Chemical industry of Russia: industries, largest centers. Russia

The chemical forest complex is of great importance for the Russian economy. It unites technologically interconnected enterprises of the forestry and chemical industries. The sectors of the complex are closely related to all other sectors.

Chemical industry. It has a complex structure, including various branches of basic chemistry and organic synthesis. The industry has an extensive raw material base: various minerals, wood, water, air, and waste from other industries. But the main raw materials are now products of oil refining and coal coking. Russia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of chemical raw materials and wood.

The location of chemical industry enterprises depends on various factors; Among them, the most important are raw materials, energy, consumer, and water. The specificity of chemical production is that it is water-intensive and is one of the main polluters.

For different branches of the chemical industry, different factors are paramount.

Basic Chemistry

Basic chemistry includes the production of acids, alkalis and mineral fertilizers.

The sulfuric acid industry is one of the most important chemical industries; its products are used in the production of mineral fertilizers, metallurgy, food and light industries, etc.

Plants for the production of sulfuric acid are located only in areas of consumption, since it is poorly transportable.

The industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises are located in the Central region (Voskresensk, Shchelkovo, Novomoskovsk), in the Volgo-Vyatka region (Dzerzhinsk), in the Urals (Berezniki, Perm).

The soda industry produces products used in the glass, chemical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, household goods, etc. It is located near salt deposits (the raw material for producing soda) - in the Altai Territory, Perm Region, and Bashkortostan.

Production of mineral fertilizers. Phosphates and apatites are used to produce phosphate fertilizers. Most factories in the Russian Federation operate on Khibiny apatite. Large enterprises are in Voskresensk, St. Petersburg, Kingisepp.

The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solekamsk and Bereznikovsky plants in the Urals.

The nitrogen industry uses mainly natural gas as a raw material, therefore new enterprises in the industry are located near gas fields, as well as along the routes of main gas pipelines. The main centers are Dzerzhinsk. Berezniki, Novomoskovsk.

Chemistry of organic synthase

In recent years, the chemistry of organic synthesis has begun to play an important role. It produces various organic compounds from hydrocarbon feedstocks (oil, natural gas, coal).

Basic organic synthesis includes the production of alcohols, organic acids, and solvents.

Organic synthesis enterprises produce plastics, resins, chemical fibers, etc., production of rubber, synthetic rubber, tires. The final stages of organic synthesis gravitate toward the consumer - mechanical engineering centers and the textile industry. Large plastics production factories are located in Kazan, Volgograd, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, and Tyumen. Moscow, St. Petersburg.

The production of artificial and synthetic fibers requires a large amount of raw materials, fuel, and water. The main factories are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balashov, Barnaul, Kursk.

Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber are located in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Voronezh, Omsk, Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk and other cities.

Problems and development prospects

After the collapse of the USSR, chemistry, like other industries, is in a state of crisis. The country's national economy's need for chemical products is not being satisfied due to the lag and reduction in capital construction and incomplete utilization of existing production facilities. There are often disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials (due to the severance of old production ties).

The decline in production is also associated with the deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, the lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, violations of technology and the increasing frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons. The issue of urgent withdrawal of chemical enterprises from Moscow and other cities has become urgent.

The chemical industry has a high concentration of production in areas of the European part of the country. This contradicts the distribution of raw materials and fuel and energy resources across the territory of Russia. It is necessary to make more use of the rich resources of Siberia and the Far East.

In addition, the development of chemistry in the future should be based on improved investment, tax and credit policies, deepening the specialization of regions based on the development of highly efficient resources.

Urgent tasks in chemistry and petrochemistry are also the reduction of pollution emissions and the disposal of industrial waste.

In the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but with a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive industries with low and average consumption of raw materials and water.

In areas of Siberia with favorable natural conditions and rich resources of raw materials, fuel and energy, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the labor shortage and the climate being harsh for people. conditions and expensive infrastructure.

The chemical industry of Russia is represented by the following industries:

Production of plastics and synthetic resins

Manufacturer of chemical fibers

Production of mineral fertilizers (sulfuric acid, phosphate and potash fertilizers, caustic soda)

Production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products

Leading branch of the Russian chemical complex polymer materials industry includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber. The industry's raw material base consists of associated petroleum and natural gases, refined hydrocarbons, and coal. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in areas with large reserves of raw materials (mainly oil and gas) Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk in the Samara region, Kazan, Volgograd), Uralsky (Ekaterinburg; Ufa and Salavat in Bashkortostan; Nizhny Tagil), West Siberian ( Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), North Caucasus (Budennovsk) and in areas that use imported raw materials (oil and gas) Central (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk).

Chemical fiber and thread industry most widely represented in the regions of the developed textile industry: Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan), Volga region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels). More than 2/3 of the total production of chemical fibers and threads occurs in the European part. The importance of the eastern regions is increasing: Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk).

Synthetic rubber production located in the areas of natural gas and oil production, oil refining: Volga (Kazan and Nizhnekamsk in the Republic of Tatarstan, Tolyatti in the Samara region, Volzhsky), Ural (Ufa and Sterlitamak in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm, etc.), West Siberian (Omsk), In Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), synthetic rubber is produced from synthetic alcohol by hydrolysis of wood.

Mineral fertilizer industry, sulfuric acid, soda and other branches of basic chemistry in Russia have a powerful raw material base: resources of table and potassium salts, apatites in phosphorites, sulfur pyrites and native sulfur, coal, natural gas; gases from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke ovens are also used as raw materials gases, etc.

Fertilizer industry Russia produces all types of mineral fertilizers: phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. Of the total amount of fertilizers produced, about half are nitrogen fertilizers.

Enterprises nitrogen-fertilizer industries, depending on the raw materials used, are placed

In places of coal development (Kemerovo in Kuzbass, Berezniki, Gubakha in the Perm region on coal from the Kizelovsky basin in the Urals; Angarsk in the Irkutsk region of Eastern Siberia),

In places where natural gas is produced (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus),

Along gas pipeline routes (Novgorod; Novomoskovsk and Shchekino in the Tula region; Togliatti, etc.)

Or they are combined with metallurgical plants (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk).

Phosphate fertilizer Due to the low material intensity of production (the production of 1 ton of simple superphosphate requires only 0.5 tons of apatite concentrate), the industry has little connection with sources of raw materials and is focused mainly on the consumer. Almost all superphosphate plants in Russia operate on apatites from the Khibiny deposit. However, a number of factories also use local raw materials (phosphorites from the Yegoryevskoye, Polpinskoye, Shchigrovskoye and Vyatsko-Kama deposits). Most of the phosphate fertilizers in the country are produced by Central (Voskresensk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg, Volkhov), Central Chernozem (Shchigry; Uvarove in the Tambov region), Volga (Tolyatti; Balakovo in the Saratov region) and Ural (Perm, Krasnouralsk ) areas.

Potash industry, characterized by high material intensity of production (2 tons of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products), is concentrated in places where raw materials are extracted in the Urals in the Perm region (Solikamsk, Berezniki).

Sulfuric acid industry, the main raw materials for the production of products, which are native sulfur and sulfur pyrites (their specific costs per 1 ton of sulfuric acid are 0.35 and 0.85 tons, respectively), are located mainly in places of greatest consumption of sulfuric acid (regions and centers of phosphorus production fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, fabrics, etc.). The main areas of its production are the Urals (Berezniki, Perm), the Central region (Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk, Shchelkovo) and the Volgo-Vyatka region (Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region).

Soda industry located at the sources of raw materials in places where table salt is produced: in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant), in the Baikal region (Usolye), in the Volga region (Volgograd).

Ecology. The industry is environmentally harmful and requires special attention to compliance with the technological process and ensuring environmental safety. At the moment, a number of production facilities are closed due to environmental indicators. The issue of urgent decommissioning of 50 enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc. is being considered.

STRUCTURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA

Large industrial complexes of chemical production:

Central region– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid.

Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

North-Western region– production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

Volga region– petrochemical production, production of polymer products

North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis products, synthetic resins and plastics

Western and Eastern Siberia– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry.

Main raw material bases:

Northern European. Contains reserves of apatite (Kola Peninsula), forest, water and fuel and energy resources. Basic chemistry is based here (production of phosphate fertilizers); organic chemistry through the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern economic region.

Central. Based on consumer demand for products of the processing industry (oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils). Works on imported raw materials and local raw materials. Local raw materials are used for the production of basic chemicals (mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical industry)

Volgo-Ural. Contains reserves of potassium and table salts, sulfur, oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores. It has hydro and energy resources, forest resources. Produces 40% of chemical products, 50% of petrochemical products.

Siberian. Contains unique and diverse raw material resources (oil and gas, table salt, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals). It has hydroelectric and forest resources. Favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk). Coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo).

Literature:

2. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M. 2007. P.165-181

3. Economic geography/V.P. Zheltikov, E 40 N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001. - 384 p. Section 7.3 “Mining and chemical raw materials”, Section 9.6 “Chemical industry of the world”, Section 11.2.8 “Geography of the chemical industry”

Questions:

1. Location of raw materials for the chemical industry

2. Chemical industries

3. Factors influencing the location of the chemical industry

4. Chemical production groups

5. Main types of products and main consumers of chemical industry products

6. Location of chemical industry enterprises depending on the types of products produced

7. Geography of the Russian chemical industry

8. Structure of the Russian chemical industry

Knock- a mechanical mixture of one-component fertilizers (for example, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), obtained by simple mixing, sometimes directly in an agricultural enterprise

The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are also gas waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, etc.

tires, rubber, plastics; b) transport;

mineral fertilizers; c) textile industry;

dyes and fibers; d) agriculture.

2. The main areas for the production of mineral fertilizers in Russia are:

B) the Urals and Eastern Siberia;

B) The Urals, Eastern Siberia and Central Russia.

3. Among the branches of the chemical industry, production is focused on raw materials:

A) potash fertilizers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) plastics.

4. Production is more energy and water intensive:

A) plastics, chemical fibers;

B) sulfuric acid and fertilizers.

5. The main areas for the production of polymer materials in Russia are:

A) European North and Central Russia;

B) Central Russia and the Volga region;

B) Volga region and European North.

6. Among the branches of the chemical industry, production is consumer-oriented:

A) potash fertilizers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) plastics.

7. Forest surplus areas in Russia include:

A) European North and North Caucasus;

B) Northern Caucasus and Eastern Siberia;

B) Eastern Siberia and the European North.

8. In terms of the main location factors, paper production is most similar to the production of:

A) polymers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) mineral fertilizers.

9. Timber processing complexes were built:

A) in Arkhangelsk;

B) in Syktyvkar and Bratsk;
C) in Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar and Bratsk.

10. Establish a sequence in cardboard production:

A) cardboard;

B) logging;

B) pulp mill;

D) sawmill and wood processing plant.

Chemical industry of Russia

The chemical industry plays a vital role in the country’s economy, as it produces fundamentally new construction materials for other sectors of the economy, and also contributes to the creation of waste-free production technologies.

This industry includes:

Mining and chemical industry

Basic chemistry (production of acids, salts, alkalis, minerals.

fertilizers)

Production of polymer metals (synthetic layers, plastics, chemical fibers, rubber) and their processing into finished products.

The chemical industry also includes the industry of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, varnishes and paints - household chemicals; The petrochemical, microbiology, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetic industries act as a separate industry.

Feature The industry is characterized by a wide variety of raw materials used, equipment and technologies used.

Raw material base This industry serves all types of combustible minerals (gas, oil, mountains.

slates); mineral raw materials (salts, apatites, phosphates, sulfur); waste from the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and the chemical industry itself.

Placement factors Industry production is determined by the specifics of the production process. Chemical enterprises industries refer to raw materials and water-intensive industries. For example: the production of potassium salts is located near sources of raw materials; production of sulfuric acid and superphosphates - in areas of cheap electricity.

Basic Chemistry

Includes the production of acids, alkalis and mineral fertilizers

1.sulfuric acid production(the most important chemical product that is used in the production of mineral fertilizers, textiles, food and oil refining). It is located in areas of consumption since it is not easily transportable.

This production can be combined with metallurgical production and its waste. For example: Chelyabinsk - zinc, Volkhov aluminum plant, Krasnouralsk, Nizhny Tagil.

Recently, the raw material base has expanded and the production of sulfur and sulfuric acid has been combined with gas and an oil refinery.

The largest enterprises in this industry: Volgo-Vyatsky district - Derzhinsk; Ural region - Perm, Bereznyaki.

2.soda industry: The starting material is salt.

Chemical industry of Russia (page 1 of 2)

Soda is used both in the chemical and other fields (glass, pulp and paper, textile industries).

The deposit of natural soda is located in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovskoye), Perm Territory (Bashkiria, Bereznyaki, Sterlitamak).

Centers of the soda industry: Usolye-Sibirskoye, Cheboksary, Volgograd.

3.production of mineral fertilizers(phosphate, potassium, nitrogen). 3 million tons/year.

— phosphate fertilizers (simple and double superphosphate). The raw materials are phosphorites and apatites. Most phosphate fertilizer production facilities operate on apatites of the Kola Peninsula, and enterprises using phosphorites are located in mining areas. Centers: Moscow region - Voskresensk, northwestern region - Kingisepp, St. Petersburg, Volga region - Balakovo.

— the production of potash fertilizers is located near potassium salts, it is located in the Urals, on the basis of potassium salts of the Neftekamsk deposit (Solikamsk, Bereznyaki).

— production of nitrogen fertilizers is located near gas fields or combined with full-cycle coke chemistry and ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

New pipelines are located along gas pipelines. Centers: Derzhinsk (near Nizhny Novgorod), Bereznyaki, Novomoskovsk (Tula region), Kemerovo, Tolyatti, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol region).

— complex fertilizers (complex and mixed).

Centers: Cherepovets, Novomoskovsk, Krasnodar, Nevinnomyssk

Chemistry of organic synthesis

Includes:

1.based on organic synthesis(production of alcohols, solvents, organic acids)

2.production of organic synthesis products(plastics, resins, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers)

3.processing of polymer materials(plastic products.

Plastic production).Centers: Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd)

Ural (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Solvat, Ekaterinburg)

Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk)

Central district (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo)

S-Zapadny district (St. Petersburg.)

4.artificial and synthetic fibers(Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo, Barnaul, Kursk, Engels, Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

SEE MORE:

Plastics production– from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, hydrocarbons from oil refining, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials. Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region:

- Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas, areas provided with raw materials:

— St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Tomsk, Angarsk.

Manufacturer of chemical fibers.

They are artificial and synthetic.

Artificial(from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them.

— Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic(from synthetic resins, during oil, gas, coal processing).

They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan.

— Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production. The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul, Shchekino.

Synthetic rubber production.

It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65 - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in:

— Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia:

- Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk - obtained on the basis of wood alcohol

oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production:

— Omsk, Yaroslavl

wood hydrolysis – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production:

— Krasnoyarsk

Nitrogen fertilizer industry.

In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted. The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from air nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia.

This method is based on the use of coke, coke oven gas, and water. Now almost all ammonia is produced from natural gas (cheap raw materials), so enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are located in areas where gas resources are distributed (North Caucasus) and along the routes of main gas pipelines (Center, Volga region, North-West).

If coke oven gas serves as the raw material, then nitrogen production gravitates towards coal coking centers or is combined with ferrous metallurgy, where hydrogen is produced as a waste of coke oven gases (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk).

Phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials.

Test on geography on the topic “Economy of Russia” (grade 9)

Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate.

Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country. The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field.

Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoye - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock.

The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials.

Often the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the production of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by some centers of ferrous metallurgy (Cherepovets) and non-ferrous metallurgy (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Vladikavkaz), where the raw material for sulfuric acid is industrial waste, for example, sulfur dioxide gases.

Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm, Kingisepp

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. Mechanical engineering ranks first among all industries in the world both in cost (35%) and in number of employees (more than 80 million people). In developed countries, the products of this industry account for 32-38% of the cost of industrial production in countries with transition economies - 20-25%, in newly industrialized countries - 15-25%.

In the industry structure of mechanical engineering, there are general, transport, electrical, and electronics.

Each division now accounts for about a third of machine-building production. During the rest of the year, electronics are growing at a faster pace, general mechanical engineering is characterized by moderate growth, and the share of transport engineering is gradually decreasing.

The distribution of mechanical engineering is very uneven.

There are four main engineering regions of the world: 1). Northern. America (30%

products - computers, aircraft, rocket and space technology, weapons) 2) region. Western,. Central and. Eastern. Europe without.

Russia (about 30% of production), 3) region covering the country. Eastern and. South-Eastern. Asia (about 25% of products - ships, cars, consumer electronics) 4). Russia, countries. Transcaucasia and

Average. Asia (military and agricultural equipment, metal manufacturing machines and power equipment.

In most developing countries and some regions of the world, mechanical engineering is either completely absent or represented by small enterprises. However, some of these countries (India,...

Brazil,. Argentina) have a relatively developed mechanical engineering industry.

In developed countries, the general engineering industry is dominated by the production of equipment and machine tools.

The production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment is moving to countries that are developing. In the structure of transport engineering, there is an intensive growth in the automotive industry, while the production of ships and railway vehicles is declining.

. World car production grew from 10 million in 1950 to 70 million in 2006. However, in different regions, the growth in production volumes has unequal rates: in North American countries the growth is approximately 2%, and in.

European ohm. Union - 1.5%, c. South. America - 18%, and in countries. Eastern. Europe - by 5.4%.

The world's leading car manufacturer again. USA (with an annual production volume of more than 12 million cars), ahead of the leader of the last two decades -. Japan (11.5 million cars)

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, the production of sea vessels decreased in a number of countries. Western and. Central. Europe was even curtailed. At the same time, there was a movement of shipbuilding from developed countries to developing countries.

In the electrical industry, the production of power equipment is increasing, but the electronics industry is developing especially rapidly.

A significant share in it is occupied by military and industrial electricity. Ronika (USA, Japan).

The main manufacturers of consumer electronics along with. They became Japan. China (35 million TV sets annually - first place in the world) and.

South. Korea. Developed countries are curtailing the production of consumer electronics and products of low and medium complexity, turning into their largest importers from new industrial countries.

These trends in the territorial structure of mechanical engineering have led to the rapid growth of international trade in the industry's products. Machinery, equipment and vehicles in the structure of world exports account for 37% of its total volume, and in the exports of developed countries - 43%, developing countries - 19%.

Leaders in private engineering products are. Japan (64%). USA and Germany (48% each).

More than 80% of world trade in machinery and equipment occurs in developed countries

Chemical industry of the world

. The chemical industry is one of the leading sectors of the world economy

According to the level of development of the chemical industry, highly developed countries are distinguished (USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands).

In developing countries, the mining and chemical industry has recently become more important. The modern location of the chemical industry in the world increasingly resembles the location of mechanical engineering in its basic features. This is due to the fact that its development in the last ten years has been influenced by energy reduction processes.

and material consumption, increasing its dependence on scientific developments.

As a consequence, developed post-industrial countries are increasingly specializing in the production of organic synthesis chemistry products, including all highly processed ones (medicines, high-quality plastics, etc.). At the same time, traditional production of basic chemistry is moving to developing and transition countries.

Thus, in the “top ten” producers of mineral fertilizers in the mid-1990s, along with.

USA,. Canada. France. Germany, entered.

Features of the location of the main branches of the chemical industry

China (first place in the world). Russia,. India,. Indonesia,. Belarus, Ukraine at the beginning of the 21st century. large producers of mineral fertilizers are also treated. Mexico and countries.

Persian Gulf. This is due to the fact that since the mid-1970s in oil-producing countries. Middle. East,. South-Eastern. Asia,. Latin. In America, the petrochemical industry began to develop rapidly and large petrochemical complexes were created. The production of chemical fibers is gradually moving there.

Countries remain the largest exporters of chemical products.

Europe,. USA and Canada

Chemical industry

The chemical industry is a branch of heavy industry. It determines the development of scientific and technical progress, expands the raw material base of industry and construction, is a necessary condition for the intensification of agriculture (production of mineral fertilizers), and satisfies the population's demand for consumer products.

The structure of the chemical industry is constantly becoming more complex and improved.

In recent years, microbiology and the pharmaceutical industry have emerged as independent branches. A new sub-industry has emerged - household chemicals.

The chemical industry consists of the following branches:

– mining and chemical (extraction of mineral raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, sulfur);

– basic chemistry (production of acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers);

– chemistry of organic synthesis (production of hydrocarbon raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of polymer materials);

– polymer chemistry (production of resins, plastics, synthetic rubber and chemical fibers);

– processing of polymer materials (production of tires, rubber, polyethylene film);

– production of synthetic dyes.

The chemical industry consumes many types of raw materials:

– mineral raw materials (sulfur, phosphorites, salts) and mineral fuels (oil, gas, coal);

– plant raw materials (timber industry waste);

– water and air;

– industrial waste from metallurgy and oil refining enterprises (coke oven and sulfur dioxide gases);

– agricultural waste.

Chemical industry is a branch of industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through their chemical processing.

Table 7.1.

Sub-sectors of the chemical industry

Sub-sector	Examples
Inorganic chemistry	Ammonia production, soda production, sulfuric acid production
Organic chemistry	Acrylonitrile, phenol, ethylene oxide, urea
Ceramics	Silicate production
Petrochemistry	Benzene, ethylene, styrene
Agrochemistry	Fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides
Polymers	Polyethylene, bakelite, polyester
Elastomers	Rubber, neoprene, polyurethanes
Explosives	Nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose
Pharmaceutical chemistry	Medicines: syntomycin, taurine, ranitidine
Perfumes and cosmetics	Coumarin, vanillin, camphor

The main ways (in order of decreasing importance) to increase the economic efficiency of production in the chemical industry are to reduce:

– resource intensity (due to increasing the yield of the target product from raw materials, processing production waste/ballast into related products);

– specific depreciation charges (due to the introduction of production units with increased unit capacity);

– energy intensity (due to the introduction of energy-saving technologies, energy technology schemes using secondary energy resources);

– personnel costs (through complex automation and complete mechanization of production).

Table 7.2.

The largest chemical companies in Russia

Modern chemical technologies have a number of advantages over mechanical processing of substances.

This makes it possible:

– transform an unlimited range of raw materials into valuable industrial products;

– to bring into circulation new types of raw materials as technological progress progresses (natural gases for the production of ammonia; associated petroleum gases for the production of synthetic rubber);

– replace expensive raw materials (food products) with cheap ones (wood or mineral);

– use raw materials comprehensively (from oil to obtain fuel oil and motor fuel);

– dispose of industrial waste (sulfur dioxide gases – production of sulfuric acid, coke oven gases – production of ammonia);

– produce the same products from different types of raw materials (synthetic rubber from wood, coal and gas) and, conversely, obtain different chemical products from the same raw materials (coal is used to produce ammonia, synthetic fibers).

Inter-industry and intra-industry combinations are widely developed in the chemical industry.

Polymer chemistry (resins, plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers) is the main branch of petrochemistry, which is developing rapidly.

Production of plastics - from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, hydrocarbons from oil refining, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials.

Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region: Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas provided with raw materials: St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Novokuibyshevsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Ekaterinburg, Ufa.

Production of chemical fibers.

Chemical fibers are either artificial or synthetic.

Artificial (from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them: Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic (from synthetic resins, during the processing of oil, gas, coal).

They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan. Centers: Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production.

The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul

Production of synthetic rubber.

It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65% - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

They were associated with regions and centers of the rubber industry and mechanical engineering. We used food raw materials (potatoes).

The transition to mineral raw materials has dramatically changed the geography of production.

Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia: Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk .

There are complexes of interdependent production:

– oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production: Omsk, Yaroslavl;

– hydrolysis of wood – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production: Krasnoyarsk;

Basic chemistry – (production of nitrogen, potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda).

Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of potassium salts.

In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted.

Production is consumer-oriented:

The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from nitrogen, air and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia.

Enterprises operating on coke are located either in coal basins (Beryazniki, Gubakha, Kizel, Kemerovo, Angarsk) or at a distance from them (Derzhinsk, Moscow), since coke can be transported over considerable distances.

Centers: Novomoskovsk, Shchekino, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region, based on the use of oil refining waste Salavat), Togliatti, Kemerovo, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory)

The phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials.

The main reserves of phosphate raw materials are in the European part (on the Kola Peninsula - in the Khibiny Mountains - apatite nepheline ores, ores from which phosphate fertilizers are obtained in the chemical industry). Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate. Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country.

The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field. Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoye - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials.

Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm.

The sulfuric acid industry uses sulfur pyrite (pyrite) - the Urals, native sulfur - Alekseevskoe deposit (Samara region). Individual gas condensate deposits are becoming an important source of sulfur.

Since the main consumer of acid is the phosphate fertilizer industry, the centers of production of sulfuric acid and phosphate fertilizers coincide with each other.

Soda industry.

Soda is the technical name for sodium carbonates. Bicarbonate - baking soda. Normal carbonate is calcined sulfur. Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide. The main raw materials are table salt and lime. For 1 ton of finished product, 1.5 tons of limestone, 5 m3 of salt brine and a large amount of fuel are required. There are reserves of natural soda in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovskoye deposit.

Caustic soda is used in the soap, glass, pulp and paper, and textile industries.

In medicine and the food industry - baking soda. Centers: Berezniki, Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan), Mikhailovskoye (Altai Territory), Usoliesibirskoye (Irkutsk region).

The microbiological industry is a new industry that acquired independent significance in the 60s under the influence of scientific and technical progress. Currently, its role in the country's industrial production has increased significantly due to the need to intensify agriculture.

Structurally, there are two main groups of industries that differ from each other in the raw materials used:

– production of feed protein substances (feed yeast) from hydrocarbon raw materials;

– production of feed yeast from raw materials of plant origin (hydrolysis of wood and plant waste from agriculture)

Microbiology includes: enterprises of the hydrolysis industry and the chemistry of organic synthesis.

They are united into one whole by the purpose of the manufactured product and the nature of the technological process.

Enterprises using hydrogen raw materials focus on oil refining centers, which is due to the high material intensity of production. To obtain 1 ton of protein, 2.5 tons of hydrocarbons are needed. Enterprises focusing on hydrocarbon raw materials are located, respectively, in the Volga region and the Volga-Vyatka region (Nizhny Novgorod).

Enterprises that focus on raw materials of plant origin obtain feed yeast by interacting with enterprises of the hydrolysis industry, which processes sawmill waste, food waste and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs, sunflower husks, rice and cotton hulls.

Hydrolysis production is focused on raw material bases, located together with sawmilling (Krasnoyarsk, Kamsk, Zima (Irkutsk region), Arkhangelsk, Volgograd) or combined with pulp and paper production (Arkhangelsk, Solikamsk and Krasnokamsk - Perm region).

Mira provides industry and construction with new materials, fertilizers and plant protection products.

Peculiarities:

one of the dynamic industries that largely determines scientific and technological progress along with;
high knowledge intensity (at the electronics level);
The chemical industry is a very large consumer of raw materials, the unit costs of which in some cases significantly exceed the weight of the finished product (production of soda, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
in addition to a large amount of raw materials, industries (production of synthetic materials, soda, etc.) consume a lot of water, fuel and energy;
the presence of various connections with other industries and agriculture;
relatively low labor intensity, but special requirements for the qualifications of the workforce;
high capital intensity;
complex equipment and technologies;
complex industry structure.

Industry composition

There are different approaches to identifying branches of the chemical industry

The chemical industry includes:

mining and chemical industry (extraction of raw materials - apatite and phosphorite, table and potassium salts, sulfur and other mining chemical raw materials);
the main one, producing inorganic compounds (acids, alkalis, soda, mineral fertilizers, etc.);
chemistry of organic synthesis, including the production of polymer materials (synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers) and their processing (production of tires, plastic products, etc.);
microbiological industry.

There is another approach that distinguishes in the chemical industry semi-finished production (production of salts, acids, alkalis, etc.), basic production (production of polymers, mineral fertilizers, etc.), processing production (paint and varnish, formacetic, rubber, etc. production ).
The greatest development in the chemical industry has been the production of polymers, the raw materials for which are semi-finished petrochemical products. Polymers are the most important structural material for industry and construction.

The location of the chemical industry is determined by a combination of many factors.

For the mining and chemical industry, as for any mining industry, the main factor of location is natural resources.

High-tech chemical industries (production of varnishes, dyes, reagents, pharmaceuticals, photo- and toxic chemicals, high-quality polymer materials, special-purpose chemicals for electronics, etc.) place high demands on the level of workforce training, R&D development, and production of special equipment ( devices, devices, machines).

In addition, many basic chemistry and organic synthesis chemistry enterprises are focused on the provision of water resources and electricity.

For enterprises producing finished products, consumer factors are an important factor.

General placement trends

The strengthening of the knowledge intensity of the chemical industry as a whole and especially its individual productions has predetermined the priority for the development of the industry in highly developed countries. Many traditional branches of the chemical industry - mining chemistry, inorganic chemistry (including the production of fertilizers), and the production of some simple organic products (including plastics and chemical fibers) have been developing rapidly in recent years in developing countries.

Industrialized countries are increasingly specializing in the production of the latest science-intensive types of chemical products.

There are four main regions in the global chemical industry:

Foreign Europe, primarily Germany and France, providing 23-24% of world production and export of chemical products. The most “chemicalized” country in this region is Germany. After the Second World War, the petrochemical industry, focused mainly on imported raw materials, came to the fore in this region. This led to a shift of the chemical industry to ports (Rotterdam, Marseille, etc.), as well as to the routes of large oil and gas pipelines from Russia (this mainly concerns Eastern European countries).
North America. Particularly notable here are the world's largest producer and exporter of chemical products (about 20% of world chemical products and 15% of its world exports).
East and Southeast Asia. Japan (15% of world production and export of chemical products), China, and Korea stand out here.
CIS, where it is produced (3-4% of world chemical production).

In addition, a very large region specializing in the production of chemical products (mainly semi-products of organic synthesis and fertilizers) has developed in the Persian Gulf area. The raw material for production here is the huge resources of associated (oil production) gas. The oil-producing countries of the region - Iran, etc. - produce 5-7% of the world's chemical products, which are almost entirely export-oriented.

Outside these areas, the chemical industry is developed in and other countries.
Location of chemical industries.

Among the industries, the leading place is occupied by the polymer materials industry, based on oil and gas or petrochemical raw materials. For a long period of time, the raw material base of the polymer materials industry was almost universally coal chemicals and plant raw materials. The change in the nature of the raw material base also significantly affected the geography of industry - the importance of coal regions decreased, the role of oil and gas production areas and coastal regions increased.

Currently, the most powerful organic synthesis industry is in economically developed countries that have large reserves of oil and gas (USA, UK, the Netherlands, Russia, etc.), or occupy a favorable position for the supply of these types of chemical raw materials (Japan, Italy, France, Germany , Belgium, etc.).

All of the above countries occupy leading positions in the global production of synthetic resins and plastics and other types of synthetic products. Of the polymer industries, only the production of chemical fibers shows a noticeable shift towards developing countries. In this type of production, along with the traditional leaders - the USA, Germany, etc., China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and India have also become among the largest producers in recent years.

In contrast to the polymer materials industry, the mining and basic chemical industries are widely represented not only in economically developed countries, but also in developing countries.

The leading producers of mineral fertilizers are China, USA, Canada, India, Russia, Germany, Belarus, France,. At the same time, in terms of mining and processing of phosphorites, along with the USA, the following countries stand out: (,), Asia (, Israel), the CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan), Christmas Island and. The overwhelming majority of the world's production and processing of potassium salts is carried out by the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, and Belarus.

The main raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is. Therefore, among the most important producers and exporters of nitrogen fertilizers are, first of all, countries rich in natural gas (USA, Canada, the Netherlands, Russia, Gulf countries). Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by France, Germany, Ukraine, China, and India, whose nitrogen fertilizer industry is closely connected with the ferrous metallurgy of these countries.

Sulfur producing countries are the USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Poland. Ukraine, Russia, Japan, etc. The largest producers of sulfuric acid are the USA, China, Japan and Russia (they account for more than half of world production).

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Sulfuric acid production	Production of mineral fertilizers	Plastics production	Production of chemical fibers	Synthetic rubber production
	USA	China	USA	China	USA
	China	USA	Japan	USA	Japan
	Russia	Canada	Germany	Taiwan	France
	Japan	India	France	R. Korea	Germany
	Ukraine	Russia	Taiwan

The chemical industry produces products using chemical methods for processing raw materials and materials. In its industrial structure, two large groups of industries are distinguished: basic (inorganic) chemistry and the organic synthesis industry.

The basic chemistry group consists of the mining chemical industry, which extracts chemical raw materials, and basic chemistry itself, which produces mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate), sulfuric acid, soda, and the like. The group of organic synthesis industries includes: chemistry of organic synthesis (production of organic

semi-finished products - ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, etc.); production of polymers (synthetic resins, rubber, plastics, chemical fibers); polymer processing (production of plastic products, tires, rubber products).

In addition to the main large groups, there is a group of other branches of the chemical industry: paint and varnish, photochemical industry, production of chemical reagents, etc.

The chemical industry is significantly inferior to mechanical engineering in terms of the share of products and employees in the industry, but is one of those industries that ensures scientific and technological progress.

Raw material base

Chemical industry characterized by an extremely wide raw material base. It uses non-metallic mineral (chemical) raw materials from the bowels of the earth (potassium and kitchen soda, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), fuel mineral resources (oil, natural gas, coal, shale), waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, food and light industry . Using raw materials from other industries, the chemical industry combines and cooperates with them. It is also characterized by the concentration of production, carried out by merging enterprises or increasing the capacity of technological lines;

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Areas of the chemical industry in general are material-intensive. Therefore, the main factors for locating chemical industry enterprises are raw materials, fuel and energy, consumer, water, and environmental factors.

The most important areas of the mining and chemical industry are the Carpathian region (mining potassium salts in Kalush and Stebnyk, sulfur in Yavorov and Novy Rozdol) and Donbass (mining rock salt in Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

Basic chemistry in Ukraine specializes in the production of soda ash and caustic soda in Slavyansk and Lisichansk, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.

Potash fertilizers are produced in Kalush at the Lukor concern and at the Stebnitsky potash plant. factory

Phosphorus fertilizers from imported apatites are produced in beet growing areas (Vinnitsa, Sumy), and in the centers of sulfuric acid production - Odessa and Konstantinovka.

The Nitrogen-Tukova industry uses coking and natural gas (Dneprodzerzhinsk) to produce nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, its largest enterprises are located in Dneprodzerzhinsk in the Dnieper region, Torlivtsi, Severodonetsk in the Donbass, as well as in areas of fertilizer consumption (Rivne, Cherkassy) on gas pipelines.

The production of sulfuric acid, due to its poor transportability, gravitates towards areas of product consumption, that is, enterprises producing phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Practically in each of the centers for the production of these fertilizers, the production of sulfuric acid has been established.

Chemistry of organic synthesis provides a large share of chemical industry products. Synthetic materials create a new raw material base for industry and construction. Mostly they are cheaper and of better quality than natural ones, although they have worse hygienic properties.

The chemistry of organic synthesis covers plants producing intermediate products for the production of polymers (Lisichansk, Severodonetsk, Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye). The industry uses mainly oil and gas raw materials.

The location of enterprises producing polymers depends primarily on the availability of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as fuel, electricity, and water. For some sub-sectors, an important location factor is labor resources. Synthetic resins and plastics are produced mainly at petrochemical plants, nitrogen-fertilizer and chlorine plants, that is, they are combined with the production of other chemical products. The centers of production of synthetic resins and plastics are Donetsk, Severodonetsk, Zaporozhye, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pervomaisk, etc. Artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic (from synthetic resins) chemical fibers are produced by enterprises in Chernigov, Kyiv, Cherkassy, Sokal (Lviv region).

The most important of the enterprises processing polymers is the production of tires, which is established at the Dnepropetrovsk Tire Plant and the Belotserkovsky Plant of Tires and Humoasbestos Products.

Among other branches of the chemical industry, the paint and varnish industry (Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.), the industry of synthetic dyes (Rubezhnoye in the Lugansk region), the chemical-pharmaceutical industry (Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Lvov), and the photochemical industry (Shostkinsky PA "Svema" in the Sumskaya Oblast) are important. region and Kiev factory "Foton").

The main areas where a large number of chemical enterprises are located in Ukraine are the Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the Black Sea region.

Problems and prospects for development. The high concentration of the chemical industry in large and medium-sized industrial centers and certain four regions of the country, the insufficient development of production with low-waste or non-waste technologies, modern waste treatment systems, as well as the residual principle of financing nature conservation and rational environmental management have led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation in many cities and towns. regions of Ukraine. Among them, first of all, is the Lisichansk-Rubezhansky industrial hub, as well as the North Crimean, Cherkasy, Kola, Odessa and others.

In the future, the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine will occur primarily due to

reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises already operating today. They are widely introducing energy- and resource-saving and low- and non-waste technologies, closed-cycle water use schemes, and industrial waste treatment systems.