With the birth of a baby, parents are given a lot of responsibility. The newborn is completely helpless, his immune system is very weak, so he cannot cope with the effects of viruses. To strengthen the immune system and maintain the health of the child, it is necessary to vaccinate. Opponents of injections have emerged who believe that vaccines harm the body. Young parents, even before the baby is born, need to decide what vaccinations they will get.

Is it mandatory to vaccinate children under one year of age?

Vaccination is an increase in immunity by introducing a special material representing antigens of microorganisms. After the material enters, there is an increase in the production of antibodies to certain types of diseases. Vaccination is carried out for the purpose of prevention and treatment. The material is made from weakened or killed viruses. The reaction to vaccinations is practically the same, but when live bacteria are introduced, stronger immunity is observed. A vaccinated child sometimes becomes infected with the virus, but the disease passes quickly without causing complications.

Some parents believe that introducing live bacteria into a weak body is an unjustified risk. After vaccinations, fever and general malaise may occur - this is how the immune system adapts to the effects of viruses. It is the occurrence of such reactions that increases the number of refusals from routine vaccinations.

Before administering the injection, you must sign a consent to the procedure or draw up a written refusal. There are no administrative or criminal penalties for refusing vaccinations; parents make their own decisions. There is no need to rush into making a choice, as the child’s health depends on it.

What vaccinations are given to infants in Russia?

Types of vaccines:

• bacterial - they contain living microorganisms;
• viral - they contain only killed bacteria;
• rickettsial - chemical, synthetic injections.

Vaccinations for children under one year of age are mandatory (included in the national calendar, carried out after a certain time) and additional (administered at will, for example, before travel).

Mandatory vaccination includes vaccinations that protect children in the first year of life from the following incurable or difficult-to-treat diseases:

Additional vaccinations include injections against:

• tick-borne encephalitis;
• meningococcal and pneumococcal infections;
• hepatitis A;
• flu

Injection methods:

1. Intramuscularly. The most common way. High efficiency is achieved due to the removal of muscles from the surface of the skin and, as a result, their better blood supply. The injection dissolves quickly, and the number of allergic reactions decreases. In this case, the development of immunity occurs in a short time. For children under two years old, the injection is administered into the thigh, and for children over 2 years old - into the upper part of the shoulder.
2. Orally. Suitable for live vaccines that must be swallowed by dropping the required amount of the drug into the mouth. Suitable for babies older than 6-8 months.
3. Intradermal. This is how an injection against tuberculosis is given. The injection is placed in the shoulder with a syringe with a thin needle. Correct administration is determined by the appearance of a white spot at the injection site.
4. Subcutaneously. It is given to infants and children over one year of age with reduced blood clotting. This method is characterized by a low rate of development of immunity.

How many vaccinations are given before one year of age?

Many parents do not know how many times and what kind of injections a child needs to give in the first 12 months of life, as well as when to give them correctly. All childhood vaccinations are carried out according to the Russian national vaccination calendar, which was developed by the Ministry of Health.

In general, during the first year the child is vaccinated more than 10 times, according to the approved list. Some vaccines are combined, for example, DTP. This allows multiple vaccines to be administered in one shot.

Sometimes routine vaccinations are done together. The measles, diphtheria, and tetanus vaccine is administered simultaneously with the polio vaccine.

You can view and get acquainted with the vaccination card from your local pediatrician.

Calendar of preventive vaccinations up to a year

Vaccination table for children under one year of age:

Infant vaccinations: how to prepare?

To reduce the risk of allergies and increase the effectiveness of vaccination, you need to follow the scheme and recommendations:

• Take a complete blood and urine test.
• Be examined by a neurologist and receive his conclusion.
• Consult with an allergist about possible reactions and ways to eliminate their manifestations;
• Measure body temperature. If the increase is slight, vaccination should be postponed.
• Buy paracetamol in suppositories, since the effect of syrups can increase an allergy to the vaccine due to the additional components they contain.
• Do not feed infants new foods three days before the injection.
• Give your child an allergy medication the day before the injection, on the day of vaccination and after vaccination.
• Postpone vaccination if teeth begin to erupt.
• Write down the details of the injection given on the schedule on the vaccination certificate.
• Tell your child about the procedure as truthfully as possible. You can warn that it will hurt a little.
• Bring your favorite toy and a clean diaper with you.
• Monitor your condition - your anxiety is transmitted to the baby.

Actions during vaccination:

• re-measure body temperature before administering the injection;
• check the year of release of the vaccine (ampoules must be sealed);
• clarify what kind of vaccination will be given, ask its name;
• distract the child as much as possible with an interesting topic or toy;
• let the baby cry.

After the injection:

• ask your doctor all your questions about possible reactions and ways to eliminate their manifestations;
• stay in the clinic for 30 minutes after vaccination, show the baby to the local pediatrician;
• after DTP, give the child a drug to reduce the temperature (it is better to use paracetamol in the form of suppositories);
• Avoid swimming and walking after vaccination;
• Limit your baby's contact with a large number of people.

General contraindications to vaccination

The vaccination schedule can be shifted if the child has health problems. A medical exemption is valid from 6 to 30 days.

The main reasons for deviations from the vaccination table:

• small weight of the newborn (less than 2 kg);
• chronic diseases;
• low hemoglobin;
• fever, malaise;
• diarrhea, vomiting;
• previous blood transfusion.

Injections are not permitted in the following cases:

• acquired or congenital immunodeficiency;
• damage to the central nervous system;
• severe allergy to previous vaccination;
• afebrile seizures.

List of contraindications to the administration of DPT:

Tuberculosis vaccination is not given according to plan if there is:

• congenital immunodeficiency;
• prematurity.

The body's response to vaccination

If you follow all vaccination rules, there will be no allergic reactions to the vaccine. Most often, complications arise due to:

• improper injection administration;
• non-compliance with storage and transportation periods;
• low-quality or expired vaccine;
• injection if there are contraindications.

The reaction to the vaccine should not be confused with the manifestation of symptoms of other diseases. When viruses are introduced, the child’s immunity loses its protective properties, so infection with various diseases is possible.

After DPT and polio, local reactions appear. Such as:

• redness at the injection site with a diameter of up to 9 cm;
• compaction (you can apply a compress to reduce it);
• painful sensations.

General reaction:

• increased body temperature (if the temperature rises for more than 3 days, then the cause is not related to the vaccination);
• malaise, moodiness;
• lethargy, drowsiness;
• excitability;
• nausea, diarrhea.

These symptoms are normal - this is the body’s response to viruses. They disappear after 3 days. Symptoms requiring emergency care:

• involuntary muscle contraction;
• swelling of the mucous membranes;
• abnormal functioning of the musculoskeletal system and endocrine system.

The vaccination is easily tolerated; the reaction in children manifests itself in the form of a small red spot at the injection site. Rare complications:

• liver dysfunction;
• paroxysmal muscle contractions.

It is better to administer the BCG vaccination in the maternity hospital according to the schedule. If postponed, an injection can be given when the baby is two months old. This requires special conditions that are difficult to create in a regular clinic. In order to increase the effectiveness of vaccination, the injection site should not be wetted or bandaged. Swimming is allowed after 3-4 days. A small abscess appears on the shoulder, which then scars. Possible reactions to BCG:

• severe headaches;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes.

The reaction to the MMR vaccine manifests itself as a small red spot and lumps at the injection site (we recommend reading:). May appear:

• small rash, mainly on the face, arms, buttocks;
• severe cough, nasal discharge;
• fever.

List of dangerous reactions:

• pneumonia;
• toxic shock with damage to vital organs;
• inflammation of the membranes of the brain.

Vaccination of children is carried out according to the vaccination calendar by age. The age vaccination table includes the names of all injections and the recommended age of the child. Let's take a closer look at what the vaccination table for children includes.

What vaccinations does your baby need?

The table of mandatory vaccinations for children includes: mumps, hepatitis A and B, rubella, whooping cough, hemophilus influenzae, tetanus and tuberculosis. The baby is vaccinated starting from the first hours of life, since when entering the world of viruses and infections, it is difficult for the immune system to adapt on its own. Before graduating from school, students will receive a booster vaccination, which will help maintain the immunity they have already acquired.

All preventive vaccinations must be entered into the baby’s personal record. This data is transmitted to educational institutions. Without vaccinations, your child will not be accepted into kindergarten or school. They are required to attend camps and for admission to other children's institutions. First of all, preventive vaccinations will help the baby develop immunity to many diseases for life.

We present to our readers a ready-made table showing all vaccinations by age:

Parents doubt whether their children need so many vaccinations. Let's look at each in more detail.

Hepatitis vaccination

The table includes various schemes for vaccinating babies against hepatitis B. The first vaccine is given to all newborns, immediately after birth, right in the maternity hospital. This needs to be done for a number of reasons:

• after discharge, the baby needs a number of other vaccinations that cannot be combined with hepatitis;
• It is difficult to vaccinate a baby who is adapting to the world around him. Babies are either teething, or have colic, or there is an epidemic and it is dangerous for the baby to visit the clinic;
• Hepatitis B is dangerous especially for children. Many patients have a latent form, so after being discharged from the maternity hospital, the baby can easily become infected.

The first vaccination will be carried out in the maternity hospital, within 24 hours after the baby is born. Children's vaccinations are given to newborns at the heel. The scheme is further divided into two options:

• 0/1/2/6 months - children at risk. This includes children born to parents who are carriers of the disease and from HIV-infected people, from families with infected relatives, and with weakened immune systems. First of all, this regimen should be chosen for a baby whose mother has not been vaccinated against hepatitis. She may be a hidden carrier, and the baby will become infected during childbirth.
• 0/3/6 months is the traditional scheme for infants who simply need to develop immunity.

BCG vaccination

BCG is necessary for all children from birth. There are more tuberculosis patients in Russia than those infected with other types of diseases. The disease is dangerous because the incubation form can be prolonged. The bacillus enters the baby's lungs and settles there. The baby will stop gaining weight, and development will lag behind peers.

They are vaccinated against tuberculosis twice at the age of 7 days and 7 years. This is enough to form strong immunity. In kindergartens and schools, students will be given a mantoux test to check how the immune system behaves. Vaccination of a baby cannot protect one hundred percent from tuberculosis, but vaccinated people are less susceptible to infection.

Triple DTP vaccination

A triple vaccination will protect your baby from rubella, tetanus and mumps.

Partitis is dangerous for boys, since after being ill, many of them will remain infertile. Girls who have had rubella are at risk for infertility.

You can vaccinate against these diseases in combination using DPT. The vaccination has virtually no contraindications and is safe for the baby. First of all, children with weakened immune systems and developmental disabilities are vaccinated against HIV-infected parents. If you do not vaccinate with DTP, then any scratch can become fatal.

The first DTP is given to the baby starting at 3 months. The triple vaccine is vaccinated in two stages, with an interval of 1.5 months. The traditional scheme includes ages 3 months and 4.5. Next, revaccination is necessary to maintain the immunity already acquired at 1.5 years. The second revaccination is carried out in the same way, after 6 weeks.

Vaccination against polio

The disease is dangerous due to its consequences. Once infected, the baby will become ill and its bone tissue will change. Previously, not all children and adults were vaccinated against polio. There are about 1 million disabled people in Russia due to the disease.

Children are vaccinated against polio three times, 1.5 months apart. The age table includes a 3/4.5/6 month scheme. Revaccination is done in 3-month increments, starting at 1.5 years.

The last time a child is vaccinated against polio is at the age of 14 years.

Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae

Children under 1 year of age suffer from the infection; older children can also become infected, but the disease progresses more easily. The infection is characterized by purulent bronchitis, meningitis, otitis and other purulent diseases of the respiratory system. The infection causes an irreparable blow to the cardiac system and joints.

In Russia, the vaccination calendar includes vaccination of infants against hemophilus influenzae 4 times according to the schedule of 3/4/5/6 months. Revaccination for children is performed at 1.5 years. You can vaccinate against Haemophilus influenzae simultaneously with DTP, polio and hepatitis B. The vaccine does not cause any side effects. Small allergic rashes may appear, but they pass quickly.

Since 2014, Flu has been included in the list of mandatory vaccinations for people of any age. It is done in medical and educational institutions once a year. Of course, the vaccine will only protect against a certain form of the virus, but vaccinated children get sick more easily and do not experience any unpleasant complications.

Children need to be vaccinated at the appropriate age. The vaccination scheme was developed by medical scientists from all over the world, so you should not deviate from the given table.

Discussion: 2 comments

Very good, learned a lot of new things.

Completely different vaccines!

Immediately after birth, a newborn child is faced with a huge number of pathogenic microorganisms that are causative agents of dangerous diseases. Unfortunately, in most cases, the baby’s maternal immunity is not enough to resist infections, and sometimes it is completely absent, which makes the baby vulnerable to various ailments. This is why it is recommended to vaccinate children in their first year of life. Vaccinations must be done according to the immunization calendar compiled at the national level. After the vaccine is administered, the child’s body produces antibodies to diseases that are most dangerous for normal life. In total, during the first 12 months, the baby is recommended to be vaccinated against seven infections.

Vaccination of children in our country is carried out according to a special schedule, but is not mandatory. That is, the child’s parents have every right to refuse vaccination by submitting a corresponding application to the clinic administration. In recent years, an increase has been associated with the active dissemination of information among the population about the dangers and numerous complications of immunization. Should parents of their baby ignore vaccinations? Can such actions harm the health of the baby?

Regulatory and legal framework for vaccination of infants under one year of age

The compilation of the vaccination calendar in our state is regulated by the following legislative acts and regulations:

• Federal Law “On the Prevention of Infectious Diseases”;
• Resolution “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”;
• The legislative framework governing the country's healthcare system.

These documents not only contain recommendations regarding the formation of a vaccination calendar, but also inform about the vaccination procedure, types of approved vaccines, risk groups for morbidity, possible side effects of drugs, etc. Children under twelve months of age must be vaccinated against the following diseases:

• tuberculosis infection;
• viral hepatitis B;
• diphtheria;
• tetanus;
• polio;
• measles infection;
• mumps();
• hemophilus infection.

In addition to basic vaccinations, infants may be prescribed additional injections if an unfavorable epidemiological situation arises or if they are at risk for developing a certain disease.

National vaccination calendar: features of vaccination of infants in the first months

The vaccination schedule for young children remains virtually unchanged from year to year. Adjustments or additions may be made to it, which mainly relate to the procedure for immunization and the types of recommended vaccines. Today, the vaccination calendar for infants up to 12 months of age is as follows:

Main types of vaccines

If a child’s vaccinations are scheduled, then he will receive about fourteen injections over the course of a year. During these months, the baby's mother will have to learn a lot about modern vaccines and even make a choice in favor of some of them.

Consists of weakened pathogens of the disease that occurs in cattle. In a child, this drug is not able to provoke the onset of symptoms of the disease, but leads to the formation of immunity, so it is impossible to contract the disease. Vaccination makes it possible to create protection for the body for 6-7 years, after which the little patient is given a revaccination.

Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids are administered without risk of infection. This drug belongs to complex solutions that also contain an anti-pertussis component. According to statistics, immune fluid quite often provokes undesirable effects in the form of swelling at the injection site, increased temperature, allergies, and the formation of a subcutaneous abscess. Despite this, vaccination is recognized as a reliable means of preventing infections, especially the deadly tetanus.

The hepatitis vaccine contains individual protein parts of the pathogen. In response to vaccination, the body reacts by synthesizing antibodies against the disease, which ensures its reliable protection for many years. Children born from infected mothers or in need of blood infusions should be vaccinated against the disease first. Anti-hepatitis vaccination is a proven global practice that allows saving thousands of lives every year and limiting cases of primary diagnosis of the disease.

There are two types of polio vaccine: live and inactivated. The live vaccine, which is administered orally, is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. Vaccination can provoke a post-vaccination type of disease with an increase in body temperature and the appearance of signs of polio infection of the nervous tissue, so infants are offered an inactivated vaccine. This solution is based on the shell proteins of viral agents, is administered subcutaneously and is absolutely safe for the body.

It also contains weakened microorganisms that cause these diseases against mumps and rubella virus. The vaccination is safe, meaning there is no risk of the child getting sick.

Vaccination rules

Vaccinations for children are also famous for their negative aspects, the manifestation of which is associated with the individual characteristics of the child’s immune system, as well as a violation of the vaccination process. Parents are most afraid of the risks of negative consequences of vaccinations, among which very severe pathological conditions are sometimes diagnosed:

• anaphylactic reaction to vaccine components;
• allergies to the vaccine such as angioedema, rash, itching, etc.;
• post-injection polio;
• inflammatory processes of the membranes and soft tissues of the brain;
• damage to bone tissue after;
• rise in temperature and increase in symptoms of general intoxication;
• may cause the development of arthritis.

The risks of such complications are very scary for parents. To minimize the likelihood of developing unwanted post-vaccination reactions, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

How to vaccinate correctly to avoid complications

Vaccinations should be done according to the calendar. You can deviate from it only if there are contraindications to vaccination, including:

• fever and the presence of catarrhal manifestations on the day of vaccination;
• conditions after exacerbation of chronic pathologies;
• recent blood transfusion;
• state of prematurity, when the baby's weight does not exceed 2500 g.

If there are temporary contraindications, the child’s vaccination should be postponed for the time recommended by the doctor until the pathological symptoms are completely eliminated. Among the absolute contraindications to immunization are a pronounced hypersensitive reaction to the previous administration of a vaccine suspension or the presence of an immunodeficiency state in the child.

After excluding the reasons for the vaccination, the child should be given in accordance with the following rules:

• before the procedure, the patient must be examined by a pediatrician;
• the vaccination must comply with all the parameters specified in the regulations;
• the mother herself chooses which vaccination will be administered to her little one, that is, if the parents do not want to take the injection offered at the clinic, they can purchase it themselves at the pharmacy kiosk;
• before administration, you should make sure that the terms and conditions of this process were not violated during transportation and storage;
• The child should be vaccinated in the treatment room (this is done by a specially trained nurse), and after it all data about the vaccine, the time of vaccination and its features are entered into the child’s card.

Refusal of vaccination

With which vaccine can you not worry about the consequences? There is probably no such remedy that is completely safe and has no side effects. Given this fact, adults often take responsibility and refuse immunization. To do this, they need to fill out an application addressed to the chief physician of the outpatient department.

Application example:

I, (full name), living at the address (...) declare that I renounce all, in particular, hepatitis, tuberculosis and measles disease, diphtheria, polio, tetanus, mumps, whooping cough and rubella.

This is our family, thoughtful decision that complies with the norms of current legislation, namely:

1) Article 32 (on consent to medical procedures) and Article 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) of the “Fundamentals of Russian Legislation on the Protection of Citizens’ Health” dated July 22, 1993;

2) Article 5 (on the right to abstain from immunization) and Article 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the federal bill on the basics of immunoprevention of infectious pathologies" dated September 17, 1998;

3) Article 7, Part 3 (on the provision of anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their authorized representatives) of the federal decree “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis” of June 18, 2001.

The decision to refuse vaccination is due to fears of negative consequences of vaccination, the risks of illnesses such as sudden infant death syndrome, autism, mental retardation, meningitis and encephalitis.

I ask you to ensure the correctness of medical documentation in an unconditional manner, without requirements for the implementation of a vaccination plan. In form 063, please enter information that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On immunological prevention of infectious diseases”.

In case of refusal, I note that a copy of this application and complaint will be submitted by me to the appropriate authorities, since such actions on your part will be qualified as illegal and violating the legal rights of my child.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Vaccination calendar - Doctor Komarovsky School

On guard of health. Vaccine prevention. National calendar of preventive vaccinations

You are looking forward to the birth of your baby.

And every now and then you are attacked from all sides with questions: when is the due date, who will be, where will you give birth, and what will you call it, and will you vaccinate your child after birth?

While many questions on this list can be answered unambiguously, the last question is shrouded in many doubts. It confuses many expectant mothers, because even among pediatricians there is disagreement about whether a child needs vaccinations in the first months of life.

To decide whether or not to vaccinate your child, of course, you need to understand the situation and try to find answers to the most important questions about vaccination. What vaccinations will a child receive in 2019, what are these vaccinations for, are they dangerous for the baby’s health, how to properly prepare for vaccination? Let's try to find answers to all these questions together.

Vaccination calendar for the first three months of life

In the first three months of life, your child, according to the approved Ministry of Health of Ukraine, should receive the following vaccinations:

• BCG (tuberculosis vaccination);
• hepatitis B vaccination;
• DTP (vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus);
• from polio;
• from hemophilus influenzae infection.

Now let's take a closer look at each vaccination separately.

BCG (tuberculosis vaccination)

The BCG vaccination is usually given on the 3-7th day of a child’s life in the maternity hospital, the injection is given in the left shoulder at the border of its upper and middle third.

BCG is short for “bacillus Calmette-Gerren” - bacillus Calmette-Gerren (BCG), after the name of the scientists who received this vaccine.

Why is BCG vaccination necessary?

What is the BCG vaccine?

BCG vaccine - these are weakened pathogenic bacteria that cannot cause tuberculosis, but enable the body to form immunity against this disease. In all countries of the world, I use the same vaccine from different manufacturers for BCG vaccination. In addition to the traditional BCG vaccine, there is also BCG-M vaccine . It contains two times less microbial bodies than a regular vaccine. This vaccine is given to weak and low birth weight children.

What might be the reaction to the BCG vaccine?

Some time after the BCG injection, the skin at the injection site may turn red. It is also possible for an abscess or swelling to form at the injection site. Some children may have inflammation at the injection site, itching, and a fever several hours after vaccination. All these reactions to the BCG vaccination are considered normal and indicate that the vaccine is working.

Complications after vaccination

Complications after BCG vaccination are considered to be those conditions of the body in which the child’s health is impaired and immediate treatment is required. . It is important to note that this vaccine is very rare. Children with congenital immune problems (for example, children born to mothers with HIV) most often experience complications after BCG.

Among the most common complications after BCG are:

• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• extensive suppuration;
• keloid scars
• Osteitis - bone tuberculosis;
• generalized BCG infection is the most severe complication; it is a consequence of congenital disorders in the immune system of the vaccinated child; this infection leads to damage to various organs and systems of the body.

How many times do you get the BCG vaccine?

If, after the first vaccination, a scar remains on the child’s arm, and if he later develops a positive Mantoux reaction, this indicates that the BCG vaccine worked. In this situation, repeated vaccination at the age of 7 years is not required. If the body does not respond to the vaccination: there is no trace of the injection, the Mantoux reaction is negative, then the issue of re-vaccination at the age of 7 years is considered.

The vaccination calendar indicates two BCG vaccinations: in the first days of life and at 7 years of age.

Hepatitis B

In all developed countries of the world, newborns are vaccinated against hepatitis B in the first days of life.

Viral hepatitis B is an infectious liver disease caused by a virus and is characterized by severe liver damage. The disease has various forms: acute hepatitis with jaundice, asymptomatic virus carriage, acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, cancer. Hepatitis B infection occurs through blood

In the world, 5-10% of the population are carriers of hepatitis B, 2 billion people suffer from one form or another of hepatitis B.

What are the benefits of vaccination against hepatitis B?

Newborns have a very high risk, about 95%, of becoming chronic carriers of hepatitis B, which is why vaccination against hepatitis is provided in the first months of life.

DTP

DPT vaccination helps to build immunity against dangerous diseases such as whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Whooping cough - This is an acute infectious disease caused by whooping cough. It is transmitted by airborne droplets and manifests itself in attacks of severe spasmodic cough. Whooping cough usually occurs in children under 10 years of age.

Diphtheria - This is an acute infectious disease caused by the diphtheria bacillus and is transmitted by airborne droplets. Diphtheria is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes, usually the upper respiratory tract, as well as general intoxication of the body.

Tetanus - This is an acute disease of infectious origin with a contact mechanism of transmission of the pathogen; it is manifested by damage to the nervous system, tension of the skeletal muscles and severe convulsions.

What will vaccinations bring to a tiny 1-2 month old baby - benefit or harm?

What will vaccinations bring to a tiny 1-2 month old baby - benefit or harm?

Chilling stories about the consequences of vaccinations that appear in the press from time to time make parents think about this more and more often.

And Russian laws allow you to refuse any proposed vaccine. It must be said right away that the percentage of possible complications in children after vaccination is small, and the anti-vaccination campaign launched in the press very often leads to incorrect or one-sided coverage of this problem.

However, in modern medicine there are several points of view on issues related to vaccinations.

The opinion of some doctors completely coincides with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health on universal childhood vaccination, while other experts advocate developing a more individual approach to each small patient.

Advantages of vaccinating children under one year of age

The main advantage, of course, is the protection of a small child’s body from numerous infections. A baby is born with a very weak immune system that cannot cope with many existing viruses on its own. The child's body's resistance increases naturally during breastfeeding, but sometimes this protection is not enough.

For example, immunity to tuberculosis is not transmitted from mother to baby, and the epidemiological situation regarding this disease in the country is quite serious. This is why the tuberculosis vaccine is given in the maternity hospital, on days 3–7 of life.

A vaccinated child receives immunity to this disease for a certain period. The body produces antibodies, which are activated upon contact with sick people and protect the baby.

A vaccinated child, even if he gets sick, will cope with the disease more easily and will probably avoid complications.

Disadvantages of vaccinating children under one year of age

All the current disadvantages of vaccination are based on the fact that children do not feel their best after vaccinations, that is, what should improve the child’s health, on the contrary, leads to a deterioration in his condition.

A tiny toddler of 1-2 months can very painfully tolerate the DTP vaccine (against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough). After vaccination, your temperature may rise.

The negative consequences of vaccinations given to children under one year of age include various allergic reactions, which is also very dangerous in infancy.

National vaccination calendar for children under one year of age

Individual vaccination schedule

No matter how hard you try to strictly adhere to this calendar, your baby may still have his own individual vaccination schedule. Sometimes children get sick with colds or suffer from some kind of allergic manifestations.

In these cases, vaccination dates have to be postponed. It is well known that vaccination should not be carried out if the baby is sick, otherwise complications may arise. After illness you need to wait 3-4 weeks. The fact that children are vaccinated individually may also be affected by interruptions in the supply of vaccines to some medical institutions.

Deviations from the calendar are possible subject to a number of general rules: for example, you cannot vaccinate before the recommended date; BCG at two months of age is done only after the Mantoux test; it is necessary to strictly observe the time intervals between vaccinations, etc.

Contraindications to vaccination are divided into:

• True- those listed in the instructions for the vaccines used, as well as in guidance documents (international recommendations and orders). Such contraindications are associated with certain components of vaccines;
• False- contraindications, the authorship of which belongs to the parents of young patients and some doctors. As a rule, such contraindications are formulated something like this: “he is so small, so sickly,” “if the family has had reactions to the vaccine, then he will too,” “since he gets sick often, it means his immunity is lowered,” etc.

Examples of true contraindications

• If you have an allergic reaction to yeast dough, there may be contraindications to vaccination against hepatitis B, if you are allergic to antibiotics - against rubella, polio and measles; if you are allergic to eggs - from influenza and measles;
• BCG vaccination is contraindicated in premature babies;
• For neurological diseases - convulsions, epilepsy, vaccination with the DPT vaccine, and specifically with its pertussis component, is contraindicated;
• In case of severe immune disorders, cancer, severe forms of anemia, many vaccinations are contraindicated;
• Vaccinations cannot be given during the preoperative and postoperative period.

Revaccination

For many diseases, vaccinations are repeated - this is called revaccination. This procedure is aimed at maintaining the immunity that has already been developed thanks to previous vaccinations. It is done strictly at a certain time interval after the first vaccination. For example, revaccination is done against tuberculosis, rubella, measles, etc. (see table).