Gastric duodenitis, what is it? Symptoms and treatment in adults

Duodenitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum. The course of the disease can be acute or chronic. Depending on the area of ​​the pathological process, widespread and limited duodenitis are distinguished.

With lesions in the upper sections, the symptoms of the disease resemble gastric ulcers, and duodenitis in the lower sections causes symptoms similar to pancreatitis or cholecystitis. The disease is accompanied by general weakness, pain in the stomach, heartburn, belching, nausea, and vomiting.

Acute duodenitis, when following a gentle diet (sometimes fasting), usually ends in a few days. Repeated diseases become chronic, complicated by intestinal bleeding, perforation of the intestinal wall, and the development of acute pancreatitis.

What is it?

Duodenitis is an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the duodenum (duodenum), causing structural changes in the mucous membrane and leading to functional disorders of the organ. According to statistics, more than 10% of the population have experienced symptoms of duodenitis - this is the most common pathology of the initial part of the small intestine.

Acute duodenitis

A prerequisite for the rapid development of acute duodenitis is poisoning or a love of oriental spicy dishes. Against their background, inflammatory reactions on the mucous surface of the duodenum provoke the formation of ulcerative and erosive foci, sometimes ulcerative cavities filled with pus (phlegmon) form on the surface layer of the intestine.

Symptoms of duodenitis in adults at the acute stage appear:

1. Acute pain in the stomach area;
2. Digestive disorder;
3. Vomiting, nausea and weakness.

The development of an acute process is almost always provoked by inflammatory reactions in the intestines or stomach. This is often diagnosed as gastric duodenitis, which is fundamentally wrong; inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach cavity has its own name - gastritis.

A provocative role contributing to the development of pathological inflammatory reactions in the mucous structure of the duodenum is played by impaired mobility or peristalsis, which makes it difficult for the thickened contents of the small intestine to move to the outlet (duodenostasis). If the treatment is correctly selected and the patient follows a gentle diet, the inflammatory process in the duodenum stops quite quickly. But, in the case of repeated inflammation of the intestinal walls, the chronic stage of the disease develops.

Chronic duodenitis

Chronic duodenitis can be primary or secondary. Primary chronic duodenitis occurs due to poor diet (eating spicy, irritating, hot foods, alcohol), smoking. Secondary chronic duodenitis is more common - it develops against the background of existing inflammatory diseases, for example, chronic gastritis; duodenal ulcer; improper treatment of acute duodenitis.

According to the degree of structural changes, several variants of chronic duodenitis are distinguished:

• atrophic (thinning of the mucous membrane of the duodenum with the extinction of its secretory function);
• superficial (the inflammatory process affects only the upper layers of the mucous membrane);
• hyperplastic (with excessive tissue growth);
• interstitial (without damage to the glands); erosive-ulcerative (characterized by the appearance of small erosions and ulcers on the mucous membrane).

Symptoms of chronic duodenitis

• heartburn,
• belching,
• feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen (“in the pit of the stomach”),
• loss of appetite,
• sometimes nausea or vomiting of bile,
• constipation

Periods of exacerbation - constant pain in the stomach, intensifying during fasting or 1.5-2 hours after eating. Night pain appears. Some patients complain of headaches, weakness, irritability, shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat, which is associated with impaired hormonal function of the duodenum.

How to treat?

Treatment of chronic duodenitis during periods of exacerbation of the disease is carried out in a hospital. Treatment is prescribed depending on the cause of the disease.

1. When a Helicobacter pylori infection is detected, antibiotics are used.
2. In the presence of giardiasis and helminthiasis, appropriate chemotherapy is prescribed (flagyl, furazolidone, hloxin).
3. To protect the mucous membrane, enveloping drugs (de-nol, sulfacrate) are prescribed. For anti-inflammatory purposes, it is recommended to use decoctions of chamomile and yarrow. Enzyme preparations are prescribed to restore digestion.
4. For increased acidity - drugs that reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid (omeprazole, ranitidine) and antacids that neutralize the acidity of gastric juice (Almagel, Maalox, phosphalugel).

If the cause of duodenitis is impaired motility of the duodenum (duodenostasis), for example, obstruction, it is necessary to establish its cause. If it is associated with a violation of any functions of the digestive organs, treatment of duodenitis is conservative. Frequent meals in small portions, drugs that bind bile and promote its secretion (choleretic) are indicated. Duodenal intubation with duodenal lavage is effective.

In the presence of adhesions, mechanical barriers and other types of obstruction that are not amenable to therapeutic treatment, surgical treatment of duodenitis is indicated. With secondary duodenitis, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.

Symptoms of duodenitis

Duodenitis in adults can begin either suddenly or gradually. It often manifests itself after some kind of dietary excess, alcohol consumption, or stress. Duodenitis is usually difficult to distinguish from other ailments of the digestive system.

After all, duodenitis is characterized by the same clinical symptoms as most other gastroenterological ailments:

• signs of gastric dyspepsia (heaviness, burning or discomfort in the epigastric region; belching, nausea, bloating);
• pain (mild or very intense pain is associated with the type and time of food intake, and occurs in the upper areas of the abdomen: epigastric region, hypochondrium);
• psycho-emotional disorders (unmotivated irritability, tearfulness, rapid emotional exhaustion, etc.);
• problems with stool (chronic diarrhea or systematic constipation, their alternation).

Depending on the combination of symptoms, duodenitis may have the following clinical forms:

• asymptomatic (established in the case of complete absence of clinical manifestations, common among elderly patients);
• cholecyst-like (pain similar to biliary colic, feeling of bitterness in the mouth, vomiting bile);
• gastritis-like (pain occurs after eating and is often accompanied by gastric dyspepsia);
• neurovegetative (sweating, episodes of lightheadedness and weakness, rapid heartbeat, etc.);
• pancreatic-like (patients have pain mainly in the left hypochondrium, “girdling” pain, diarrhea, and vomiting may be observed);
• mixed (with this form, patients exhibit signs of various other forms of duodenitis);
• ulcer-like (the most common variant, “night” and “hungry” pains in the upper abdomen are extremely reminiscent of those that are characteristic of a peptic ulcer; they are combined with sour belching and persistent constipation).

Diagnostics

The clinical picture of duodenitis is diverse and nonspecific; in addition, isolated duodenitis is very rare; as a rule, it is combined with other diseases (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, enteritis, pancreatitis, diseases of the biliary tract). Therefore, reliable diagnosis of chronic duodenitis is possible only with the help of instrumental research methods, such as:

• fibrogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy;
• duodenoscopy;
• pH-metry;
• floor manometry;
• impedancemetry.

In parallel with the diagnosis of duodenitis, it is necessary to conduct a study of the digestive organs associated with the duodenum.

Complications

If you do not seek medical help in a timely manner or do not follow a diet for chronic duodenitis, complications such as:

• ulcer of the duodenal bulb, including complicated by bleeding,
• adhesive small intestinal obstruction caused by the proliferation of connective tissue in the place of constant inflammation on the mucous membrane and in submucosal structures,
• disturbances in the absorption of nutrients (malabsorption), leading to weight loss, unstable stools, disruption of activity and degeneration of internal organs.

Prevention of the development of complications is treatment started on time and compliance with the recommendations of the attending physician.

Treatment of duodenitis

In adults, treatment of duodenitis includes several areas:

• elimination of acute inflammation;
• preventing the disease from becoming chronic;
• restoration of duodenal function;
• normalization of digestion.

Indications for hospitalization for duodenitis:

• exacerbation of duodenitis;
• suspected tumor of the small intestine;
• severe general condition of the patient, advanced cases of the disease;
• inflammation of the serous covering of the duodenum (periduodenitis) and nearby organs;
• presence or threat of bleeding (erosive or ulcerative form of duodenitis).

Mostly treatment is carried out at home. For a speedy recovery, proper sleep, rest, diet, walks, and light physical activity in the absence of pain are necessary. It is necessary to avoid stress, quit smoking and alcohol. Such measures help normalize blood circulation in the duodenum and restore the protective properties of its mucosa.

Drug therapy

Treatment of duodenitis in adults includes the following groups of drugs:

• antibiotics, which are recommended to be taken when Helicobacter Pylori bacteria are detected;
• proton pump inhibitors, which block the glands that are responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid (for example, Omeprazole);
• antacids that have an enveloping and local analgesic effect, since they neutralize hydrochloric acid (Almagel, Maalox);
• H2-histamine blockers used in the presence of ulcer-like duodenitis; drugs from this group suppress the production of hydrochloric acid (ranitidine, famotidine);
• multienzyme preparations that promote the absorption of food and normalize digestion;
• prokinetics prescribed when gastritis-like duodenitis is diagnosed; they affect intestinal motility and have an antiemetic effect;
• antispasmodics that relieve intestinal spasms and eliminate pain.

Each patient is selected an individual pharmacological therapy regimen depending on the form and clinical characteristics of the disease.

Diet for duodenitis

Proper nutrition plays a key role in the treatment of duodenitis. In case of acute inflammation or exacerbation of chronic duodenitis, for the first 3-5 days you must adhere to a strict diet 1A. Its basis is slimy decoctions of cereals (rice, rolled oats), pureed soups, liquid milk porridges (semolina, buckwheat flour) and baby food products. Chicken or lean fish (pike perch) in the form of puree or steam soufflé are allowed once a day. Meals are fractional: 6 times a day, in small portions.

• ulcer-like duodenitis - diet No. 1;
• gastritis-like duodenitis (with reduced gastric secretion) - diet No. 2;
• cholecysto- and pancreatitis-like duodenitis diet – No. 5.

If signs of duodenitis appear, you should not self-medicate with various folk remedies, which can only be additional methods of therapy. Otherwise, severe complications are possible in the form of intestinal bleeding, malabsorption syndrome, peptic ulcer or intestinal obstruction. It is important to remember that duodenitis is a disease that responds well to traditional treatment, so it is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner.

Forecast

The prognosis for acute and chronic forms of the disease is favorable. Complete recovery after acute duodenitis almost always occurs if factors that irritate the duodenal mucosa are excluded.

If the patient develops complications, the prognosis for life remains favorable, but the prognosis for health is questionable due to dysfunction of the internal organs. In some cases, in the presence of scar damage to the intestinal bulb, with frequent exacerbations of peptic ulcer disease (3-4 times a year or more), with a decrease in body weight by more than 15%, anemia and other laboratory abnormalities, dystrophy, and also if necessary surgical treatment, the patient may be assigned a disability.

Content

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum (duodenitis) is the most common disease of the initial part of the small intestine. According to statistics, 10% of the world's population have experienced symptoms of this disease at least once in their lives. Duodenitis equally affects representatives of different age groups, but in men it is diagnosed 2 times more often.

What is duodenitis

The initial section of the small intestine is the duodenum, which plays an important role in digestion. The organ is located next to the stomach at the level of 1-3 lumbar vertebrae. Sometimes the pathology of this part of the small intestine develops independently, but more often it is a consequence of chronic inflammation in other parts of the digestive system. The chronic course of the disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms that make it difficult to make a correct diagnosis.

Reasons

Inflammation of the duodenum may be a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle. This form of the disease is called primary. Secondary duodenitis develops as a result of inadequate treatment of gastritis, ulcerative lesions of the duodenum and stomach. As a rule, the primary form of the disease is caused by:

There are factors that can provoke chronic duodenitis. The disease can develop against the background of:

• pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas);
• liver pathologies;
• intestinal diseases;
• diseases of the biliary tract;
• immunodeficiency;
• renal failure;
• cardiovascular diseases.

Classification

Chronic duodenitis is divided according to several criteria: localization, clinical picture, etiology, morphological (tissue) characteristics, phase of the disease. According to the prevalence, inflammation of the duodenum can be total (the entire organ is involved) or local (limited). In addition, the following forms are distinguished:

• diffuse (the mucous membrane of the entire organ is inflamed);
• focal (a small area is inflamed);
• interstitial (there is no atrophy of the digestive glands of the intestine);
• erosive-ulcerative (there are wounds on the mucous membrane).

Morphological signs are the same for all types of pathology, the only difference is the prevalence of the process. A special type of chronic form of duodenitis is superficial, which is characterized by thickening of the mucous membrane and organ and is the most common form of the disease. Based on visual data during endoscopic examination, the following types of disease are established:

• erythematous (the mucous membrane turns red and swells);
• hemorrhagic (hemorrhages are detected);
• atrophic (signs of thinning of the mucous membrane, translucent vessels, etc.);
• nodular (in the presence of small formations resembling nodules in structure);
• erosive (with partial or complete destruction of the surface of the mucous membrane).

The clinical picture of chronic stage duodenitis is varied. If the inflammatory process occurs in the area of ​​the duodenal bulb (proximal form), then it is called bulbitis. Sometimes the pathology is localized in the bulbous regions (distal, or postbulbar form of duodenitis). Rarely does inflammation spread to the large duodenal papilla (papillitis); even less often, it covers the entire organ (diffuse duodenitis).

Frequent signs of a chronic disease are pain in the stomach, dyspeptic disorders (difficulty in digestion, heaviness in the stomach), vomiting, nausea. During the period of exacerbation the following are observed:

• headaches;
• cramping pain in the epigastrium (upper abdomen);
• feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
• autonomic disorders (sweating, rapid heartbeat, dilated pupils and others);
• general malaise.

Symptoms of duodenitis

Pain due to duodenitis may appear suddenly or increase gradually. Often the disease manifests itself after consuming fatty foods or excessive amounts of alcohol. In chronic duodenitis, symptoms are less pronounced than in the acute phase of the disease. Inflammation of the duodenum in the indolent stage is difficult to distinguish from other pathologies of the digestive system, because it is characterized by similar clinical signs:

• pain of varying intensity that occurs in the upper abdomen, hypochondrium, behind the sternum during meals;
• problems with stool (alternating constipation and diarrhea);
• signs of gastric dyspepsia (burning, heaviness, discomfort in the epigastric and epigastric region, bloating, distension of the abdomen, nausea, belching, heartburn, coated tongue, bitterness in the mouth);
• psycho-emotional disorders (tearfulness, unmotivated irritability).

Diagnostics

A specialist may suspect chronic duodenitis after the first conversation and examination of the patient. The patient’s complaints and anamnesis (history of development) of the pathology are taken into account. For final verification of the diagnosis, a comprehensive examination will be required. Depending on the clinical situation, the doctor may recommend several of the following tests:

Treatment of chronic duodenitis

The therapeutic regimen includes complex treatment of duodenitis. It consists of several events:

• elimination of symptoms with the help of medications of different groups;
• a diet aimed at enriching the body with proteins and vitamins;
• in case of prolonged exacerbation and ineffectiveness of pain relief, prescribing antidepressants;
• auxiliary treatment with folk remedies.

All events are held at home. For a speedy recovery, the patient should stop smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages, and avoid stressful situations. The patient needs proper sleep, rest, light physical activity and regular walks in the fresh air. During the period of remission (weakening or absence of signs of the disease), sanatorium-resort treatment is indicated.

Diet

Even severe duodenitis can be cured by correcting the diet. A big role is given not only to the correct choice of products, but also to the method of preparing them and the mode of eating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day. Products should be steamed, boiled or baked. Fried, spicy, smoked foods are strictly prohibited. The diet limits daily consumption of table salt to 10 g. Prohibited foods:

• cream, biscuit confectionery products;
• coarse fiber: peas, lentils, beans and other legumes;
• fatty meats: pork, lamb, beef;
• sour foods; sauerkraut, lemons, vinegar, currants;
• fresh baked goods;
• strong coffee, tea;
• sauces, incl. mayonnaise, ketchup;
• horseradish, radish, ginger.

A diet for chronic duodenitis implies an increased content of healthy foods in the diet. A menu with varied and tasty dishes can be made from the following products:

• Porridge, cereal soups. Rice and oatmeal are especially beneficial. Oatmeal jelly has an enveloping effect. It is recommended to cook porridges and soups with diluted milk.
• Vegetables in the form of puree. At lunch you are allowed to eat carrots, pumpkin, cabbage, and potatoes.
• Fish, meat with low fat content. Veal, chicken, rabbit, river fish are allowed.
• Bread. Crackers are allowed.
• Eggs. You can soft-boil them or make omelettes.
• Dairy products. Cottage cheese and low-fat kefir are especially useful.

Drug therapy

Treatment of duodenitis with medications includes the prescription of different groups of drugs. In most cases, an integrated approach is carried out by simultaneous administration of several drugs. The following groups of medications are used to treat inflammation of the duodenum:

• Antibiotics. Used to detect Helicobacter pylori. The antibacterial course includes oral administration of 2-3 drugs for 10 days. Among them are Metronidazole, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline.
• Antispasmodics. Used for severe pain and pronounced discomfort. Medicines reduce the intensity of pain and inflammation is eliminated. Take orally or intramuscularly for 1-3 weeks. Doctors prefer myotropic antispasmodics, which, as a result of a direct relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the organ, alleviate pain and discomfort. No-shpa, Papaverine, Drotaverine.
• Antacids. Drugs that effectively combat high acidity in the gastrointestinal tract. Medicines are produced in the form of tablets, emulsions, gels, and solutions. The average course of treatment is 2-4 weeks. The most effective drugs: Maalox, Phosphalugel, Gaviscon.
• Histamine blockers. These are medications that reduce secretion (production of hydrochloric acid). The course of treatment with tablets is 3-4 weeks. Popular antisecretory agents: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Ranitidine.
• Prokinetics. Medicines that regulate intestinal motility. They accelerate the passage of feces through the gastrointestinal tract, improve peristalsis, and stimulate smooth muscles. The course of treatment with tablets ranges from several days to several months. Among them are: Itomed, Cerucal, Motilium.
• Enzymes for digestion. Normalize the process of breakdown of proteins, fats, carbohydrates. After consumption, the process of food digestion normalizes. The course of treatment is 10-14 days. The best multienzyme drugs: Creon, Pancreatin, Mezim.
• Proton pump inhibitors. The action of the tablets is aimed at reducing the production of gastric juice. They are always used in complex therapy with antibacterial drugs. The course of treatment ranges from several days to several months. The best medicines: Acrilanz, Gastrozol, Omez.

Folk remedies

Chronic duodenitis, after consultation with a doctor, can be additionally treated with medicinal herbs. Restoring the functions of the duodenum and normalizing digestion will happen quickly if you use the following recipes:

• Herbal decoction No. 1. Take one part each of tansy, calamus and valerian roots, and anise fruit. Pour 0.5 liters of water into 5 g of the mixture and boil for 15 minutes over low heat. Let the broth brew for 2 hours, then strain and take 0.5 cups 3 times a day 1 hour before meals for 14 days.
• Herbal decoction No. 2. Mix equal amounts of centaury grass, calamus and dandelion roots, and wormwood. One tbsp. l. Boil the collection in 200 ml of water, then let it brew for 20 minutes, strain, use 1/3 cup 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 2 weeks.
• Sea buckthorn oil. Take 500 g of fresh sea buckthorn, wash, dry, and mash. Pour 0.5 liter of any vegetable oil over the crushed berries and let it brew for a week. Then strain the product, rub the cake through a sieve, consume 1 tbsp once a day on an empty stomach. l. Treat yourself with sea buckthorn for 2 weeks. After 7 days, therapy can be repeated.

Prevention

It is necessary to follow a number of rules to prevent the occurrence of chronic duodenitis. Each potential patient needs:

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Duodenitis is called inflammation. It rarely occurs in isolation. The anatomical and functional connection in the upper sections with the stomach creates favorable conditions for the spread of the process from the pylorus to the bulb.

The term "gastric duodenitis" is erroneous. The correct name for damage to both organs is gastroduodenitis. In the lower zone, the ducts of the gallbladder and pancreas enter the intestine through the papilla of Vater. This means that duodenitis necessarily accompanies cholecystitis, cholangitis, cholelithiasis, and pancreatitis.

Treatment of duodenitis in adults is often associated with restoration of the secretory activity of the stomach and pancreas, and bile secretion. In 94% the disease is chronic. Men suffer 2 times more often. In children, the pathology usually manifests itself in an acute form. It can be treated well with diet and herbal medicine.

Why does inflammation of the duodenum occur?

There are primary and secondary duodenitis. If primary is an independent pathology, then secondary is always a complication of other diseases of the digestive organs. The mechanism of development of primary inflammation of the duodenum is irritation of the mucous membrane by gastric acid.

Under normal conditions, the pyloric region “extinguishes” acidity and food enters the intestine slightly alkaline. The epithelium of the duodenum is not adapted to the effects of acid, so it becomes inflamed; with chronic exposure, degenerative processes and atrophy occur in the wall. The main reason for the failure of the normal functioning of the initial part of the intestine is the nutritional factor.

An adult himself creates such a violation, preferring to use:

• fried foods;
• alcohol;
• hot seasonings;
• smoked meat products;
• fast food;
• canned food

Irregular consumption of food (overeating, infatuation with fashionable starvation diets, strong coffee), a tendency to eat dry food, and smoking lead to duodenitis. Changing the regulation of digestive processes at the level of the nervous and endocrine systems is important. Frequent stressful situations, overexertion, lack of regular rest, and night work lead to disruption of adaptation mechanisms.

Daily consumption of these convenient products, rich in preservatives, leads to duodenitis

The causes of secondary duodenitis may be diseases of neighboring organs, involving the duodenum in the inflammatory process:

• infection with Helicobacter pylori from the stomach;
• chronic gastritis;
• intestinal diseases (colitis, enteritis, Crohn's disease);
• peptic ulcer;
• hepatitis;
• calculous and acalculous cholecystitis, atony of the biliary tract with bile stagnation;
• pancreatitis;
• impaired blood supply due to atherosclerosis of mesenteric vessels;
• changes in innervation after wounds, trauma, operations in the abdominal cavity.

Cases create conditions for disruption of the duodenum. It retains the incoming contents (bolus, bile, pancreatic juice). Due to impaired peristalsis and enzyme balance, duodenostasis and inflammation occur. In the future, ulcer formation, perforation into the abdominal cavity, adhesions with other intestinal loops, and obstruction are possible.

Varieties

The classification of duodenitis, as already noted, provides for the identification of primary and secondary diseases, acute and chronic forms. Since it is chronic pathology that is most significant for damage to intestinal functions, it is divided according to different criteria into more precise types of disease.

Depending on the location: the focus of inflammation is located in the area bordering the stomach (bulb) - bulbitis, in the lower sections - postbulbar duodenitis. In terms of prevalence, the process can be local (small, limited) or diffuse (cover the entire intestine).

The development of endoscopic capabilities has made it possible to identify the following forms based on the picture of the lesion:

• erythematous;
• hemorrhagic;
• atrophic;
• erosive;
• nodular

Depending on the results of a morphological study of tissues in areas of inflammation, duodenitis is distinguished: superficial (catarrhal), interstitial, atrophic. Special specific forms include inflammation in tuberculosis, candidomycosis, Crohn's disease, Whipple's disease, and intestinal amyloidosis.

The existing clinical classification is more dependent on the manifestations of symptoms indicating the cause of the lesion. There are acidopeptic bulbitis (usually combined with hyperacid gastritis, peptic ulcer), duodenitis with enteritis and other intestinal lesions, inflammation due to duodenostasis, focal duodenitis of the papilla of Vater (peripapillary diverticulitis).

Symptoms in adults

In adult patients, signs of duodenitis reflect ongoing chronic inflammation. They give manifestations similar to the diseases that caused the response of the duodenum. Symptoms of inflammation in the acidopeptic form of duodenitis are expressed by an ulcer-like syndrome with intense pain in the epigastric region on an empty stomach, at night, 1.5–2 hours after eating.

The enteric variant is manifested by signs of intestinal dyspepsia (diarrhea, constipation), impaired absorption of nutrients, protein, vitamins, and water. The pain syndrome is characterized by spastic contractions around the navel and aching sensations below the epigastrium.

Based on the nature of the pain, one can assume the localization of the inflamed area

Duodenostasis is manifested by attacks of bursting pain. They are located in the epigastric region, in the hypochondrium on the right. They radiate to the back, lower back, collarbone and shoulder. Patients are concerned about constant rumbling in the abdomen, bloating, bitter belching, nausea, and vomiting with bile. Disturbed innervation causes reflux of contents into the stomach and further into the esophagus.

Gastric reflux in this case is triggered due to a systemic disturbance in the movement of food from the upper intestine. Local inflammation in the area of ​​the papilla prevents the outflow of bile, so symptoms of biliary atony appear (expanding dull pain in the hypochondrium on the right, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, nausea).

With calculous cholecystitis, moderate yellowness of the skin and sclera occurs, urine darkens, and feces become lighter due to the release of bilirubin into the blood. Simultaneous damage to the pancreas and duodenum is expressed by severe girdle pain in the upper third of the abdomen, lower back, and both hypochondriums.

Chronic duodenitis leads to cell degeneration and causes a decrease in the synthesis of enzymes involved in digestion (secretin, enkephalins). Insufficiency affects not only the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, but also causes changes in the nervous system. Therefore, there are general symptoms (increased fatigue, weakness, irritability, insomnia, headaches).

Forms of the disease

The clinical manifestations of duodenitis are disguised as other diseases, so doctors distinguish between forms. Distinctive features are presented in the table.

Form name	Symptoms
Ulcer-like	Pain in the epigastric region or slightly to the right, disturbing at night, on an empty stomach, aching, pulling, does not radiate, accompanied by belching with bitterness, heartburn. The condition improves after eating and drinking milk.
Gastritis-like	The pain is provoked by eating, occurs after 15–30 minutes, and is characterized by dyspepsia in the form of nausea, vomiting, belching, diarrhea, and bloating. Patients have no appetite and there is constant rumbling in the stomach.
Cholecyst-like or pancreatic-like	Intense pain in the hypochondrium on the right, left, or encircling, radiates to the shoulder blades, up to the shoulder and collarbone, occurs in paroxysms, accompanied by bitter vomiting, diarrhea, and bloating.
Neurovegetative	The main manifestations are secretory deficiency, hormonal and autonomic disorders: weakness, dizziness, headaches, insomnia, irritability, sweating, dumping syndrome.
Mixed	Combines symptoms of different forms.
Asymptomatic	It is observed in old age against the background of systemic atherosclerotic vascular lesions and dystrophy of the duodenal epithelium. Revealed by chance.

Disease in childhood

In children, duodenitis is more often acute and is associated with gastritis. The main reasons are considered:

• food poisoning (toxicoinfection);
• consumption of “adult” dishes, fatty foods, spices for which the child’s digestive system is not ready (alcohol for teenagers);
• congenital intestinal abnormalities causing duodenostasis;
• frequent eating of preservatives, fast food;
• poor chewing of rough foods;
• carbonated drinks;
• allergies and the consequences of using certain medications (aspirin, sulfonamides, antibiotics);
• helminth infection, giardiasis;
• household poisoning with detergents, solvents;
• stressful conditions.

Parents should learn to hide dangerous bottles from children

Inadequate nutrition, exposure of the gastric and duodenal mucosa to poisons, toxins, and infectious agents lead to inflammation. Pediatricians explain the formation of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastroduodenal zone as depending on the ratio of local defense factors and the strength of aggression in the child’s body.

Protection is provided by the secretion of mucus, the ability to restore the epithelium, sufficient blood supply, inhibition of the production of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, the secretion of saliva and pancreatic juice, and preserved duodenal motility. Aggressive factors include: pepsin, hydrochloric acid, bile acids.

Acute inflammation is characterized by:

• temperature rise to 38–39 degrees;
• signs of intoxication (weakness, headache);
• pain in the upper abdomen;
• nausea, vomiting;
• loss of appetite;
• belching;
• increased salivation;
• diarrhea or constipation;
• bloating;
• increased heart rate.

Chronic duodenitis occurs rarely in children. In such cases, the symptoms do not differ from adults.

How is the disease diagnosed?

The main diagnostic method is esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Obtaining a visually accessible endoscopic picture makes it possible to determine the degree of spread, the form of the disease, identify the transition to an ulcer, and take material for a biopsy.

Endoscopic procedures are unpleasant, but provide the most convincing picture of the pathology

Other examination methods are additional:

• X-ray with contrast of the stomach and duodenum - allows you to examine the contours of organs, identify congestion in case of impaired motility;
• study of the acidity of gastric juice - indicates the presence of an active irritant when the level increases;
• duodenal intubation - makes it possible to check the composition of bile, detect a tendency to form stones, infectious agents;
• biochemical blood tests - necessary to analyze the functional state of the liver and the activity of the pancreas;
• coprogram - indicates hidden bleeding, reflects the results of the digestion process.

Complications

Both acute and chronic forms of inflammation of the duodenum without timely treatment can cause more severe complications:

• bleeding from the eroded mucosal surface;
• the formation of an ulcer penetrating deep into the wall;
• perforation of the intestine, release of contents into the abdominal cavity with the development of peritonitis;
• duodenostasis and reflux of contents into the stomach, then the esophagus contributes to the development of esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), possibly gastroesophageal reflux disease;
• deformation of the intestine, narrowing of the lumen with signs of high obstruction;
• adhesions with the intestines and neighboring organs, complicating motor activity;
• acute and chronic pancreatitis.

How to treat duodenitis depending on the form of the disease?

Treatment of duodenal inflammation depends on the specific clinical form of the disease. In case of acidopeptic chronic duodenitis, it is necessary to provide ways of influencing relief from the influence of Helicobacter pylori infection (eradication course).

Strengthening local protection of the mucous membrane (suppression of hydrochloric acid synthesis with proton pump blockers, antacid drugs, H 2 blockers), prescribing medications with an enveloping effect. The use of enzymes to ensure restoration of the digestive process.

Detection of helminths and lamblia will require courses of specific drugs with monitoring of cure. If duodenitis occurs in the enteric variant, then in the treatment process great importance is given to the exclusion from the diet of coarse foods that are difficult to digest in the intestines (milk, legumes, cabbage, raw vegetables and fruits).

To restore intestinal flora, probiotics, vitamins, and enzymatic preparations are needed.

Identification of duodenostasis makes it necessary to eliminate the causes of stagnation and obstruction. Conservative methods include the use of: nutrition in fractional small portions (with the prohibition of any foods that stimulate bile secretion), drugs that enhance the transport function, removal of bile acids, duodenal intubation with removal of contents and intestinal lavage.

If the delay is caused by a mechanical obstacle (adhesions, stone, tumor), then surgical treatment with resection and removal of the affected area is effective.

How should a sick person eat?

For patients with peptic ulcer disease, a dietary option is recommended. The diet depends on the stage of exacerbation, attenuation, remission, and the acidity of gastric juice. If the patient is diagnosed with increased acidity, then tables No. 1a, No. 1b are assigned sequentially, and in the recovery phase - No. 1.

Against the background of secretory insufficiency, nutrition according to the type of table No. 2 is recommended. It is distinguished by the presence of sap substances. Diet 1a is prescribed for no longer than 2 weeks. It is as gentle as possible, excludes any physical and chemical irritants, but is low in calories.

Table 1b is recommended for a month. It is physiologically complete, but excludes spicy, fried foods, smoking, coarse fiber, salt, and remains pureed. The patient must follow the rules of diet No. 1 for another 6 months. It is considered moderately gentle, allowing for lumpy boiled meat, finely chopped vegetables, and hard-boiled cereals.

You cannot reduce the amount of food you eat (at least 6 times a day), overload your stomach at night, drink alcohol, carbonated drinks, eat fried and fatty foods. The chronic process requires following the rules of table No. 5, since most often the patient remains in remission with functional changes in the biliary system.

Any nutrition for duodenitis should be agreed with your doctor

Is it possible to cope with duodenitis using folk remedies?

With the help of popular recommendations, you can support the restoration of the mucous membrane during remission. It is not recommended to use herbal medicine in the acute period. Any means must correspond to the individual acidity of gastric juice. A decoction of rosehip or chamomile has a general anti-inflammatory effect and can be drunk in any case.

St. John's wort and plantain herbs should not be taken by patients with high acidity.

If you are prone to duodenostasis, you should consult with an experienced specialist. In this condition, medicinal plants that enhance bile synthesis are not indicated, but cholekinetics that stimulate the motor activity of the ducts and duodenum can be taken.

Since duodenitis often accompanies and aggravates other pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic patients need to adhere to recommendations for the prevention of exacerbations, proper nutrition and regimen. The appearance of additional disorders is extremely undesirable and quickly affects the risk of complications.

Diseases of the stomach and duodenum (DPC) are the most common pathologies of the digestive tract. Many people suffer from duodenitis. Its treatment is a rather pressing problem. Indeed, due to its anatomical location, it leads to disruption of the pancreas and gallbladder, as well as their ducts. The whole body suffers from this.

What is duodenitis

Duodenitis is an inflammation that occurs in the initial part of the mucous membrane of the small intestine. An isolated process of only the duodenal bulb is bulbitis. If the stomach is also affected - gastroduodenitis.

The ducts of the pancreas and gallbladder open in the duodenum. Enzymes, bile and juices of the small intestine contribute to the further breakdown of food. They ensure the absorption of nutrients and the movement of the food bolus through the gastrointestinal tract.

The duodenum functions constantly and very intensively. That is why any violations can negatively affect its work and lead to inflammation - duodenitis.

The pathological process in the duodenum leads to reactive inflammation:

• pancreas (pancreatitis);
• gallbladder (cholecystitis);
• bile ducts (cholecystocholangitis).

How to cure a disease - video

Classification of duodenitis

There are two forms of inflammation of the duodenum:

1. Spicy. This pathology is manifested by pain in the upper abdomen (epigastric region), nausea, and weakness. The patient experiences acute discomfort when palpating (feeling) the abdomen. Vomiting may occur, and most often repeatedly. As the purulent process develops, signs of peritoneal irritation appear, weakness and nausea increase. An acute process can be:
   • catarrhal (superficial lesion);
   • erosive-ulcerative;
   • phlegmonous (purulent).
2. Chronic. Clinically, this form is manifested by dull, constant pain in the epigastrium, nausea, decreased appetite, and vomiting if the diet is not followed. Patients complain of a feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen, especially after eating.

Chronic duodenitis is divided into:

With an increase in the number and size of the duodenal glands, they speak of hyperplastic duodenitis.

Treatment

A gastroenterologist deals with the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including inflammation of the duodenum. If there are indications for surgical intervention, the pathology is treated by a surgeon.

Inpatient treatment is indicated in the following cases of duodenitis:

• severe pain syndrome;
• complications such as bleeding, perforation (perforation of the integrity of the intestinal wall), acute pancreatitis, peritonitis;
• difficulties in diagnosis;
• damage throughout the intestine;
• severe concomitant gastrointestinal diseases;
• neglect of the process;
• suspicion of malignancy.

In all other cases, outpatient therapy is permitted under the supervision of a physician, in compliance with all recommendations.

Treatment lasts from 1–2 months to six months. It depends on the form and severity of duodenitis.

When treating at home, the patient is given the following recommendations:

• compliance with the principles of dietary nutrition;
• normalization of sleep and rest patterns;
• giving up bad habits (smoking, alcohol);
• avoiding emotional and physical overload;
• refusal of junk food (chips, crackers, soda, candy bars);
• providing moderate physical activity (swimming, walking).

Diet therapy

Nutritional therapy is the basis for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

The main principles of the diet for inflammation of the duodenum:

1. During an exacerbation, food should be thermally and chemically gentle, pureed, pureed, steamed.
2. Complete exclusion of fried, salty, spicy, smoked foods.
3. Pickles, marinades, and sausages are limited in consumption.
4. Products containing coarse fiber (cabbage, corn, carrots, apples, radishes) are limited.
5. Prohibited: onions, radishes, mustard, garlic, horseradish, spices, fatty and stringy meat, lard, mushrooms, whole milk, sharp cheeses, baked goods, puff pastry products, rye bread, strong meat broths.
6. The diet is fractional (5-6 times), in small portions. The patient should not experience severe hunger.

Prohibited products - gallery

Mustard must be avoided
Onions cause irritation to the mucous membranes
Mushrooms are a prohibited product for duodenitis
Baking is contraindicated for patients suffering from inflammation of the duodenum.
Cabbage contains coarse fiber, so intake of the product is limited

Drug therapy

The choice of medications depends on the nature of the inflammatory process.

For the treatment of duodenitis use:

With an ulcer-like course:

1. Agents that neutralize hydrochloric acid (antacids): Rennie, Phosphalugel, Almagel, Gastal, Gaviscon.
2. Gastroprotectors. These are drugs that have an antacid, anti-Helicobacter effect and protect mucosal cells from irritation. The drug De-nol is most often used.
3. Proton pump inhibitors. They reduce the secretion of gastric juice. Recommended: Nolpaza, Omeprazole, Losek, Ultop.

For Helicobacter pylori infection:

• triple therapy: Ranitidine, Clarithromycin, Metronidazole;
• quadruple therapy: Omeprazole, De-nol, Metronidazole and Tetracycline.

With cholecyst-like course:

1. Agents that stimulate bile production: Allohol, Ursosan, Nikodin, Flamin, Hofitol.
2. Medicines that promote the secretion of bile: Motilium, Motilak, Cholecystokinin.
3. Antispasmodics that relieve pain and spasms: Duspatalin, No-shpa, Dolce.
4. Enzymes, for example, Creon.

For severe pain, analgesics and antispasmodics are used:

• Atropine;
• Platyfillin;
• Analgin;
• Tramal.

For duodenitis, which is accompanied by diarrhea, medications are recommended:

• Smecta;
• Enterosgel;
• Activated carbon.

Drugs that improve intestinal motility:

• Domperidone;
• Gastrosil;
• Cerucal.

Enzyme preparations:

• Mezim;
• Festal;
• Pancreatin.

Pre- and probiotics - to normalize intestinal microflora:

• Acipol;
• Baktisubtil;
• Hilak forte;

What medications to treat the disease - gallery

Rennie neutralizes hydrochloric acid De-Nol protects the mucous membrane from irritation
Nolpaza reduces the secretion of gastric juice
Ursosan stimulates bile production
Motilium promotes bile secretion
No-spa eliminates spasms
Neosmectin is used for diarrhea
Linex normalizes microflora

Physiotherapeutic methods

Physiotherapy is prescribed to treat inflammation of the duodenum. This therapy eliminates pain, improves motility and blood supply to the mucosa.

For this use:

1. Electrosleep. The nervous system is affected by low-frequency current. This event promotes the restoration of affected tissues, relieves spasms and activates metabolism.
2. Galvanic collar. Impact on tissues with direct current. The procedure accelerates regeneration, reduces pain, activates blood circulation and nutrition of the affected areas.
3. Pearl baths. This is a procedure that involves hydromassage. The event is called pearl baths because the water contains many small bubbles that visually resemble small pearls. Baths promote relaxation, relieve pain and spasms. They reduce inflammation and activate microcirculation.
4. Amplipulse therapy. The event is based on the impact of modular sinusoidal currents on the affected area. The procedure eliminates pain, activates blood circulation, and provides improved tissue nutrition.
5. Magnetic and laser therapy. The abdomen is exposed to a laser or magnetic field. The measures effectively eliminate spasms and reduce inflammation.
6. Electrophoresis of antispasmodics. Thanks to the electric current, deeper penetration of painkillers into the tissue is achieved.
7. Paraffin and mud applications. These are effective measures that reduce inflammation and reduce pain.
8. Balneotherapy. In the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the duodenum, treatment with mineral waters is used. The following are appointed: Borjomi, Rychal - Su, Essentuki No. 4, Narzan.

With the ulcerative form of duodenitis, you need to wait until the inflammation subsides. Only during remission is it possible to prescribe physiotherapy.

For patients suffering from chronic diseases of the digestive tract, annual sanatorium-resort treatment is indicated (Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki). It is resolved after 3 months after the exacerbation.

If malignant degeneration is suspected, physiotherapy should be completely abandoned.

Surgical intervention

This treatment is indicated for:

• a long-term process that does not respond to conservative therapy;
• non-healing ulcers and erosions on the mucous membrane;
• sudden bleeding;
• acute inflammation: phlegmon and/or peritonitis;

Folk remedies

Healing recipes have been used since ancient times to treat diseases of the stomach and intestines.

For this purpose use:

1. Infusion of viburnum fruits. Pour a glass of boiling water over the raw materials (1–2 tbsp.). Leave for 4 hours in a warm place. Drink the strained infusion 3-4 times a day, one glass at a time.
2. Propolis solution. Dry propolis (100 g) is poured with alcohol (70%). They insist for 10 days. In this case, the container is shaken daily. The product is filtered. Drink 15 drops diluted in milk (1 tablespoon) before meals, 3 times.
3. Flax seed. Pour the raw materials (2 tbsp) into a thermos with boiling water (0.5 l). Infuse and filter. Drink half a glass before meals, 3 times a day.
4. Decoction of marshmallow rhizome. Place chopped marshmallow (1 tbsp) in a glass of water. Cook for 1 minute. Leave for half an hour. Strain the mixture. Take 1 tbsp. l. 3 times before meals.
5. White cabbage juice. After chopping the cabbage leaves, carefully squeeze out the juice. You need to take half a glass before meals, 3 times.
6. Sea buckthorn oil. The product is used 1 tbsp. l. before meals, 4 times a day.
7. Honey. It is recommended to stir the bee treat (1 tsp) in a glass of warm water. You need to drink a glass 3 times a day.
8. Aloe juice. This remedy is taken 1 tbsp. l. before meals, three times during the day.
9. Medicinal infusion. Centaury grass and fennel seeds (50 g each) are mixed and poured with a glass of boiling water. Leave for 30 minutes. It is recommended to drink half a glass 2 times a day.

Folk remedies do not exclude, but complement drug therapy. Their appointment must be agreed with the doctor. Especially if the patient is a child. Flax seed helps treat duodenitis
Sea buckthorn oil has a positive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract
Aloe juice is an excellent cure for duodenitis

Homeopathic medicines

Homeopathic remedies can also be used to treat gastrointestinal diseases.

For this purpose, use:

• Natrium Sulfuricum;
• Phosphoricum;
• Gepar Sulfur;
• Antimonium Crudur.

It should be noted that there is no specific cure for duodenitis. Therefore, drugs are selected individually for each patient based on symptoms.

Features of treatment for children and adults

In the treatment of duodenitis, it is necessary to take into account the patient’s age and condition:

1. Children need to calculate the dosage correctly. In addition, many medications are contraindicated for treating children. Therefore, self-treatment is strictly prohibited.
2. If the duodenum is affected in a pregnant woman, it should be remembered that any medications must be prescribed by a doctor. For example, Atropine can cause miscarriage, and Tetracycline can cause congenital deformities of the fetus. Therefore, during the period of bearing a child, you should not self-medicate. Taking any drug or traditional medicine must be agreed with your doctor.

Duodenitis is a common intestinal disease that occurs in both adults and children. The causes of pathological processes in the duodenum can be very different. The treatment of the disease is based on adherence to the principles of diet therapy, medication and physiotherapeutic methods of influencing the pathological focus. Only timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of duodenitis will help avoid serious complications.

Chronic duodenitis is a long-term inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, which over time leads to disruption of digestive function. According to doctors, every fifth adult suffers from this disease. Most often, chronic duodenitis develops secondarily, under the influence of pathologies of neighboring organs. The disease does not threaten the patient's life, but the likelihood of a complete cure is low.

Classification of chronic duodenitis

Depending on whether the disease affects an unchanged organ or occurs under the influence of another pathology, chronic gastroduodenitis can be primary (about 25% of cases) or secondary.

According to the prevalence of inflammation - limited (within one anatomical section of the duodenum) or diffuse.

According to the morphological changes occurring in the structure of the mucous membrane, chronic duodenitis can be:

• weak - the structure of the mucosa is generally preserved, but there are signs of inflammation: lymphocytes appear between the epithelial cells, the number of lymphoid follicles (special structures consisting of immunocompetent cells) is increased;
• moderate - the superficial villi of the epithelium are shortened;
• severe - the villi are greatly shortened, there are many lymphocytes between the epithelial cells, and erosions are often visible.

Depending on how deeply the mucous membrane is affected and the severity of atrophy resulting from prolonged inflammation, duodenitis can be:

• superficial;
• diffuse - the process extends to the entire thickness of the mucosa, accompanied by blood and lymphostasis;
• atrophic - the mucous membrane is thinned, villi and glandular cells are less than normal, connective tissue is actively growing.

In addition, there is a classification of chronic duodenitis according to the clinical picture, but this will be discussed in more detail in the “Symptoms” section.

Causes of chronic duodenitis

Chronic duodenitis - causes, symptoms, treatment, dietary table

Primary chronic duodenitis most often occurs due to regular errors in nutrition and abuse of irritating foods. Smoking is considered one of the provoking factors: nicotine constricts blood vessels, including the vessels of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, and against the background of insufficient blood supply, its protective and restorative abilities are reduced.

As a result, the balance between the protective properties of the mucous membrane and damaging effects is disrupted, which causes inflammation. That is why it is quite difficult to completely cure chronic duodenitis: to do this, you need to identify and eliminate the root cause.

Symptoms of chronic duodenitis

Depending on the clinical form of chronic duodenitis, pain and heaviness in the abdomen may be accompanied by constipation or diarrhea

Symptoms of chronic duodenitis may vary depending on its clinical form.

Ulcerative duodenitis most often occurs against the background of ulcerative or erosive lesions of the mucous membrane, Helicobacter pylori infection; inflammation is most active in the area of ​​the duodenal bulb. Abdominal pain occurs several hours after eating or on an empty stomach, often at night, and goes away soon after eating or using antacids. Often accompanied by sour belching, heartburn, and a tendency to constipation.

Gastritis-like duodenitis usually develops against the background of atrophic gastritis, provoked by Helicobacter, and is accompanied by duodenogastric reflux (reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach). Less commonly, it occurs due to congenital anomalies and acquired (scar) deformities of the intestine, which impede the normal movement of food through the duodenum. Immediately after eating, pain and heaviness appear in the abdomen, belching of air or rotten food. The patient is losing weight for no apparent reason; in addition to pain and stomach discomfort, he complains of flatulence and frequent diarrhea.

Cholecyst-like and pancreatic-like The variants of duodenitis differ only in the location of the pain: on the right with cholecyst-like duodenitis and on the left with pancreatic-like duodenitis. In both cases, pain appears as a reaction to fatty foods and may be accompanied by nausea, alternating constipation and diarrhea. This form of gastroduodenitis occurs as a reaction to a temporary disruption of the outflow of bile or pancreatic secretion.

If the disease lasts a long time and the atrophy of the mucous membrane is severe, the pain becomes almost constant and ceases to depend on food intake. The abdomen is often swollen, the stool is unstable, the patient loses a lot of weight, as digestion is impaired. As a rule, symptoms of damage to other organs of the gastrointestinal tract are associated.

Diagnosis of chronic duodenitis

Like chronic gastritis, chronic duodenitis is a diagnosis primarily morphological, that is, it must be confirmed by studying samples of the mucous membrane obtained during endoscopy.

In practice, chronic duodenitis is usually diagnosed after FEGDS (fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy), if the doctor sees characteristic inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane: swelling, redness, atrophy, erosion.

To assess the motor function of the duodenum, an X-ray examination with contrast is prescribed. In addition to the altered motor activity of the intestinal wall, you can see scar deformities that have arisen at the site of healed ulcers.

Breath tests for Helicobacter are necessary to detect the infection and provide appropriate treatment.

To assess the general condition of the body, the doctor may prescribe a clinical and biochemical blood test, urine test, and stool test.

Treatment of chronic duodenitis

During an exacerbation of chronic duodenitis, it is necessary to adhere to a diet and take medications in a timely manner to avoid painful night pain

Since in most cases chronic duodenitis is of a secondary nature, treatment begins with treatment of the underlying disease. During the period of exacerbation, diet table No. 1 is recommended, in case of milk intolerance - No. 4. Gradually, other foods are included in the diet, transferring the patient to table No. 15.

If tests for Helicobacter pylori are positive, a complex of drugs to destroy it is prescribed, consisting of a proton pump inhibitor and two types of antibiotics.

If chronic duodenitis manifests itself as an ulcer-like variant, treatment is aimed at reducing the secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract: proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole) and H2-histamine receptor blockers (ranitidine, famotidine) are recommended. Moreover, it is very important to take these medications in the evening to prevent night pain.

To reduce the activity of inflammation and restore the normal structure of the mucous membrane, gastroprotectors (rebamipide) are recommended. Rebamipide restores protective functions, activates cell restoration, improves microcirculation, and accelerates the healing of the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Prevention and prognosis for duodenitis

With timely consultation with a doctor and treatment aimed at preventing atrophy, the prognosis is favorable, the disease is not life-threatening.

Primary prevention of duodenitis has not been developed. To prevent exacerbations, a healthy lifestyle, regular nutrition, adequate sleep and moderate physical activity are recommended.