A short summary on the topic of the human skeleton. Human skeleton: all about bones for children. Structure of the human skeleton

The structure of the human skeleton and bones, as well as their purpose, is studied by the science of osteology. Knowledge of the basic concepts of this science is a mandatory requirement for a personal trainer, not to mention the fact that this knowledge must be systematically deepened in the process of work. In this article we will consider the structure and functions of the human skeleton, that is, we will touch on the basic theoretical minimum that literally every personal trainer must master.

And according to the old tradition, as always, we’ll start with a short excursion about what role the skeleton plays in the human body. The structure of the human body, which we talked about in the corresponding article, forms, among other things, the musculoskeletal system. This is a functional set of skeletal bones, their connections and muscles, which, through nervous regulation, carry out movement in space, maintaining postures, facial expressions and other motor activities.

Now that we know that the human musculoskeletal system forms the skeleton, muscles and nervous system, we can proceed directly to studying the topic indicated in the title of the article. Since the human skeleton is a kind of supporting structure for attaching various tissues, organs and muscles, this topic can rightfully be considered the foundation in the study of the entire human body.

Structure of the human skeleton

Human skeleton- a functionally structured set of bones in the human body, which is part of its musculoskeletal system. This is a kind of frame on which tissues, muscles are attached, and in which internal organs are located, for which it also acts as protection. The skeleton consists of 206 bones, most of which are combined into joints and ligaments.

Human skeleton, front view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - zygomatic bone; 4 - ethmoid bone; 5 - sphenoid bone; c - temporal bone; 7- lacrimal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9 - frontal bone; 10 - eye socket; 11 - nasal bone; 12 - pear-shaped hole; 13 - anterior longitudinal ligament; 14 - interclavicular ligament; 15 - anterior sternoclavicular ligament; 16 - coracoclavicular ligament; 17 - acromioclavicular ligament; 18 - coracoacromial ligament; 19 - coracohumeral ligament; 20 - costoclavicular ligament; 21 - radiate sternocostal ligaments; 22 - external intercostal membrane; 23 - costoxiphoid ligament; 24 - ulnar collateral ligament; 25 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 26 - annular ligament of the radius; 27 - iliopsoas ligament; 28 - ventral (abdominal) sacroiliac ligaments; 29 - inguinal ligament; 30 - sacrospinous ligament; 31 - interosseous membrane of the forearm; 32 - dorsal intercarpal ligaments; 33 - dorsal metacarpal ligaments; 34 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 35 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 36 - pubofemoral ligament; 37 - iliofemoral ligament; 38 - obturator membrane; 39 - superior pubic ligament; 40 - arcuate ligament of the pubis; 41 - fibular roundabout (lateral) ligament; 42 - patellar ligament; 43 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 44 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 45 - anterior tibiofibular ligament; 46 - bifurcated ligament; 47 - deep transverse metatarsal ligament; 48 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 49 - dorsal metatarsal ligaments; 50 - dorsal metatarsal ligaments; 51 - medial (deltoid) ligament; 52 - scaphoid bone; 53 - calcaneus; 54 - toe bones; 55 - metatarsal bones; 56 - sphenoid bones; 57 - cuboid bone; 58 - talus; 59 - tibia; 60 - fibula; 61 - patella; 62 - femur; 63 - ischium; 64 - pubic bone; 65 - sacrum; 66 - ilium; 67 - lumbar vertebrae; 68 - pisiform bone; 69 - triangular bone; 70 - capitate bone; 71 - hamate bone; 72 - metacarpal bones; 7 3-bones of the fingers; 74 - trapezoid bone; 75 - trapezium bone; 76 - scaphoid bone; 77 - lunate bone; 78 - ulna; 79 - radius; 80 - ribs; 81 - thoracic vertebrae; 82 - sternum; 83 - shoulder blade; 84 - humerus; 85 - collarbone; 86 - cervical vertebrae.

Human skeleton, rear view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - lateral ligament; 4 - zygomatic bone; 5 - temporal bone; 6 - sphenoid bone; 7 - frontal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9- occipital bone; 10 - awl-mandibular ligament; 11-nuchal ligament; 12 - cervical vertebrae; 13 - collarbone; 14 - supraspinous ligament; 15 - blade; 16 - humerus; 17 - ribs; 18 - lumbar vertebrae; 19 - sacrum; 20 - ilium; 21 - pubic bone; 22- coccyx; 23 - ischium; 24 - ulna; 25 - radius; 26 - lunate bone; 27 - scaphoid bone; 28 - trapezium bone; 29 - trapezoid bone; 30 - metacarpal bones; 31 - bones of the fingers; 32 - capitate bone; 33 - hamate bone; 34 - triangular bone; 35 - pisiform bone; 36 - femur; 37 - patella; 38 - fibula; 39 - tibia; 40 - talus; 41 - calcaneus; 42 - scaphoid bone; 43 - sphenoid bones; 44 - metatarsal bones; 45 - toe bones; 46 - posterior tibiofibular ligament; 47 - medial deltoid ligament; 48 - posterior talofibular ligament; 49 - calcaneofibular ligament; 50 - dorsal tarsal ligaments; 51 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 52 - posterior ligament of the head of the fibula; 53 - fibular roundabout (lateral) ligament; 54 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 55 - oblique popliteal ligament; 56 - sacrotuberous ligament; 57 - flexor retinaculum; 58 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 59 - deep transverse metacarpal ligament; 60 - pea-hooked ligament; 61 - radiate ligament of the wrist; 62-ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 63 - ischiofemoral ligament; 64 - superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament; 65 - dorsal sacroiliac ligaments; 66 - ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament; 67-radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 68 - iliopsoas ligament; 69 - costotransverse ligaments; 70 - intertransverse ligaments; 71 - coracohumeral ligament; 72 - acromioclavicular ligament; 73 - coracoclavicular ligament.

As mentioned above, the human skeleton consists of about 206 bones, of which 34 are unpaired, the rest are paired. 23 bones make up the skull, 26 - the spinal column, 25 - the ribs and sternum, 64 - the skeleton of the upper limbs, 62 - the skeleton of the lower limbs. Skeletal bones are formed from bone and cartilage tissue, which belong to connective tissues. Bones, in turn, consist of cells and intercellular substance.

The human skeleton is designed in such a way that its bones are usually divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the accessory skeleton. The first includes bones located in the center and forming the basis of the body, these are the bones of the head, neck, spine, ribs and sternum. The second includes the collarbones, shoulder blades, bones of the upper, lower extremities and pelvis.

Central skeleton (axial):

The skull is the basis of the human head. It houses the brain, organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two sections: the brain and the facial.
The rib cage is the bony base of the chest and the location for the internal organs. Consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.
The spinal column (spine) is the main axis of the body and the support of the entire skeleton. The spinal cord runs inside the spinal canal. The spine has the following sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

Secondary skeleton (accessory):

Belt of the upper limbs - due to it, the upper limbs are attached to the skeleton. Consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles. The upper limbs are adapted to perform labor activities. The limb (arm) consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand.
Lower limb girdle – provides attachment of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It houses the organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. The limb (leg) also consists of three sections: thigh, lower leg and foot. They are adapted to support and move the body in space.

Functions of the human skeleton

The functions of the human skeleton are usually divided into mechanical and biological.

Mechanical functions include:

Support – the formation of a rigid osteochondral frame of the body to which muscles and internal organs are attached.
Movement - the presence of movable joints between the bones allows the body to move with the help of muscles.
Protection of internal organs - the chest, skull, spinal column and more, serve as protection for the organs located in them.
Shock-absorbing – the arch of the foot, as well as the cartilage layers at the joints of the bones, help reduce vibrations and shocks when moving.

Biological functions include:

Hematopoietic – the formation of new blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.
Metabolic – bones are the reservoir of much of the calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Sexual features of the skeleton structure

The skeletons of both sexes are mostly similar and do not have radical differences. These differences include only minor changes in the shape or size of specific bones. The most obvious features of the human skeleton are as follows. In men, the bones of the limbs tend to be longer and thicker, and the muscle attachment points tend to be more lumpy. Women have a wider pelvis, and also a narrower chest.

Types of bone tissue

Bone tissue- active living tissue consisting of compact and spongy substance. The first looks like dense bone tissue, which is characterized by the arrangement of mineral components and cells in the form of a Haversian system (the structural unit of bone). It includes bone cells, nerves, blood and lymph vessels. More than 80% of bone tissue has the form of the Haversian system. The compact substance is located in the outer layer of the bone.

Bone structure: 1- bone head; 2- pineal gland; 3- spongy substance; 4- central bone marrow cavity; 5- blood vessels; 6- bone marrow; 7- spongy substance; 8- compact substance; 9- diaphysis; 10- osteon

Spongy substance does not have a Haversian system and makes up 20% of the bone mass of the skeleton. The spongy substance is very porous, with branched septa that form a lattice structure. This spongy structure of bone tissue allows for the storage of bone marrow and fat storage and at the same time ensures sufficient bone strength. The relative content of dense and spongy matter varies in different bones.

Bone development

Bone growth is an increase in bone size due to an increase in bone cells. The bone can increase in thickness or grow in the longitudinal direction, which directly affects the human skeleton as a whole. Longitudinal growth occurs in the area of the epiphyseal plate (the cartilaginous area at the end of a long bone) initially as a process of replacing cartilage tissue with bone tissue. Although bone tissue is one of the most durable tissues in our body, it is important to recognize that bone growth is a very dynamic and metabolically active tissue process that occurs throughout a person's life. A distinctive feature of bone tissue is its high content of minerals, primarily calcium and phosphates (which give bone strength), as well as organic components (which provide bone elasticity). Bone tissue has unique opportunities for growth and self-healing. The structural features of the skeleton also mean that, through a process called bone remodeling, the bone can adapt to the mechanical loads to which it is subjected.

Bone growth: 1- cartilage; 2- formation of bone tissue in the diaphysis; 3- growth plate; 4- formation of bone tissue in the epiphysis; 5- blood vessels and nerves

I- fruit;II- newborn;III- child;IV- young man

Restructuring of bone tissue– the ability to modify bone shape, size and structure in response to external influences. This is a physiological process that includes resorption (resorption) of bone tissue and its formation. Resorption is the absorption of tissue, in this case bone. Restructuring is a continuous process of destruction, replacement, maintenance and restoration of bone tissue. It is a balanced process of bone resorption and formation.

Bone tissue is formed by three types of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are large cells that destroy bone and carry out the process of resorption. Osteoblasts are cells that form bone and new bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that help regulate the process of bone tissue remodeling.

FACT. Bone density is largely dependent on regular physical activity over a long period of time, and exercise, in turn, helps prevent bone fractures by increasing bone strength.

Conclusion

This amount of information, of course, is not an absolute maximum, but rather a necessary minimum of knowledge required by a personal trainer in his professional activities. As I have said in articles about being a personal trainer, the foundation of professional development is continuous learning and improvement. Today we have laid the foundation in such a complex and voluminous topic as the structure of the human skeleton, and this article will be only the first in a thematic series. In the future, we will consider a lot more interesting and useful information regarding the structural components of the human body frame. In the meantime, you can confidently say that the structure of the human skeleton is no longer “terra incognita” for you.

Teacher: Erzhanova Zh.A.

Theme "Human skeleton"

Purpose: to study the structural features of the human skeleton

Tasks:

form an idea of the structure of the human musculoskeletal system;

identify features of the human skeleton associated with upright walking and work activity, by comparing the skeletons of humans and other mammals;

show connection between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.

Methods and techniques: group work, self- and mutual education

Resources: interactive whiteboard, markers, Whatman paper, stickers, colored cards

Lesson progress

At the dawn of biological evolution, living organisms dreamed of this invention of nature. Nature worked for a long time and brought it to perfection. At first it was externally calcified or chitinous, but, unfortunately, heavy and uncomfortable, then it became more reliable, allowing the body to move freely and support its body in space. As you may have guessed, the conversation will be about the skeleton.

Do you think a person has movements for life, or life for movement! We will answer this problematic question at the end of the lesson.

Write down the topic of today's lesson: "Human Skeleton"

- What is a skeleton?

Now let's conclude what the skeleton is for and what its functions are.

Functions of the human skeleton.

The skeleton performs various functions, the main one of which is support. It determines to a large extent the size and shape of the body. Some parts of the skeleton, such as the skull, chest and pelvis, serve as a container and protection for vital organs - the brain, lungs, heart, intestines, etc. Finally, the skeleton is a passive organ of movement, because muscles are attached to it.

Functions of the human skeleton

Motor (provides movement of the body and its parts in space).
Protective (creates body cavities to protect internal organs).
Shape-forming (determines the shape and size of the body).
Supportive (supporting frame of the body).
Hematopoietic (red bone marrow is the source of blood cells).
Metabolic (bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals).

Now let’s answer the problematic question that we posed at the beginning of the lesson: is movement for life, or life for movement?

Indeed, man is adapted, and perhaps condemned by nature, to movement. People cannot help but move and begin to do this consciously already in the fourth month after birth - reaching, grabbing various objects.

Handouts

Skeleton (skeletos – dried)- a set of hard tissues in the body that serve as support for the body or its individual parts and protect it from mechanical damage.

The human skeleton consists of interconnected bones. The weight of the skeleton in the total mass of the body is 10–15 kg (slightly more in men). It is not possible to indicate the exact number of bones in the human body. Modern scientists indicate that a person has “several more than 200 bones,” and in the body of a child there are about 300.

Records in the skeleton: the stapes - the smallest bone 3 mm long - is located in the middle ear. The longest bone is the femur. In a man 1.8 m tall, it has a length of 50 cm. But the record is held by one very tall German, whose femur, 76 cm long, corresponds to the height of a dining table or desk.

Throughout life, the skeleton constantly undergoes changes. During intrauterine development, the cartilaginous skeleton of the fetus is gradually replaced by bone. This process also continues for several years after birth. A newborn baby has almost 270 bones in its skeleton, which is much more than that of an adult. This difference arose due to the fact that the children's skeleton contains a large number of small bones, which grow together into large bones only at a certain age. These are, for example, the bones of the skull, pelvis and spine. The sacral vertebrae, for example, fuse into a single bone (sacrum) only at the age of 18-25 years. And 200-213 bones remain, depending on the characteristics of the organism.

Head skeleton (skull) consists mainly of flat bones, motionlessly connected to each other, consists of 23 bones.

The skull is divided into the brain and facial sections. The upper part of the brain is formed by unpaired frontal and occipital bones and paired parietal and temporal bones. They form the cranial vault. At the base of the brain section of the skull are the sphenoid bone and the pyramidal processes of the temporal bones, in which the receptors for hearing and the organ of balance are located. The brain is located in the cerebral part of the skull.

The facial part of the skull includes the upper and lower jaws, zygomatic, nasal and ethmoid bones. The shape of the nasal cavities is determined by the ethmoid bone. It contains the organ of smell.

The bones of the brain and facial skull are immovably connected to each other, with the exception of the lower jaw. It can move not only up and down, but also left and right, back and forth. This allows you to chew food and speak clearly. The lower jaw is equipped with a mental protuberance, to which the muscles involved in speech are attached.

Head circumference

A newborn’s head circumference is 35 cm, but at the end of human growth this value reaches 55 cm, that is, over 16 years it increases by 20 cm at an average rate of 1.25 cm per year. If we assume that head growth would not stop, by the end of life its circumference would have increased to 1.25 m in men and 1.35 m in women.

Conclusion: the skull determines the shape of the head, protects the brain, organs of hearing, smell, vision, and serves as a place for attachment of muscles involved in facial expressions.

The skeleton of the body consists from the spine and chest.

The spine connects parts of the body, performs a protective function for the spinal cord and a supporting function for the head, arms and torso. The length of the spine is 40% of the length of the human body. The spine is formed by 33–34 vertebrae.

It distinguishes the following departments:

cervical (7 vertebrae)
chest (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (4-5)

In an adult, the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse into the sacrum and coccyx. In humans, the coccygeal vertebrae are the least developed. They correspond to the caudal vertebrae of the animal spine.

Like all mammals, the cervical spine, like humans, has seven vertebrae. C articulates with the help of two condyles. Thanks to this joint, you can raise and lower your head. It is curious that the first cervical vertebra does not have a body: it has grown to the body of the second cervical vertebra and formed a tooth: an axis around which the first cervical vertebra together with the head rotates in the horizontal plane when we show a negative gesture. A ligament of connective tissue separates the tooth from the spinal cord. It is especially fragile in infants, so their heads must be supported to avoid injury.

The cervical spine is followed by the thoracic spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae, to which the ribs are attached. Of these, 10 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by the other ends with the help of cartilage. The two lower pairs of ribs end freely. The thoracic spine, ribs and sternum form the rib cage.
The thoracic region is followed by the lumbar region . It consists of 5 vertebrae, which are quite massive because they have to withstand the main weight of the body.

The next section consists of 5 fused vertebrae that make up one bone - the sacrum. If the lumbar region has high mobility, then the sacral region is motionless and very strong. When the body is in a vertical position, a significant load falls on it.

Finally, the last part of the spine is the coccyx. It consists of 4-5 fused small vertebrae.

The human spine has four curves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (in mammals - only cervical and sacral).

Conclusion: Thanks to the S-shaped curvature, the spine is able to spring and act as a spring, reducing shocks when moving. This is also an adaptation to walking upright.

Rib cage formed by 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae and a flat chest bone - the sternum. The ribs are flat, curved bones, their posterior ends are movably connected to the thoracic vertebrae, and the anterior ends of the 10 upper ribs are connected to the sternum using flexible cartilage. This ensures the mobility of the chest during breathing. The two lower pairs of ribs are shorter than the others and end freely.

Conclusion: The chest protects the heart, lungs, liver, stomach and large blood vessels from damage.

The shoulder girdle includes two shoulder blades and two clavicles.

Only the clavicles are connected to the axial skeleton by joints. Each of them articulates with the sternum at one end, and with the scapula and humerus of the arm at the other. The shoulder blades lie freely among the spinal muscles and, if necessary, participate together with the collarbones in the movement of the arm. Thus, raising the arm above the head is possible with the participation of the shoulder girdle: the movement occurs in the sternoclavicular joint.

The skeleton of the arm (free upper limb) consists of the humerus, two bones of the forearm - the ulna and radius, as well as the bones of the hand. The hand has three parts: the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges.

The thumb is opposed to the other four fingers and can form a ring with each one. Thanks to this, a person can perform small and precise movements necessary for work.

The movable articulation of the bones of the hand allows you to collect small objects into a handful, hold them, rotate and move small objects over certain distances, that is, perform not only power, but also precise movements, which is inaccessible even to apes.

The skeleton of the lower extremities has a number of features associated with upright walking. It is distinguished by its great strength, which is achieved due to some limitation of mobility.

The girdle of the lower extremities is represented by the pelvic bones. These are flat bones closely articulated with the sacrum. They form an almost motionless joint. The pelvic bones, together with the powerful muscles attached to them, form the floor of the abdominal cavity, on which all internal organs rest.

The leg skeleton (free lower limbs) begins with the femurs, which are attached at an angle to the pelvic bones, forming a strong arch that can withstand heavy loads. Pay attention to the location of the spongy substance: the bone crossbars in it are located perpendicular to each other and in adjacent bones are equally directed. They coincide with the compressive and tensile forces acting on the bones. The articular head of the femur is round, movements are possible in any direction, but they are limited by ligaments. The lower leg, like the forearm, has two bones: the tibia and the fibula.

The tibia articulates with both the foot and the thigh.

This greatly increases strength but reduces mobility. The fibula is located on the outside, on the side of the little finger, and bears less load.

The human foot consists, similarly to the hand, of three parts: the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers. In the tarsus, the most massive bones are the talus and calcaneus.

The sole of the foot has longitudinal and transverse arches. Thanks to this, it springs when walking and running, softens shocks during movements.

We continue to delve deeper into anatomy, this time we will tell the children about the human skeleton. Complex topics need to be presented to the child in interesting activities. First, let's pay attention if there is already an interest in one's own body, then we will analyze what exactly your little student likes: experiments, modeling from plasticine, appliqué - everything can be used. In the article I share complete information about classes on this topic with my son.

Human skeleton for younger preschoolers
Human skeleton with names of bones – cards
Structure of the human skeleton: head, torso, limbs

Hello, dear readers, welcome to the blog. Today we are waiting for a fascinating journey into the world of human bones. That’s right, we will try, like cartoon characters, to delve into the depths of the body. It’s up to you to decide what we’ll travel on, a magic bus or a flying ship. The main thing is that our little passengers find it interesting. Let's go!

This is the first crossword puzzle my son has ever done in his 5 years and 6 months. It turned out to be quite easy for my child’s knowledge, which indicates a complete assimilation of information from children’s encyclopedias. I will mention the literature of our children's library as the story progresses.

I hand-wrote questions on 6 cards and drew a grid to fill in on a separate sheet. If you wish, you can do the same, but first evaluate your child’s knowledge. If the answers to the questions are not yet familiar to him, put off this crossword puzzle until the necessary topics are completed.

Questions:

Not a clock, but a ticking clock.
The train endlessly transports nutrients throughout the body.
When full, he is silent. When hungry, it rumbles.
Organ of vision.
Human respiratory organ.
He talks and eats.

Alexander took up the task with pleasure; he was really interested in solving the crossword puzzle. After finishing, I was ordered a new one about plants and their cultivation.

Most likely, your child became interested in his own body in early preschool age. After all, kids are so inquisitive and start asking a lot of questions. But don’t rush and take your child on an excursion to the medical institute; limit yourself to looking at a similar human skeleton from a book My body from head to toe. Where the girl Anya talks about human bones, our muscles and how she grows.

If you still have the child’s things that he grew out of, then take them out and talk about how his body is changing. Will the baby realize that the size of shoes and clothes changes due to the fact that his bones are growing? After reading this book, you will definitely guess! At this stage, it will be a great addition to assemble your skeleton; even a 5-year-old child can cope with this.

Many people still have X-ray pictures at home; show them to your little student. Look at it together and let them guess which part of the skeleton is located in the picture. If they are of good quality, you can even see the texture of the bones. We had a picture of Alexander's ribs at the age of three and his mother's foot.

For children aged four and over, the book “Human Secrets” from the Magic Doors series will be interesting and understandable. It already provides information on anatomy, but still in a version that is easier for children to understand.

Increase

It was thanks to this book that we decided to fool around and paint our skeleton. The advantages of such games are that the child feels every bone while drawing, and then can see himself in the mirror. My skeleton then demanded to draw the pelvic bone, but we won’t show you that anymore.

I can’t help but mention the book from the MYTH publishing house “Bones and Skeletons,” where a child will be able to see a human skeleton at his own height, as well as examine the skeletons of various animals.

Show children a human skeleton in a video that is not very animated, but is still better perceived than a slide presentation.

Skeleton. Body structure for children - educational cartoon

You can also watch cartoons about Adiba, who is already familiar to us from. Adibu travels through the skeleton “Why I stand up straight”:

And an explanation about human muscles “Why I move”:

For little fans of educational cards, there are wonderful manuals that include a human skeleton with the name of the bones. They appeared with us a long time ago in Russian, English, French and Spanish. Two wonderful mothers Katrin and Olga shared them with everyone, you can download the cards here. As you can see in the photograph, we are talking not only about the human skeleton with the name of the bones, but also the names of all the muscles and organs.

I highly recommend laminating the cards right away, as they will be useful to you not only in introductory anatomy classes, but also in learning foreign languages. We do not live in Russia, so in our case this is very important. After all, there is nothing worse when you want to tell something that you know and cannot because of ignorance of the terms in the interlocutor’s language.

Structure of the human skeleton

So let's move on to more serious knowledge. The first thing we explain to the child is that the human skeleton is divided into the following parts:

Skeleton of the head;
torso;
upper extremities (shoulder girdle, limbs);
lower extremities (pelvic girdle, limbs).

If you show this in a picture or on a model of a skeleton, the preschooler will definitely understand.

Human head skeleton

The skeleton of the human head is the skull, our children learn about this from cartoons long before we decide to tell them about their own body. It will be enough for a preschool child to know that the skull reliably protects his brain, which in turn is very soft and vulnerable.

Also, many children may be interested in why there is no nose on the skull? We explain that the nose actually consists of soft cartilage attached to the bone. And after death, the cartilage decomposes.

Let's look at the skeleton diagram in the book Human body. What will a child immediately notice in the skull?

Photo enlarges when clicked

Eye sockets that protect our eyes;
teeth secured by roots in the upper and lower jaws;
the back of the skull is shorter than the front.

Explain that the back part is where our brain is located. The only movable part of the skull is the lower jaw. Let the child open and close his mouth, he will feel it himself.

If you want to go deeper, then disassemble some skull bones, which are not very different from the words familiar to the child. Point on your head, and let him repeat after you by pointing on his.

The forehead is the frontal bone.
Temple – temporal bone.
The nose is the nasal bone.
The occiput is the occipital bone.
The crown is the parietal bone.
Cheekbones – cheek bone.
The lower jaw is the mandibular bone.
The upper jaw is the maxillary bone.

Since the lesson is designed for preschoolers, it is enough to explain to them that the trunk skeleton consists of the spine and rib cage. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, and humans have a total of 12 pairs of ribs. If a child already knows how to count, then it will not be difficult for him to add 12+12 and find out the total number.

The spine is our main support, which supports the head and torso. In addition, it protects the spinal cord located inside. In the spine between the small bones there are intervertebral discs, they are hard but mobile. They are what allow us to bend.

Let's do an experiment! What gives us the ability to be flexible?

As we learned, the spine consists of many small bones. Between them there are intervals of solid but mobile areas. Let's see clearly how this happens.

We will need:

Chenille wire;
2 ballpoint pens;
hacksaw.

We take out all the parts of the ballpoint pens; we only need the frame (plastic tube). We leave one tube as is, it should have open holes on both sides. We cut the other one into pieces.

First, we ask the child to place the whole tube on the chenille wire and bend it slightly. Doesn't work? This is how our spine is, if it consisted of solid bone, we would not be able to bend, bend to the sides, many games and movements would be inaccessible to us.

Now we ask the child to put on pieces of plastic tube, leaving gaps like intervertebral discs. Well, has our “spine” become more flexible now?

After this experiment, ask your child to make different body movements. Let him focus on the spine, feel its flexibility.

The functions of human limbs - arms and legs - are completely different. The legs are responsible for support and movement. And the hands provide a variety of complex movements. We ask the child to pick up objects with his feet and walk around with his hands, this is fun and he will immediately understand the difference in functions. The hand skeleton consists of 27 bones, and the foot skeleton consists of 26 bones.

Alexander and I disassembled only one limb in detail; my son made it from plasticine.

Watching the child’s work, I realized that any knowledge of the human skeleton can be well understood and learned by taking similar plasticine X-rays. After all, when creating such a layout, you have to analyze, count the number of parts, and pay attention to their shape.

So how many bones are there in the human skeleton?

The adult human skeleton consists of 200-218 bones. And the skeleton of a newborn is about 300. What happens then? The baby develops and some bones grow together to form larger bones. Men and women do not differ in the number of bones - dad and mom can have the same number.

Dear parents, various sources provide information about the skeleton of an adult with 206 bones, 210, a little more than 200. And all this data is correct. Just explain to your child that each organism is individual, and the fusion of children’s bones occurs differently in everyone. So data 200-218 is optimal.

Our skull consists of 29 bones.
Body skeleton:
The spinal column consists of 32-34 vertebrae;
The rib cage consists of 37 bones, which include 12 pairs of ribs.
Bones of the upper limb 80.
Bones of the lower limb 60.

The total count is carried out as follows: 29+37+80+60=206. That is why many sources give this figure, but do not forget about individuality.

How much does a human skeleton weigh?

We all know the expression “light bones and heavy bones.” Sometimes you take a child in your arms and are surprised how light he is or, on the contrary, how heavy he is - appearance is sometimes deceiving. Despite this, there is a table by which it is customary to calculate the weight of the human skeleton:

A man's bones make up 17-18% of his body weight.
Women - 16% of the total weight.
The weight of a child's skeleton is 14% of the child's weight.

If you have scales at home, weigh yourself with the whole family and calculate the weight of the bones of mom, dad, and child. This presentation of information will definitely be remembered by the child.

Now, after everything you have gone through, you can watch the video Human Skeleton to consolidate your knowledge.

Even though the bones are very light, they are also very strong. But how strong they are depends on how much calcium carbonate they contain. Let's do an experiment!

What we need:

Dried, clean chicken bone (leg bone or wing bone, we have both);
cones for experiment (glass);
white vinegar (we use 5%).

We give the child a bone and ask him to try to break it. We note how tough it is and does not lend itself to children's hands. We examine the bone under a magnifying glass and from the sides we can clearly see the spongy bone tissue.

Now we place the chicken bones in flasks, we have three of them, and cover them with vinegar.

Let the bones sit in the vinegar for 1-3 days, then discard the vinegar. We got the first bone from the wing, the thinnest one, a day later. Now let your child touch the bone and determine what the difference is. You can see how the edges of the bone bend. This makes an impression on the child!

We got the second and third bones three days later. If you want more effect, you can drain and renew the vinegar once a day. Or you can take vinegar essence, but we don’t sell such miracles here. The bone from the wing, after 3 days, actually bent perfectly along its entire length. But the thick bone from the leg softened only at the edges. Now you can easily break it and see the medullary canal inside.

Conclusions of the experiment

Bones are made of calcium carbonate and soft collagen material. When a chicken bone was placed in a glass of vinegar, the acetic acid dissolved the calcium carbonate, leaving almost only collagen. Calcium is essential to make our bones strong. The composition of our bones changes depending on what we eat (food composition). A few foods that contain a lot of calcium are milk, cheese, soy products, beans, almonds, fish (canned) and cabbage. After such an activity, the child understands how important their use is.

On the topic of what human bones are made of, Alexander watched a cartoon that sank into his soul. I asked to review it for three days. In my opinion, the topic is covered well for preschoolers, but it is difficult. The child’s opinion says the opposite. After watching, the son can take an anatomy exam on leukocytes and blood cells.

– What would a person without bones be like?

I asked Alexander such a provocative question. My child lay down on the floor and began to move like a slug.

-Like a puddle of skin!

Yes, this is the comparison my boy made. And I invited him to see it clearly. Since it's a puddle, it's water. I took a rubber glove, poured tap water into it - and now I got a brush without bones!

Dear friends, our journey through the human skeleton is over. Finally, I’ll show you what gift my son decided to give me for my birthday, which coincided with our classes. He asked me not to peek so that I would get a real surprise. And here it is!

- Look mom, the skull is smiling at you! – with these words I was presented with a gift.

And I am sure that no mother has ever received such a wonderful human skeleton on her birthday.

Plan:

1 Description
2 Functions
3 Organization
4 Sexual characteristics
5 Diseases
6 Interesting facts

Introduction

Human skeleton (front view)

Human skeleton(ancient Greek σκελετος - “dried”) - a set of bones, the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. Serves as a support for soft tissues, a point of application of muscles (lever system), a container and protection for internal organs. The skeleton develops from mesenchyme.

The human skeleton is made up of more than two hundred individual bones, and almost all of them are connected into one whole by joints, ligaments and other connections.

1. Description

The 6 special bones (three on each side) located in the middle ear are not directly related to the skeleton; The auditory ossicles are connected only to each other and participate in the functioning of the hearing organ, transmitting vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

The hyoid bone, the only bone not directly connected to the others, is topographically located on the neck, but traditionally belongs to the bones of the facial part of the skull. It is suspended by muscles from the bones of the skull and connected to the larynx.

The longest bone in the skeleton is the femur, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear.

2. Functions

In addition to the mechanical functions of maintaining the shape of the body, allowing movement and protecting internal organs, the skeleton is also the site of hematopoiesis: the formation of new blood cells occurs in the bone marrow. (One of the most common diseases affecting the bone marrow is leukemia, which often, despite treatment, leads to death.) In addition, the skeleton, being the repository of most of the body's calcium and phosphorus, plays an important role in the metabolism of minerals.

3. Organization

The human skeleton is structured according to a principle common to all vertebrates. Skeletal bones are divided into two groups: axial skeleton And accessory skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bones that lie in the middle and form the skeleton of the body; these are all the bones of the head and neck, spine, ribs and sternum. The accessory skeleton consists of the clavicles, scapulae, bones of the upper extremities, bones of the pelvis and bones of the lower extremities.

All bones of the skeleton are divided into subgroups:

Axial skeleton

Scull- the bone base of the head, is the seat of the brain, as well as the organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two sections: the brain and the facial.
Rib cage- has the shape of a truncated compressed cone, is the bone base of the chest and a container for internal organs. Consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.
Spine, or spinal column- is the main axis of the body, the support of the entire skeleton; The spinal cord runs inside the spinal canal.

Accessory skeleton

Upper limb belt- provides attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. Consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles.
Upper limbs- are maximally adapted to perform work activities. The limb consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand.
Lower limb belt- provides attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton, and also serves as a container and support for the organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
Lower limbs- adapted for support and movement of the body in space in all directions, except vertically upward (not counting jumping).

4. Gender characteristics

The male and female skeletons are generally built according to the same type, and there are no fundamental differences between them. They consist only in a slightly changed shape or size of individual bones and, accordingly, the structures that include them. Here are some of the most obvious differences. The bones of men's limbs and fingers are on average longer and thicker. Women have a wider pelvis, as well as a narrower chest, less angular jaws and less pronounced brow ridges and occipital condyles. There are many more minor differences.

5. Diseases

There are many known diseases of the skeletal system. Many of them are accompanied by limited mobility, and some can lead to complete immobilization of a person. Malignant and benign bone tumors, which often require radical surgical treatment, pose a serious threat to life and health; Usually the affected limb is amputated. In addition to bones, joints are also often affected. Joint diseases are often accompanied by significant impairment of mobility and severe pain. With osteoporosis, bone fragility increases and bones become brittle; This systemic skeletal disease most often occurs in older adults and postmenopausal women.

6. Interesting facts

Individual parts of the skeleton can be distinguished already in a 5-week-old embryo (the size of a pea), in which the most noticeable part is the spine, forming an expressive arch. The skeleton of a newborn child consists of more than three hundred bones, but as a result of the fact that many of them grow together in the process of growing up, only 206 of them remain in the adult skeleton.

Notes

5th week of pregnancy - www.babyblog.ru/cb/index/5
The number of bones may differ from the average. When talking about the number of bones, it is better not to specify until a certain number.
Man in numbers: entertaining anatomy - www.polezen.ru/interes/anatomy.php

Lesson “Human skeleton. Axial skeleton"

Biology 8th grade

Tasks:

form an idea of the structure of the human musculoskeletal system;

identify features of the human skeleton associated with upright walking and work activity, by comparing the skeletons of humans and other mammals;

show connection between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.

Lesson progress

Org. moment.
Homework check (Appendix 1 test)
New topic.

Do you think a personmovement for life, or life for movement! We will answer this problematic question at the end of the lesson.

Write down the topic of today's lesson:"Human skeleton. Axial skeleton"

What is a skeleton?

Skeleton (skeletos – dried)- a set of hard tissues in the body that serve as support for the body or its individual parts and protect it from mechanical damage.

The human skeleton consists of interconnected bones. The weight of the skeleton in the total mass of the body is 10–15 kg (slightly more in men). It is not possible to indicate the exact number of bones in the human body. Modern scientists are careful to point out that a person has “several more than 200 bones,” and in a child’s body there are about 300.

Throughout life, the skeleton constantly undergoes changes. During intrauterine developmentcartilaginous skeleton fetusgradually replaced by bone. This process also continues for several years after birth. A newborn baby has almost 270 bones in its skeleton, which is much more than that of an adult. This difference arose due to the fact that the children's skeleton contains a large number of small bones, which grow together into large bones only at a certain age. These are, for example, bonesskulls, pelvis And spine. The sacral vertebrae, for example, fuse into a single bone (sacrum) only at the age of 18-25 years. And 200-213 bones remain, depending on the characteristics of the organism.

Skeleton

Accessory skeleton

Axial skeleton

Skeleton of the torso

Head skeleton

Rib cage

Vertebral column (spine)

Brain skull

Facial skull

Head skeleton (skull)consists mainly of flat bones, motionlessly connected to each other, consists of 23 bones.

The facial part of the skull includes the upper and lower jaws, zygomatic, nasal and ethmoid bones. The shape of the nasal cavities is determined by the ethmoid bone. It contains the organ of smell.
The bones of the brain and facial skull are immovably connected to each other, with the exception of the lower jaw. It can move not only up and down, but also left and right, back and forth. This allows you to chew food and speak clearly. The lower jaw is equipped with a mental protuberance, to which the muscles involved in speech are attached.

Scull
A - front view;
B - side view:
1 - parietal bone;
2 - frontal bone;
3 - sphenoid bone;
4 - temporal bone;
5 - lacrimal bone;
6 - nasal bone;
7 - zygomatic bone;
8 - upper jaw;
9 - lower jaw;
10 - occipital bone

Head circumference

Conclusion: the skull determines the shape of the head, protects the brain, organs of hearing, smell, vision, and serves as a place for attachment of muscles involved in facial expressions.

Skeleton of the body (Fig. 22A p. 53) consists of from the spine and chest.

It distinguishes the following departments:

cervical (7 vertebrae) – Fig. 24

Chest (12) - fig. 25

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5) fig. 26

Coccygeal (4-5).

Like all mammals, cervical spine The human spine has seven vertebrae. The skull articulates with the first cervical vertebra using two condyles. Thanks to this joint, you can raise and lower your head. It is curious that the first cervical vertebra does not have a body: it has grown to the body of the second cervical vertebra and formed a tooth: an axis around which the first cervical vertebra together with the head rotates in the horizontal plane when we show a negative gesture. A ligament of connective tissue separates the tooth from the spinal cord. It is especially fragile in infants, so their heads must be supported to avoid injury.
The cervical region is followed by thoracic region spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae, to which the ribs are attached. Of these, 10 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by the other ends with the help of cartilage. The two lower pairs of ribs end freely. The thoracic spine, ribs and sternum form the rib cage.
The thoracic region is followed bylumbar region.It consists of 5 vertebrae, which are quite massive because they have to withstand the main weight of the body.
The next section consists of 5 fused vertebrae that make up one bone - the sacrum. If the lumbar section has high mobility, then sacral immovable and very durable. When the body is in a vertical position, a significant load falls on it.
Finally, the last section of the spine - coccyx . It consists of 4-5 fused small vertebrae.
The human spine has four curves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (in mammals - only cervical and sacral).

Conclusion: Thanks to the S-shaped curvature, the spine is able to spring and act as a spring, reducing shocks when moving. This is also an adaptation to walking upright.

Fizminutka: We stood up - I name the bone, and you show it on yourself: spine, frontal bone, rib, lower jaw,

Rib cage formed by 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae and a flat chest bone - the sternum. The ribs are flat, curved bones, their posterior ends are movably connected to the thoracic vertebrae, and the anterior ends of the 10 upper ribs are connected to the sternum with the help of flexible cartilage. This ensures the mobility of the chest during breathing. The two lower pairs of ribs are shorter than the others and end freely.

Conclusion: The chest protects the heart, lungs, liver, stomach and large blood vessels from damage.

Now let's conclude what the skeleton is for and what its functions are.

Functions of the human skeleton.

Functions of the human skeleton

Motor

(ensures the movement of the body and its parts in space).

Protective

(creates body cavities to protect internal organs).

Form-building

(determines the shape and size of the body).

Support

(support frame of the body).

Hematopoietic

(red bone marrow is the source of blood cells).

Exchange

(bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals).

Now let’s answer the problematic question that we posed at the beginning of the lesson: is movement for life, or life for movement?

Filling out the table:

Body parts	Skeletal departments	Skeleton bones	Bone type	The nature of the bone connection	Features of the human skeleton
Head	Scull Facial part of the skull	Paired bones: Maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, palatine. Unpaired: Mandibular, prelingual	Flat (wide)	Immobile except for the lower jaw	Development of the mental protuberance in relation to articulate speech
	Brain section of the skull	Paired bones: parietal, temporal Unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid	Flat (wide)	Immovable (sutures)	The cerebral part of the skull is more developed than the facial part
Torso	Spine	33-34 vertebrae 7-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, 4-5 coccygeal	Short	Semi-mobile	S-shaped curvature of the spine (lordosis - cervical, lumbar; kyphosis - thoracic and sacral); enlargement of vertebral bodies in the lower parts of the vertebra
	Rib cage	12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum - sternum	Short, long spongy	Semi-mobile	The chest is compressed from front to back; sternum wide