functional disorders. Functional bowel disorder: possible causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, ICD code, treatment and prevention How to treat a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract

Frequent violations of the digestive system may be associated with a functional bowel disorder.

However, this concept is not a diagnosis, but is the name of a group of diseases that cause similar symptoms.

To get rid of the manifestations of a functional disorder of the intestine, it is necessary to determine exactly what exactly causes disturbances in its activity and whether these symptoms are the result of other diseases.

Symptoms of intestinal disorders

Under the concept of a functional disorder of the intestine, physicians mean changes in its activity, accompanied by pain.

Such clinical conditions are rarely accompanied by disturbances in systemic and metabolic processes, structural changes, since they do not have an organic basis.

However, the symptoms accompanying the disorder can significantly reduce the level of comfort of patients.

According to the international classification of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract of a functional type, the main diseases of this category are:

irritable bowel syndrome. It manifests itself in abdominal discomfort in combination with a violation of the defecation process and the movement of feces through the intestines. It is possible to make an accurate diagnosis if the described symptoms recur within a year;
functional bloating. It is accompanied by a recurrent feeling of internal distension of the abdomen, but without its increase. Functional deviations of another type are absent;
functional constipation. It manifests itself in infrequent, but difficult acts of defecation of unknown etiology. May be accompanied by a feeling of residual stool in the colon and rectum. The cause of dysfunction is insufficiently active intestinal transit;
functional diarrhea. Periodically recurring loose stool syndrome without pain and discomfort in the abdomen. It can be regarded as a separate disease or as a syndromic irritation of the intestinal tract;
nonspecific functional disorder. Passes accompanied by flatulence, rumbling in the stomach, a feeling of fullness, against the background of incomplete release of the intestinal tract, excess gas, imperative urge to defecate.

The symptoms of most functional abnormalities in the work of the intestinal tract are similar, which makes their diagnosis difficult.

In addition to the analysis of clinical manifestations, it is necessary to perform diagnostic studies, through which it is possible to exclude the organic nature of changes in the intestine.

Features of irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is given a key place among other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of a functional nature.

IBS is a disease in which not only the regularity of the stool changes, but also the nature of the feces, combined with pain in the abdomen. Moreover, after the act of defecation, unpleasant symptoms disappear.

The nature of the stool may indicate a type of IBS, but provided that the patient has not used laxative or fixative drugs.

The feeling of pain and discomfort at the time of exacerbation of a functional bowel disorder can occur in different parts of the abdomen.

Spasms or colic appear periodically and disappear after a while. The frequency and intensity of recurrence are individual.

For exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome, changes in the stool are characteristic. In different patients, this symptom manifests itself in different ways - in the form of constipation, in the form of diarrhea, or in the form of their alternation.

In this case, the stool may be watery or tapey in nature, contain mucus. There may be frequent urge to defecate, especially in the morning.

Other symptoms characteristic of a functional bowel disorder are nausea, belching, fatigue, lack of appetite, muscle and headaches, large amounts of gas, heartburn, back pain, bladder irritation.

Causes of the appearance of a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal disorder is a complex phenomenon formed by many factors. Among them, the increased activity of certain sections of the digestive tract, small and large intestine. Abnormal contraction of the GI muscles causes pain and leads to diarrhea or constipation.

The etiology of the abnormal activity of the muscles of the digestive tract is not fully understood.

At the moment, the following causes of increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract are known:

high activity of brain impulses that stimulate the activity of the digestive tract. This may be due to stress or anxiety;
gastrointestinal infections. A virus or bacteria can provoke an attack of gastroenteritis, accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea;
taking antibiotics. After treatment with antibiotics, the balance between good and bad gut bacteria can be upset, as a result of which the symptoms of IBS are exacerbated;
less commonly, intestinal dysfunction causes intolerance to certain foods. These products include lactose, fatty acids, allergic substances contained in food.

In most cases, discoordination in the work of the intestine is observed against the background of psycho-emotional deviations.

Depressive and hypochondriacal conditions occupy the main place among the deviations that contribute to the appearance of functional disorders.

Doctors are sure that stress disorders are the trigger for functional intestinal irritation.

Indigestion Syndrome in Children

Functional bowel disorders can also be observed in children, most often in adolescence.

The symptoms of the disease in children are identical with the manifestations of malaise in adults. However, the appearance of similar symptoms does not yet indicate the presence of PRK in children.

To determine the causes of intestinal disorders in children, it is necessary to undergo a complete examination, the results of which can make a final diagnosis.

The main reasons contributing to the development of PRK in children:

heredity. This refers to cases of gastrointestinal diseases in relatives of the child;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in history at the stage of early development of children - dysbacteriosis, infections;
chronic stress and overwork. Often the symptoms of the disease appear due to heavy stress at school or as a result of serious experiences;
excessive consumption of flour, chocolate or products containing caffeine;
hormonal changes, puberty;
personality traits of the child. Children who tend to be impressionable, resentful, or withdrawn have more PRK than others.

Intestinal upset in children is not a chronic disease and usually manifests itself when stressful situations occur.

In children who study at school, an exacerbation of the disease can occur before exams, tests, olympiads, important speeches, after a quarrel with friends.

If, along with an intestinal disorder, children experience a general deterioration in well-being, the temperature rises, blood appears in the stool, then an urgent need to consult a doctor.

Diagnosis and treatment of PRK

To make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment, the patient is prescribed a comprehensive examination of the gastrointestinal tract, including laboratory and instrumental methods, endoscopic and radiological studies.

The diagnosis of PRK is made if the examination shows the absence of structural and organic changes in the digestive tract.

Treatment of PRK should be comprehensive. The main activities are drug therapy, diet, psychotherapy and physiotherapy sessions.

In order for the treatment to give a positive result, the patient's psycho-emotional mood must change.

Therefore, in parallel with medication, doctors recommend psychotherapeutic treatment.

To eliminate the symptoms of PRK, treatment is prescribed with drugs that help restore the normal activity of the digestive tract - laxatives or antidiarrheals.

An additional effect is provided by treatment with probiotics - preparations that include bifidobacteria.

If a diet is not prescribed, then the treatment cannot be considered complete. With PRK, the diet provides for regular meals without skipping meals, drinking plenty of fluids.

The restriction is subject to the use of coffee, alcohol, fresh fruit, soda, sweets.

A stable effect is provided by a diet based on the use of foods containing fiber - oats, seeds, nuts, etc. A diet that includes herbal teas and flax is appropriate.

Like diet, normalization of bowel functions contributes to a healthy lifestyle, without stress and emotional upheaval.

Irritable bowel syndrome occurs in 20% of the working population of the world.

It is difficult to determine the causes of the disorder, since this problem is complex.

But everyone can cope with unpleasant IBS symptoms, if one does not forget about preventive anti-stress measures and the importance of a healthy lifestyle.

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract constitute a group of heterogeneous (different in nature and origin) clinical conditions, manifested by various symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and not accompanied by structural, metabolic or systemic changes. In the absence of an organic basis of the disease, such disorders significantly reduce the patient's quality of life.

For the diagnosis to be made, the symptoms must exist for at least six months with their active manifestations for 3 months. It should also be remembered that the symptoms of FGID can overlap and overlap in the presence of other diseases that are not associated with the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

There are 2 main reasons:

genetic predisposition. FRGI are often hereditary. Confirmation of this is the frequent "family" nature of violations. During examinations, genetically transmitted features of the nervous and hormonal regulation of the intestinal motility, properties of receptors in the walls of the digestive tract organs, etc., are found similar in all (or after a generation) family members.
Mental and infectious sensitization. This includes past acute intestinal infections, difficult conditions of the human social environment (stress, misunderstanding on the part of relatives, shyness, constant fears of a different nature), physically hard work, etc.

Symptoms of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Depend on the type of functional disorder:

Irritable bowel syndrome (large and small) is a functional disorder characterized by the presence of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort and combined with impaired defecation and transit of intestinal contents. To be diagnosed, symptoms must have existed for at least 12 weeks in the past 12 months.
Functional bloating. It is a recurring feeling of fullness in the abdomen. It is not accompanied by a visible increase in the abdomen and other functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A bursting feeling should be observed at least 3 days a month for the last 3 months.
Functional constipation is a bowel disease of unknown etiology, manifested by constantly difficult, infrequent acts of defecation or a feeling of incomplete release from feces. The dysfunction is based on a violation of intestinal transit, the act of defecation, or a combination of both at the same time.
Functional diarrhea is a chronic relapsing syndrome characterized by loose or loose stools without pain and discomfort in the abdomen. It is often a symptom of IBS, but in the absence of other symptoms, it is considered as an independent disease.
Non-specific functional bowel disorders - flatulence, rumbling, bloating or distension, feeling of incomplete bowel emptying, transfusion in the abdomen, imperative urge to defecate and excessive gas discharge.

Diagnosis of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Complete, comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination of the gastrointestinal tract. In the absence of detection of organic and structural changes and the presence of symptoms of dysfunction, a diagnosis of a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract is made.

Treatment of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Comprehensive treatment includes dietary recommendations, psychotherapeutic measures, drug therapy, physiotherapy.

General recommendations for constipation: the abolition of fixing drugs, products that promote constipation, the intake of large amounts of liquid, food rich in ballast substances (bran), physical activity and stress elimination.

With the predominance of diarrhea, the intake of coarse fiber is limited and drug therapy (imodium) is prescribed.

With the predominance of pain, antispasmodics, physiotherapy are prescribed.

Prevention of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Increasing stress resistance, a positive outlook on life, reducing harmful effects on the gastrointestinal tract (alcohol, fatty, spicy foods, overeating, unsystematic nutrition, etc.). Specific prevention does not exist, since direct causative factors have not been found.

Functional intestinal disorders according to the III Rome Consensus are divided into: irritable bowel syndrome(irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome without diarrhea, constipation), functional bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, non-specific functional intestinal disorder.

79irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)- a complex of functional (not associated with organic pathology) intestinal disorders, lasting at least 12 weeks, manifested by pain and / or discomfort in the abdomen, decreasing after defecation and accompanied by a change in the frequency, shape and / or consistency of the stool. According to the Rome criteriaII, 1999, patients are diagnosed for a sufficiently long (at least 3 months) time with impaired stool, pain that decreases after stool, discomfort, and flatulence. IBS is considered one of the most common diseases of the internal organs, at the same time, for the diagnosis to be made, all other bowel diseases must be excluded, so the diagnosis of IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Relevance. In European countries, the incidence of the disease is 9-14%. The peak incidence occurs at the age of MSD-0 years, women suffer 2.5 times more often than men.

Etiology and pathogenesis. At the heart of IBS is a violation of the interaction of psychosocial exposure, sensorimotor dysfunction of the intestine and aggravated heredity.

Dysfunction of the nervous system leads to a violation of the coordination of impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system to the intestinal wall, which leads to impaired intestinal motility. IBS is characterized by the development of visceral hypersensitivity due to the influence of a sensitizing factor, which can be psycho-emotional stress, physical trauma, intestinal infection, which is accompanied by the activation of a greater than normal number of spinal neurons and the release of more neurotransmitters. There is motor activity of the intestine, accompanied by pain impulses.

clinical picture. Patients present complaints associated with impaired bowel movement or with the development of pain. The frequency of bowel movements is disturbed (more than 3 times a day or less than 3 times a week); a change in the consistency of the stool (it can be solid or liquid), a violation of the defecation process itself (the appearance of an urgent urge, a feeling of incomplete emptying of the intestine after defecation in the absence of tenesmus), patients may be disturbed by flatulence, a feeling of fullness, rumbling, excessive discharge of gases; secretion of mucus with feces. Pain in the abdomen is more often associated with food intake, subsides after defecation, is not localized, is provoked by diet violations, stress and overwork, does not disturb at night.

Patients, as a rule, make a lot of complaints associated with neurological and autonomic disorders: headache, cold extremities, dissatisfaction with inspiration, sleep disturbance, dysmenorrhea, impotence. Some patients have symptoms of depression, hysteria, phobia, panic attacks.

Classification. In accordance with ICD-10, there are:

IBS, flowing mainly with a picture of constipation;

IBS, which occurs mainly with a picture of diarrhea;

IBS without diarrhea.

Diagnostics. For the diagnosis of IBS, the Rome clinical criteria for the disease (1999) are used. The criteria include:

Unmotivated weight loss; - Presence of nocturnal symptoms;

Intense persistent pain in the abdomen as the only and leading symptom of the gastrointestinal tract;

The onset of the disease in old age;

Burdened heredity (colon cancer in relatives);

Prolonged fever;

The presence of changes in the internal organs (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, etc.);

Changes in laboratory data: blood in the feces, leukocytosis, anemia, increased ESR, changes in blood biochemistry.

Patients with IBS do not include individuals who have symptoms characteristic of inflammatory, vascular and neoplastic diseases of the intestine and are called symptoms of "anxiety" or "red flags".

Patients with IBS, in addition to the mandatory laboratory test, including a complete blood count, biochemical blood test, coprogram, bacteriological analysis of feces, it is necessary to perform instrumental studies, including FEGDS, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and small pelvis. Additionally, a serological study of blood serum may be recommended to exclude the connection of IBS with previous intestinal infections. Additional instrumental studies include intestinoscopy with targeted biopsy of the mucosa of the distal DNA or jejunum if celiac disease is suspected. According to the indications, consultations are held with a urologist, gynecologist, endocrinologist, cardiologist, psychotherapist.

PREVENTION OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

primary prevention. Primary prevention involves eliminating the causes leading to the development of IBS. The primary prevention program includes active identification of risk factors and persons predisposed to the onset of this disease, dispensary observation of them, measures to normalize lifestyle, work and rest, and diet, as well as the regulation of the brain-intestine system.

Risk factors for IBS include:

Emotional overstrain;

hereditary burden;

Sedentary lifestyle; - Irregular and irrational nutrition, overeating and malnutrition;

Hormonal disorders;

Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

Postoperative conditions;

Postponed OKI;

intestinal dysbiosis;

Unjustified use of drugs;

Bad habits;

Bad ecology;

Frequent laxative enemas;

Violation of the regime of work and rest;

Chronic foci of infection.

Patients with IBS must independently establish a rigid daily routine, including eating, exercise, work, social activities, housework, and bowel movements.

secondary prevention. To prevent the development of IBS, you need to increase your fiber intake. It normalizes intestinal motility and eliminates constipation, unrefined foods containing a lot of plant fibers: wholemeal bread, fruits, vegetables (in particular, baked potatoes), fresh herbs and seaweed. If there is not enough fiber in the diet, it is necessary to take a daily dietary fiber preparation - Mu-kofalk, which has a prebiotic effect (1 sachet per day) and regulates

feasting on a chair. Food provocateurs require exclusion, they each have their own, neither (it is necessary to find out what food the intestines rebel against (corn, cabbage, spinach, sorrel, fried potatoes, fresh black bread, raspberries, gooseberries, raisins, dates and apples in combined with other fruits and vegetables, beans, peas, beans, tomatoes, citrus fruits, chocolate and sweets, some sugar substitutes (sorbitol and fructose), milk, cream, sour cream, kefir, fermented baked milk, curdled milk, orange juice, coffee, strong tea, alcoholic and carbonated drinks, as well as products prepared with the addition of mint). From pickles, smoked meats, marinades, chips, popcorn, cakes< жирным кремом, бутербродов с толстым слоем масла нужно отказаться. Необходимо потребление большего количества жидкости, дневная норма - не менее |.иух литров. Необходимо следить за стулом, почувствовав необходимость акта к"фекации, нельзя откладывать стул - это отрицательно сказывается на пери-Iтильтике и приводит к обострению СРК. Опасно злоупотребление клизмами, <чакан теплой воды натощак на многих действует сильнее, чем часовой сеанс I олоногидротерапии (промывания кишечника). А вот кофе, чай и пиво только усугубляют проблему, они обладают мочегонным эффектом, то есть выводят жидкость из организма, высушивая каловые массы. Необходимо потреблять пищу четыре раза в день, в одно и тоже время - это отличная профилактика < "РК! Не только вегетативная система, но весь организм в целом сверяет свои внутренние часы-биоритмы с режимом приема пищи. Нужно стараться избегать прессовых ситуаций и отрицательных эмоций, они расшатывают нервную систему и нарушают пищеварение.

In case of ineffectiveness of non-drug measures for the prevention of IBS, it is necessary to prescribe medications.

To prevent the development of diarrhea, drugs are prescribed:

Loperamide 0.002 g, 2 tablets 1 time per day until stool stabilization (1-3 days or more);

Bismuth preparations (de-nol), 120 mg 3 times a day, for a long time;

Diosmectite, 3 g per day as a suspension before meals, before stool clearance;

Auxiliary therapy: white clay, decoction of rice, chamomile, mint, St. John's wort, sage, bird cherry, alder cones, etc.

To prevent the development of constipation, apply:

Laxatives: Mucofalk (psyllium), 3-6 sachets per day, lactitol (exportal), up to 20 mg per day, lactulose (normaze, dufalac), 15-45 g per day, macrogol 4000 (forlax), 10- 20 g (1-2 sachets) at night for 2 weeks;

Domperidone 10 mg 3 times a day or cisapride 5-10 mg 3-1 times a day.

Means for the correction of microbiocenosis:

Pro- and prebiotics: Mucofalk (prebiotic and stool regulator), for diarrhea: 1 sachet, previously diluted in 1/3 or 1/2 cup of liquid or mixed with porridge, 2-3 times a day for 1 month or more; for constipation: from 3 to 6 sachets previously diluted in 1 glass of any liquid, for a long time; linex, 2 capsules 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks, then linex-bio, 1 capsule 3 times a day for 2 weeks;

Antibiotics, antibacterial therapy is carried out in the presence of excessive bacterial growth, primarily in the small intestine, and in the absence of the effect of early therapy that did not include antibiotics. If there are indications for antibiotic therapy, it is advisable to use intestinal antibiotics and antiseptics inside: rifaximin, according to b-b tablets per day, intetrix, 4 capsules per day, metronidazole, 1.0 g, fthalazol, 2.0 g. The duration of the course is 5-7 days, 1-2 courses are carried out with the change of the drug in the next course. As a symptomatic therapy for patients with a predominance of spastic phenomena, anticholinergics can be recommended: trimebutine (trimedat), pinaverium bromide, drotaverine, mebeverine.

To normalize neuropsychic activity, tinctures of valerian and hawthorn, motherwort are used. To normalize the regime of work and rest, the appointment of a complex of herbal preparations is justified: as a sedative herbal remedy, at night, you can use persen, 2 tablets per night, or persen-forte, 1 capsule; and in the morning - an antidepressant - Deprim, 2 tablets, or Deprim-Forte, 1 capsule for 1 month. In the case of susceptibility of patients with IBS to panic attacks with imperative diarrheal episodes, the appointment of Xanax (benzodiazepine drug) at 0.75-1 mg per day is indicated. If patients with IBS have anxiety and depressive disorders, the appointment of lerivon in a daily dosage of 15-45 mg is justified. Non-drug methods are also used, first of all, acupuncture, balneological treatment.

In the absence of achieving remission - additional examination, consultation and treatment in the neurosis clinic.

Functional bowel disorder is a pathological process associated with a violation of the absorption of nutrients. It manifests itself in the form of cramps and pain in the abdomen, flatulence, diarrhea or constipation. The disease can develop in a person of any age, regardless of gender. There are many reasons contributing to its occurrence: constant stress, acute and chronic intestinal infections, dysbacteriosis, individual intolerance to certain foods, genetic predisposition.

Often FGCT accompanies diabetes mellitus, inflammation of the genitourinary system in women, and cancer. Provoking factors are: the use of fatty, fried and salty foods, vegetable fiber; surgical interventions in the abdominal cavity.

Prolonged antibacterial, cytostatic and hormonal therapy contributes to disruption of the digestive system. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are often found in people with bad habits. In children, such diseases develop against the background of intestinal infections, food poisoning and helminthic invasions. Since there are many causes of the disease, it is not possible to independently identify them. Treatment must begin with the elimination of provoking factors - the exclusion from the diet of certain foods, the rejection of bad habits and excessive physical exertion.

Clinical picture of the disease

The characteristic symptoms of FGID are pain in the abdomen, aggravated after food intake, emotional overstrain or stress. Increased gas formation is accompanied by rumbling in the abdomen and belching. Another sign of a functional bowel disorder is nausea, often ending in an attack of vomiting. Belching usually occurs some time after eating, it is associated with involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, pushing gases out of the stomach. Diarrhea develops against the background of severe irritation of the intestinal mucosa. The feces are dark in color, the act of defecation is accompanied by a pronounced pain syndrome. The chair happens up to 8 times a day.

A similar condition eventually gives way to constipation, bowel movements occur less than 3 times a week. This symptom may be associated with malnutrition, in which the diet lacks foods that stimulate peristalsis. This form of intestinal disorders is typical for children and the elderly. Tenesmus - false poses for defecation, accompanied by spasms and pain. Up to 20 attacks are observed during the day.

Intestinal disorders in helminthic invasions are characterized by the appearance of bloody impurities in the feces. In addition to typical signs, FGID may have common ones. Symptoms of intoxication of the body are manifested in the form of general weakness, respiratory failure, increased sweating and fever. Violation of the functions of the intestine negatively affects the condition of the skin. Acne, psoriasis, erythema are signals of a malfunction in the digestive system. There is a decrease in the amount of collagen produced and accelerated skin aging. Chronic forms of intestinal dysfunction contribute to the development of arthritis, heart failure, urolithiasis, hypertension and diabetes.

In children, the FGID has slightly different symptoms. The child's body is more difficult to tolerate diarrhea and its accompanying pathological conditions. The disease is characterized by a protracted course and in all cases requires immediate treatment. Ordinary diarrhea often develops into dysbacteriosis. Incorrect bowel function negatively affects the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. The child often gets sick, becomes lethargic, apathetic, inattentive.

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

If FRGI becomes chronic, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist. A complete examination of the digestive system will reveal the cause of the violations. A dietitian is a specialist who will help the patient choose a diet plan based on the existing disease. Diagnosis begins with an examination and questioning of the patient, laboratory and hardware research methods - blood, urine and feces, FGDS, colonoscopy, barium enema and computed tomography.

Based on the results of the examination, the final diagnosis is made, the degree of functional impairment is determined. In every 5 cases, the cause of the FGID is psychological disorders. In such cases, the course of treatment includes psychotherapeutic techniques. Changes in lifestyle and diet are essential. Successful treatment of the disease is impossible without identifying and eliminating its cause.

Drug therapy is prescribed for the chronic course of the pathological process, which contributes to the deterioration of the general condition of the body. These can be laxatives, fixing or antibacterial drugs, prebiotics. Antidepressants are used for psychosomatic disorders.

Additionally, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed: auto-training, swimming, exercise therapy exercises, yoga, massage and therapeutic baths. Folk methods of treatment involve taking decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants. Peppermint, chamomile, mustard powder, duma bark, and walnut septa are most effective for FDGI. In case of violation of the functions of the intestine caused by helminthic invasions, the herb of tansy or wormwood is used. All these funds should be used only with the permission of a doctor, self-medication is unacceptable.

Functional bowel disorder is a violation of a gastroenterological nature, in which the corresponding symptoms are observed: abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, abdominal syndrome. Functional disorders occur at any age.

Most often there is a functional violation of the intestine in the lower and upper sections. The clinical picture for such gastroenterological problems is not specific, therefore, it is not advisable to carry out treatment on your own, without an accurate diagnosis, since this can lead to extremely negative consequences.

Diagnostics will include a wide range of activities, both laboratory and instrumental. Based on the results of the examination, treatment will be prescribed. Therapy can be carried out by both radical and conservative methods.

In this case, it is rather difficult to make long-term predictions: everything will depend on the underlying factor, the severity of the pathology and the general health indicators of the patient. ICD-10 code: K58-59.

Etiology

Functional bowel disorder may be due to factors such as:

As for drugs that can provoke a functional disorder of the intestine, the following should be highlighted here:

psychotropic;
antibiotics;
hormonal;
hypotensive;
antacids;
antitumor.

Intestinal disorders in children in the first year of life are not always the result of certain pathological processes in the body. This is due to the fact that in the first months of life the formation of the gastrointestinal tract occurs. If we consider the pathological basis of the fact that a functional bowel disorder develops in children, then factors such as:

early introduction of complementary foods;
unbalanced diet;
improperly selected mixture;
malnutrition of the mother if the child is breastfed.

It is possible to determine the cause of the disruption of the gastrointestinal tract only by carrying out the necessary diagnostic measures and studying a personal history. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to carry out treatment on your own, at your own discretion.

Classification

Functional bowel disorder includes the following pathological processes:

functional;
functional diarrhea;
functional;
non-specific functional disorder - this form is spoken of in cases where the clinical picture does not have specific symptoms, therefore, it is not possible to suggest the cause of the gastrointestinal tract malfunction based on symptoms alone.

Based on the nature of the course of the clinical picture, the following forms of this gastroenterological disease are distinguished:

dyspeptic;
painful;
mixed.

Taking into account the type of violation of the digestive tract, consider the following forms:

hypersthenic;
normosthenic;
hyposthenic;
asthenic.

It should be noted that the symptoms of almost all types of such gastroenterological diseases are non-specific, so diagnosis and treatment are difficult.

Symptoms

Functional bowel disorder is not always a separate disease. In fact, this is a symptomatic complex that manifests itself when exposed to certain etiological factors.

The clinical picture may include the following:

violation of the frequency and consistency of the stool - constipation and diarrhea alternate, feces change their consistency, may contain impurities of mucus and blood, and in some diseases, attacks of diarrhea can be up to 15 times a day, regardless of the diet;
, which may be accompanied by vomiting - in most cases it occurs after eating, and does not always bring relief;
, with an unpleasant odor or air;
elevated, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, even if a person consumes a minimal amount of food;
- the duration and localization of the manifestation of this symptom will depend on the underlying factor;
increased sweating;
unstable blood pressure;
dizziness;
weakness, growing malaise;
rumbling in the abdomen, bloating.

The frequency of seizures will depend on the underlying factor. If such a violation of the gastrointestinal tract is due to malnutrition, then the clinical picture is symptomatic.

Diagnostics

Due to the non-specificity of the clinical picture, as mentioned above, a thorough diagnosis is required: only in this way can the cause be determined and effective treatment prescribed.

First of all, the gastroenterologist conducts a physical examination of the patient with palpation of the abdominal cavity.

During this stage of the inspection, you should find out:

how long ago the symptoms started and what preceded them;
the duration and nature of the course of the clinical picture;
the patient's lifestyle, especially his diet.

The medical history is also required.

In addition, they carry out:

general clinical and detailed biochemical blood test;
general urine analysis;
fecal analysis - general, occult blood, helminth eggs;
endoscopic studies of the gastrointestinal tract;
Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
x-ray of the stomach with a contrast agent.

In general, the diagnostic program will be compiled on an individual basis, depending on the data that were collected during the initial examination and the current clinical picture.

Treatment

The course of therapy will depend on the underlying factor. Specific treatment is not required if the disorder is due to errors in nutrition or medication. In such cases, adjust the diet and cancel or replace the drug, respectively.

Drug therapy may be based on taking the following drugs:

sorbents;
probiotics and prebiotics;
to improve gastric motility;
enzymes;
astringents;
antiemetics;
antispasmodics.

If conservative therapy does not give the desired result or is completely ineffective in a particular case, an operation will be required.

Regardless of which main method of treatment is chosen, the patient must be prescribed a diet. The gastroenterologist will select a specific dietary table on an individual basis.

In most cases, the prognosis is favorable, but therapy should be started in a timely manner: only in this case can serious complications be avoided.

Prevention

Regarding prevention, the following recommendations should be highlighted:

the diet should be balanced;
it is necessary to treat all diseases, not only related to the gastrointestinal tract, on time and correctly;
You should include moderate exercise in your daily routine.

It is necessary to systematically undergo a medical examination, as this will help to detect the disease in time and begin its therapy.