. Depending on its properties, preparations from fresh plants and preparations from dried plant materials are distinguished. The production of herbal medicines is carried out at pharmaceutical enterprises. The vast majority of herbal medicines are obtained from medicinal plant materials. Medicinal plant raw materials are a valuable source of a huge number of highly effective drugs.

Tinctures occupy a prominent place in the catalog of official herbal remedies.

Tinctures are liquid alcohol, alcohol-water and alcohol-ether extracts of pharmacologically active substances from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant.

Three methods are used to make tinctures:

◘ maceration;

◘ percolation;

◘ dissolving extracts.

Maceration– the main method of making tinctures (soaking method). The crushed raw materials with the extractant are placed in a closed vessel and infused at a temperature of 15 - 20 0 C, stirring from time to time. Insist for 7 days, unless otherwise specified. Then the extract is drained, the residue is squeezed out, washed with a small amount of extractant, squeezed out again, the compressed extract is added to the drained extract, after which the combined extract is brought to the required volume with the extractant.

Percolation– applicable to small quantities of raw materials (this is the straining method). The crushed raw material is moistened in a separate closed vessel with a sufficient amount of extractant, adding until the raw material is completely wetted. Leave for 4 hours, after which the swollen material is tightly placed in the percolator and with the release valve open, such an amount is added so that its layer (mirror) above the surface is 30 - 40 mm. The liquid pouring out of the tap is poured back into the percolator, the tap is closed, and left for 24 hours. Then they percolate, draining in 1 hour a volume of liquid corresponding to 1/48 of the percolator volume used, until the required amount of tincture is obtained.

If the tinctures prepared by maceration and percolation methods are cloudy and contain suspended particles, then before filtration they are clarified by settling in settling tanks for several days at a temperature not exceeding 8 0 C, after which the tincture is drained.

Dissolution- this method is used in the production of some tinctures by dissolving the corresponding dry or thick extracts in ethanol of the required concentration. The dissolution operation takes little time and only requires a mixing tank with a lid. The resulting solutions are subjected to filtration.

Completed by: Vera Bitenskaya

Checked by: Gubina Irina

Petrovna

Introduction

Extracts

Liquid extracts

Tinctures

Thick extracts and dry extracts

Technology of aqueous extractions using concentrated extracts

Extracts included in complex preparations

Leaders in extract production

Conclusions

Literature

1. Introduction

Extracts are one of the oldest medicinal forms of official medicine.

After the discovery of a method for producing alcohol, the ancient Roman physician Galen first introduced into medicine the use of alcoholic extracts from plants - galenic preparations. The result of further development of this type of extraction of biologically active substances from plant material was alcohol extracts. In our time, these ancient medicinal categories have not lost their relevance, they are constantly developing and, as a result, in many countries they have pharmacopoeial status.

All types of extracts are called extracts, and a clear distinction is made based on the consistency of the resulting extract: liquid, thick (soft) and hard (dry). At the same time, liquid forms are classified as liquid extracts and tinctures, the method of obtaining which differs in the ratio of raw materials and extractant taken for extraction (tinctures) or the ratio of raw materials and finished product (extracts). In liquid extracts, generally one part by weight or volume is equivalent to one part by weight of the original dried drug. Extracts can be standardized and quantified (discrete). Standardized extracts are extracts whose standardization is carried out within the limits of the therapeutic activity of a specific active substance or component. Quantitatively determined extracts are those extracts whose standardization is carried out within certain limits of any marker components of the extract. It is possible to identify extracts by their production process and properties. Since extracts can be considered as substances for the preparation of other finished medicinal products, and as medicinal products for various applications, they are subject to all the requirements that are specific to a certain type of finished medicinal product.

There are 2 leaders of herbal medicines on the Ukrainian market: “Bionorica AG” and “Natur Produkt vega”. The plant materials used by these companies are grown in specially designated areas. This approach allows us to guarantee the quantitative and qualitative composition of the initial product used and the effect of the finished medicinal product. The concept of phytoniring (phyto - plant, engi - technology development) - organically combines a rational approach to herbal medicine and modern scientific and technical achievements of the pharmaceutical industry, the knowledge that humanity has accumulated over centuries, and the highest production requirements.

2. EXTRACTS

Definition Extracts are concentrated medicinal products in liquid (liquid) extracts and tinctures), soft (thick extracts) or hard (dry extracts) consistency, obtained from dried medicinal plant materials or animal material, which are usually dried.

Various types of extracts are known. Standardized extracts are extracts in which the content of components with known therapeutic activity is regulated within acceptable limits. Standardization is achieved by mixing extracts with inert material or other extract batches. Quantitatively determined extracts are extracts in which the content of components is regulated within certain limits. Their standardization is carried out by mixing different series of extracts.

Other extracts are characterized by their production process (state of medicinal plant or animal material that is extracted, solvent, extraction conditions) and by their properties. Production Extracts are prepared by appropriate methods using ethanol or other suitable solvent. Different batches of medicinal plant material or animal material can be crushed before extraction. In some cases, the material that is extracted may be subject to pre-treatment, such as enzyme inactivation, grinding or defatting. After extraction, unnecessary materials are removed if necessary. Medicinal plant raw materials, animal materials and organic solvents used in the manufacture of extracts must meet the requirements of the relevant articles of the Pharmacopoeia. For thick and dry extracts in which organic solvents are removed by evaporation, distilled or recycled solvents may be used, provided that distillation processes are controlled and the solvent is tested to meet standards before reuse or mixing with other proposed material. The water used for extraction must be of suitable quality. Suitable water can be considered water that meets the requirements for “Purified Water “in bulk”, with the exception of the test for bacterial endotoxins given in the article “Purified Water”.

Drinking water can be used if it meets the requirements of a certain regulatory and technical document, which ensures the proper quality of water for the production of a certain extract. Extraction with a specific solvent results in typical ratios of characteristic components in the material that is being extracted; During the production of standardized or quantified extracts, purification procedures may practically result in these ratios being higher than expected; such extracts are called “purified.”

MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RF

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"NOVOSIBIRSK STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY"

N. O. Karabintseva, S. Yu. Klepikova

Technology for the production of extractive herbal preparations

Educational and methodological manual

Novosibirsk

Reviewers

head Department of Pharmacognosy with a course of botany at NSMU, Doctor of Pharm. Sciences, Professor M. A. Khanina

head Department of Management and Economics of Pharmacy, Medical and Pharmaceutical Commodity Science of NSMU, Ph.D. pharm. Sciences, Associate Professor I. A. Dzhuparova

Karabintseva, N. O.

K21 Technology of production of extraction herbal preparations: educational method. manual / N. O. Karabintseva, S. Yu. Klepikova. - Novosibirsk: Sibmedizdat NGMU, 2010. - 130 p.

The educational and methodological manual is intended for independent and classroom training of full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of Pharmacy. The manual provides information materials on general issues of production technology for extraction herbal preparations, definitions of maceration, fractional maceration, percolation, repercolation, extraction; contains technological and hardware diagrams of production, there are test and situational tasks for self-preparation of students.

UDC 615.451:66(075) BBK 35.66:42.143я73

© Karabintseva N. O., Klepikova S. Yu., 2010

© NSMU, 2010

PREFACE

This educational and methodological manual has been compiled in accordance with the State educational standard for specialty 060108 “Pharmacy” and the program for the discipline “Pharmaceutical Technology”. The manual is intended to develop the skills and abilities necessary for the practical activities of a pharmacist in the field of pharmaceutical technology of finished medicines.

The presentation of the material is based on a modular system that integratedly reflects the interconnection of various sections of the discipline: processes and devices of pharmaceutical technology, machines and equipment, technology of finished dosage forms, as well as the characteristics and production of starting materials - medicinal and excipients.

The manual includes a theoretical basis and description of laboratory work in the following modules: technology of tinctures, liquid, thick, dry and oil extracts. The modular system is based on classifications of dosage forms and technological aspects of their production.

The structure of each topic reflects the corresponding sections of the program, the theoretical part, which includes: characteristics of the dosage form and the technological processes used, classification, description of the main technological stages of production, auxiliary ingredients, as well as laboratory work. In addition, the manual presents basic equipment diagrams with a brief description of operating principles, training tasks (calculation and situational), as well as test tasks.

The manual helps students develop knowledge, skills and abilities related to the choice of rational technology, standardization and packaging of appropriate dosage forms, conditions of their storage and use.

TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING TINCTURES

Relevance of the topic. Tinctures are very popular among the population, this is due to the fact that herbal alcohol-containing medicines contain unique combinations of biologically active substances, providing a wide range of therapeutic and prophylactic effects.

Purpose of the lesson:

- acquire skills in obtaining tinctures from various types of medicinal raw materials; master the methods of maceration and percolation; learn to calculate the practical yield of the drug; learn to evaluate work results using reference literature; acquire skills in drawing up a hardware diagram for the production of tinctures.

The student must

have an idea:

- about the importance of pharmaceutical technology in modern pharmaceutical practice;

- about the main directions, approaches and methodological principles of modern manufacturing and production of medicines;

- characteristics of the main types of raw materials used in the production of tinctures;

- theoretical foundations of extraction;

- calculation of the required amount of extractant (ethanol);

- methods for producing tinctures;

- nomenclature and features of tincture technology;

- standardization of tinctures and general testing methods;

- safety precautions when working in a phytochemical laboratory

- calculate the required amount of raw materials and extractant to complete the task;

Prepare an alcohol-water solution of the required concentration;

- grind medicinal raw materials;

- load the percolator;

- carry out the percolation process;

- carry out the process of settling and filtering the extract;

- process the received products.

have the skills:

- obtaining tinctures in pharmaceutical production;

- stage-by-stage quality control and standardization of drugs and medicines;

- selection of optimal storage conditions therapeutic and diagnostic drugs and assessment of their quality during long-term storage.

Questions for self-study:

1. General characteristics of extraction preparations.

2. Extraction theory. Driving forces. The role of molecular and convective diffusion. Dynamics of the extraction process.

3. Extractants: requirements, classification. Rational choice of extractant.

4. Tinctures, characteristics as a dosage form.

5. Technological diagram of the process.

6. Methods for obtaining tinctures.

7. Equipment used.

8. Maceration.

9. Percolation.

10. Intensification of the extraction process.

11. Purification of tinctures: settling, filtering, centrifuge

12. Standardization of tinctures:

- organoleptic indicators;

Density;

- determination of ethanol concentration;

- determination of the amount of active substances;

- determination of dry residue;

- determination of heavy metals.

13. Recovery of ethanol from waste feedstock.

14. Package. Conditions and rules for storing tinctures.

15. Classification of tinctures. Private technology. Special cases (mint tincture).

Information material for preparation

Tinctures (Tincturae) are colored liquid alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating or removing the extractant.

Tinctures are a medicinal form introduced into medical practice by Paracelsus (1493–1541), which has not lost its significance to this day. They are official according to Global Fund XI.

When making tinctures, 5 parts by volume of the finished product are obtained from 1 part by weight of plant raw materials, and 10 parts by volume from potent raw materials. In some cases, tinctures are prepared (1:10) from raw materials that do not contain potent substances (arnica, calendula, hawthorn) and in other ratios.

Tinctures can be simple, obtained from one type of raw material, or complex, representing a mixture of extracts from several plants, sometimes with the addition of medicinal substances. To obtain tinctures, dried plant material is often used, and in some cases, fresh raw materials.

Theoretical basis of extraction

The extraction process is a mass transfer process and is determined by the basic laws of mass transfer: molecular diffusion, mass transfer, mass conductivity.

During extraction, the mass transfer process occurs in solid-liquid or liquid-liquid systems. In the pharmaceutical industry, extraction in the solid-liquid system is most common. Extraction in a liquid-liquid system is used to purify the resulting extracts from medicinal raw materials or to isolate individual substances.

Solid extraction is the process of separating a solid into soluble and insoluble parts. Unlike the dissolution process, when the transition of a substance into solution occurs completely, during extraction it occurs partially, forming two phases: a solution of substances in the raw material and a solution of extractive substances in the extractant washing the raw material.

The transition of substances from one phase to another occurs until as long as they have different concentrations, which is the driving force behind the extraction process. The limiting state of mass transfer is the achievement of equilibrium of the system, equalization of the rate of transition of substances from one phase to another and back under given conditions.

The transfer of substances into the extractant is carried out by molecular and convective diffusion.

Molecular diffusion is caused by the random movement of molecules bordering each other and being at macroscopic rest. The mathematical expression of molecular diffusion, which determines the rate of the process, is represented by the equation of Fick's first law:

dM d τ = − DF dx dc ,

where d τ is the diffusion rate, kg/m; dc is the difference in concentrations at the interface, kg/m3; dx is the change in the thickness of the diffusion layer, m2; D - molecular diffusion coefficient - shows the amount of substance (kg) that diffuses per unit time (s), through a unit area (m2), with a concentration difference equal to one (kg/m3) and a layer thickness of 1 m; the sign (–) means the direction of the process towards decreasing concentration (out of the cell).

The rate of molecular diffusion depends on temperature, the radius of the diffusing molecules of the substance, and the viscosity of the medium.

Convective diffusion is the transfer of a substance in the form of small volumes of solution. The mathematical expression for the rate of diffusion is represented by the equation:

dM d τ = − β F dx dc ,

where β is the convective diffusion coefficient. It shows how much of a substance is transferred through 1 m2 of phase contact surface to the receiving medium within 1 s when the concentration difference between the layers is equal to one.

Convective diffusion can be natural or forced. Natural (free) occurs due to the difference in the densities of the extractant and solution, changes in temperature and hydrostatic column of liquid. Forced mixing occurs when mixing with mixers, pumps, or vibration. The coefficient of convective diffusion is determined experimentally and depends on the hydrodynamic conditions of the process, and its speed is 1012 times higher than the molecular one. Convective diffusion is of greater practical interest, as it contributes to the intensification of the mass transfer process.

Extraction of plant materials. Extraction process

The processing of dried plant materials is multi-stage and begins with the penetration of the extractant into the material, wetting of substances located inside the cell, their dissolution and desorption, leaching of cellular contents from destroyed cells, diffusion through the pores of the cell membrane and ends with mass transfer of substances from the surface of the material into the solution.

Extractant penetration. Cell membranes have di-

philic properties, with a predominance of hydrophilicity. The process of penetration of the extractant into the cell is determined by the degree of hydrophilicity of the material, the nature of the extractant, the number and size of pores in the cell wall.

Wetting of substances. The process of wetting substances is closely related to the penetration of the extractant into the raw material and depends on their affinity. Entering the raw material through macro- and microcracks, intercellular passages, and diffusion through the pores of the cell membrane, the extractant penetrates into the cell and comes into contact with dried cell sap. To facilitate the penetration of the extractant and improve the wetting of the cell contents, it is recommended to add a surfactant (sometimes a concentration of 0.01–0.1% is sufficient) that reduces the surface tension at the interface.

Dissolution of biologically active substances of plant-

no material. As the extractant enters the raw material, desorption and dissolution of biologically active substances occur, which are determined by their affinity. The dissolution rate depends

on the rate of mass transfer from the surface of a solid, and for substances located inside cells, it is determined by the rate of mass transfer through the porous partition, first into the extractant of the intercellular space, and then into the washing raw material.

Mass transfer of substances through porous cell membranes

us. Mass transfer of substances dissolved in cell sap through the pores of cell walls into intercellular spaces and further to the surface of plant material is carried out by internal diffusion. Its speed is determined by the difference in concentration on both sides of the cell wall and depends on the thickness and number of layers of cell membranes, the number and diameter of pores, which are not constant, but fluctuate widely for different types of plant raw materials. The transfer of substances from the cell surface occurs due to free molecular diffusion. The diffusion rate in this case can be expressed as follows:

dM dF = − D HV dxdc ,

where x is the thickness of the layer through which diffusion passes. Simultaneously with the entry of the extractant into the raw material,

counter flow of liquid with biologically active substances dissolved in it. The overall extraction rate is determined as the difference in the speed of movement of the extractant and the solution.

Mass transfer of a substance from the surface of plant material to the extractant. Currently, several theories have been proposed to explain this process, for example, the film theory of mass transfer of substances and the theory of the diffusion layer.

According to the film theory, mass transfer of substances occurs by molecular diffusion through a stationary film of an extractant located on the surface of the material. Substances from the surface of plant materials are transferred into the extractant flow by free molecular diffusion, the speed of which depends on the area and thickness of the film.

According to the theory of the diffusion layer, on the surface of the raw material there is a near-wall, boundary (laminar) layer into which substances are transferred from the pores of the plant material. The rate of mass transfer largely depends on the thickness of this layer, which in its turn

The textbook contains brief information about plant raw materials, cell culture of medicinal plants, data on the chemical structure and properties of the active substances of phytochemicals, and theoretical processes in the production of herbal remedies. Data are presented on methods for isolating and purifying various medicinal substances from plants (physico-chemical technology), instrumentation of technological processes for the production of tinctures, extracts, new galenic preparations and individual compounds. Examples of complex processing of medicinal plant raw materials are given.

The textbook is intended for postgraduate professional education of pharmacists, for students of pharmaceutical universities, pharmaceutical faculties of medical universities, chemical and technological universities studying chemistry and technology of herbal medicines, as well as specialists of chemical and pharmaceutical plants, firms, pharmaceutical factories, production laboratories and research workers technological laboratories involved in the development of technology for phytochemicals.

Preface

List of abbreviations

Abbreviated names of institutes used in the textbook

Introduction

Basic concepts and terms

PART I. GENERAL ISSUES

General part

Characteristics of biologically active substances

Stages of development of herbal medicine production

Development of the chemical (pharmaceutical) industry in Russia

Classification of herbal medicines

Total (native), or galenic, preparations

Total purified (new galenic) preparations

Preparations of individual substances isolated from plants

Complex drugs

Technical and economic features of herbal medicine production

Regulatory documentation for the production and quality assessment of herbal medicines

State Pharmacopoeia

State standards

Pharmacopoeial articles

Specifications

International standards

Technological regulations

Ensuring drug quality

Good manufacturing practices (GMP) in the production of herbal medicines

PART II. TECHNOLOGY OF TOTAL

(GALENIC) PHYTOPREDUCATIONS

Chapter 1. Plant raw materials

1.1. Brief characteristics of plant materials

Sources of plant materials

1.2. Collection of raw materials, primary processing, drying and quality control of medicinal raw materials

Collection of raw materials and primary processing

Drying of medicinal plant materials

Quality control of plant raw materials

Types of classification of plant raw materials

1.3. Features of the structure of a plant cell, cell organelles and their functions

1.4. Plant tissues, their classification

1.5. Tissue culture of medicinal plants is a promising direction for obtaining medicinal raw materials

1.6. Main directions for identifying new medicinal plants. Plant resources and their protection

Chapter 2. Extraction of plant materials

2.1. Theoretical foundations of the process of extracting plant materials

2.2. Factors influencing the extraction process

Anatomical (or histological) structure of plant material

The degree and nature of grinding of plant material

Concentration difference

Temperature and duration of extraction

Nature of the extractant

Extractant viscosity

Surface (active substances

Hydrodynamics of a layer of plant material

2.3. Extraction methods and equipment used

Batch Extraction Methods

Maceration (infusion) method

Percolation (displacement) method

Countercurrent Batch Extraction Method

vegetable raw materials and meal unloading

Circulating extraction

Calculation of the rational number of extraction cycles

Continuous extraction methods

Countercurrent continuous extraction method

Submersible devices

Multiple Irrigation Extractors

Intensive extraction methods

Pulse processing of raw materials

Extraction using low frequency vibrations

Vortex extraction

Vibroextraction

Extraction using rotary (pulsation) devices

Ultrasonic extraction method

Exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields

Electropulse and magnetic pulse influence

Chapter 3. Optimization, modeling and scaling of the plant raw material extraction process

3.1. Steep Climbing (Box-Wilson) Optimization

3.2. Large-scale transition to industrial extraction processes

Chapter 4. Production of total native (galenic) drugs

4.1. Preparation of alcohol (aqueous extractants)

Dilution and strengthening of ethyl alcohol

Determination of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in aqueous (alcoholic) solutions

Alcohol accounting

4.2. Preparation of medicinal raw materials for extraction

Grinding of medicinal raw materials

Shredding devices

Grass and root cutters

Mill "Excelsior"

4.3. Technological properties of crushed

plant material

Determination of bulk mass (bulk density)

Analysis of fractional composition

Determination of flowability

Determination of porosity (porosity) of a layer of plant material

Swelling properties of raw materials

4.4. Tinctures (Tincturae)

4.4.1. Tincture technology

4.4.2. Ways to intensify the production of tinctures

4.4.3. Analysis of tinctures (standardization)

4.4.4. Regeneration (recovery) of alcohol from waste plant material

4.4.5. Private tincture technology

Production of valerian tincture (Tinctura Valerianae)

4.5. Extracts

4.5.1. Liquid extracts (Extracta fluida)

Percolation method

Repercolation method

Private technology of liquid extracts

Analysis of liquid extracts

Nomenclature and features of liquid extract technology

4.5.2. Thick and dry extracts

4.5.2.1. Characteristics of ballast substances and methods for their removal

Water-soluble ballast substances

Protein Removal Methods

Enzymes

Enzyme Removal Methods

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Carbohydrate Removal Methods

Properties of fats

Lipid removal methods

Removal methods

4.5.2.2. Evaporation of extracts

Side effects observed with evaporation

Multi-effect evaporation plants

Installations using thin-film rotary evaporators (RFI)

Reducing energy consumption in phytochemical production by introducing installations for non-vacuum concentration of aqueous extracts

4.5.2.3. Drying methods used in the preparation of dry extracts

4.5.3. Features of alcohol extract technology

4.5.4. Features of aqueous extract technology

4.5.5. Extracts (concentrates

4.5.6. Polyextracts (polyfractional extracts)

4.5.7. Medicinal oils (Olea medicata)

Technology of henbane oil extract (Extractum Hyoscyami oleosum, or Oleum Hyoscyami)

4.5.8. Extraction of plant materials using a two-phase system of extractants

4.6. Material balance

Material balance of production of dry iris extract milky (white

Chapter 5. Preparations from fresh plants

5.2. Phytoncidal preparations

Chapter 6. Use of liquefied gases

Extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials with liquefied gases

Chapter 7. Biogenic stimulants

Chapter 8. Fragrant waters. Syrups

8.1. Fragrant waters

Bitter almond water technology (Aqua Amygdalarum amararum)

Technology of alcoholic aromatic water of coriander (Aqua Coriandri spirituosa)

8.2. Syrups

Syrup technology

Technology of Pertussin syrup and rhubarb syrup

Chapter 9. Features of the technology of some drugs

Chapter 10. Complex processing of raw materials

Sea buckthorn preparations

Rosehip preparations

Chapter 11. Chemistry and technology of alkaloids

11.1. Characteristics of alkaloids

11.2. Main stages in the development of chemistry and technology of alkaloids

11.3. Classification of alkaloids

Botanical classification

Pharmacological classification

Biochemical classification

Chemical classification

11.4. Distribution of alkaloids in plants

11.5. Properties of alkaloids

11.6. General methods for isolating alkaloids

11.6.1. Extraction methods

11.6.1.1. Extraction in liquid systems (liquid

Requirements for extractants

Hardware design of the extraction process

Batch extractors

Continuous extractors

11.6.1.2. Extraction method (first modification)

11.6.1.3. Extraction method (second modification)

11.6.2. Ion exchange method for the isolation and purification of alkaloids

11.6.2.1. Characteristics of ion exchangers

11.6.2.2. Process scheme for isolating alkaloids

11.6.3. Electrochemical method for the isolation and purification of alkaloids (electrodialysis method)

11.7. Methods for alkaloid analysis

11.8. Methods for separating alkaloids

11.8.1. Separation of alkaloids based on vacuum (distillation and different solubility of compounds

11.8.2. Selective liquid-liquid extraction

11.8.3. Separation of alkaloids by basicity

11.8.4. Separation of alkaloids by column partition chromatography

11.8.4.1. Adsorbents

Features of the technology and characteristics of the main sorbents

11.8.4.2. Solvents

11.8.5. Separation of alkaloids by functional groups of structure

11.8.6. Separation of alkaloids by column chromatography using glaucine technology

11.8.7. Separation of ergot alkaloids

11.9. Private technology of alkaloid herbal remedies

11.9.1. Production of tropane alkaloids

11.9.2. Cytisine production

11.9.3. Production of berberine bisulfate

11.9.4. Rauwolfia preparations

11.9.4.1. Production of raunatin

11.9.4.2. Technology of ajmaline and its derivatives

Chapter 12. Chemistry and technology of glycosides

12.1. General characteristics of glycosides

12.2. Properties of glycosides

12.3. Classification of glycosides

Glycoside technology

12.4. Characteristics and technology of phenol glycosides

Various phenol glycosides

12.5. Cyanogenic (cyanophoric) glycosides

Amygdalin release

12.6. Thioglycosides (glycosides containing sulfur)

12.7. Anthraquinone glycosides (anthraglycosides)

12.7.1. Chemical structure, classification, properties

12.7.2. Distribution of anthraglycosides in plants and their use in medicine

12.7.3. Characteristics and technology of preparations containing anthraglycosides and their aglycones

12.7.3.1. Production of ramnil

12.7.3.2. Production of cofranal

12.7.3.3. Anthracennin production

12.7.4. Anthraquinone analysis methods

12.8. Cardiac glycosides

12.8.1. Chemical structure, classification, properties

12.8.2. Pharmacological action

12.8.3. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of cardenolides

12.8.4. Distribution of cardiac glycosides in plants

12.8.5. Cardiac Glycoside Technology

12.8.5.1. Production of adonizide group drugs

Adonite production

12.8.5.2. Lanthoside production

12.8.5.3. Abicin production

12.8.5.4. Production of celanide (lanatoside C)

12.8.5.5. Production of strophanthin-K

12.9. Flavone glycosides

12.9.1. General characteristics of flavonoids

12.9.2. General technology of flavone glycosides

12.9.2.1. Flamin production

12.9.2.2. Liquiriton production

12.9.2.3. Production routine

Intensification of routine production

12.9.2.4. Development of waste-free technology for rutin and quercetin

12.10. Kellin production

12.11. Xanthones

12.12. Anthocyanin glycosides

12.13. Tannins

12.13.1. Characteristic

12.13.2. Plants containing tannins

12.13.3. Properties and methods of analysis of tannins

12.13.4. Tannin production

12.14. Saponins

12.14.1. Characteristics of saponins

12.14.2. Chemical structure and classification

12.14.3. Physico(chemical properties)

12.14.4. Saponin analysis

Qualitative analysis

Quantitative Analysis

12.14.5. Application in medicine

12.14.6. General method for isolation, separation and purification of saponins

12.14.7. Saponin technology

12.14.7.1. Production of polysponin

12.14.7.2. Production of saparal

12.14.7.3. Glycyram production

Chapter 13. Coumarins

13.1. Characteristics of coumarins

13.2. Classification of coumarins

13.3. Physico-chemical properties of coumarins

13.4. Use of coumarins

13.5. Methods for isolating coumarins

Chemical methods (Shpet method)

Extraction methods

Chromatographic methods

13.6. Ammifurin production

13.7. Coumarin analysis

Chapter 14. Phytosterols (steroids, sterols)

Chapter 15. Lignans

15.1. Characteristics and classification

15.2. Physico(chemical properties)

Distribution in plants and medicinal use

15.3. Characteristics and technology of preparations containing lignans

Chapter 16. Essential oils

16.1. Characteristics of essential oils

16.2. Distribution and analysis of essential oils

16.3. Methods for isolating essential oils

16.4. Application of essential oils

16.5. Alanton production

Alanton production technology

16.6. Iridoids

Chapter 17. Occupational health and safety in the production of herbal medicines

Test questions

PART II. TECHNOLOGY OF SUMMARY (GALENIC) PREPARATIONS

PART III. TECHNOLOGY OF NEW GALENIC PREPARATIONS AND INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS

Applications

Appendix 1: Good Manufacturing Practice: Additional Manufacturing Guidance

herbal medicines* (WHO, 1996)

Appendix 2. Relationship between pressure units

Appendix 3. Critical values ​​of Fisher's criterion

Appendix 4. Determination of alcohol concentration in water (alcohol) mixtures

Literature

Alphabetical index

The textbook contains brief information about plant raw materials, cell culture of medicinal plants, data on the chemical structure and properties of the active substances of phytochemicals, the theoretical foundations of the process of extracting plant raw materials and other technological processes in the production of herbal medicines. Data are presented on methods for isolating and purifying various medicinal substances from plants (physico-chemical technology), instrumentation of technological processes for the production of tinctures, extracts, new galenic preparations and individual compounds. Examples of complex processing of medicinal raw materials are given. The textbook is intended for postgraduate professional education of pharmacists, for students of pharmaceutical universities, pharmaceutical faculties of medical universities, chemical and technological universities studying chemistry and technology of herbal medicines, as well as for specialists of chemical and pharmaceutical plants, firms, pharmaceutical factories, production laboratories and workers of scientific research. research technology laboratories involved in the development of technology for phytochemicals.

Characteristics of biologically active substances.
Biologically active substances (BAS) include compounds that actively affect the human body and are used as medicinal substances. Medicines are dosed drugs in a specific dosage form. Depending on the generality of the TP, the raw materials used and (in some cases) the effect on the body, 8 groups of drugs are distinguished: chemical drugs, chemical-pharmaceutical drugs, phytochemical drugs, antibiotics, vitamins, endocrine drugs, immunological drugs, radioactive isotope drugs.

Chemicals are individual chemical compounds produced by chemical industry enterprises for various sectors of the national economy and used in medical practice as drugs (for example, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium thiosulfate).
Chemical-pharmaceuticals are chemical substances produced by enterprises of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, usually on the basis of multi-stage fine organic synthesis. This group of drugs includes anti-tuberculosis drugs (ftivazid, isoniazid, etc.), local anesthetics (novocaine, trimecaine, etc.).

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